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REPORTS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30
1916
VOLUME I -
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAUS, EXCEPT OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS
"demson College Library
WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917
REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
Administrative reports, in 2 volumes.
Vol. I. Secretary of the Interior.
Bureaus, except Office of Indian Affairs.
Eleemosynary institutions.
National parks and reservations.
Vol. II. Indian Affairs.
Territories.
n
CONTENTS.
Page.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1
Administrative effort 3
The General Land Office 3
The Indian Office 5
The Bureau of Pensions 6
The Patent Office 7
The Bureau of Education 7
The Geological Survey 7
The Reclamation Service 8
The Bureau of Mines 10
The National Parks 12
Abstracts of reports of bureaus and other administrative units of the
department 14
Office of the Solicitor 14
General Land Office 16
Area of lands entered and patented 16
Cash receipts and expenditures 16
Field Service 16
Public surveys 17
Surveys in Alaska _* 17
Coal leasing in Alaska 17
Map compiling and drafting 18
Tract records 18
Homesteads and kindred entries 18
Reclamation homesteads 18
Homestead entries in national forests 18
Lieu selections for lands in Indian reservations 10
Forest lieu selections 19
Chippewa Indian logging. Minnesota 19
Opening of Chippewa lands, Minnesota 19
Abandoned military reservations 19
Minnesota drainage entries 20
Sales of Indian lands 20
Town sites and kindred entries 20
Railroad grants 21
Rights of way 21
State desert-land segregation 21
Desert-land entries 21
Imperial Valley 22
Imperial Land district, California 22
State selections 22
Swamp and overflowed lands 22
Indian allotments 22
Contests 23
Repayments 23
National forests 23
Legislation ^ 23
Indian Affairs 24
Education and health conditions 24
Indian heirs 24
Irrigation 25
Unallotted mineral lands 25
Indian moneys 25
in
IV CONTENTS.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior — Continued.
Abstract of reports of bureaus and other administrative units of the
Department — Continued.
Indian Affairs— Continued. Pase-
Field inspections 26
Industries 26
Per capita payments 26
Indians in Oklahoma 26
Patents to competent Indians 27
Sales of land 27
Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewas 27
System of bookkeeping 28
Pension Office 28
Generally 28
Number of pensioners 28
Unexpended balances of appropriations 29
Disbursements for pensions 29
Certificates issued and applications filed 29
Reduction of the force 29
Archives in Pension Bureau 30
Metal boxes for files 30
Bounty-land warrants 30
Reimbursement and accrued 30
Division of pension 31
Criminal and civil causes 31
Indorsements on pension checks 31
Lost checks 31
Condition of business 31
Patent Office 31
Bureau of Education 32
Educational surveys 32
Digest of school laws 33
Rural schools 33
Industrial education and home making 33
School and home gardening 34
Immigrant education 34
Alaska 34
Publications 34
Recommendations 35
Geological Survey 35
Scope of the Survey's work 35
Geologic surveys 36
Surveys in Alaska 36
Statistics of mineral production 36
Topographic surveys 37
Water resources 37
Land classification 37
Publications 38
Reclamation Service 38
Principal construction results during year 38
Summary of construction results 41
Secondary projects 43
Reclamation laws and their results 44
Difficulties of the settlers 45
Results of reclamation 46
Crops of 1915 48
Bureau of Mines 51
Purpose of the Bureau of Mines 51
Chief features of the work of the Bureau of Mines 51
Decrease of accidents in coal mines 52
Rescue and first-aid work 52
Improvement of health conditions in mines 52
Prevention of coal-mine explosions 52
Fuel investigations 53
Problems of mineral technology 53
Increasing efficiency and lessening waste in petroleum
and natural-gas industries 54
CONTENTS. V
tteport of the Secretary of the Interior — Continued.
Abstract of reports of bureaus and other administrative units of the
department— Continued.
Bureau of Mines — Continued. Page.
Study of metallurgical problems 55
Chemical researches 56
Other investigations 57
Some urgent needs of the bureau 57
Coal and metal mining investigations 57
Sinking of shafts and driving of tunnels 57
Petroleum investigations .. 57
Fuel-testing work 58
Need of larger printing funds 58
The Territories 59
Alaska 59
General conditions 59
Natural features 61
Population 62
Agriculture 62
Fisheries 63
Fur-bearing animals 66
Native population 67
Reindeer industry 67
Suppression of liquor traffic 68
Railroads 69
Revenues 69
Alaskan insane 70
The courts 71
Schools 71
Legislature 72
Pioneers' Home 72
Mails 72
Militia 73
Historical museum 73
Buildings 73
Mine experiment station 73
Water power : 74
Coal areas 74
Labor conditions . 75
Care of indigents 75
Game 75
Commerce 76
Wagon roads 76
Aids to navigation 77
Incorporated towns 78
Banks 78
Secretary of the Territory 78
Governor of the Territory 78
Hawaii 79
Imports and exports 80
Customs and internal-revenue .receipts 80
Territorial finances 80
Bonded debt 80
Bank deposits and insurance 81
Corporations 81
Population and its problems 81
Public health 82
Public lands 83
Homesteading 83
Patents 84
Revenues and disbursements 84
Education , 84
Forestry 85
Transportation 85
Public works 85
National parks 85
National Park Service 85
Superintendent of national parks 86
Area of national parks 87
VI
CONTENTS.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior— Continued.
Abstract of reports of bureaus and other administrative units of the
department — Continued.
National parks — Continued.
Visitors
Economic value of national parks
Appropriations and revenues
Expenditures of revenues
Automobiles in the parks
Private holdings
Jurisdiction
Conservation of wild animal life
Increasing park areas and new national parks.
New parks
National monuments
National monuments under other departments.
Archaeological explorations :
Eleemosynary institutions •
St. Elizabeths Hospital
Movements of population
Improvements
Industries
Hospital herd
Cost system
Training school and staff conferences
Population
Needs of the hospital
Freedmen's Hospital
Movements of population
Training school for nurses
Pay patients
Receipts and disbursements
Howard University
Students
The school of theology
Appropriations
Property
Columbia Institution for the Deaf
Maryland School for the Blind
Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and
Grounds
Capitol power plant
Capitol Grounds
Engine house, Senate and House stables
Courthouse, District of Columbia
Court of Claims building
Botanic Garden
Columbia Hospital for Women
Enlarging the Capitol Grounds
General Education Board
Improvements at Lawton, Okla
Maritime Canal Co. of Nicaragua
Appendix A — Land classification
Appendix B — National park statistics
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office
Area of lands entered and patented
Cash receipts and expenditures
The field service
The oil land situation
California
Wyoming ~
Oil contracts
Sunk lands and lake lands in Arkansas
Ferry or Caddo lake oil lands in Louisiana
Surveys
Accepted surveys
Fragmentary surveys ~
Resurveys
Survey of Indian lands "
Forest homestead surveys ~_
Page.
87
88
88
89
89
90
92
92
93
94
95
96
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
98
99
99
99
100
100
102
102
103
103
103
104
105
105
106
107
10S
110
110
110
110
110
111
111
111
112
113
114
116
120
127
129
129
130
131
131
133
134
134
13")
136
136
137
139
140
141
CONTENTS. VII
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office — Continued.
Surveys — Continued. **age.
Recent changes in survey regulations 141
Survey of lands within railroad grants . 142
Surveyors detailed to Washington 142
State boundaries 143
Surveys in Alaska 143
Coal-land surveys 143
Agricultural land surveys 145
Town sites 147
Survey of allotments to Indians and Eskimos 147
Organization 148
Recommendations 148
Group surveys 148
-' Homestead surveys in Alaska 149
Alaska coal-leasing law 150
Free-use mining permits of Alaska coal lands 151
Alaska circular 152
Map compiling and drafting 152
Tract records 153
Homesteads — timber and stone, isolated tracts 154
Homesteads — large and small 155
Reclamation 158
Homestead entries in national forests 159
Lieu selections for lands in Indian reservations 160
Forest lieu selections 161
Chippewa Indian timber logging, Minnesota 162
Opening of Chippewa agricultural lands, Minnesota 163
Minnesota drainage entries 163
Sales of Indian lands 164
Flathead Indian lands 164
Coeur d'Alene Indian lands 164
Lemhi Indian agency school plant and farm 164
Former Sioux Indian lands 165
Rosebud Indian lands 165
Oklahoma Indian lands 165
Devils Lake Indian lands 166
Shoshone or Wind River 166
Round Valley Indian lands 166
Sales of lots in town sites on Indian reservations 166
Opening of Indian reservations 167
Fort Berthold i_ 167
Colville 167
Town site and kindred entries 168
Abandoned military reservations 169
Railroad grants — rights of way 171
Oregon and California grant 172
Rights of wTay for irrigation and other purposes 172
Power permits 173
Power site and public water reserves 174
State desert-land segregation (Carey Act) 174
Restitution of public lands to the people 174
Desert-land entries 177
Irrigation projects 179
Sale of "ten-chain" lots in Imperial County, Cal 179
The Imperial Valley ISO
The Imperial land district, California 183
State selections 183
Adjustment of the school grant 184
Swamp and overflow lands 185
Indian allotments 186
Litigation in the General Land Office 187
Repayments 188
National forests 188
National monuments 189
Bird reservations 190
Professional land locators 191
VITJ CONTENTS.
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office — Continued. Page.
Federal ownership of public lands 192
Review of recent legislation 193
Legislation 197
Annual instructions to surveyors general 201
Selection and grouping of townships to be surveyed 202
Surveys under special deposits by individuals 207
Surveys of Indian reservations 208
Examination of surveys 208
Special instructions 210
Supervision 211
Field operations 212
Surveys 213
Iron posts 214
Field notes 214
Returns of surveys 216
Modifications to the manual of 1902 216
Source of water supply 218
Statistics relating to the disposition of the public domain 219
Report of the Commissioner of Pensions 277
Fiscal operations 279
Interesting facts 279
General statement 280
Reduction of the force 281
Employees in each division 281
Income 282
Bounty-land warrants 282
Reimbursement and accrued 282
Metal boxes 282
Division of pension 283
Flat filing War of 1812 cases 283
Criminal and civil cases 283
Family data circulars 284
Indorsements of pension checks 284
Lost checks 284
Photostat 285
Condition of business 285
Statistical tables 286
Report of the Commissioner of Patents 313
Statement of the Commissioner of Education 319
Higher education 321
School administration 323
School hygiene and sanitation 1 325
Industrial education and education for home making 326
Rural education 328
School and home gardening 330
Education of racial groups (formerly Negro education) 332
Civic education 333
Immigrant education 336
Kindergarten education 338
Home education 339
Community organization 340
The library . 344
Editorial 344
Statistics 343
Correspondence 344
Alaska : 345
Commissioner 347
Surveys 347
Miscellaneous 35]
Difficulties and needs 352
Recommendations 354
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey 363
Special features 355
Economy in science ~-~I"-"-I~IIIIl~ll!~m"~ 365
Statistics that have value as news 366
The geology of petroleum 36S
CONTENTS. IX
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey — Contd.
Special features — Continued. Page.
The search for potash 309
The mining-debris problem 372
Distribution of maps 374
Scope of the work 376
Work of the year 376
Publications 376
Geologic branch 396
Scope of work 396
Organization 397
Publications 398
Progress of geologic mapping 398
Division of geology 398
Organization 398
Allotments 399
Cooperation with Federal bureaus and State surveys 400
General features of the work of the year 400
Scope of the work of the sections 402
Assistance to other divisions 407
Committee on geologic names : 407
Committee on physiography 408
General summary of geologic work 409
Work of the division by States 409
Division of Alaskan mineral resources 449
Appropriation and classes of work 449
Personnel 449
Field work during the season of 1915 449
Field work for the season of 1916 454
Collection of statistics 455
Publications 455
Scientific results 456
Division of chemical and physical research 457
Division of mineral resources 460
Topographic bra rich 464
Organization 464
Personnel 464
Publications 464
Allotments 464
Cooperation 465
General office work 465
Summary of results . 466
Atlantic division 467
Central division 471
Rocky Mountain division 477
Northwestern division 482
Pacific division 486
Inspection of topographic mapping 490
Millionth-seale map of the United States 490
Work of section of field equipment 490
Water-resources branjeh 491
Organization and scope of work 491
Personnel 491
Allotments 491
Cooperation 1 492
Publications 494
General summary 494
Division of surface waters 495
Organization 495
Character and methods of work 496
Publications 497
Division of ground waters 497
Scope of work 497
Work by States 498
Division of water utilization 503
X CONTENTS.
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey — Contd.
Work of the year — Continued. Pase-
Land-classification board 504
Organization 504
Funds 505
Summary of work of classification 505
Correspondence 506
Publications 507
Cooperation with the General Land Office 507
Mineral classification 500
Coal 500
Oil 512
Phosphate 515
Potash___ 517
Metalliferous lands 517
Hydrographic classification 518
Water power 518
Irrigation 520
Enlarged homesteads 521
Public water reserves 522
Publication branch 523
Division of book publication " 523
Section of texts 523
Section of illustrations 52:5
Section of distribution 524
Division of map editing '. 524
Section of geologic maps 524
Section of topographic maps 525
Division of engraving and printing 525
Topographic maps and geologic folios 525
Other Government map printing 526
Photographic laboratory 528
Administrative branch 528
Executive division 528
Division of accounts 529
Library 531
Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines 533
Purpose and duty of the Bureau of Mines 535
Laws governing the work of the bureau 535
New organic act 535
Authorization for publishing reports 537
Act providing for mining-experiment and mine-safety stations 537
Cooperative agreements 1 537
Brief summary of more important accomplishments during year 538
Some urgent needs of the bureau 542
Need of larger printing funds 542
Need of funds for certain coal and metal mining investigations-- 543
Ventilation of metal mines 543
Study of subsidence, earth pressures, and roof supports in
mining T 544
Testing of explosives for metal mines and quarries 544
Tunnels and shafts in water-bearing ground 544
Coal-mine investigations 544
Need of investigating the petroleum industry 544
Need of extension of fuel-testing work 546
Summary of the more urgent needs of the bureau 547
Organization of the Bureau of Mines 547
General plan of organization 547
Personnel of different divisions 548
Administrative division 548
Mining division 5 18
Fuels and mechanical-equipment division 550
Division of mineral technology 551
Petroleum division 551
Metallurgical division 552
Chemical-research laboratory 552
Other investigations 553
Advisory committees of American Institute of Mining Engineers- 553
CONTENTS. XI
Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines — Continued. Page.
Progress of investigations 554
Work of mining division 554
Rescue and first-aid investigations and training work 554
Rescue and recovery work after mine explosions and fires 557
Accidents in which lives were saved. 558
Accidents investigated during the year 560
Accidents investigated since 1907 564
Field contests in mine-rescue and first-aid methods 565
Tests of breathing apparatus 566
The personnel of rescue cars and stations 568
Explosion, tests at experimental mine 571
Physical tests of explosives 571
Chemical tests of explosives 572
Miscellaneous coal-mine investigations 572
Inspection of mines on Indian lands 572
Investigations of health conditions in mines and mining
towns 573
Miners' houses and mine sanitation 573
Pulmonary disease among miners 574
Mine subsidence and roof support 575
Mine-accident statistics 576
Examination of mining laws 577
Special metal-mining investigations 577
Cooperative work in California 577
Mine inspection in Alaska 578
Alaskan coal-land leases 578
Methods of copper mining at Santa Rita, N. Mex 579
Work of fuels and mechanical-equipment division 579
Investigation of safety catches for coal-mine hoists 580
Investigation of shaft and slope hoisting accidents 580
Development of improved breathing apparatus 580
Develpoment of portable electric mine lamps 580
Testing of explosion-proof motors 581
Rules for electrical equipment in mines 581
Explosion-proof storage-battery locomotives 581
flame safety lamps 581
Inspection of Government fuel purchases 581
Boiler and furnace efficiency in Government plants 5S2
Fuel-efficiency laboratory 582
Combustion investigations 582
Heat-transmission investigations 583
Coking of Illinois coals 584
Gas-producer investigations s_ 584
Development of instruments 584
Investigation of peat and lignite 584
Work of division of mineral technology 585
Radium investigations 586
Metallurgy of radium 586
Mining and concentration of radium ores 586
Radium production 586
Chemical technology of rare metals other than radium 587
Molybdenum deposits and concentration of molybdenum
ores 587
Manganese investigation 587
Nonferrous alloy investigations 587
Clay-industry investigations 588
Quarry investigations : 589
Work of petroleum division 589
Underground wastes of oil and gas 590
Use of mud fluid in drilling oil and gas wells 590
Special cooperation with oil-well operators 591
Use of compressed air and water in oil recovery 591
Development of Ilittman process 591
Maps of oil and gas fields 592
Cooperation with Department of Justice 592
Bibliography on petroleum „ 592
XII CONTENTS.
Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines— Continued.
Progress of investigations — Continued.
"Work of petroleum division — Continued. Re-
operation of Rittman process equipment 592
Investigation covering products of Rittman process 593
Properties of commercial gasoline 593
Methods of analyzing petroleum and petroleum products___ 593
Analytical distillation of petroleum 593
Fuel-oil analyses 594
Traps for separating oil and gas from flowing wells 594
Natural gas in the Kansas-Oklahoma fields 594
Production of gasoline from casing-head gas 594
Investigations of oil fires 594
Investigations of various methods of storing petroleum 594
Work of the metallurgical division 594
Investigations of smelter-smoke problems 595
Cooperative work with Selby Smelter Commission 595
Cooperative work with Anaconda Smelter Commission.- 595
Metallurgy of copper and lead smelting 595
Hydrometallurgy of gold and silver ores 596
Behavior of slimes in settling 596
Behavior of aluminum in cyanide solutions 597
Efficiency of crushing machines 597
Cyanidation of silver ores 597
Treatment of low-grade and complex ores 598
Flotation process 599
Volatilization process for zinc 599
Work in southwestern Missouri lead and zinc district 600
Safety investigations at blast furnaces and steel plants 60]
Blast-furnace investigations 601
Safety at steel works 601
Health conditions in steel and metallurgical plants 602
Corrosion of metals in mines 602
Investigations of blast-furnace slags 604
Work of chemical-research laboratory 606
Explosibility of coal dust 606
Origin and constitution of coal , 606
Investigation of mine gases and of natural gas 606
Analytical laboratory 608
Fusibility and clinkering of coal ash 610
Progress of other investigations 610
Placer-mining methods 610
Preliminary lignite investigations 611
Rules to prevent, accidents in metal mines 611
Special producer-gas investigations 612
Iron-ore mining 612
Development of iron making in the United States 612
Some engineering problems of the Panama Canal 612
Mine and fuel economics 612
Administration 613
Financial statement 613
Miscellaneous receipts turned into the Treasury 614
Personnel 614
Mails and tiles 615
Publications 615
Bulletins 615
Technical papers 617
Miners' circulars 620
Editorial work 620
Distribution of publications 620
Bureau of Mines library 621
Administrative work at the Pittsburgh experiment station 621
General operation of experiment station 622
Technical service 622
National Safety-First Exposition 623
Government safety-first train 623
CONTENTS. XIII
Page.
Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane 625
Officers of the hospital 627
Report of the superintendent 631
Movements of population 631
Administrative department :
Office of the steward and disbursing agent 632
Me'dical department 641
Report of clinical psychiatrist 648
Scientific department 649
Publications 653
Staff changes : 655
Needs of the hospital 656
Statistical tables 658
Report of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf 671
Officers of the Institution 673
Health 675
Changes in the corps of officers and teachers 675
Course of instruction 676
Lectures 680
Finances 680
Estimates for fiscal year ending June 30, 1918 682
New dormitory 683
Exercises of presentation day 683
Conferring of degrees 684
Appendix A:
Faculty of Gallaudet College 686
Department of articulation and normal instruction 6S6
Faculty of the Kendall School 686
Domestic department 686
Appendix B. — Catalogue of students and pupils, by States 687
Appendix C. — Address of Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War__ 690
Appendix D. — Regulations •- 695
Freedmen's Hospital 697
Roster of officers ; 699
Introduction 701
Patients 701
Statistical tables 702
Financial statements 704
Board of Charities account 704
Allotment of appropriation for salaries 704
Receipts and disbursements 704
Needs 707
Training school for nurses 708
Report of the Howard University 717
Roster of officers 718
Registration 719
The school of theology 720
The school of medicine 720
The school of law 721
Collegiate schools 722
The college of arts and sciences^
722
The teachers' college 722
The school of manual arts and applied sciences 723
The conservatory of music 723
The library school 724
Secondary schools 724
The academy 724
The commercial college 725
Needs 725
Report of treasurer 726
Financial report 726
Report of the Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and
Grounds 737
Capitol Plaza 739
XIV CONTENTS.
Report of the Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and
Grounds — Continued. Page-
Reconstructing central approaches 739
Resurfacing terraces of the Capitol 740
The Capitol 741
Central portion of the Capitol 741
Senate wing of the Capitol 741
House wing of the Capitol * 742
General 742
Capitol power plant 743
Capitol Grounds 743
Engine house, Senate and House stables 743
Courthouse, Washington, D. C 743
Court of Claims Building 744
United States Botanic Garden 744
Expenditures 745
Report of the Superintendent of national parks 747
Functions of the national parks 740
National park service 752
Scenery of the first order 753
National parks and national forests 754
Each a personality of its own 754
Informing the people of the parks 754
General public interest in national parks 755
National monuments 755
Legislation <50
New parks and monuments 756
Lassen Volcanic National Park 750
Hawaii National Park 757
Sieur de Monts National Monument 757
Capulin Mountain National Monument 7o7
Dinosaur National Monument 757
Proposed new parks 757
Grand Canyon National Park 757
Enlarged Sequoia National Park 758
Mount McKinley National Park 758
Mount Hood National Park 758
Idaho (Sawtooth) National Park 750
Mount Baker National Park 750
Private holdings 750
Ranger force 761
Construction work 762
Yosemite hydroelectric power plant 762
Sanitation •__ 763
Admission of automobiles to parks 763
Excerpts from reports of supervisors of national parks 765
Hot Springs Reservation 765
Yellowstone National Park . 774
Yosemite National Park 789
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks 705
Mount Rainier National Park 800
Crater Lake National Park 806
Wind Cave National Park 800
Piatt National Park S12
Sullys Hill Park 815
Mesa Verde National Park 816
Glacier National Park 820
Rocky Mountain National Park 822
Appendix A. —
Appropriations 1906 to 1916 824
Visitors to national parks_ 827
Revenues from automobiles 827
Appendix B. — An act to establish a national park service 829
Appendix C. — An act to establish a national park in the Territory
of Hawaii 831
Appendix D. — An act to establish the Lassen Volcanic National Park,
California 834
Appendix E. — National parks at a glance 836
ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.
Page.
Diagram showing maps sold by U. S. Geological Survey during the fiscal
years 1915 and 1916 375
Map of the United States showing areas covered by geologic maps pub-
lished prior to July 1, 1916 400
Map of the United States showing areas covered by topographic surveys
prior to July 1, 1916 408
Organization chart of the Bureau of Mines 544
National parks and national monuments under the Department of the
Interior 764
Hot Springs Reservation 768
Yellowstone National Park 780
Yosemite National Park .i 792
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks 794
Mount Rainier National Park 804
€rater Lake National Park 807
Wind Cave 810
Piatt National Park 812
Mesa Verde National Park 816
Glacier National Park 820
Hocky Mountain National Park 822
PHOTOGRAPHS.
Yellowstone National Park — Old Faithful Geyser 752
Yosemite National Park — Yosemite Falls 752
Crater Lake National Park — Cliffs of Crater Lake 752
Rocky Mountain National Park — Odessa Lake 752
Sequoia National Park — General Sherman Tree 752
Mount Rainier National Park — Mount Rainier 752
Glacier National Park — Iceberg Lake 752
Mesa Verde National Park— Cliff Palace 752
Lassen Volcanic National Park — Lassen Peak 756
Hawaii National Park — Lava flow 756
Proposed Grand Canyon National Park — Grand Canyon ; 756
Proposed Mount Baker National Park — Mount Baker 756
Proposed Idaho (Sawtooth) National Park — Stanley Lake 756
Proposed Greater Sequoia National Park — Summit of Mount Whitney 756
Proposed Mount Hood National Park — Mount Hood 756
Proposed Mount McKinley National Park — Mount McKinley 756
xv
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane.
First Assistant Secretary Alexander T. Vogelsang.
Assistant Secretary Bo Sweeney.
Assistant to the Secretary Stephen T. Mather.
Commissioner of the General Land Office Clay Tallman.
Assistant Commissioner Charles M. Bruce.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs Cato Sells.
Assistant Commissioner Edgar B. Meritt.
Commissioner of Pensions Gaylord M. Saltzgaber.
Deputy Commissioner ___Edward C. Tieman.
Commissioner of Patents Thomas Ewing.
First Assistant Commissioner Robert F. Whitehead.
Assistant Commissioner Francis W. H. Clay.
Commissioner of Education. Philander P. Claxton.
Director of the Geological Survey George Otis Smith.
Director and Chief Engineer of the Reclamation
Service Arthur P. Davis.
Chief of Construction, Reclamation Service F. E. Weymouth.
Chief Law Officer, Reclamation Service Will R. King.
Comptroller, Reclamation Service William A. Ryan.
Director of the Bureau of Mines Van. H. Manning.
Superintendent of National Parks .R. B. Marshall.
Assistant Superintendent of National Parks Joseph J. Cotter.
Chairman Alaskan Engineering Commission__.William C. Edes.
Member Alaskan Engineering Commission Capt. Frederick Mears, U.S. Army,
Member Alaskan Engineering Commission Thomas Riggs, jr.
Governor of Alaska John F. A. Strong.
Governor of Hawaii ' Lucius E. Pinkham
Superintendent of Capitol Building and
Grounds Elliott Woods.
♦Superintendent of St. Elizabeth's Hospital Dr. William A. White.
President Columbia Institution for the Deaf__.Dr. Percival Hall.
President Howard University Dr. Stephen M. Newman.
Surgeon in Chief Freedmens Hospital Dr. William A. Warfield.
* Name of this institution changed from Government Hospital for the Insane by sundry
civil act approved July 1, 1916
XVI
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 1
BUREAUS OF THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
The Department of tlie Interior was established by the act of March 3, 1849
(9 Stat. L., 395).
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the Treasury Department under act of April 25
1812 (2 Stat. L., 716).
First commissoner, Edward Tiffin ,of Ohio ; appointed May 7, 1812.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that department was or-
ganized under the act of March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. L., 395).
INDIAN OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of July 9, 1832 (4
Stat. L., 564).
First commissioner, Elbert Herring, of New York ; appointed July 10, 1832.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that department was
organized.
BUREAU OF PENSIONS.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of March 2, 1833 (4
Stat. L., 622).
First commissioner, James L. Edwards, of Virginia ; appointed March 3, 1833.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that department was
organized.
PATENT OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the State Department under act of March 4, 1836 (5
Stat. L., 117).
First commissioner, Henry S. Ellsworth, of Connecticut; appointed July 4,
1836.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that department was
organized.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
Organized under act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stat. L., 434).
Became a bureau of the Interior Department July 1, 1869, under act of July
20, 1868 (15 Stat. L., 106).
First commissioner, Henry Barnard, of Connecticut; appointed March 14,
1867.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Organized as a bureau of the Interior Department under act of March 3,
1879 (20 Stat. L., 394).
First director, Clarence King, of New York ; appointed April 14, 1879.
RECLAMATION SERVICE.
Organized under act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 388), under the Director
of Geological Survey, Charles D. Walcott.
First director, F. H. Newell, of Pennsylvania ; appointed March 9, 1907.
BUREAU OF MINES.
Organized as a bureau of the Interior Department under the act of May 16,
1910 (36 Stat. L., 369).
First director, Joseph A. Holmes, of North Carolina; appointed September
3, 1910.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.
To be organized under the act of August 25, 1916 (Public No. 235).
2
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. <?., November 20, 1916.
Sir: I beg herewith to submit to you my report of the activities
of this department during the past year.
Respectfully, yours,
Franklin K. Lane, Secretary.
The President.
ADMINISTRATIVE EFFORT.
THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
1. Allowed during the fiscal year original entries of public and
Indian lands for an area of 19,043,152.92 acres, as against 16,861,-
214.69 acres in 1915, 16,522,852.12 acres in 1914, 15,867,222.45 acres
in 1913, and 14,574,688.82 acres in 1912, a steady annual increase for
each year of the present administration.
2. Collected from all sources, $5,470,466.81, as against $5,394,948.20
the year previous, an increase in receipts of $75,518.61.
3. Opened to leasing the coal deposits in the Matanuska and
Bering River fields, Territory of Alaska, after special surveys and
field examination by mining engineers.
4. Secured 8 applications for coal leases in Alaska, with an indi-
cated investment of $2,914,000.
5. Disposed of 4,891 applications for second homestead entry, as
against 2,943 in 1915, 777 in 1914, 749 in 1913, and 837 in 1912.
6. Acted upon 1 8,556 petitions for the designation of lands applied
for under the enlarged homestead law.
7. Patented 2,208 desert-land entries, embracing 350,534 acres, as
compared with 2,711 entries, embracing 448,752 acres, the preceding
year; 2,127 patents, embracing 346,794 acres in 1914; 2,209 patents,
embracing 356,477 acres in 1913.
8. Certified 300,715 acres of indemnity school land selections, as
against 16,277 acres the year previous.
4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
9. Certified 746,015 acres of State selections under quantity grants,
as against 840,606 acres the year previous.
10. Issued 3,568 Indian trust patents, embracing 505,961 acres, as
compared with 2,324 trust patents, embracing 284,713 acres, the year
preceding.
11. Issued 2,298 Indian fee patents, relieving 300,391 acres from
restriction against alienation and rendering such acreage subject to
taxation, as compared with an area of 202,050 acres patented in 1915,
224,565 acres patented in 1914, 122,432 acres patented in 1913, and
137,267 acres in 1912.
12. Restored to settlement and entry the public lands, subject to
disposition, in 8,526,129 acres excluded from national forests.
13. Issued the first general circular containing a compilation of
all the laws and regulations specially applicable in the Territory of
Alaska.
14. Collected and turned into the Unitec" States Treasury as the
result of the work of the Field Service, $175,035, as against $90,799
in 1915.
15. Restored to the public domain as the result of investigations
in the field, 239,315 acres.
16. Secured judicial decisions favorable to the Government for
13,000 acres of Arkansas "lake lands," erroneously excluded from
the public surveys.
17. Consummated the restoration, after field investigation, of over
120,000 acres in the Imperial Valley, Cal., embracing 17,000 acres of
public lands free from all claims or rights and subject to settlement
and entry.
18. Secured as escrow deposits, under contracts entered into with
claimants of oil lands, by authority of the act of August 25, 1914
(38 Stat., 708), pending determination of title thereto, the sum of
$419,174.
19. Approved and accepted surveys and resurveys aggregating
11,578,235 acres.
20. Approved and accepted resurveys aggregating 2,722,511 acres,
as compared with a total of 2,350,962 acres in 1915.
21. Surveyed within railroad grants under the act of June 25,
1910, since the passage of said act, 11,000,000 acres; of which approx-
imately 7,000,000 acres were surveyed since March 4, 1913.
22. Issued notices for the restoration of 1,525 lists of lands in
national forests, by which approximately 152,000 acres of agricul-
tural lands were opened to homestead settlement and entry.
23. Opened to settlement and entry 56,175 acres of ceded Chippewa
lands in Minnesota, classified as " cut-over " and " pine " lands.
24. Patented under railroad and wagon-road grants 2,208,178
acres, as against 1,624,142 acres in 1915, 828,911 acres in 1914, 1,340,-
acres in 1913, and 20,975 acres in 1912.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 5
25. Patented under the Carey Act 160,741 acres, as against 146,079
acres in 1915, and 4,244 acres in 1914.
26. Prepared and submitted for the use of Congress, a compilation
of the unadjusted school land grants with the laws of the severaf
States and decisions of the courts construing said grants, with a tab-
ulated statement showing the adjustment of said grants to date.
THE INDIAN OFFICE.
1. Reduced the death rate approximately seven per thousand and
instituted a vigorous campaign to save the babies, which has de-
creased infant mortality among the Indians.
2. Provided additional school facilities for 1,295 Indian children.
3. Introduced a new course of vocational study into all schools of
the service.
4. Probated 4,085 Indian estates and instituted 507 civil and crimi-
nal suits in the interest of Indians.
5. Prescribed new regulations to govern the leasing of oil and
mineral lands in the Osage Nation, increasing royalties, and adding
to the wealth of that tribe $2,230,000 from sales of leases.
6. Organized an effective field-inspection force, covering every
phase of governmental activities in behalf of the Indians, simplifying
the detection of wrongs, and making possible constructive and prac-
tical supervision.
7. Advanced Indian industry, thereby reducing the issuance of
rations to 3,807 Indians, as compared with 6,650 for the preceding
year, and increasing the individual income of Indians from $15,308,-
662 in 1915 to $16,069,515 in 1916.
8. Increased the number of Indians farming from 31,956 in 1915
to 35,658 in 1916 ; the cultivated acreage from 664,539 to 668,552, and
the value of crops from $4,790,968 to $5,293,719.
9. Permanently located, after 60 years of wandering, Rocky Boy's
Band of Chippewa Indians on a part of the Fort Assinniboine Mili-
tary Reservation in Montana, where they have so improved their
opportunities as to warrant a material reduction in the rations
heretofore issued to them.
10. Revised the system of bookkeeping in the office and the field and
placed it on a substantial business basis, and what was heretofore a
fragmentary accounting system is now a complete double-entry record
adapted to all requirements of ready accounting and the furnishing
of information required by Congress.
11. Expended in Oklahoma for the benefit of allottees in improv-
ing their homes the sum of $908,892; collected for individual Indians
of Oklahoma as oil royalties over $4,000,000, and deposited in the
State and national banks of Oklahoma over $6,000,000. It handled
6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
through the superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes over
$17,000,000.
12. Removed the restrictions on alienation from 42,110 acres ot
allotted land, of which 33,117 were sold for $360,422.
13. Issued more fee patents than in any other previous year, num-
bering about 1,900, involving an area, of over 230,000 acres.
14. Sold individual Indian lands covering an area of over 90,000
acres, involving a consideration of $1,661,851, at an average price
of $18.60 per acre, an advance of nearly $6 per acre.
15. Purchased land for homeless Indians to the amount of 17,860
acres in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and California.
THE BUREAU OF PENSIONS.
1. Paid for pensions, $159,155,089.92.
2. Returned to the Treasury $4,895,499.03 (including $50,588.95 re-
payments) of the amount appropriated by Congress for the payment
of pensions.
3. Returned to the Treasury $78,455.38 of the sum appropriated for
maintenance and expense of the pension system, including salaries of
special examiners.
4. Reduced the number of employees by 67 persons without the
necessity of dismissing or removing any employee. The appropria-
tion act for 1917 limits appointments and promotions to 25 per cent
of the vacancies occurring in any grade during that fiscal year. No
appointments were made in the classified service after February, 1916.
5. Under orders heretofore issued, each one of the more than 700,000
pensioners was required to exhibit his or her certificate each time
when the pension check was indorsed. This to most of them meant
some trouble, and to many, because of feebleness caused by age and
sickness, was a very great hardship. Under the authority of the
Secretary of the Interior it was directed that this requirement should
be discontinued after July 1, 1916.
6. There was created by the act of April 27, 1916, a medal-of -honor
roll, which gave to each of the soldiers and sailors thereon $10 per
month, payable quarterly, " in addition to any pension or other bene-
fit, right, or privilege he may be entitled to under existing or subse-
quent law." These cases are promptly disposed of as rapidly as filed.
7. In the interests of efficiency, special examiners performing field
service in connection with the investigation of pension matters have
been equipped with up-to-date portable typewriters and instructed
to use them in the preparation of depositions, reports, accounts, and
other official papers. This has lessened the review work of field cases
about 50 per cent.
8. Convictions were obtained in all of the 28 criminal cases tried
during the year because of violation of the pension laws.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 7
9. Money receipts in the bureau for copies of papers and post-office
addresses show that there is a constantly increasing revenue from
this source, which, though not large now, will become larger. In this
connection it might be proper to say that there were received for
copies, etc., during the last fiscal year, $10,720.47.
THE PATENT OFFICE.
The total number of applications received for patent in 1915 was
69,349, and in 1916, 70,303, an increase of 954 over the prior year.
The total number of applications awaiting action on June 30, 1915,
was 18,270 and the number of applications awaiting action on June
30, 1916, was 16,559, a decrease of 1,711. The total number of patents
granted in 1915, 44,402, and the total number in 1916, 46,133, an
increase of 1,731.
The total receipts of the office were $2,334,030.48, and the total
expenditures for all purposes were $2,051,656.79, the net surplus of
earnings over expenditures being $282,373.69 for the year.
THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
1. Made surveys of the State institutions of higher education in
Iowa, North Dakota, and Washington, of the University of Oregon,
and the College of St. Teresa, Winona, Minn.
2. Made surveys of the public school system of Wyoming and of
the city systems of San Francisco, Cal. ; Jamestown, N. Dak. ; Web-
ster Groves, Mo.; and assisted in surveys of Nassau County, N. Y.,
and Richmond, Ind.
3. Rendered decisions as to the eligibility of 551 universities, col-
leges, and schools for inclusion in the list of institutions to be
accredited by the United States Military Academy.
4. Organized and directed conferences of home economics teachers
and of teachers and directors of industrial education.
5. Organized and promoted the National Rural Teachers' Reading
Circle, whose work has been accepted by 42 States.
6. Conducted a campaign for better rural schools.
7. Cooperated with the State of Delaware in introducing and
organizing instruction in civics.
8. Conducted a campaign for the education of adult immigrants.
9. Established a hospital at Juneau, Alaska, for the treatment of
Alaskan natives.
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
1. Conducted geologic investigations in 47 States, the Canal Zone,
and the West Indies, and topographic surveys in 29 States. Made de-
tailed and reconnaissance geologic surveys of 43,662 square miles and
8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
topographic surveys of 22.716 square miles, of which 3,486 square
miles were resurveys. +
2. Completed reconnaissance and detailed geologic surveys in
Alaska of 10,900 square miles and reconnaissance and detailed topo-
graphic surveys of 10,525 square miles.
3. Continued stream gaging at 1,677 stations in 39 States, Alaska,
and Hawaii.
4. Classified 4,300,000 acres of public lands as to their mineral char-
acter and 188,000 acres as to their value as power or public-water
reserves.
5. Classified 27,254,442 acres in 13 States as nonirrigable for desig-
nation under the enlarged-homestead acts, the work including action
upon 11,202 petitions from intending entry men.
6. Cooperated with the General Land Office by reporting on 8,293
cases other than enlarged-homestead petitions.
7. Published scientific and economic reports aggregating 19,722
printed pages.
8. Began the publication of a complete report on the coal fields of
the United States, the general summary, with large map, now in
press, to be followed by a detailed report for each State.
9. Cooperated with cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Tex., in deter-
mining by geologic investigations the probable natural-gas reserves
available for the use of these cities.
10. Distributed to the public 603,575 copies of reports and 620,683
copies of geologic folios and topographic maps. A notable increase in
this work was that of 22 per cent in the number of topographic maps
sold.
11. Corresponded with 92,000 mineral producers, from whom the
statistics of the country's mineral output are obtained for annual
publication.
12. Continued special correspondence bringing mineral producers
and consumers together, this new type of service to the public result-
ing in an increase of 60 per cent in the inquiries for information
regarding the mineral resources of the Nation.
13. Conducted general correspondence showing an increase of 11
per cent in letters received and 12 per cent in letters sent, over 1915.
THE RECLAMATION SERVICE.
1. Developed, stored, distributed and delivered irrigation water to
850,000 acres of arid land in 17 States, converting from desert to
producing farms an area equal to the cultivated acreage of Delaware
or Nevada and yielding a crop value exceeding that of New Hamp-
shire or Utah.
2. Operated irrigation works including 40 reservoirs with a total
capacity of 9,000,000 acre-feet, or 3,000,000,000,000 gallons, sufficient
REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 9
water to cover Massachusetts and Connecticut a foot deep; 10,000
miles of canals, flumes, tunnels and other conduits, a length sufficient
to circle the United States; 75,000 structures, including dams, head
gates, weirs, checks, and other irrigation devices.
3. Took into its canal systems 4,500,000 acre-feet of water and de-
livered 2,500,000 acre-feet to 20,000 farms.
4. Carried on construction work on 24 irrigation projects, bringing
10 projects or units thereof to completion and issuing public notices
opening the lands to entry and water service. Added a quarter of a
million acres, or 5,000 farms, to the area under Government works
for which irrigation water is available.
5. Completed the highest dam in the world and another forming
the largest irrigation reservoir ; built 700 miles of canals, 80 miles of
drains, 50 miles of pipe line, 66 miles of roads, 7,200 canal structures,
600 bridges, 650 culverts; excavated about 10,000,000 cubic yards
of earth and rock ; used 500,000 barrels of cement, and manufactured
60,000 barrels of sand cement.
6. Cooperated with other departments of the Government: State
Department regarding treaties relating to international streams used
for irrigation; Department of Justice regarding suits affecting in-
terests of United States and water users in irrigation works and
water rights ; Department of Commerce in developing alkali-resistant
concrete and other tests; Department of Agriculture in demonstra-
tion and experiment work on reclamation projects; Department of
Labor in bettering labor conditions on irrigation construction work :
and with various departments to standardize Government cement
specifications.
Cooperated with other bureaus of the Interior Department: Gen-
eral Land Office in many details affecting the administration of the
public domain; Geological Survey in stream-flow measurement; and
Indian Office in irrigation work on Indian reservations.
Cooperated with State governments in the investigation of irri-
gation possibilities and general stimulation of irrigation develop-
ment.
Cooperated with numerous local organizations to similar purpose,
providing needed water supplies for private projects.
Cooperated with 25,000 water users on Government projects in
the delivery to them of the most vital requisite in their daily occu-
pation of irrigation farming and in improving the efficiency and
economy of administering the irrigation systems through enlarge-
ment of the responsibilities of the settlers themselves and improved
organizations, such as irrigation districts. Distributed to the water
users 150,000 copies of the Reclamation Record, a monthly publica-
tion containing information of value to the irrigators.
10 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
THE BUREAU OF MINES.
1. Trained more than 8.400 miners in mine-rescue and first-aid
work. On June 30, 1916. the total number of miners trained by the
bureau since its organization was 41,952.
2. Sent mining engineers and trained rescue crews to the scene of
89 mine accidents throughout the United States to make investiga-
tions and to assist in recovery and first-aid work. Seventy-five men
were rescued through the efforts of volunteer miners, company offi-
cials. State mine inspectors, and rescue crews of operating companies,
and different types of oxygen rescue apparatus were demonstrated
before thousands of miners.
3. By an investigation of hookworm disease, in cooperation with
State officials, demonstrated the prevalence of hookworm in Cali-
fornia miners and the need of similar investigations in other States.
Advocated the adoption of preventive measures and was instrumental
in having them adopted in California.
4. Continued its study of mine dust as related to lung diseases
among miners in the Joplin lead and zinc district, Missouri. As an
outcome of work already done there health conditions have been
greatly improved.
5. Demonstrated to miners in the Butte (Mont.) district the preva-
lence of miners' consumption there and recommended preventive
measures.
6. Actively assisted in investigating safety conditions in California
mines and in formulating the mining regulations, subsequently
adopted by that State, tending to increase safety.
7. Assisted in the development of the Alaskan coal fields by divi-
sion of the fields into leasing units, and in preparing the regulations
governing the leasing of the coal lands.
8. Developed methods for treating low-grade complex gold, lead,
silver, and zinc ores that may rejuvenate mining in certain parts of
the country and render available millions of tons of ore that can not
now be treated profitably, the principal results of this work being
as follows:
The development of a brine leaching process for extracting lead from low-
grade and complex ores.
The development of a process for the separation of lead and zinc contained
in lead-zinc sulphides, and the recovery of both metals.
The application of the flotation process to the concentration and recovery of
the valuable minerals in lead carbonate ores.
The development of a volatilization process for the recovery of zinc from oxi-
dized ores.
The development of a process for the production of zinc dust from solutions
of zinc.
9. Collected much valuable information on the corrosion of hoist-
ing and pumping equipment by acid waters in mines, and the resistive
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 11
qualities of different metals and coverings, with a view to finding
methods of preventing or greatly lessening the damage to such equip-
ment.
10. Began an investigation of the fluidity of blast-furnace slags,
with especial reference to the smelting of low-grade and complex
ores.
11. Devised an improved method of determining the viscosity of
substances at high temperatures.
12. Prepared four reports covering an extensive investigation of
the causes and prevention of accidents at blast furnaces, methods of
increasing safety at iron and steel works, and methods of improving
health conditions in steel mills.
13. Investigated marble quarries, and published a bulletin describ-
ing quarrying methods used, and precautions that should be taken to
reduce waste and avoid accidents.
14. Devised improved methods for concentrating the radium ores
of Colorado and Utah. Xearly 2.000 tons of such ore has been con-
centrated in cooperation with the National Radium Institute, and
radium has been produced at a cost equal to about one-third the cur-
rent market price.
15. Investigated the ores of molybdenum in the United States and
prepared a bulletin on their occurrence, the method of concentrating.
the market for the ores and the metal, and the use of molybdenum in
making tool steel and other products.
16. Demonstrated that great deposits of secondary kaolin (china
clay) in Georgia and South Carolina, heretofore considered unavail-
able for white ware, can be cheaply treated so as to render them
available for making the highest quality of white tile and china.
17. Began an investigation of manganese ores in the United States
with reference to methods of mining and treatment, the purpose
being to increase the domestic supply of this metal needed in the
manufacture of steel.
18. Completed an investigation of methods of reducing metal losses
in melting aluminum scrap.
19. Developed an improved electric furnace for melting brass.
20. Prepared for publication a report on gold dredging which pre-
sents detailed figures of operating costs and other data that have
been carefully guarded by dredge operators.
21. Investigated hoisting equipment in coal mines and ways and
means of preventing accidents in shaft and slope hoisting.
22. Improved the oxygen rescue apparatus it had devised for use
by rescue men in mines or in noxious gases in other places.
23. Drew up and prepared for publication suggested rules for the
safe installation and operation of electrical equipment in bituminous
coal mines-
12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
24. Began tests of explosion-proof storage-battery locomotives for
use in gaseous mines.
25. Inspected several Government power plants by request of the
departments concerned and recommended changes in practice that
are resulting in a considerable decrease in the cost of fuel.
26. Completed for publication a report showing the merits of coke
as domestic fuel.
27. Obtained important data on the oil shales in the West and
their value as future sources of petroleum.
28. Demonstrated the practicability of the Rittman cracking
process for making gasoline, benzene, and toluene. Several commer-
cial plants using the process are in operation or process of erection,
19 companies having received licenses to manufacture gasoline and 5
to manufacture benzene-tolueue by the Rittman process.
29. Showed well drillers the advantages of using improved meth-
ods of protecting oil and gas sands and called attention to under-
ground wastes; as a result millions of dollars' worth of oil and
natural gas will be saved that otherwise would have been lost. The
value of using mud-laden fluid in drilling and closing oil and gas
wells was demonstrated by operations, and methods of flushing oil
sands in order to recover a large proportion of the contained oil were
investigated.
30. Investigated the quality of different grades of gasoline mar-
keted in the United States and their relative merits as motor fuel.
31. Investigated a process for producing gasoline from natural
gas, by which the utilization of gas will be made more efficient and
the output of gasoline will be increased.
32. Studied methods and devices for controlling fires at oil and
gas wells and for preventing losses in storing petroleum.
33. Prepared maps showing the location of wells, storage tanks,
and pipe lines of the producing oil and gas fields of the United States.
These will be published in a forthcoming report.
34. Made further progress in its study of methods of removing
from smelter smoke the constituents injurious to vegetation; dem-
onstrated the possibilities and limitations of the wet Thiogen process
for reducing sulphur dioxide in smelter smoke to elemental sulphur.
35. Studied means for increasing the efficiency of the cyanide
process for the treatment of gold and silver ores.
THE NATIONAL PARKS.
1. Transferred the office of superintendent of national parks from
San Francisco to Washington and appointed a superintendent and
an assistant superintendent and three clerks for the purpose of carry-
ing on administrative work in Washington in connection with the
national parks.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 13
2. Congress, on the recommendation of the department, passed a
bill creating the National Park Service.
3. By act of Congress two new parks, the Hawaii National Park,
consisting of three separate tracts of land, two on the island of
Hawaii and one on the island of Maui, Territory of Hawaii, and the
Lassen Volcanic National Park, in northern California on the sum-
mit of the Sierras, were established.
4. Two new national monuments under supervision of the Interior
Department, the Capulin Mountain in northeastern New Mexico and
the Sieur de Monts on Mount Desert Island, Me., were established
by presidential proclamation.
5. The General Land Office made a survey of the privately owned
lands containing sequoia trees in the Sequoia National Park that are
to be purchased under authority of Congress, and plans were per-
fected for obtaining these holdings.
6. Made final surveys and commenced construction of hydroelectric
power plant in the Yosemite National Park which, when completed,
will furnish sufficient power for lighting all camps, the new hotel,
and all of the main roads and foot trails in the park, and for heating
and cooking at the hotel and permanent camps.
7. Issued automobile guide maps of the Yosemite and Yellowstone
National Parks.
8. Made final location surveys and commenced the construction of
the new El Portal road in the Yosemite National Park.
9. Under a long-term contract for the development of the Yosemite
two new hotels are under construction, one in Yosemite Valley and
one at Glacier Point, and two permanent camps are being constructed
in the valley and three in the upper country.
10. Executed long-term contract for development of Mount
Rainier National Park on a profit-sharing basis with the Government,
the concessionaires to erect immediately a hotel and thereafter, as
rapidly as possible, camps and chalets in the park.
11. Established a free clinic at the Government free bathhouse at
Hot Springs Reservation.
12. At the request of the Secretary of War arranged for the trans-
fer of the guardianship of the Yellowstone National Park from
military control under the War Department to civilian control under
the Department of the Interior.
13. Completed development of the eastern entrance of the Yellow-
stone National Park and established automobile service between
Cody and Lake Hotel.
14. Completed survey of road from Narada Falls to Cayuse Pass
in Mount Rainier National Park.
15. Discovered and excavated a prehistoric pueblo structure in
Mesa Verde National Park.
14
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
16. Made a survey of the sanitary conditions of hotels and camps
in the various parks.
17. Continued furnishing public information on wide scale about
the beauty and accessibility of national parks with purpose of di-
recting travel thereto, publishing " National Parks Portfolio " and
" Glimpses of our National Parks."
ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF BUREAUS AND OTHER ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE UNITS OF THE DEPARTMENT.
OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR.
The following table shows the number of matters received and
disposed of during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, which were
docketed or recorded. It does not, however, include a very large
number of matters that are not formally docketed.
Work of office of solicitor.
Public lands.
Pensions.
Miscella-
neous.1
Disbar-
ments.
Sum-
mary.
Appeals.
On re-
hearing.
Appeals.
On re-
hearing.
Pending July 1, 1915
831
2,636
94
680
862
1,388
1
65
117
12, 808
2
23
1,907
Received to June 30, 1916
17,600
Total
3, 467
2,642
774
670
2,250
2,123
66
64
12,925
12, 759
25
21
19, 507
Disposed of
18,279
Pending July 1, 1916
825
104
127
2
166
4
1,228
1 Under "Miscellaneous" are grouped such matters as " ©pinions," "Indian matters," etc., as well as
many other varied matters arising in the several bureaus of the department, and which, for one reason or
another, may be referred to the solicitor's office for consideration.
Attention was called in last year's report to the fact that the total
number of matters pending had been reduced from 5,140, October 1,
1914, to 1,907, July 1, 1915. It will now be noticed from the above table
that this total has been further reduced to 1,228 on July 1, 1916. This
substantial gain is largely due to the reduction in pension appeals,
1,388 cases being received and 2,123 disposed of during the fiscal year.
This left pending but 127 cases which, with the incoming matters of
this class, are assigned out for consideration within 30 days after re-
ceipt and are duly considered and promptly disposed of.
When the present administration came into office there were
pending more than 3,000 of these pension appeals. On account of
the advanced age of the claimant in many of the cases, it was
realized that the valid claims must be passed upon promptly if
the claimants were to receive any benefit, and the Secretary di-
rected that every effort be made to dispose of the pending cases and
to keep the work current. As will be seen, the 3,000 cases have
now been reduced to 127, and the work-is now current and no claim-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 15
ant has to wait for a decision in his case more than 60 days at
the outside.
Another gratifying feature presented by this table is that while
the appeals filed in public-land cases totaled 2,636, as against 2,420
during the year ended June 30, 1915, yet the number pending has been
further reduced from 831 to 825. These cases are noAv reached in
docket order for consideration within, approximately, 60 days after
receipt, and are disposed of with such dispatch as careful examination
of records and due consideration of all questions presented will
warrant.
The increase of litigation in the Federal courts sitting in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, in which the Secretary is a defendant and in which
he is defended by this office, is very marked. In last year's report, 21
cases were noted as pending June 30, 1915. On June 30, 1916, there
were 47 cases pending distributed as follows: In the Supreme Court
of the United States, 9 ; in the Court of Appeals, 6 ; in the Supreme
Court of the District, 32. During the year there have been arguments
and submissions, or some other form of disposition, in 26 cases. Of
these, the department lost three, in all of which appeals were taken.
In the last report, three cases were reported as lost. One was lost
by the final decision of the Supreme Court of the United States; and
that is the only one of upward of 200 cases defended by the office
during the last eight years which has been finally lost. The other
two cases, last year reported as lost, were won this year in the appel-
late courts.
There is not only a marked increase in the number of pending
cases, but in the variety and importance of the questions presented :
The event by which a right vests in a railroad as to its indemnity
lands; the authority to appraise coal lands; the right of the depart-
ment to conduct proceedings testing the validity of mining locations
where there is no application for patent; the construction of the
proviso to section 7 of the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 1095) ; the
meaning of " classified civil service " ; various phases of the soldiers'
additional homestead law ; the authority of the Secretary over certain
Indian oil leases ; Indian inheritance matters ; construction of several
acts relating to railroad land grants; rights in Indian enrollment
cases ; the nature of Indian title to lands possessed by certain tribes,
etc. Many of the cases are of vital and far-reaching consequence in
the administration of the affairs of the department.
The volume of work of the office during the year, including miscel-
laneous and docket matters, as well as the above court cases, has been
very heavy; there are, however, no undue arrears, and the total of
matters now pending is less than that shown in any annual report
since 1910.
16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Area of lands entered and patented. — The total area of public and
Indian lands originally entered and allowed during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1916, is 19,043,152.92 acres, an increase of 2,181,938.23
acres, as compared with the area entered during the fiscal year 1915.
The area patented during the fiscal year is 12,161,807.998 acres, a
decrease of 863,619.978 acres, as compared with the fiscal year 1915.
Of the above area, 7,723,738.23 acres were patented under the home-
stead laws, a decrease of 1,871,234.79 acres, not including as home-
steads 20,551.83 acres patented as soldiers' additional entries.
Cash receipts and expenditures. — The total cash receipts from the
sales of public land, including fees and commissions and sales of
Government property for the fiscal year 1916, were $3,428,588.20
<1915, $3,786,319.54), a decrease of $352,669.08. The total receipts
from sales of Indian lands were $2,000,516.17 (1915, $1,556,630.97).
Other receipts aggregated $41,362.44. The total receipts of this
bureau during the fiscal year 1916 were $5,470,466.81, as against
$5,394,948.20 for the preceding fiscal year, an increase of $75,518.61.
The total expenses of district land offices for salaries and commis-
sions of registers and receivers and incidental expenses during the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, were $830,190.99, an increase of
$1,325.28 over the preceding fiscal year. The aggregate expenditures
and estimated liabilities of the public-land service, including ex-
penses of district land offices and surveys made from the appropria-
tions for surveying the public lands outside of railroad land-grant
limits, were $2,925,524.02, leaving a net surplus of $2,544,942.79 of
receipts over expenditures. Disbursements from the following spe-
cial deposit trust funds and reimbursable appropriations are not
included in the above figures as receipts or expenditures: From de-
posits by individuals for surveying the public lands, $144,819.97;
from surveying within land grants (reimbursable), $186,673.41;
from opening Indian reservations (reimbursable), $14,994.12; from
surveying and allotting Indian reservations (reimbursable) for sur-
veying, $52,307.64; from surveying and allotting Standing Rock
Indian Reservation (reimbursable) for surveying, $2,518.96.
Field Service. — The number of cases examined and closed was about
the same as in the preceding year, but the amount of money turned
into the Treasury as the result was nearly $85,000 more; 142 civil suits
were recommended as against 123 for the previous year; 93 indict-
ments were secured as against 55 for the year previous.
Substantial and material progress has been made with respect to
the oil situation in California. Investigations have been completed
in a large number of cases, and proceedings directed involving over
H5,OQ0 acres. At the present time adverse proceedings are pending
involving over 20,000 acres; also judicial proceedings involving over
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 17
168,000 acres to set aside railroad patents, alleged to have been se-
cured with the knowledge that oil deposits were contained in the land.
In one of these, the Elk Hills case, a decision by the circuit court of
appeals upheld the judgment of the lower court in favor of the
United States.
In Wyoming the oil situation has been carefully kept in hand, and
judicial proceedings instituted on behalf of the Government in two
cases.
Twenty-four oil contracts, under the act of August 25, 1914, were
entered into providing for the disposal of oil produced from lands in
the California and Wyoming oil fields, pending the final determi-
nation of title thereto. The total number of such contracts made
up to date is 33, and the amount of escrow deposits held thereunder
is $419,174.36.
Public surveys. — The grand total of accepted surveys and resur-
veys during 1916 is 11,578,235 acres, an area largely in excess of the
record for many years, except that of the year 1915.
Eesurveys now form one of the most important activities of the
surveying service, and in order to conserve the fund now available
for this work and insure its expenditure in the manner most advan-
tageous, resurvey applications are now only allowed on a very clear
showing of the necessity therefor.
In the interests of better administration, the survey of Indian
lands will hereafter be performed through the offices of the surveyors
general, without the maintenance of a separate field supervision or
office force.
In the survey of lands within railroad grants, authorized under the
act of June 25, 1910, the work in the field reached a total of 3,030,000
acres. Since the passage of said act the total area surveyed thereun-
der is 11,000,000 acres, of which approximately 7,000,000 were sur-
veyed since March 4, 1913.
Surveys in Alaska, — During the year all field and office work as to
the coal areas in Matanuska, Bering Kiver, and Nenana coal fields
was completed in time for opening coal lands under the leasing act
this season. Plats of township surveys, approved by the surveyor
general and sent up for acceptance, amount to over 350,000 acres,
which is about one-half of the total area of surveyed lands in the
Territory. An appropriation of $50,000 for the prosecution of sur-
veys in the Territory is recommended, and the continuance of the
policy of group surveys under the present system of investigation,
selections and execution.
Goal leasing in Alaska. — Formal announcement of the opening of
the coal fields of Matanuska and Bering Kiver to leasing privileges
was made May 18, 1916, resulting in six applications in the Mata-
nuska field and two in the Bering Kiver field, proposing a maxi-
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 2
18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
mum investment of nearly $3,000,000. Action has not yet been
taken on these applications, but it would appear that no difficulty is
likely to be met in securing substantial investments under the leasing
law.
Under section 10 of the coal-leasing act, which authorizes free per-
mits to mine coal on small tracts for domestic uses, 15 permits have
been issued, 10 during the year past. The estimated annual output
under these permits is 142,700 tons.
Map compiling and drafting. — The new United States map shows
the extension of the public surveys during the fiscal year to an area
of 8,855,724 acres.
The issuance of a general map of the Territory of Alaska during
the coming year is announced by the commissioner, which will show
all recent work in the public and coal-land surveys, also the line of
the Government railway and the several towns located thereon.
Tract records. — The total number of tract-book notations for the
year past was 394,307, as compared with 379,435 for the year pre-
vious. During this period 1,952 plats of survey were posted, as
against 1,177 during the year previous.
Homesteads and kindred entries. — In this line of work the record
shows approvals for patent: Final homesteads, 29,598; commuted
homesteads, 2,940 ; timber and stone cash entries, 575 ; isolated tracts,
2,009; miscellaneous sales, 1,056; total, 36,178.
The decrease in the number of homestead entries approved for
patent is due to the fact that homesteaders are taking advantage of
the provisions of the enlarged-homestead act, and have not been able
to submit their final proofs, on account of delay in securing the desig-
nation of additional lands.
During this time action was taken on over 18,000 petitions filed
under the amendatory act of March 4, 1915, conferring upon appli-
cants a preference right of entry under the enlarged-homestead act
of lands theretofore undesignated.
Reclamation homesteads. — Additional farm units in the year past
have been opened to entry, either by the issuance of public notices
or the announcement of the availability of water for irrigation pur-
poses, on five separate projects.
One thousand one hundred and twenty-four original homestead
entries were examined and accepted ; 764 final homestead entries were
approved for patent; 15 assignments of desert-land entries within
irrigation projects were examined and accepted.
Homestead entries in national forests. — Notices were issued under
the act of June 11, 1906, for the restoration of 1,525 lists of lands in
national forests, by which approximately 152,000 acres of agricul-
tural lands were opened to homestead settlement and entry of not
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 19
to exceed 160 acres each. Under this act approximately 1,350 patents
issued during the past year.
Lieu selections for lands in Indian reservations. — The commis-
sioner reports the close of proceedings following the protest of the
land commission of Arizona against the acceptance as a basis for
exchange of the deed filed by the Santa Fe Pacific Co. December 28,
1912, for 327,000 acres of land. As the result of the investigation
under this protest, the company furnished a new and satisfactory
base for the lands included within said deed, following which selec-
tions, theretofore suspended on account of said protest, were ap-
proved, where found otherwise regular, and passed to patent.
Forest lieu selections. — The act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat., 36),
which made provision for the selection of public lands in lieu of
lands in national forests was repealed by the act of March 3, 1905
(33 Stat., 1264), except as to certain outstanding contracts. The
commisisoner reports approximately 600 selections yet awaiting final
action, involving between 100,000 and 150,000 acres; of these, some
are awaiting survey of the lands selected, some suspended for investi-
gation as to the character of the selected lands as mineral or other-
wise, and some suspended on account of alleged fraud in acquisition
of title to the base land ; of these last mentioned, some are pending
action on field investigations and some under contest charges by the
Government. During the fiscal year 297 selections were finally dis-
posed of, approximately 250 being patented and 47 canceled.
Chippewa Indian logging, Minnesota. — The total amount cut dur-
ing the 13 years of logging operations is 1,256,020,826 feet, and
valued at $8,871,692.90. The amount cut already exceeds the Gov-
ernment's estimates by over 38 per cent. The total expense in con-
nection with this logging for 13 years is 4.22 per cent of the total
receipts.
Opening of Chippewa lands, Minnesota. — February 19, 1916, in-
structions issued for the opening to settlement and entry under the
homestead laws of 56,175 acres of Chippewa Indian lands, Minnesota,
classified as " cut over " or " pine lands."
Abandoned military reservations. — The preliminary work for the
opening of the Fort Assinniboine abandoned reservation in the State
of Montana, under the act of February 11, 1915, is about completed.
The agricultural lands in this reservation will be disposed of under
the homestead laws; the lands entered during the first six months
after the opening to be paid for by the settlers at $2.50 per acre, and
lands entered after such period at $1.25 per acre. There will prob-
ably be in the neighborhood of 100,000 acres opened under this act.
Fort Sabine Military Reservation, comprising land in Cameron
Township, La., is separated by Sabine Pass and Sabine Lake from
20 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
the State of Texas, and considerable interest attaches to these lands
on account of their nearness to the Beaumont oil fields. The pend-
ency of a claim under the swamp act for these lands, made by the
State of Louisiana, has hitherto delayed action in the disposition of
this reservation; but a conclusion adverse to the State having been
reached, action will no longer be delayed.
The act of July 3, 1916, Public No. 139, provides for the disposal
of two abandoned military reservations, comprising over 1,200 acres
on the Narrows, which separates them from the peninsula on which
Tacoma, Wash., is located. The act provides for the survey of the
lands into 20-acre tracts, giving the settlers thereon January 1,
1910, a preference right to purchase lands occupied by them, not
exceeding 20 acres, at the appraised price; the lands not thus dis-
posed of within one year after the approval of the regulations are
to be sold at public auction.
The military reservation at Fort Brown, Tex., has been returned
to the control and custody of the War Department. This reservation
had been abandoned and preparations made for its disposal under
the act of July 5, 1884, but in view of border conditions and the need
of the property for military purposes an Executive order was issued
again placing the reservation under the jurisdiction of the War
Department.
The military reservation at Fort Ringgold, Tex., which had been
surveyed and appraised with reference to its sale under the act of
July 5, 1884, is at present occupied by the military forces along the
border, and its present disposal is not in contemplation.
Minnesota drainage entries. — In the year past 917 cash entries,
made under purchases at tax sales, have been approved; the area
thus patented is approximately in the neighborhood of 140,000 acres.
Sales of Indian lands. — During the past year there have been, in
the aggregate, sales of Indian lands reaching an approximate area
of 122,000 acres, for a consideration of $315,000.
Town sites and kindred entries. — A marked activity in town-site
and town-lot sales is reported. Numerous lots in town sites have
been sold on time. No title is secured in such case until full pay-
ment is made. During the year 449 lots, not including sales in
Alaska, were sold under this plan for $21,724.
The town site of Anchorage was surveyed into lots in June, 1915.
The sale of lots which followed reached the sum of $177,105, on
which the initial payment amounted to $60,773. Since the original
survey an amended survey has been made, creating two additions
to the town site. Town-lot sales in the additions were made in July,
1916, amounting to $212,020, on which the initial payments were
$82,445.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 21
Similar activity in town-site development is reported from the
towns of Seward, Matanuska, and Nenana.
Railroad grants. — Eailroad and wagon-road selections were re-
ceived during the year to the amount of 1,958,444 acres, as against
886,215 in 1915.
There were patented 2,208,178 acres, as against 1,624,142 acres in
1915.
The act of Congress approved June 9, 1916, Public No. 86, revested
in the United States the title to so much of the lands granted to the
Oregon & California Railroad Co. as remained unsold July 1, 1913.
the company to receive $2.50 per acre for such lands. This legisla-
tion will call for the classification of the lands involved and the
complete adjustment of the grant at as early a date as practicable.
This work has already been undertaken and is being pushed forward
with all expedition.
Bights of way. — Operations under the general right-of-way acts
continue active, although not so heavy as last year. In all, together
with those pending and received during the year, 703 applications
have been disposed of by the office, leaving only 15 awaiting office
action and 162 awaiting action elsewhere.
State desert-land segregation. — During the year " Carey Act "
withdrawal applications under the act of March 15, 1910, were finally
disposed of, aggregating 194,722 acres.
Segregation applications to the amount of 15,069 acres were dis-
posed of, either by segregation or rejection, in 1914; 108,464 acres in
1915 ; and 218,337 acres in 1916, showing a steadily growing interest
in the possibilities of State development under this act.
Patents under this law are still on the increase ; in 1914, 4,244 acres
were patented to the various States; in 1915, 146,079 acres were pat-
ented ; and last year 160,741 acres were patented.
Desert-land entries. — In the past fiscal year 2,208 desert-land en-
tries were patented, embracing 350,534 acres. During the same
period nearly 2,000 applications for relief under the act of March 4,
1915, providing for the perfecting as homestead entries of entries
m»ade under the desert-land laws where water is not obtainable
were approved, and these claimants are now in the way of acquiring
title. Examinations were made of 8,352 proofs of annual expendi-
tures ; 2,705 applications for extension of time to submit final proofs ;
and 407 assignments.
New forms for annual proofs, final proofs, and a new desert-laud
circular were prepared and received departmental approval.
Special attention in the past year has been given to the investiga-
tion of irrigation projects alleged as sources of water supply in
desert entries, 154 projects having been favorably acted upon in that
22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
time, involving approximately 1,000 desert-land entries; 61 projects
adversely, affecting nearly 500 desert-land entries.
Imperial Valley. — The commissioner calls attention to the final
disposition of the complicated questions arising under reclamation
withdrawals in the Imperial Valley, Cal. The total acreage restored
was 120,807 acres, of which 90,832 acres were covered by prior appro-
priations, existing entries, recognized settlements, and preference
rights, while 17,112 acres were restored to settlement and entry. An
unappropriated area of over 12,000 acres was not restored to settle-
ment and entry because covered at present by the waters of the
Salton Sea.
Imperial Land District, California. — By act of Congress approved
June 15, 1916, Public, No. 93, a new land district was created in the
State of California, to be known as the Imperial Land District. The
Secretary of the Interior, under authority of section 1 of this act,
selected El Centro as the location for the land office of this district,
the office to be opened for the transaction of public business on Sep-
tember 1, 1916.
State selections. — Action has been suspended during the past year
on a large proportion of indemnity school-land selections pending
proposed amendatory legislation, but during that time 300,715 acres
of indemnity school-land selections and 746,000 acres of selections
under grants of quantity have received departmental approval.
The necessity for additional legislation by which the authority of
the department and the several States will be more clearly defined is
set forth at length by the commissioner, together with the effort made
by the department to secure proper remedial action at the hands of
Congress.
Swamp and overflowed lands. — The commissioner submits a state-
ment showing the history of this grant in the department by which
it appears that the several States beneficiaries under the grant have
received upward of 64,500,000 acres of land with $2,000,000 cash
indemnity; and because of the conclusion reached that the grant has
not been so employed by the States as to secure the drainage of the
great body of lands actually granted, and for additional reasons
given, renews his recommendation that legislation be enacted declar-
ing after a date fixed no new claims to swamp and overflowed lands
be received or recognized.
Indian allotments. — During the past fiscal year 3,568 Indian trust
patents, embracing 505,961 acres, were issued to Indians, as compared
with 2,324 trust patents, embracing 284,713 acres isued during the
year ending June 30, 1915.
In the past year 2,298 patents in fee, embracing 300,390 acres, were
issued to Indians found competent to assume charge of their own
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 23
affairs and to purchasers of allotted lands, as compared with 1,699
such patents, embracing 202,050 acres, issued the year before.
Upward of 500 allotment applications for public lands made by
persons found not entitled thereto were rejected and some 85,000
acres of land thus rendered subject to homestead entry.
Contests. — The gradual reduction in area of the public domain
has not resulted in a diminution of the contest work as might be ex-
pected. The contrary result is quite apparent; as the area of the
public domain gradually decreases, to a corresponding degree the
struggle to acquire title thereto increases.
During the year 1,451 litigated cases were decided, clearing the
docket practically to date; and 5,371 contests were disposed of
through the default of one or the other of the parties.
Repayments. — Under the laws authorizing the repayment of
money received for public land where the title was not confirmed in
the claimant there were stated during the last fiscal year 1,700 ac-
counts, allowing repayment of $218,971.46, and during said period
there were denied 940 claims for repayment. This number of claims
allowed and the amount repaid includes 10 accounts, allowing repay-
ment of $14,246.32 of moneys received in connection with pending
claims for coal lands in Alaska and repaid in pursuance of section 3,
act of October 20, 1914 (38 Stat., 741).
National forests. — Since the issuance of the last annual report, 20
national forests have been reduced and 3 enlarged under the act of
June 4, 1897 (30 Stat., 36), and one discontinued as an administra-
tive unit by transferring the remaining areas, after exclusion of
certain lands therefrom to other national forests.
There are now 153 national forests embracing 175,940,351 acres,
of which area approximately 88 per cent is public land. The decrease
in area of national forests since the beginning of the fiscal year is
8,300,245 acres.
The public lands subject to disposition in 8,526,129 acres excluded
from national forests during the fiscal year have been restored to
settlement and entry.
Areas temporarily withdrawn for forestry purposes but not needed
therefor have been released from withdrawal upon recommendation
of the Secretary of Agriculture. In the last year 83,520 acres have
been released from such withdrawal and the public lands therein
opened to settlement and entry.
Legislation. — The commissioner summarizes his recommendations
for needed legislation as follows :
1. Consolidation of the several right of way acts.
2. Unification of the several Carey Acts.
3. Provision for the forfeiture of rights of way.
24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
4. Limiting the time within which soldiers' additional scrip may
be located.
5. Definition of the laws locally applicable to Alaska.
6. Repeal of the swamp grant.
7. Reduction of the area of desert-land entries.
8. Disposition of abandoned rights of way.
9. Surface agricultural entries of mineral lands in Alaska.
10. Professional land locators.
11. Homestead surveys in Alaska.
12. Increase of salaries.
INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Education and health conditions. — The result of the health cam-
paign waged upon the various Indian reservations is shown by a de-
crease of approximately seven per thousand in the death rate, as
shown by the vital statistics. A widespread campaign to save the
babies has been instituted, and is now being carried on with a view
to the diffusion of proper knowledge concerning the care of infants,
with a view to reducing the excessive infant mortality among In-
dians. Additional physicians have been employed and hospitals have
been constructed and placed in operation to aid in the campaign for
better health among Indians.
Additional facilities have been provided for 1,295 Indian children
without school opportunities. A special effort was made for Navajo
Indian children, for whom facilities were provided for an increase
of over 260 children. Feeling that the public school offers the most
valuable opportunity for the education of Indian youth arrange-
ments were made for the enrollment of 2,025 additional children
during the past fiscal year.
The new course of vocational study has been introduced into all
of the schools of the service. Its introduction was materially aided
through the series of institutes held during the past summer at Has-
kell Institute, Lawrence, Kans.; Santa Fe Indian School, Santa Fe,
N. Mex.; Sherman Institute, Riverside, Cal.; Salem School, Che-
mawa, Oreg.; Tomah School, Tomah, Wis.; and the Rapid City
School, Rapid City, S. Dak. The school dairies and the conduct
thereof has been recognized as a matter calling for immediate re-
form. Special attention has been directed to the utilization of every
acre of school and reservation farm land, so that the best crops may
be produced for profit and as an object lesson to both Indian youths
and adults.
Indian heirs. — The determination of the heirs of deceased Indians
has involved thousands of acres of land and millions of dollars' worth
of trust property as follows — 4,085 estates were probated, 178 wills
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 25
approved, 68 wills disapproved, and 5,014 miscellaneous cases dis-
posed of.
The activities of the probate attorneys in Oklahoma resulted in
the institution during the past fiscal year of 507 civil and criminal
suits, the removal and discharge of 2,584 guardians for cause, the fil-
ing of 2,277 new bonds, and in conserving the deposits and invest-
ments for minors and other dependent Indians in the sum of
$3,302,130. .
Irrigation. — Comprehensive irrigation systems have been negoti-
ated on the Yakima Reservation, Wash., and the Gila River Reser-
vation, Ariz., and the water rights on the large irrigation projects
at Uintah, Utah, and Fort Hall, Idaho, have been protected by the
institution of important legal proceedings. The method of financ-
ing the Flathead, Blackfeet, and Fort Peck Irrigation Projects has
been changed through congressional action, whereby the Indian tribal
funds are relieved from the burden of financing these projects for
the benefit of white landowners. Underground water and natural
springs have been developed on the Navajo, Moqui, and Papago In-
dian Reservations, and some of the New Mexico Pueblos, resulting in
greatly increasing the grazing range for the Navajo, Hopi, and
Papago Indians, and the development of the irrigation projects for
the New Mexico Pueblos. In two wells on the Navajo Reservation
artesian flow has been obtained, while on the Papago Reservation 10
villages embracing a population of 1,800 were supplied for the first
time with pure and unfailing water. There were opened to settlement
and entry on the Colville Reservation in the State of Washington ap-
proximately 420,000 acres of grazing and agricultural lands, the
allotments on that reservation under the act of March 22, 1906, hav-
ing been finally completed.
Unallotted mineral lands. — The unallotted mineral lands on the
Spokane Reservation, Wash., were opened to entry by act of May 18,
1916. Two hundred applications, covering more than 4,000 acres,
were filed within 30 days after the passage of the act. Some of these
applications are still pending and, under the regulations, the pay-
ment of a royalty of not less than 10 per cent of the value of all
mineral mines is required. There have been authorized the opening
and construction of approximately 660 miles of highways through
Indian reservations since the beginning of the last fiscal year.
Indian moneys. — Indian moneys to the amount of approximately
$22,000,000 have been carried on deposit in 700 State and national
banks throughout western States during the past year, of which
amount about $16,000,000 was placed to the credit of individual
Indians, being an increase in this class of deposits of about $2,000,000
over last year. These deposits are secured by surety bonds in an
26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
amount exceeding the deposits. New regulations have been pre-
scribed to govern the leasing of oil and mineral lands in the Osage
Nation. Under these there has been paid to the Osage Tribe $2,230,-
000 as a bonus for leases which provide, in addition to this, for a
royalty of one-eighth of the oil produced and $100 for each pro-
ducing gas well. New leases for the gas wells were approved in
May of this year, and it is estimated that the first year's royalty will
amount to $700,000 as compared with $12,000 for the previous year.
Field inspections. — The field inspection force, the appointments for
which were made at the close of the last fiscal year, has been thor-
oughly organized. To insure effective supervision the Indian
country has been divided into compact districts to each of which an
inspecting officer has been assigned. This plan covers every phase of
governmental activities in behalf of the Indians so completely that
detection of wrongs is materially simplified, and constructive super-
vision made thorough and practical. It is a superior and efficient
organization.
Industries. — Gratifying progress has been made in the advance-
ment of Indian industry during the past year, as shown by the fact
that free rations were issued to 3,807 able-bodied Indians only, as
compared with 6,650 for the preceding year. This means that 2,843
formerly dependent Indians achieved self-support during the year.
The total individual income of Indians under Federal supervision
increased from $15,308,662 in 1915 to $16,069,515 in 1916. Many of
the Indian reservations are best adapted to the live-stock industry.
There were purchased for these Indians 2,257 horses, mares, and
mules, 43 stallions, 7,439 cows and heifers, and 724 bulls, at a cost of
approximately $630,000. The increase of Indian stock requiring
larger areas of grazing land has correspondingly decreased the area
leased to outsiders. Notwithstanding this, and due to increased
prices for stock, a much greater revenue has been derived from the
leasing of this smaller area. The number of Indians farming in-
creased from 31,956 in 1915 to 35,658 in 1916 ; the cultivated acreage
from 664,539 to 668,552, and the value of crops produced from $4,-
790,968 to $5,293,719. Timber on Indian reservations was sold to
the amount of 73,000,000 feet as follows : 13,000,000 on the Jicarilla
Indian Reservation, 40,000,000 on the Bad River Indian Reserva-
tion, and 20,000,000 on the Menominee Indian Reservation.
Per capita payments. — There were made during the year per capita
payments to the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians amount-
ing in the aggregate to $9,941,000.
Indians in Oklahoma. — There have been expended in Oklahoma for
the benefit of allottees in improving their homes during the fiscal
year 1916 the sum of $908,892; there have been collected for indi-
vidual Indians of Oklahoma as oil royalties over $4,000,000 ; and there
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 27
have been deposited in the State and national banks of Oklahoma
over $6,000,000. There was handled through the office of the super-
intendent for the Five Civilized Tribes during the fiscal year 1910
over $17,000,000; of the 30,000 land suits involving restricted lands
of allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes, 6,406 suits have been dis-
missed, thus leaving 7,604 suits still pending and undetermined,
19,890 having been previously closed.
On July 1, 1915, the Cherokee tribal government was practically
abolished, the principal chief being retained at a nominal salary of
$25 per month to sign tribal deeds to complete the work of the
Cherokee Tribe. During the fiscal year 1916 the restrictions have
been removed by the Secretary of the Interior on the alienation of
42,110 acres of allotted land, of which 33,117 acres were sold for
$360,422 and 3,641 oil and gas leases were disposed of during the
fiscal year 1916.
Patents to competent Indians. — In the matter of the issuance of
patents in fee to competent Indians, and as a result of a more liberal
policy adopted by the department, more fee patents have been issued
during the fiscal year than in any other previous year. About 1,900
fee patents have been issued, involving an area of over 230,000 acres.
In the past three years 3,600 fee patents have been issued, involving
an area of 507,000 acres, with an approximate value of $10,000,000.
During the three previous years only 1,800 fee patents were issued,
involving an area of 220,000 acres.
In the past year competency commissions have been appointed,
composed of men who know the Indian and the Indian question to
make a personal investigation of each Indian allotee, and to make
recommendation as to whether or not the Indian was competent to
care for his own affairs. Up to July 1, 1916, 576 fee patents have
been issued on the recommendation of these competency commissions,
involving an area of 97,482 acres of land.
Sales of land. — Sales of allotted and inherited Indian land were
made covering an area of over 90,000 acres, involving a consideration
of $1,661,851, at an average price of $18.60 per acre. The year pre-
vious 761 tracts were sold covering 102,674 acres, for $1,300,303, or
$12.66 per acre. The land sold this year was at an advance of nearly
$6 per acre. Land to the amount of 16,000 acres was purchased for
landless Indians in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewas. — After 60 years of wanderings
Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians has been located on a part
of the Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation in Montana, where they
have planted and cultivated gardens, worked them faithfully, rais-
ing products which warrant a material reduction in the rations which
have heretofore been given to them.
28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
System of bookkeeping. — The system of bookkeeping in the Indian
Office has been revised and placed on a substantial business basis.
The system heretofore was built up from fragmentary accounting
adopted to meet the requirements of legislation as enacted from time
to time. These have been harmonized into a systematic bookkeping
record which meets all the requirements of ready accounting and the
furnishing of information required by Congress. The readjustment
of this system, involving, as it does, more than 175 field disbursing
officers, was a stupendous task, but was accomplished without confu-
sion or interruption to the current work.
PENSION OFFICE.
Generally. — The work in the Pension Bureau has not during the
year been affected by any general legislation. There was created by
the act of April 27, 1916, a medal of honor roll, which gave to each
of the soldiers and sailors thereon an addition of $10 per month, pay-
able quarterly, " in addition to any pension or other benefit, right, or
privilege he may be entitled to under existing or subsequent law."
The number of those who would thus be added is estimated from 200
up. It is not believed that their numbers will add much to the annual
pension roll.
Number of pensioners. — There were on the roll at the end of the
fiscal year 709,572 names, a net loss of 38,575 from the total of 748,147
on the roll at the beginning of the year.
The percentage of deaths of Civil War soldiers from 1909 to 1916
increased gradually from 5.2 per cent to 8.6 per cent.
The number of Civil War soldiers on the roll June 30, 1915, was
396,370, and on June 30, 1916, 362,277, showing a decrease of 34,093.
Number of deaths of Civil War soldiers in 1916 was 34,252, which
only lacked 3 of being 1,000 more than it was in 1915, when the num-
ber of such deaths was 33,255.
The number of Civil War widows on the roll in 1915 was 291,107;
and on June 30, 1916, these numbered 287,753, showing a decrease of
3,354. This decrease in the number of widows is a notable fact,
because their numbers continued to increase until 1915, when, for
the first time, a decrease was shown, and the loss noted above shows
a continuance of the downward tendency. In the absence of further
legislation increasing the number of widows on the roll, the decrease
may be expected to continue. This number — 3,138 — shows the de-
crease from all causes.
The deaths of widows, minor children, and dependents numbered,
in 1916, 19,957, as against 17,915 in the year 1915.
The largest number of Civil War soldiers on the roll was in 1898,
when there were 745,822.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 29
The largest number of Civil War widows on the roll was in 1912,
when there were 301,373.
The oldest war now represented on the pension roll is that of 1812.
No soldiers of that war survive, but there were on the roll at the
close of the fiscal year 1916, 115 widows.
Of the War with Mexico, there were 513 survivors and 3,785
widows.
Of the War with Spain, the total number of claims allowed by
the Pension Bureau from the beginning was 39,091, of which number
1,508 were granted by special acts. The number of Spanish War
soldiers on the roll at the end of 1916 was 28,101, and of those 1,164
had been granted by special acts.
Unexpended balances of appropriations. — The unexpended balances
of appropriations at the close of the year were as follows:
For Army and Navy pensions $4, 895, 499. 03
For fees and expenses, examining surgeons 52,134.00
For salaries 26, 044. 00
For per diem and expenses of special examiners 279.00
Total 4, 973, 956. 03
Disbursements for pensions. — The amount disbursed in the pay-
ment of pensions during the year was $159,155,090, as against $165,-
518,266 for the preceding year.
The amount appropriated for payment of pensions for the fiscal
year 1916 was $164,000,000. The amount appropriated for the cur-
rent year is $158,000,000, a reduction of $6,000,000.
The grand total disbursed for pensions from July 1, 1790, to July
1, 1916, is shown to be $5,054,630,727, of which amount $4,765,075,-
020.92 is charged to allowances made on the basis of service rendered
in the Civil War.
The number of pensioners residing in foreign countries in the year
1916 was 4,359, and the amount paid them was $910,848.
Certificates issued and applications filed. — There were 68,549 cer-
tificates issued during the year, as against 73,904 issued during the
fiscal year 1915, when there were also issued 6,525 reissues and 14,774
accrued orders, making a grand total of 95,203, as stated in last year's
report; 68,549 does not include 2,449 reissues nor 17,922 accrued
orders.
There were received during the year 65,559 applications of all
kinds. A large proportion was under the act of May 11, 1912 (Civil
War veterans), and that of April 19, 1908 (widows). It is believed
that the number of such applications will necessarily greatly de-
crease in the near future.
Reduction of the force. — The legislative, executive, and judicial
appropriation act for the fiscal year 1917 made provision for 67
30 EEPOET OF THE SECEETAEY OF THE INTERIQE.
fewer clerks than for the year ending June 30, 1915. The appropria-
tion act for 1916 included a provision which limited appointments in
the Pension Bureau to 25 per cent of the vacancies occurring during
that fiscal year. The act for 1917 limits appointments and promo-
tions to 25 per cent of the vacancies occurring in any grade during
that fiscal year. No appointments were made in the classified service
after February, 1916. For the next fiscal year there are 1,115 employ-
ees, as against 1,182 for the past year.
Archives in Pension Bureau. — Heretofore the use made of the Pen-
sion Bureau was almost altogether for the adjudication and payment
of claims allowed by law. The value of the data therein contained is,
however, constantly increasing, and so is the use thereof. The Revo-
lutionary War records have all been flat filed. The bureau is now
flat filing the records of pension claims relating to the War of 1812.
It is intended afterwards to flat file all the documents relating to the
Mexican War. Thus more and more the bureau is a repository of
documents which will be highly regarded for their historical and
genealogical value.
Last year there were placed with the files of the cases 360,000
family-data circulars recently obtained and 178,000 formerly ob-
tained, but which had never been distributed with the files. Now all
of the documents having any relation to a case are found in the files
of that particular case.
Receipts in the bureau for copies show that there is a constantly
increasing revenue from this source, which, though not large now,
will become larger. In this connection it might be proper to say that
there were received for copies, etc., during the last fiscal year
$10,720.47.
Metal boxes for files. — The value of metal boxes instead of straps
for holding bundles of files was set forth in detail in the report last
year. Experience has further proven their value. There have been
installed a total of 9,200 of them.
Bounty-land warrants. — This subject, which was formerly of so
much importance, is no longer so. During the fiscal year no original
land warrants were issued, but two duplicate land warrants were
issued, each for 160 acres. Sixteen applications were rejected for
want of sufficient evidence to show that the parties were entitled
thereto and five applications are now pending awaiting necessary
proof.
Reimbursement and accrued. — There were 1,368 claims for reim-
bursement for expenses of last sickness and burial of deceased pen-
sioners pending at the beginning of the year. Seven thousand three
hundred and nineteen claims were received, 360 cases were reopened,
7,798 were disposed of, leaving 1,249 pending at the close of the fiscal
year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 31
Claims for the part of pensions accrued during the interim between
the last quarterly payment to the pensioner and the time of his
death numbered 11,239 at the beginning of the fiscal year. There
were received 19,422 and disposed of 21,029, leaving undisposed of
9,632.
Division of pension. — Under the act of March 3, 1899, providing
for the division of pension of resident pensioners who have deserted
their wives and children who are inmates of soldiers' and sailors'
homes, there were 471 claims filed during the fiscal year, of which 339
have been allowed and 208 rejected, leaving 178 cases pending at the
end of the year.
Of the claims filed under the act of August 8, 1882, of wives and
children of pensioners undergoing imprisonment, or insane without a
guardian, 17 were admitted and 13 rejected.
Of the claims under the act of February 2, 1909, providing for
the dependents of pensioners confined in St. Elizabeths Hospital, 11
were admitted and 6 rejected.
Criminal and civil causes. — Indictments were found in 40 cases
of offenses against the pension laws; 28 of such cases were brought
to trial, in all of which convictions were obtained. Three civil actions
for the recovery of pension money fraudulently obtained are pend-
ing; 1 such action was compromised for $985 by direction of the
Solicitor of the Treasury.
Indorsements on pension checks. — Under orders heretofore issued
each one of the more than 700,000 pensioners was required to exhibit
his or her certificate each time when the pension check was indorsed.
This to most of them meant some trouble and to many, because of
feebleness caused by age and sickness, was a very great hardship.
Under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior it was directed
that this requirement should be discontinued -after July 1, 1916.
Lost checks. — Formerly when a check amounting to $50 or more
was lost, the law required a delay of six months before the owner
eould furnish a bond and procure a duplicate. This law and the
regulations prescribed thereunder by the Secretary of the Treasury,
have been changed in this respect so that a duplicate may now issue
after the expiration of 30 days without reference to the amount, an
indemnifying bond being required in each case.
Condition of business. — The business of the bureau is current.
There are a large number of claims pending, but that is mostly be-
cause of the delay in making the necessary proofs by the claimants
who filed them. It is not by reason of any fault of the bureau.
PATENT OFFICE.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, there were filed 67,348
applications for patents for inventions, 2,710 applications for design
patents, 245 applications for reissues, 8,817 applications for registra-
32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
tion of trade-marks, 989 applications for registration of labels, and
512 applications for registration of prints, the total number of such
applications being 80,621. In addition, 1,911 appeals and 25 dis-
claimers were filed. During the year there were granted 46,133 pat-
ents (including 1,761 designs and 217 reissues), 6,109 registrations
for trade-marks, 833 registrations for labels, and 402 registrations for
prints. The number of patents which expired during the year was
21,324. The number of allowed applications which were forfeited
for nonpayment of final fees therein was 11,148.
The total receipts of the office were $2,334,030.48, and the total ex-
penditures for all purposes were $2,051,656.79, the net surplus of
earnings over expenditures being $282,373.69 for the year, with a
grand net surplus of $7,996,690.31 since the establishment of the
present system in 1836.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
There has been during the past year and for several years preced-
ing a large increase in the work of the Bureau of Education with
practically no increase in appropriation. In a bureau of this type the
volume of correspondence is a fairly accurate index of public interest
shown and public service rendered. First-class mail matter received
by the bureau in 1916 was 120,078 pieces, as compared with 86,817 in
1915, and 18,463 in 1910. Of special importance during the year have
been the educational surveys undertaken at the urgent solicitation of
State and local school authorities. Work of this sort has taxed the
bureau to the utmost, but has at the same time afforded a valuable
demonstration of the kind of service a properly supported bureau
might render.
Educational surveys. — The bureau carried on 13 educational sur-
veys during the year, 6 of which covered all or a large part of the
State educational system. In Iowa the bureau has made a survey of
the State higher educational institutions, in which significant prin-
ciples of educational administration are laid down that it is believed
will prove of importance to other States with similar problems. In
Washington the survey included the higher educational institutions
of the State with such general reports on the features of the public
school system as were important for the higher educational problem.
North Dakota's higher educational institutions have been similarly
surveyed. In Wyoming the bureau has completed a survey of the en-
tire educational system of the State and has made a report on the
basis of which the school code is to be revised. In both Washington
and Wyoming the special authorities designated by the State to re-
port on the matter have accepted practically without modification the
recommendations of the Bureau of Education. Other surveys include
a report on the University of Oregon made by the specialist in higher
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 33
education of the bureau; a survey of the College of St. Teresa; a re-
port on the public schools of Jamestown, N. Dak. ; and surveys of edu-
cation in Nassau County, N. Y., and in the cities of Webster Groves,
Mo., and San Francisco, Cal.
The three years' investigation of private and higher schools for
negroes has been completed, and a comprehensive report is now in
preparation. This report contains a review of negro educational
problems and detailed studies of the education for colored people in
19 States, 180 cities and counties, and 767 individual schools.
The educational survey of the southern Appalachian Mountain
counties in the States of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama has been continued
during the year, and some of the results have been prepared for pub-
lication. In the survey of the State of Delaware, which was begun
during the year, the Bureau of Education has the cooperation of the
Children's Bureau and the United States Public Health Service.
Digest of school laws. — A digest of all constitutional provisions for
education and of all laws covering public education in the States and
Territories of the United States was completed during the year. This
is the only complete digest of constitutional provisions and laws re-
lating to public education ever published in this country.
Rural schools. — With the limited facilities at its command, the
bureau has continued a campaign for better rural schools. Three
bulletins relating to rural-school problems have been issued and
widely distributed. Field work in connection with the surveys under-
taken by the bureau has been carried out with special reference to the
needs of rural schools and rural-school teachers. A National Rural
Teachers' Reading Circle, with definitely outlined courses of reading,
has been organized and promoted for persons especially engaged in
rural-school teaching and supervision; 42 States have notified the
bureau of their acceptance of this work, and 3 States — Alabama,
Washington, and Nebraska — have taken steps to substitute the bu-
reau's plan |or that existing in the State. A report on rural-school
supervision has been prepared for publication as a bulletin, and will
be of special use to State legislatures in the coming sessions.
Industrial education and- home making. — The specialists in indus-
trial education and education for home making have carried on im-
portant field work during the year. Seven conferences of special
teachers and directors of industrial education and the manual arts
have been called by the Commissioner of Education and the special-
ists in this field have, in this way, helped to organize the new work
of vocational education, espe3ially in Illinois, Minnesota, Washington,
Oregon, California, and Utah. Home economics in schools and col-
leges has been studied by two specialists in home economics, and con-
ferences of home-economics teachers in land-grant colleges and normal
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 3
34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
schools have been held under the auspices of the bureau. A series
of vocational-education and home-economics letters distributed to
school officials and supervisors of these special subjects in the schools
has been unusually effective in providing literature for a field in
which available material is very meager. With the services of the
newly provided specialists in industrial education and home making,
it has been possible to treat adequately in the State and city, surveys
that have been made in the increasingly important subjects of indus-
trial education and home economics.
School and home gardening. — Within the year 39 cities and towns
have undertaken in at least one school the organization of a system of
home gardening on the general type advocated by the bureau; 24
cities have adopted specificaUy the bureau's school-directed home-
gardening plan, and are working under the supervision of the bu-
reau's specialists. Two cities have been surveyed to determine the
educational possibilities of school-directed home gardening.
Immigrant education. — The "American first" campaign has
formed the basis of the work of the year in the immigrant education
division of the bureau. A poster printed in English and seven
foreign languages, inviting foreigners to learn English by attending
night school, was sent to all city and county superintendents of
schools, to the principal post offices, industrial establishments, educa-
tional periodicals and magazines, and to other individuals and or-
ganizations, the total distribution being more than 150,000 copies.
An investigation of public evening school facilities for educating
aliens was undertaken and the results published in a bulletin for
the use of superintendents of schools and directors of evening schools.
Alaska. — Seventy schools were maintained during the year with an
enrollment of about 3,600. There are in the Alaska school service
102 teachers, 6 physicians, and 7 nurses. As a result of the new
appropriation for medical relief, a hospital was established at Juneau
and smaller hospitals were maintained at Nulato, Kotzebue and
Kanakanak. Reports from the reindeer stations show a total of
70,243 reindeer distributed among 76 herds. The total income of
the natives from the reindeer industry during the fiscal year, ex-
clusive of meats and hides consumed at home, was $81,997. Con-
tinued emphasis was placed on the development of cooperative in-
dustry among the natives.
Publications. — Besides the annual report of the commissioner,
which reviews the educational progress of the year in various fields,
there were issued 48 numbers of the bulletin series, 122 miscellaneous
documents and 478 circulars, with an aggregate issue of approxi-
mately 2,000,000 copies, not including the large editions sold by the
Superintendent of Documents. Despite a classified mailing list and
rigid economies in distribution, the bureau's editions of these bulle-
tins were soon exhausted ; of the 50 bulletins issued in the calendar
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 35
year 1915, 17 were no longer available for distribution on June
30, 1916. Bulletins published during the year covered various
aspects of rural education, school hygiene and education, com-
munity use of schoolhouses,- civics, kindergartens, statistics of li-
braries in the United States, opportunities for foreign students at
American colleges and universities, teachers' salaries, free textbooks,
the work of municipal universities, school administration in the
smaller cities, normal schools, and problems in the reorganization of
the American educational system. The Record of Current Educa-
tional Publications, issued monthly, keeps school men informed of
all the available literature of education wherever published. The
educational directory has been developed until the annual issue af-
fords a fairly complete list of State, county, and city school officers,
presidents of colleges and universities, librarians, and other officials,
besides organizations interested in education, museums doing educa-
tional work, and special types of educational institutions. Three
bulletins published during the year described phases of education in
foreign countries, in order that American educators might have the
benefit of part of the large body of significant foreign experience in
education.
Recommendations. — The commissioner recommends increases in
salaries of administrative officers and specialists in the bureau, he
asks for an assistant commissioner to serve also as chief of a high-
school division in the bureau, and urges that additional specialists and
assistants be provided in higher education, school and home gardens,
rural and industrial education. He recommends the formation of a
division of commercial education, and a division for the investiga-
tion of methods of education for exceptional children, and asks that
more adequate provision be made for the investigation and promo-
tion of school sanitation and hygiene and the physical training and
development of pupils. Investigations are urged for the education
of the adult illiterate and better education of children in the home.
A specialist in educational theory and practice is asked for to serve
as a director of educational investigation, especially in connection
with the important work of educational surveys recently under-
taken. The commissioner also recommends the appropriation of
funds for scientific experimentation in elementary and secondary
schools, a larger appropriation for medical and sanitary relief of
the Alaskan natives, adequate office room, and a doubling of the
present printing allotment.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Scope of the survey^s work. — The work of the Geological Survey
consists of geologic and topographic surveys, the examination of wa-
ter resources, the classification of the public lands, the collection of
36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
statistics of mineral production, and the publication of the results
of the work done. The appropriations for the work of the survey for
the fiscal year 1916 amounted to $1,570,520. The roll of survey mem-
bers holding appointments from the Secretary at the end of the year
numbered 872, a decrease of 37.
Geologic surveys. — During the year 156 geologists made field in-
vestigations in 47 States, the Canal Zone, and the West Indies, and
66 per cent of the appropriations was spent in public-land States.
The detailed geologic surveys made covered 6,871 square miles, and
the reconnaissance geologic surveys 36,791 square miles, a total of
43,662 square miles. Systematic detailed surveys of metal-mining
districts were made in California, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico,
and Utah; reconnaissance studies of metal-mining districts were
made in Alabama, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,
Utah, and Virginia ; and general detailed work was done in all parts
of the country. Geologic work was continued in the coal, oil, and gas
fields, especially in the public-land States. Estimates of the reserves
of petroleum remaining in the ground in the different States were
compiled in February by the Survey geologists for the use of the Sec-
retary in reply (Senate Doc. 310) to a Senate resolution. The search
for deposits of potash and nitrates was continued in the West and
Southwest. Cooperative work was done with the geological surveys
of 19 States, and with the Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Standards,
Office of Public Roads, Bureau of Fisheries, Forest Service, Smith-
sonian Institution, Lighthouse Service, War Department, Navy De-
partment, and Carnegie Institution.
Surveys in Alaska. — Thirteen parties at work in Alaska covered
10,700 square miles with reconnaissance geologic surveys, 200 square
miles with detailed geologic surveys, 10,400 square miles with recon-
naissance topographic surveys, and 12 square miles with detailed
topographic surveys. Much of the time of the geologists was devoted
to the investigation of problems in productive mining districts which
involved work that can not be stated in terms of area. In the field
season of 1916 the work in Alaska was continued by 12 parties.
Statistics of mineral production. — In the work of collecting the
statistics of the country's mineral output the Survey cooperated with
the State geologists of 14 States and carried on correspondence with
92,000 producers. The statistics and the accompanying reviews of
trade conditions and of resources are finally published in two vol-
umes covering the metallic and the nonmetallic products, but the
separate reports on each product or on certain groups of like prod-
ucts are published as advance chapters as soon as it is possible to
compile and print the returns from the producers. The Survey has
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 37
adopted the policy of making on January 1 an estimate of the
country's mineral output for the preceding year and on July 1 one
for the preceding half year, although full statistics of production
for the period covered have not at those dates been received from all
producers. The close approach to accuracy reached in these esti-
mates, as shown by the final returns, and the popularity of the state-
ments given to the press have fully justified the continuation of this
practice.
Topographic surveys. — New areas amounting to 19,230 square miles
were mapped topographically, making the total area of the United
States surveyed to date 1,237,520 square miles, or 40.9 per cent of
the country. Areas aggregating 3,486 square miles were resurveyed,
making the total area surveyed or resurveyed during the year 22,716
square miles. These surveys were made in 29 States, 17 of which
cooperated in the work. The technical field force numbered 140, and
in addition 36 technical field assistants were employed. The results
of topographic surveys in Alaska are given elsewhere.
Water resources. — At the end of the year 1,302 gaging stations
for measuring the discharge of streams were being maintained in 39
States, Alaska, and Hawaii. Investigations of underground waters
have been made in 16 States, in Alaska, and in Cuba, and investiga-
tions of the present and possible use of both surface and underground
waters have been made in connection with the classification of public
lands, especially with reference to their use for power under Gov-
ernment permit or for agriculture under the enlarged-homestead,
desert-land, or Carey acts. In the hydrographic work 3 States and
Hawaii cooperated, and also the Reclamation Service, Forest Service,
Indian Office, Engineer Office, Navy Department, War Department,
Department of Justice, and the city of San Francisco, largely in the
study of the flow of certain streams. About 64 per cent of the appro-
priation of $150,000 was spent on the public-land States, largely in
stream gaging. The technical force engaged in the work on water
resources numbered 70.
Land classification. — Lands aggregating 3,018,442 acres were classi-
fied as to coal character, of which 800,863 acres were appraised as
coal land and made available for purchase. Areas amounting to
1,466,471 acres were classified as oil-shale land.
Classification of phosphate land resulted in the withdrawal of
45,669 acres and the restoration as nonphosphate land of 199,567
acres. During the year 211,384 acres were eliminated from potash
withdrawals. Other areas amounting to 722,561 acres, chiefly within
former or existing Indian reservations, were classified as to their
content of minerals.
38
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
During the year 27,254,442 acres in 14 States were classified as
nonirrigable and were so designated under the enlarged-homestead
acts. The total area thus designated to date amounts to 262,612,817
acres.
During the year there was a total classification of more than
33,000,000 acres. The total areas withdrawn during the year for all
purposes were over 1,846,200 acres and the total restorations were over
3,544,400 acres.
Publications. — The books distributed during the year numbered
603,575, the topographic maps 597,149, and the geologic folios 23,534,
a total of 1,224,258. Of these publications 399,490 maps and 14.717
folios were sold. The amount of money received and turned into the
Treasury from the sale of publications was $30,160.90. During the
year 210 reports were published and 33 were reprinted. The Survey
published 6 geologic folios, 126 new topographic maps, 11 revised
maps, and 16 State maps, a total of 153 maps, besides 109 reprints.
The total editions of the folios and maps aggregated 948,690. A large
amount of additional engraving and lithographic work was done by
the Survey under contract for other departments through the Gov-
ernment Printing Office.
RECLAMATION SERVICE.
During the past year the operation of the reclamation laws has
continued to advance their objects as shown by the increase in the
area for which the service could supply water, the increase in the
areas actually irrigated and cropped, the increase in the value of
crops produced, and the increase in the actual number of settlers and
of homes. The progressive increase in these elements is shown in
the following table :
Results of reclamation.1
Year.
Irrigable
acreage.2
Irrigated
acreage.
Irrigated
farms.
Cropped
acreage.
Crop value.
1900
730,000
880,000
1,015,000
1,160,000
1,200,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
382,000
475,000
560,000
645.000
700,000
770,000
857,000
9,000
12,000
14,000
15,000
16, 000
18,000
20,000
1910
415,000
470,000
590,000
650,000
700,000
SOO, 000
312,500,000
13,000,000
14,500,000
16,000,000
16,500,000
19,000,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1 Exclusive of Indian projects built for Indian Service.
' Area Reclamation Service was prepared to supply water.
Principal construction results during year. — No new projects have
actually been taken up within the fiscal year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 39
On the Salt River project some damage was caused by floods in
January, 1916, which has mostly been repaired. The power de-
velopment incident to this project has resulted in the delivery of
large quantities of power for mining and other industrial and
domestic uses which is yielding large monthly revenues.
On the Yuma project the distribution system of the Yuma Valley
has been extended to additional lands and this is practically com-
pleted. Water is now available for all the irrigable lands in the
valley south of Yuma. Progress has been made in the revetment
of levees with rock to protect this valley from the incursions of the
river. Nearly half of the irrigable land on the California side,
amounting to about 3,000 acres, is injured by seepage and requires
drainage, which has not been authorized by the entrymen.
The construction of the Orland project has been practically com-
pleted, with the exception of some provision for the care of storm
water and waste water. The project has been opened by public
notice and construction payments will begin October 1, 1916.
The construction of the Grand Valley project is under way. The
completed portion of the main canal is being tested and primed, and
some water can be delivered during 1917 on a rental basis. The main
canal in places passes through deep cuts in shale which have devel-
oped crevices, allowing seepage from the canal to the injury of lands
below. This is being corrected by puddling such places with clay
and other suitable material obtainable in the vicinity.
The Uncompahgre Valley project is approaching completion, the
work during the past year comprising the operation of completed
works under the laterals constructed and the enlargement and exten-
sion of the Ironstone Canal and construction of laterals therefrom
to cover new land.
On the Boise project the Arrowrock Dam has been completed,
furnishing storage on the Boise River to the amount of 250,000 acre-
feet and regulating the flow at all times for diversion by the main
canal below either for irrigation direct or for storage in the Deer
Flat Reservoir. The water supply as thus regulated is capable of
supplying from 20,000 to 30,000 acres of land not yet reached by
canals. Surveys are in progress to determine where this can best
be used, as there are possibilities on both the north side and the
south side of the river. The land under canals, amounting to 230,000
acres, is being served on a rental basis and is ready for opening under
public notice at an early date.
On the Minidoka project the gravity portion has been under public
notice for some years, and public notice has been issued recently for
the pumping portion. The water users of the gravity portion re-
40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
cently voted by a large majority to take over the operation and main-
tenance of the system, and contract to this effect has been entered into
under the provisions of the reclamation-extension act.
The enlargement of Jackson Lake Reservoir under contract with
the Kuhn Irrigation & Canal Co., and the Twin Falls Canal Co.,
by which these companies will be provided with about 400,000 acre-
feet of storage capacity, is nearly completed. The funds for this
work were advanced by the above-named companies.
On the Huntley project, drainage work is under way and has been
successful in relieving the waterlogged lands in the vicinity of the
drains.
Construction on the Milk Eiver project has been prosecuted actively
during the year. The feed canal from St. Mary Eiver to the Milk
River has been completed and is being seasoned ready for use in
1917. Work is under way on the Sherburne Lakes Storage Dam,
and the diversion of Swift Current Creek into St. Mary Lake has
been accomplished. The Vandalia diversion dam has been com-
pleted with the exception of the movable crest, and water is being
delivered therefrom. The development of Nelson Reservoir has
been completed and water is being carried into that Reservoir by
the Dodson South Canal.
Construction is actively in progress on the Sun River project; the
main diversion dam has been completed and the main canal is
well advanced toward completion. Work is now in progress on the
distribution systems.
Construction work is being pushed actively on the Fort Laramie
unit of the North Platte project, which will take water from the
south end of the Whalen diversion dam, opposite the head of the
Interstate Canal.
On the Truckee- Carson project the possession of the outlet works
at Lake Tahoe has been secured and water has been stored to the
level indicated in the compromise agreement proposed by Messrs.
O'Shaughnessy and Maltby.
On the Carlsbad project the floods of 1915 did considerable dam-
age to the spillways of the McMillan Reservoir, which required
repairs. The water users have voted by a large majority to include
this expense as a charge against the project and repairs are now
under way.
On the Rio Grande project, construction is being pushed actively
on the canal systems west of the river. The Mesilla diversion dam
has been completed and work is being started on the Percha diver-
sion dam for the Rincon Valley.
On the North Dakota pumping project, power is being delivered
under contract to the city of Williston, but the landowners were
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
41
unable to meet the conditions, imposed by law that they should
defray the entire cost of the operation of the pumping system, and
that system was not operated during 1916.
Negotiations and various arrangements for beginning work on the
Lawton project, Oklahoma, which has been authorized by Congress,
have been in progress. The difficulty has been to secure a sufficiently
compact area to permit economical irrigation, owing to the reluc-
tance of some of the landowners to subdivide and sell their holdings
in the manner required by section 12 of the reclamation extension act.
On the Umatilla project construction has been pushed actively on
the west extension for which the diversion dam and main canal have
been completed. The entire canal system will be lined with concrete
and this is well advanced. Water is being delivered on a rental basis
to a small area of land.
On the Klamath project sublaterals have been built to certain
areas in the uncovered Tule Lake bed, and surveys have been made
looking to the possible development of the Pine Grove and Sand
Hollow units in cooperation with the landowners thereof.
On the Yakima project, construction has been pushed on the
Keechelus Dam, and this is nearly completed. Pumping plants have
been built for the Outlook and Snipes Mountain irrigation districts.
Contracts have been awarded for certain portions of the Grandview
irrigation unit.
On the Shoshone project, construction has been pushed on the
development of additional lands in the Frannie unit. Water will
be delivered to a considerable area therein in 1917. Settlement on
this project has been rapid and satisfactory during the past year.
Summary of construction results. — The following table gives in
concise form many of the items which have been accomplished. A
more detailed table, by projects, will be found in the appendix:
Summary of construction results, June 80, 1916.
LANDS.
Items.
To June 30, 1916.
To June 30, 1915.
Increase.
Estimated area, 29 projects on completion. .
Estimated area to which service was pre-
Acres.
3,117,862
1,690,244
542, 960
764, 743
Farms.
60, 367
34, 826
11,536
15. 887
Acres.
3,118,011
1,450,407
461,632
626,371
Farms.
60, 603
29,017
10, 122
13,00S
Acres.
-i 149
239, 837
81, 328
138,372
Farms.
-1236
5,809
1,414
Under contract:
Rental contracts, etc
2,879
Total
1,307,810 j 27,423
1,088,003
23, 130
219, 700
4,293
Reservoir capacity available, acre- feet
9,035,703
6,500,360
2,534,800
i Reduction due to revision of estimates.
42
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Summary of construction results, June 30, 1916 — Continued.
CANALS, DITCHES, AND DRAINS.
Item.
Canals over 800 second-feet capacity
Canals 301 to 800 second-feet capacity. .
Canals 50 to 300 second-feet capacity . . .
Canals less than 50 second-feet capacity
Total canals
Ditches and open drains.
Grand total canals, ditches, and open drains.
To June
30, 1916.
Miles.
382
663
1,580
9,517
914
10,431
To June
30, 1915.
Miles.
359
610
1,420
6,371
8,760
832
9,592
Increase.
Miles.
23
53
160
521
757
82
839
TUNNELS.
'89
133,333
89
133,300
feet . .
33
DAMS, STORAGE AND DIVERSION.
Masonry
Earth
Rockfill and crib.
Total.
Number.
42
39
19
100
Cubic yards,
2,071,372
9,684,493
984,138
12,740,003
Cubic yards.
1,992,502
9,231,109
978,474
Cubic yards.
78,870
453,384
5,664
12,202,085
537,918
> Arrowrock Tunnel has been closed, but is included.
DIKES AND LEVEES.
Items.
To June 30, 1916.
To June 30, 1915.
Increase.
Mileage and volume
Miles.
92.8
Cubic yards.
4, 190, 106
Miles.
90.6
Cubic yards.
4,076,766
Miles.
2.2
Cubic yards.
113,340
CANAL STRUCTURES.
Concrete.
Wood.
Concrete.
Wood.
Concrete.
Wood.
Costing over $2,000 number. .
838
1,633
7,197
9,980
129
395
4,383
48,008
730
1,482
6,696
7,226
107
323
4,129
44, 154
108
151
501
2,754
22
Costing $500 to $2,000 do. . . .
Costing $100 to $500 do
Costing less than $100 do
72
254
3,854
Total
i 19,648
52,915
16, 134
48,713
13,514
4,202
Includes 521 structures costing from less than $100 to $500 each.
BRIDGES.
Number.
Length.
Number.
Length.
Number.
Length.
Steel
98
389
4,397
300
Feet.
6,325
11,439
94,736
3,899
85
240
4,013
284
Feet.
5,433
7,311
85,922
3,740
13
149
384
16
Feet.
892
Combination
4,128
Wood
8,814
159
Total
5,184
116,399
4,622
102, 406
562
13,993
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
45
Summary of construction results, June SO, 1916 — Continued.
CULVERTS.
Item.
To June 30, 1916.
To June 30, 1915.
Increase.
Number.
Length.
Number.
Length.
Number.
Length.
1,381
1,270
796
2,979
Feet.
68, 745
44,437
36,596
67, 147
1,273
1,146
567
2,728
Feet.
61,112
40,119
29,052
62, 663
108
124
229
251
Feet.
7 633
Metal
4 318
7*544
4,484
Wood
' Total
6,426 216.925
5,714
192,946
712
23,979
FLUMES.
69
483
1,618
11,544
123,248
353, 932
33
407
1,461
4,189
112,533
335, 324
36
76
157
7,355
10,715
Metal
Wood
18,608
Total
2,170
488,724
1,901
452,046
269
36,678
PIPE.
Hem.
To June 30,
1916.
To June 30,
1915.
Increase.
Concrete
Metal
Terracotta (tile)
Wood
Total
Feet.
520,447
215,791
857, 103
280,270
Feet.
486, 635
193,511
634,108
260, 676
Feet.
33,812
22,250
222,995
19,594
1,873,611
1,574,960
298,651
CANALS LINED.
Item.
To
June 30,
1916.
To
June 30,
1915.
In-
crease.
Concrete
Miles.
241
3.9
Miles.
140.5
3
Miles.
100.5
Wood
.9
Secondary projects. — The appropriation for secondary projects
was allotted largely to the investigations in various parts of the
Colorado River Basin to establish a proper policy for the United
States in connection with both interstate and international interests
concerning the waters of this basin.
About two-thirds of the appropriation was used for this purpose
and part was required for finishing cooperative work on the investi-
gation of California projects in the Sacramento Basin and on cooper-
ative work in Oregon. Investigations were also made of the feasi-
bility of pumping from the North Platte River in Wyoming, and
report thereon was prepared. Reports were also prepared on the
Turkey Creek project, a private enterprise in Oklahoma which had
been destroyed by flood, and upon the Pecos River Valley in Texas.
44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Reclamation laws and their results. — The reclamation laws, includ-
ing the act of 1902, and various later acts amendatory thereof and
supplementary thereto, have for their object the creation of a maxi-
mum number of prosperous homes in the arid regions of the United
States. This is shown by the liberal terms of payment without inter-
est, the limitation of the holdings of private land which may acquire
a water right under those laws, and the limitation of homesteads on
public lands to the area reasonably necessary to support a family.
The latter limitation and the residence requirement, as well as the
liberal terms, all indicate conclusively that secondary to the creation
of homes the intent was to provide homes for the homeless.
Some cases have occurred where men of little capital and no experi-
ence have settled on reclamation projects and by their perseverance
and ability, combined with favorable conditions, have succeeded in
building up homes worth thousands of dollars, while some of their
neighbors similarly situated, who began with considerable capital and
perhaps greater experience, have not achieved equal success.
The cases of success with little capital, however, are relatively few
and are likely to be misleading if often quoted. In general, the set-
tler should have from one to three thousand dollars in order to
develop a homestead of 40 acres promptly and economically, and for
larger homesteads larger capital is necessary for the best results.
Care, skill, industry, and perseverance are all equally as necessary as
capital, and without these or any one of these failure is almost cer-
tain, and it may be set down as one of the achievements of the
reclamation legislation that in addition to the reclamation of the
land, the creation of homes, and the betterment of the material con-
dition of a large number of deserving citizens the process has de-
veloped mental and moral qualities of even greater benefit to the
Nation.
In general, it may be said that the material values created by the
construction of irrigation works under the reclamation law have
been far greater than and in some cases several times the amount
expended upon the works. These values are reflected almost en-
tirely in the rise in value of land, and if this increase of land value,
or any large fraction of it, could be promptly returned to the Govern-
ment through any legal process it would afford a large profit on the
investment.
That the benefits of the Government construction would inci-
dentally accrue to private landholders was recognized by Congress
when it prohibited the sale of water rights to a larger area than 160
acres in one holding, and this was evidently an effort to prevent the
acquisition of an unfair proportion of the benefits by one landholder.
The provision, however, has no effect on the distribution of the
benefits to towns and cities in the vicinity whose business has been
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 45
largely increased by the construction of the irrigation project, result-
ing often in doubling or tripling land values in those cities in a very
short time. The reclamation law affords no means of recovering
those values to the reclamation fund. Section 12 of the reclamation-
extension act sought to strengthen the hands of the Government by
requiring that private holdings in excess of 160 acres in new projects
shall be subdivided and sold at such a price as the Secretary of the
Interior may designate, and if not so subdivided shall be excluded
from fhe project. This provision affords little relief, as it can not
be applied to projects already taken up, and wherever applied, though
it may limit the price at which the present holder can sell his land,
the purchaser who buys from him may sell to the actual settler at
such price as he is able to extort. It may result in the introduction
of a middleman without protecting the actual settler.
The exclusion of the land, however, does not prevent the land-
owner from holding it at a price that discounts the added value con-
ferred by prospective water rights, for the logic of the situation en-
ables him to convince the purchaser that once the land is in the hands
of a small holder the law would not prevent the purchase of water
right and the economy of sa including the area within the project
would induce the Government to sell him such a water right.
A more effective means of compelling large landholders to bear
their just proportion of the cost of the project is made available by
the passage in various States of laws providing for the formation of
irrigation districts. Under such laws it is generally possible, where
a majority of the landowners desire to provide funds for irrigation
works to force the minority to assume their fair share of the burden
through the medium of taxation.
Difficulties of the settlers. — Practically every annual report of this
service has stated that the principal difficulty with which the aver-
age settler on the reclamation projects has to contend is the lack of
sufficient capital. In some cases the settler may originally have had
considerable capital but his lack of experience, or other misfortune,
has operated to his disadvantage until his funds have been practi-
cally exhausted, and after he has acquired the necessary experience
he is often unable to recover his standing for the lack of the neces-
sary capital.
This lack of capital is felt more acutely the larger the area ac-
quired or attempted to be cultivated. The instances of success with
small capital, especially in the case of inexperienced settlers, are
confined almost entirely to small holdings of 40 acres or less, and
perhaps no one circumstance has operated so strongly to handicap
settlers in making a success upon Government projects as the at-
tempt to hold and improve too much land.
46 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The Huntley project in Montana is conspicuously successful as far
as individual prosperity is concerned. This project was handicapped
by the cold climate, the usual drawbacks of refractory soil, and the
characteristic desert difficulties, but it was opened under a special law
which gave the Secretary wide discretion, and policies were adopted
which could not be applied to other projects owing to legal require-
ments. The size of the farm unit was in general made 40 acres. Set-
tlers were not permitted upon the land until the water was ready
for delivery, and when settlement was invited each settler was
obliged to pay $1 per acre to the Indian tribe as partial payment
for the land and also 10 per cent of the water charge at time of entry.
These substantial payments eliminated the impecunious specula-
tor; the settler was not compelled to live for years upon an arid
homestead without water and thus dissipate his means and his pa-
tience, and he was not permitted to take more land than was neces-
sary for his livelihood. Thus were eliminated the three principal
causes of failure upon other projects.
The Shoshone project and many other projects illustrate strikingly
the contrast between large and small holdings. On those projects,
homesteads near railroad stations are generally made 40 acres while
farther out they contain 80 acres of irrigable land and sometimes
more, up to a limit of 160 acres. In general, the individuals with the
small holdings having less tax upon their resources for improve-
ments and water charges, have been successful, while their neighbors
similarly situated, but with larger holdings, have been unable with
their means to cultivate any larger area of land during the first few
years when the struggle is on, and have had the additional burden of
double the water charges and heavier costs for fencing and other
improvements. The results have shown a larger percentage of suc-
cess and general prosperity upon the small unit.
Results of reclamation. — The usual data were collected at the close
of the irrigation season of 1915 regarding the results being attained
by the irrigators. These figures show the annual advance in the set-
tlement and development of the Government's reclamation projects.
In 1915 over 1,000 farms and 50,000 acres were added to the culti-
vated area of the various projects and irrigation water was served to
18,600 producing farms. Over 800,000 acres were irrigated and crops
were harvested from over 750,000 acres.
The new lands brought into production do not reach their full
yield the first year, including young orchards just coming into bear-
ing, new alfalfa stands giving a single cutting of hay, and other
fields first brought into cultivation during the season and giving par-
tial yields while being better prepared for full production. But in
spite of the large addition to the producing area in 1915 there was
an increase in the average returns per acre over the preceding year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 47
During 1915 the average for all reclamation projects in value of
crops per acre was $24, an increase of 50 cents per acre in comparison
with the statistics for 1914. At the same time the total production
increased one and a half million dollars to over $18,000,000.
It is interesting to note that 1915 was the first year since crop
statistics have been gathered on the Government projects that the
average crop value per acre shows a gain over the preceding year.
That is, beginning with the figures for 1908 or 1909 there was a
gradual reduction each year in the average reported crop value per
acre until 1915, when there was a gain over 1914. This may be
partially explained by the fact that the Reclamation Service began
water service with a number of old irrigated tracts under canals
acquired in connection with the Salt River, Uncompahgre Valley,
and other projects, and each year diluted this with added raw land
not giving full production, tending to step down the general average
return per acre. Acting in the other direction, the raw land addi-
tion of each year has gradually reached more intensive production,
so that in 1914 this factor may have balanced the other, and in 1915
the statistics have begun a trend in the other direction. It is also
true that the early figures of crop production were roughly estimated,
with the error naturally on the side of greater returns. There is
now well established a relatively inexpensive system of collecting
these data, but one probably more accurate than an ordinary census.
Such data are available for the past three or four years and in these
the average return is fairly constant, but has decreased slightly and
now increased, as noted above, with a change in any year small
enough to be attributable to the many factors always affecting the
business of farming.
In 1915 two projects were added to those producing annual crops
worth over a million dollars, the Uncompahgre Valley, Colo., and the
North Platte, Nebr.-Wyo. The Salt River project, Arizona, con-
tinues to lead in total returns with crops worth $3,660,000, closely
followed by the Yakima project, Washington, producing from less
than half as large an area crops, estimated at $3,418,000.
The foregoing figures are restricted to areas covered by the water-
user census or crop reports, which in general cover lands under
canals operated by the Reclamation Service. On several of the
projects additional areas received water developed by the project
works, but delivered through canals not operated by the Govern-
ment. This was the case on the Strawberry Valley project, Utah,
where water was delivered for the first time from the Govern-
ment works. In this way an additional 40,000 acres were served by
the Government projects, bringing the total irrigated area to over
850,000 acres. At the same time the works were capable of serving
nearly 1,500,000 acres.
48
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The appended table shows the areas in use and estimated returns
for the separate projects. The figures of the 1915 census are given
in detail in the appendix.
Irrigation and crop results on Government projects, 1915}
Irrigable
acreage.*
Irri-
gated
acreage.
Cropped
acreage.3
Value of
crops.
Project.
Total.'
Per acre
cropped
Salt River
* 219, 691
72,440
20,320
65,000
150,000
120,000
30,813
22,200
16,326
42,329
129,714
65,000
24,796
3,330
45,000
17,000
38,000
78,591
10,099
7 82, 757
34,000
42,816
4 179,350
27,857
8,928
41,463
76,705
83,562
18,203
4,192
4,261
12,656
70,007
40,295
13,470
1,294
33,876
5,306
27,254
44,067
7,800
7 66,607
22,000
25,753
171, 832
25, 101
6,930
40,553
69,818
77,008
18, 185
3,887
4,243
11,990
68, 130
38,495
11,322
1,287
32,246
3,603
27,254
43,063
4,814
54,919
18, 100
24,833
$3,661,769
873,721
220,422
1,044,915
1,526,873
1,725,515
535,363
51,249
680,000
194,011
1,263,617
592,523
245,684
17,778
1,103,389
104,653
377,488
462,050
254,425
2,750,326
668, 650
410,031
$21. 31
34.81
Or land
31.81
25.76
21.87
22.41
29.41
Milk River
13.18
'19.00
16.18
North Platte
18.55
• 15. 39
21.70
13.81
34.22
29.04
13.85
10.72
52.60
Yakima:
50.08
37.00
Shoshone
16.51
Totals for irrigated areas covered by crop
reports
1,380,222
814,906
757, 613
18, 164, 452
24.00
reports:
80,000
4,500
8,050
50,000
20,422
4,500
8.050
8.900
!
1
1
i
1,472,772
856, 778
I Data are for calendar year (irrigation season) except on Salt River project, Ariz., data are for correspond-
ing "Agricultural year," October, 1914, to September, 1915.
? Area Reclamation Service was prepared to supply water.
3 Irrigated crops. Excludes small areas on few projects cropped by dry farming.
4 Includes 4,239 acres, total area of towns contracting for water; farm area irrigated, 175,111 acres.
6 Estimated. Crop reports covered 164 irrigated farms with 6,665 acres cropped, of which 2,422 acres
were not irrigated. Total crop value for 6,665 acres $115,129, or $17.29 per acre.
6 $22.60, excluding native pasture and other fields not in full production.
7 Exclusive of Sunnyside and Snipes Mountain irrigation districts for which construction was largely
completed during the year and small amounts of water delivered.
8 Nampa-Meridian and Pioneer irrigation districts; New York Canal Co. lands.
9 Under private canals supplied Gunnison water.
i° North Platte Canal and Colonization Co. lands. In addition stored water was delivered to a number
of private canals under the terms of the Warren Act.
II Government furnished stored water to supplement insufficient normal ilow rightj of Lake Shore and
Spanish Fork units and Clinton district.
Crops of 1915. — The figures for 1915 show no marked change in
the character of crops grown or their relative areas. More than half
the total cropped area is devoted to hay and forage crops, slightly
less than one-third to grains, and less than 5 per cent each to fruit,
vegetables, and sugar beets. There is evident a gradual increase in the
proportionate area of bearing fruit. The depression in the cotton
market that followed the outbreak of war in Europe was reflected in
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
49
a large reduction of area utilized for this crop, and the later recovery
in prices is not yet reflected in the statistics.
Alfalfa continues to dominate the crop statistics from the irri-
gated areas. In 1915 it occupied nearly half the cropped acreage
and yielded over one-third the total crop value. Its many virtues
readily explain this popularity. Once established, or a " stand "
secured, it is a hardy plant and continues almost indefinitely to fur-
nish good annual yields without reseeding. It gives several yields
or cuttings each year. It is a legume with the peculiar power of
drawing from the atmosphere the nitrogen in which the soils of the
arid region are often deficient, and leaves behind more than it found
of this valuable plant requirement. It is the deepest of subsoilers,
penetrating with its many roots to a remarkable depth for the other
essential elements of plant growth and improving the physical con-
dition of the soil. It furnishes a hay of superior quality for condi-
tioning and fattening stock, so effective in fact that it is now being
utilized medicinally for humans.
A list of the principal crops grown on the projects is given in the
attached table of results for 1915 showing the relative importance
of the various crops in areas occupied and value of products.
Crop results on reclamation projects in 1915.1
Acreage cropped.
Yields.
Crop value.
Crop.
Total.
Per
cent.
Unit.
Total.
Aver-
age per
acre.
Aver-
age per
acre.
Total.
Per
cent.
Cereals:
Barley
37,474
39, 785
49, 514
780
84,052
4.6
5.3
6.5
1L4
Bushel..
...do
...do
...do
...do
947,463
1,223,868
1, 496, 153
11,116
1,803,656
25
31
30
14
21
$15
20
13
11
18
8576, 420
786, 963
664, 572
8,332
1,529,873
3.2
Corn
4.3
Oats
3.7
Rye
Wheat
8.4
Total
211,605
27.9
...do
5,482,256
17
3,566,160
19.7
Other grain and seed:
Alfalfa seed
14,517
5,537
7,216
330
244
1.9
.7
1.0
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do
58,378
19, 724
252,324
3,714
2,412
4.0
3.6
35
11
9
32
37
22
20
11
464, 428
204, 881
161,541
6,681
2,761
2.5
Clover seed
1.1
Sorghum (grain)
Flaxseed
.9
.1
Millet seed
...do
Total
27, 844
3.6
...do....
336, 552
30
840, 292
4.6
Hay and forage:
Alfalfa hay
335, 161
6,726
12, 484
33, 529
927
870
98, 128
44.3
.9
1.6
4.4
.1
.1
12.9
Ton
...do
...do....
...do....
Bushel..
Ton
979,915
12,071
16, 987
58, 977
16, 681
6,355
2.9
1.9
1.4
1.8
18
19
11
12
20
31
6,460,239
76, 333
144, 838
682, 698
29, 183
22, 387
902, 132
35.6
Clover hay
.4
Other hay
.8
Corn fodder
3.8
Peas
.2
Other forage
.1
29
4.9
Total
487, 825
64.3
17
8,317,810
45.8
===
1 Figures are limited to irrigated areas covered by crop reports, excluding about 40,000 acres irrigated
but not covered by crop reports, and small areas cropped by dry farming on a few projects.
2 This figure does not represent average value for pasture throughout the year as considerable areas
pastured were also harvested and are included in the duplicated area.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 4
50 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Crop results on reclamation projects in 1915 — Continued.
Acreage cropped.
Yields.
Crop value.
Crop.
Total.
Per
cent.
Unit.
Total.
Aver-
ago per
acre.
Aver-
age per
acre.
Total.
Per
cent.
Vegetables and truck:
2,610
324
17, 269
279
11, 481
0.4
""2.Y
"*"i."5"
Bushel..
...do....
...do....
...do....
31,400
66, 220
2, 864, 828
19, 477
12
204
165
70
$31
122
74
41
67
$80, 257
39, 670
1, 282, 842
11, 302
769, 270
0.5
.2
Potatoes, white
Potatoes, sweet
Truck
7.1
"4*2
Total
31, 963
4.2
68
2, 183, 341
12.0
Fruit and nuts:
16,502
2,326
1,755
302
1,167
1,577
2,212
2.2
.3
.2
Pound . .
...do
...do
...do
41,530,159
10,657,883
9,216,780
3,017,440
2,166,212
2,931,737
8,199,600
2,500
4,600
5,250
10,000
1,850
1,850
52
54
89
235
68
113
75
864,591
124,531
155,577
71,176
79,858
177,618
166,916
4.8
.7
.9
.4
.2
.2
.3
...do
...do
...do
.4
1.0
Other fruit and nuts —
.9
Total3
»25,927
3.4
...do
3 77,878,871
63
1 1,647,509
9.1
Miscellaneous:
20,848
3,325
545
1,411
1,335
2.7
.4
.1
.2
.2
Ton
Pound . .
...do
Ton
225,854
1,284,394
'981,200
7,45S
11
385
1,800
5.3
59
62
188
24
1,236,049
204,671
102,200
34,419
27,430
6.8
1.1
.6
.2
.1
Total
27,464
55,015
3.6
7.0
1,604,769
8.8
757,613
100.0
24
218,164,452
100.0
1 Totals include 86 acres yielding 159,0C0 pounds worth $7,242, not reported under separate fruits.
2 Includes $4,571 not included under separate crops.
A summary of 18,624 irrigated farms shows the average farm con-
tains 54 acres of irrigable land and 44 acres are actually watered,
leaving 10 acres for fields not yet utilized, buildings, private roads,
etc. On this average farm 20 acres are in alfalfa, 13 in grain, with
small areas of other crops. The farmer crops a total of 41 acres.
His total crop as harvested is worth a little less than $1,000, but
he has three or four work animals to feed and by feeding the rest of
his crop its value can be greatly increased. For this purpose he
has cows, sheep, and hogs, in all some 25 animals. These are worth
about $1,000; adding the price of his land and water-right pay-
ments, this average farmer is using a capital investment of $6,000.
His success depends largely on what he pays for the use of this
capital. If he is indebted for a large share of it at a high interest
rate, he is likely to fail; if his capital is clear or indebtedness and
interest low, his chance is excellent.
EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Summary of irrigated farms, 1915?
51
Project.
Salt River
Yuma
Orland
Uncompahgre Valley..
Boise
Minidoka:
Gravity unit
S. D. pumping unit
Huntley
Milk River
Sun River 2
Lower Yellowstone
North Platte
Truckee-Carson
Carlsbad
Hondo
Rio Grande
Umatilla
Klamath
Belle Fourche
Okanogan
Yakima:
Sunnyside unit
Tieton unit
Shoshone
Total
Num-
ber of
farms.
8,004
737
351
1,107
1,727
1,139
621
530
48
164
260
1,095
571
325
29
1,092
306
315
717
440
2,553
995
18,624
Irrigable
total.
194,866
39,146
9,971
62,147
99,973
58,447
39, 857
23,791
10,113
9,027
21,833
87,554
58,620
15,086
3,330
40,700
33*247
55,298
9,400
68,840
24,900
30,591
3 1,006,435
Acre-
age 2
per
farm
65
53
28
56
58
51
64
45
211
55
103
46
115
37
32
105
77
21
27
25
61
54
Irrigated
total.
175,111
27, 857
8,928
41,463
76,705
45,374
38,188
18, 203
4,192
4,243
12,656
70,007
40, 295
13, 470
1,294
33,876
5,306
27, 254
44,067
7,800
66,607
22,000
25,753
810,649
Acre-
age
per
farm.
44
Cropped
total.
171,832
25, 101
6,930
40,553
69, 818
40,618
36, 390
18,185
3,887
2 6,665
11,990
68,130
38,495
11,322
1,287
32,246
3,603
27,254
43,063
4,814
54,919
18,100
24,833
760,035
Acre-
age
per
farm.
4i
Crop total.
$3,661,769
873,721
220, 422
1,044,915
1,526,873
939, 478
786,037
535,363
51,249
115,129
194,011
1,263,617
592,523
245,684
17, 778
1,103,389
104,653
377, 488
462,050
254,425
2,750,326
668,650
410,031
18,199,581
Value
per
farm.
$1,220
1,185
628
944
884
825
1,265
1,010
1,065
700
750
1,155
1,040
755
615
1,010
340
1,200
645
580
1,075
670
825
978
i Limited to irrigated farms covered by crop reports, excluding about 40,000 acres irrigated, but not cov-
ered by crop reports and small areas cropped by dry farming on a few projects.
2 Crop reports covered 164 irrigated farms, which included 4,243 acres irrigated and cropped, also 2,422 acres
cropped without irrigation.
3 These figures cover only irrigated farms; hence the irrigable acreage is less than that for the projects as
a whole, as given in other tables
BUREAU OF MINES.
Purpose of the Bureau of Mines. — The Bureau of Mines was estab-
lished by an act of Congress (36 Stat., 369), amended February 25,
1913 (37 Stat., 681), in recognition of the need of a Federal bureau
that should seek to prevent accidents and bring about safer and
more healthful conditions among workers in the mineral industries
and to lessen waste and increase efficiency in the development and
utilization of the Nation's mineral resources. In its efforts for these
ends the bureau seeks the cooperation of all persons interested, and
it welcomes the assistance of workmen's organizations, of technical
societies, and of State officials and State governments.
Chief features of the work of the Bureau of Mines. — The Bureau
of Mines is investigating the causes and prevention of accidents in
mines, quarries, and metallurgical plants and endeavoring to safe-
guard the lives of those who work there; is testing and analyzing
coals and other mineral fuels belonging to or for the use of the Gov-
ernment, with a view to increasing efficiency in their utilization ; and
is making investigations that look to the elimination of waste in the
mining, metallurgical, and miscellaneous mineral industries.
52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Decrease of accidents in coal mines. — As a result of the work of
the Bureau of Mines and the efforts of State officials, mining com-
panies, and miners, accidents in the United States are decreasing,
though the death rate is still far larger than it should be. During
the calendar year 1915 the fatalities in coal mines were 188 less
than during 1914 and 419 less than in 1913. In 1915 the number of
men killed was the lowest in the past 8 years, and the death rate per
1,000 men employed, 2.95, was the lowest in the past 16 years. This
improvement is most encouraging.
Rescue and -first-aid work. — With the crews of its mine rescue cars
and stations, the bureau is rendering aid at mine disasters, is training
miners in first-aid methods and the use of rescue equipment, and
conducting field contests, which sustain and stimulate the interest
of miners in this work. Since the beginning of this work by the
Government some 40,000 miners have been trained by the bureau,
and as one result of the work more than 1,000 men have been rescued
from mines after explosions or other disasters. In the fiscal year
1915 nearly 8,500 miners were trained and more than 43,000 attended
the lectures and demonstrations.
During the year engineers of the bureau investigated 89 accidents
of various kinds. In these accidents, which killed 285 men, 75 men
were rescued through the efforts of miners, company officials, State
mine inspectors, and company rescue crews.
Improvement of health conditions in mines. — Investigations re-
lating to sanitation and health conditions in mines and mining com-
munities are yielding noteworthy results. The investigation, made
in cooperation with the Bureau of the Public Health Service, at zinc
and lead mines in Missouri showed the importance of siliceous dust
in mine air as a cause of miners' consumption, and caused active
measures for abating dust and improving sanitary conditions to be
taken by State and local authorities, mining companies, and miners.
A similar investigation is now being made in the mines at Butte,
Mont. An investigation of hookworm disease at California mines,
in cooperation with the California Public Health Service, revealed
the wide prevalence of the disease and led to the starting of an
energetic campaign for its elimination. Health conditions at blast
furnaces and steel plants have been investigated, and the results
are being published.
Prevention of coal-mine explosions. — During the year the bureau
continued studies of the explosibility of different coal dusts and the
use of rock dust in mines to limit or prevent explosions, with the
result that important advances in the application of preventive
methods were made. Particular attention was given to the improve-
ment of coal-mining methods in mines on the segregated Indian
lands in Oklahoma and to the enforcement of orders issued by the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 53
Secretary of the Interior in regard to the use of explosives in those
mines.
Examinations and tests of mining explosives in order to increase
safety and efficiency in use are important features of the bureau's
efforts to prevent coal-mine explosions and safeguard miners. Dur-
ing the fiscal year 2,071 explosives were examined. Nearly 22,000,000
pounds of explosives approved by the bureau as permissible for use
in gaseous or dusty coal mines were used in the calendar year 1915,
as compared with 2,000,000 pounds in 1908, the year in which Gov-
ernment tests of mining explosives began. The use of these per-
missible explosives in gaseous mines is required by the laws of sev-
eral coal-mining States.
As a result of the bureau's investigations, approved electrical
switches and motors and approved lamps for miners, the use of
which will greatly lessen the danger of mine explosions, are now be-
ing manufactured; also several States have enacted stricter laws re-
garding the use of electricity in mines.
Fuel investigations. — In its efforts to increase efficiency in the use
of mineral fuels the bureau is studying the properties of these fuels
and the methods of burning them in furnaces and gas producers.
Also it is collecting, analyzing, and testing samples of coal pur-
chased under specifications for Government use. In the fiscal year
1916 the aggregate cost of the coal represented by these samples was
$7,800,000. During the year the bureau continued to assist, in the
capacity of a consulting fuel engineer, various departments and es-
tablishments of the Government in solving problems relating to the
purchase of fuel and the efficient use of fuel for heating or power.
The results of the bureau's investigations are being embodied in
reports that are meeting a widespread demand for authoritative in-
formation on the utilization of fuel.
Problems of mineral technology. — The mineral technology in-
vestigations of the Bureau of Mines cover the minor metals, the rare
and the precious metals, the metalloids and the nonmetals, brass and
other nonferrous alloys, abrasives, cement, mineral products used
as building materials, and many different minerals used in the arts.
In the United States 75,000 persons annually die of cancer.
Through the radium investigations of the bureau, in cooperation
with the National Radium Institute, two great hospitals obtained
during the year a goodly supply of radium for the treatment of
that disease. Low-grade radium-bearing ore, heretofore wasted, was
concentrated successfuly in a mill especially designed for the pur-
pose. This concentrate, as well as high-grade carnotite ore, is be-
ing treated at the Bureau of Mines plant at Denver, which is now
producing radium at the rate of 5 grams a year. The cost of produc-
tion since operations began in June, 1914, has been less than $40,000
54 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
a gram, as compared with a market price of $100,000 to $120,000 a
gram. This radium is not sold but is to be used in the treatment of
cancer.
Incidental to the production of radium at the Denver plant many
tons of iron vanadate that can be used in the manufacture of high-
grade vanadium steel, and many tons of uranium oxide, used in col-
oring glass and making tool steel, have been produced. For an
expenditure of less than $35,000 the Bureau of Mines will receive as
its share of the results of the cooperative agreement at least $100,000
worth of radium.
In normal times the metal losses in brass melting in the United
States annually amount to $3,000,000, and during the past year of
high prices and large production have probably been nearer $10,000,-
000. As a result of its investigations of these losses the Bureau
of Mines has devised an improved electric melting furnace which
will be thoroughly tested on a commercial scale during the coming
year. Also, because of the excessive loss of metal, sometimes run-
ning as high as 40 per cent, in melting scrap aluminum, the bureau
has investigated methods of melting aluminum chips and is pub-
lishing the results.
In its clay-industry investigations the bureau has studied methods
of so treating the secondary kaolins found in almost unlimited quan-
tities in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia and the Carolinas as to
render them applicable to the production of white wares. The re-
sults have demonstrated that these kaolins can be cheaply purified
and that the purified material is superior to the best English china
clay for making china, white crockery ware, and white tile.
Increasing efficiency and lessening waste in the petroleum and
natural-gas industries. — Through its petroleum division the Bureau
of Mines is investigating problems of technology, engineering, and
chemistry in the production and utilization of oil and gas. The
petroleum-technology investigations deal chiefly with practicable
methods of eliminating waste in drilling wells and of recovering
a larger proportion of the oil or gas stored in the productive sands ;
the engineering-technology investigations deal with storage, the
prevention of losses from fires, and the manufacture of gasoline
from natural gas; and the chemical-technology investigations deal
with the mechanical development of the Rittman process for manu-
facturing gasoline, toluene, and benzene, and the improvement of
methods for analyzing and testing petroleum and petroleum prod-
ucts.
Operators in different fields have been shown the need of prop-
erly protecting oil and gas sands from infiltrating water and of
sealing wells so as to confine the natural gas securely until such
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 55
time as it is utilized. Also, the bureau demonstrated the advan-
tages of using mud fluid in drilling wells. Operators in Kansas
and in the Blackwell field of Oklahoma are successfully using meth-
ods the bureau advocates. In the Blackwell field the operators
should recover at least 80 per cent of the gas in the gas sands,
whereas in older fields the recovery has been less than 10 per cent.
A conservative estimate of the value of the gas that will be
saved through the use of approved methods in the Blackwell field is
$20,000,000.
The bureau is cooperating with the Bureau of Indian Affairs in
the supervision of oil and gas operations on Indian lands.
Mechanical details of the Eittman process for making gasoline,
benzene, and toluene were perfected during the year and the process
was shown to be successful on a commercial scale. Tests have indi-
cated how cheaply gasoline can be made from stove distillate.
Various gasolines sold in this country in 1915 were tested to deter-
mine their value as motor fuel. Other investigations included the
production of gasoline from natural gas and the examination and
analysis of petroleum.
Study of metallurgical problems. — In its metallurgical work the
bureau continued to cooperate with the Selby and Anaconda smelter
commissions, and during the year published as a bulletin the com-
prehensive report of the Selby Smelter Commission on alleged
nuisance and damage occasioned by the Selby smelter in California.
Especial attention is being given to the removal of sulphur from
smelter gases. Cooperative work with the Anaconda Smelter Com-
mission in the improvement of smoke conditions at the Anaconda
smelter in Montana has led to the construction at the smelter of
the first units of an electrical apparatus for treating smoke and
to the operation of the first units of a sulphuric-acid plant that
is to have a daily capacity of 140 tons of acid. Studies to effect
the utilization of the acid in the manufacture of phosphates in
Montana are in progress.
Under a cooperative agreement with the University of California
the bureau has established a mining experiment station at Berkeley,
Cal., where it is investigating problems relating to the smelting
of lead and copper ores. Some of these problems are the absorp-
tion and purification of the sulphur dioxide in smelter smoke and
the reduction of the gas to elemental sulphur by the wet Thiogen
process. A study of the reduction of barium sulphate, a substance
used in making paints and in various chemical industries, was
completed.
Other work at Berkeley includes investigation of the improve-
ment of the cyanide and other hydrometallurgical processes for
56 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
treating ores of gold through the study of the efficiency of machines
for crushing ores, the settling of slimes, and the behavior of alumi-
num in cyanide solutions.
Investigations at the Salt Lake City experiment station, con-
ducted in cooperation with the University of Utah, deal chiefly
with methods of preventing wastes in the concentration and metal-
lurgical treatment of nonferrous- ores, especially ores of lead and
zinc, with the purpose of making available as ore the great bodies
of material now considered waste. Encouraging results have been
obtained in the treatment of lead ores by a chloridizing roast and
leaching with a solution of common salt, in a volatilization process
for treating oxidized ores of zinc, and in investigations of the
flotation process for concentrating ores.
An investigation of hazards at blast furnaces in Pennsylvania
was made in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of
Labor and Industry. The dangers peculiar to work about Bessemer
converters and open-hearth furnaces at steel plants have been inves-
tigated, and an investigation, in cooperation with the Federal Public
Health Service, of health conditions in the steel and metallurgical
plants of the Pittsburgh district was completed.
Comprehensive studies of the corrosion of metals in mines, with
especial reference to damage to mining equipment and the corrosion-
resisting qualities of various metals were continued through the
year.
Investigation of the fluidity of blast-furnace slags, one purpose
of which is to furnish metallurgists and furnace men with reliable
data for use in smelting lean and complex ores, is being continued,
and the results are being published. A new high-temperature vis-
cosimeter has been developed by which the viscosity of slags can
be accurately measured to a temperature of 2,900° F., or about 900°
higher than the highest temperature previously used in viscosity
measurements of any substance.
In cooperation with the State School of Mines of Missouri, the
bureau is continuing a study of the milling of lead and zinc ores in
the Joplin district. Mo., with particular reference to milling losses
and the possibilities of treating the ores by flotation.
Chemical researches. — In addition to the chemical investigations
already mentioned, the bureau studied the composition and proper-
ties of mine gases and natural gas. The investigations included an
absorption method of extracting gasoline from natural gas which,
if generally applied, will make possible the recovery of 100,000,000
gallons of gasoline from natural gas each year ; the errors that may
arise in commercial methods of measuring natural gas at high pres-
sure; the perfecting of a gas detector for use in mines and other
places; methods of gas analysis; the chlorination of natural gas
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 57
with a view to making tetrachloride, chloroform, and other valuable
products; and the fusibility of coal ash as related to the formation
of clinker in fuel beds.
Other investigations. — Special investigations that were described
in reports published during the year or are still in progress include
placer-mining methods, especially the use of gold dredges; iron-ore
mining and iron making in the United States; utilization of low-
grade fuji; gas-producer practice; and factors controlling the use
and the market prices of fuel.
SOME URGENT NEEDS OF THE BUREAU.
Coal and metal mining investigations. — Additional funds are
needed to carry on certain mining investigations that demand atten-
tion. Some of these investigations are as follows :
Ventilation of metal mines, a complex problem, some phases of
which are still unsolved even by operators of large mines, should
receive detailed study. The health of a large number of metal
miners is being impaired by the character of the air that they
breathe in deep or remote workings.
Subsidence, earth pressures, and roof supports in mines are of so
much importance in both coal mining and metal mining, as well as
in various engineering enterprises, that investigations should be
made to include the testing of roof supports and the compressibility
of rock and ore. Because of the complexity of the problem an
engineer skilled in the application of higher mathematics should be
engaged to work with other investigators.
Explosives intended for use in metal mines and quarries should
be tested in order to determine the conditions under which they can
be u«ed with least danger to the health and safety of miners. Build-
ings should be provided at the bureau's experimental mine for car-
rying on this work.
Sinking of shafts and driving of tunnels. — The driving of tun-
nels under bodies of water, the sinking of shafts through water-
bearing strata, and the special methods to be used are problems of
much importance. Serious accidents in driving tunnels for water
supply or for transportation purposes at different cities emphasize
the need of thorough investigation of these problems.
Petroleum investigations. — Adequate funds for conducting investi-
gations relating to petroleum and natural gas are urgently needed.
In the calendar year 1915 more than 281,000,000 barrels of petro-
leum, valued at $180,000,000, was produced in the United States,
more than 65 per cent of the total output of the world. However,
the petroleum resources of this country are not unlimited, and the
demand for gasoline and other products is bound to increase. It is
58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
estimated that, at even the present rate of consumption, the under-
ground supply of oil will last only 27 years. Hence, methods by which
the available supply of oil and gas may be recovered and utilized
with greater efficiency should receive thorough study.
Already the benefits of methods of drilling wells so as to prevent
underground waste have been demonstrated in the Oklahoma fields,
where the Department of the Interior, working with State officials,
has shown how the production of natural gas can be stabilized by
practical methods of confining the gas within its original reservoir
until market conditions justify production. It is estimated that
formerly less than 10 per cent of the available gas was utilized,
whereas by proper development of the gas field it is safe to estimate
that 80 per cent of the gas may be recovered.
The proportion of recoverable oil left in the oil sands by present
methods of production is estimated at 50 per cent. Work is needed
to determine how a larger percentage can be recovered profitably.
The cracking of oils and the production of gasoline and other
valuable products from crude oil and the heavier distillates call for
further study. For this investigation a single-tube Rittman plant
capable of treating oil in commercial quantities should be built, as
experience has demonstrated the difficulty of developing improve-
ments of the Rittman process when the bureau has to depend for
results on the commercial refiners who are using it.
Fuel-testing work. — The value of the coal annually purchased by
the Government amounts to between $7,000,000 and $8,000,000.
Sometimes this fuel is selected and used in a satisfactory manner,
but frequently in ways that are inefficient and wasteful. To assure
the highest efficiency and economy in the utilization of fuels and of
fuel-burning equipment, the Government plants throughout the
United States should be investigated in order to determine what
grade of fuel is best adapted to each plant, what improvements in
plant equipment are practicable, and how the fuel can be burned to
best advantage. The results attained through investigations con-
ducted at some of the Government plants at the request of the De-
partment concerned indicate the magnitude of the economies that
might be realized by having the purchase and utilization of fuel for
the entire Government service under expert supervision. On a basis
of fuel purchases of $7,500,000 a year a saving of 5 per cent, a con-
servative estimate, would amount annually to $375,000. Obviously
the investigation of Government plants should be made by dis-
interested experts trained in fuel engineering.
Need of larger printing funds. — The sums appropriated by Con-
gress for investigations looking to increased safety and efficiency in
mining and in the mineral industry are not spent to best advantage
unless the results of the investigations are given out promptly and
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 59
in a manner that will render them of most use to the public. The
mining industry is represented by more than 1,000,000 men, and the
industries closely allied to it by more than 2,000,000 men. Hence
the bureau's publications relating to safety are of direct interest and
value to fully 3,000,000 toilers, and other reports are of interest
to many millions more. The number of demands made on the
bureau for literature has been large from the first and continues to
increase, but for several years the bureau has been unable, with
the funds that could be allotted it from the appropriations made by
Congress, to meet this demand, so that much of the benefit that
might have been attained by wider distribution of the results of the
bureau's work has not been realized.
THE TERRITORIES.
Since the transfer under Executive order of July 15, 1909, of the
supervision of affairs in Porto Rico to the Insular Bureau of the
War Department the former Territories of New Mexico and Ari-
zona have been admitted as States, and there now remains under this
department the supervision of but two Territories — Alaska and
Hawaii.
ALASKA.
General conditions. — The report of the governor shows substantial
progress has been made during the fiscal year along industrial and
commercial lines. Forty-nine years ago Alaska was purchased at a
cost of $7,200,000, and that original investment has been returned to
the Nation more than seventyfold, for from its products of the land
and sea Alaska has added to the national wealth upward of $500,-
000,000, the greater portion of which has been produced during the
past 20 years. For the development of the Territory on a scale
commensurate with the extent and variety of its natural resources,
a permanent population is needed. It has been claimed that the
population is transient, and that the great majority of those who go
there are without any fixed idea of making the country their perma-
nent home. That statement was true of the men who built up the
great West, but few returned to their former homes, the many re-
maining and establishing their rooftrees in the new land. This
condition is applicable to Alaska. The Territory already has a per-
manent population, and how to increase it and enable it to develop
the country and become home builders is a problem well worth
attention. A notable feature of the influx to the Territory during
the past two years is the number of men who have brought their
families with them, with the purpose in view of locating perma-
nently and establishing homes. The building of the Government
railroad from the Pacific coast of Alaska to the interior is responsi-
60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
ble in part for this condition. The promise afforded by railroad
construction that regions containing mineral, timber, and agricul-
tural land would become accessible by reason of this railroad build-
ing has been the cause of this influx of men and women who, ani-
mated by the idea that here was land to spare and opportunity for
the energetic, have engaged in the work of carving out homes in the
wilderness. The acquisition of homesteads in Alaska should be
made as free as possible. The many restrictions and the long delays
in securing to the homesteader title to his land should be reduced
to a minimum.
The agricultural lands of Alaska should be surveyed and classified
as speedily as possible. Some progress has been made along this
line, and the intending settler should be enabled to receive free infor-
mation not only as to the available land suitable for agricultural
and grazing purposes, but he should also be advised as to the nature
of the soils of the different agricultural sections, how they can be
most easily reached and the means of communication available, if
there be such, and the crops best suited to the soil. Lode mining
activity increased during the year in the coastal sections and many
new mines were developed, and others which were closed for various
reasons resumed operations. This is especially true of copper mines,
there being now about 15 of these* steadily mining and shipping ore
where there were but 3 or 4 a couple of years ago. During the fiscal
year 1913 shipments of copper ore from Alaska were valued at
$3,579,474; in 1914, $3,876,411, and during the fiscal year 1915 these
had increased to $5,182,004. During the past fiscal year these ship-
ments reached a total of $26,488,288, and the next fiscal year will
show a still greater increase. In southeastern Alaska are some of
the largest lode mines in the world; the successful operation of
these mines has demonstrated that low-grade ores can be worked
at a substantial profit; this is made possible by extensive deposits
of ore close to tidewater, an abundance of hydroelectric power, and
greatly improved methods of ore treatment. The total value of the
mineral output during the year, including coal, marble, gypsum, and
petroleum, was $32,854,229, an increase of $13,788,563 over the pre-
vious year. The development that is foreshadowed in the building
by the Government of a railroad from tidewater on the Pacific
coast to the interior should not be stayed by any hesitation on the
part of Congress to appropriate the money necessary to complete
this great work. This constructive railroad program, which has for
its object the opening to development of not only the coal fields of
Matanuska near the coast and Nenana in the interior country, but
of tributary areas of agricultural and mining lands, is a matter of
supreme economic and industrial importance to a large portion
of the Territory. The importance of the opening of these coal fields
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 61
to commercial use can not be overestimated, and the world events
that have developed in the past two years should be sufficient argu-
ment for an Alaskan coal supply that will be ample for all naval
purposes on the Pacific coast, besides insuring a fuel supply for
domestic and industrial purposes. The quality of the coal found
has been fully discussed in reports of the United States Geological
Survey, and numerous tests of it have been made, establishing its
desirability for steam-producing, industrial, and domestic uses.
In Central Alaska, and more particularly in the Tanana and
Kuskowim Valleys, there are large areas of low-grade alluvial,
gold-bearing ground which can only be rendered profitable by means
of cheaper fuel or cheaper power. The Nenana coal fields will
furnish both with the completion of the railroad from the coal de-
posits to the town of Fairbanks and other points. There are also
numerous promising lode mines in Fairbanks and other districts of
the interior, which, because of the high cost of wood (the only
available fuel), can not now be worked at a profit, but which will
be developed when cheap coal can be obtained. Another matter of
economic importance is the development of mines other than coal,
and the opening of large bodies of agricultural land to settlement
along the route of the railroad and tributary thereto. Industrial
communities will arise at various points because of the development
of mines and the reclamation and cultivation of farm lands, and the
founding of homes and the consequent increase in material wealth.
The past year has witnessed a great expansion of trade between
Alaska and the United States, and the United States and Alaska.
For example, there were shipped to the Territory from the United
States during May of this year substantially double the value of
goods shipped in May, 1915; and Alaska shipments to the United
States were more than four times as great as they were during the
same month in 1915. This enormous expansion of commerce is
carried on by water, through inland passages, in great part the most
neglected of any waters of the United States, and have fewer aids
to navigation than can be found elsewhere. Although marked
improvement has been made in this respect during the past few
years, there is still urgent need of more safeguards to navigation
all along the Alaska coast, and Congressional appropriations for this
purpose should be increased rather than diminished.
Natural features. — Alaska is also a land of scenic grandeur and
natural wonders. The name and fame of its mountain ranges, its
lofty, snow-clad mountain tops, its immense glaciers, beautiful
fiords and bays, its lakes and rushing rivers, combine to make it an
alluring land for the traveler. Therefore, as Alaska becomes better
known it is receiving additional attention from the tourist and
pleasure seeker from many parts of the North American continent.
62 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
This travel has received a great impetus since the outbreak of the
European war, and the number of tourists who visited Alaska
during the past summer was much greater than ever before.
Population. — No census of the population has been taken since
1910, and the United States Census Bureau does not include the
Territory in its annual estimates. It may be stated, however, that
the population is increasing steadily, except perhaps in the north-
western region and in the interior, although evidence is not lacking
that there is an increase in the influx of people to the Tanana Valley
due to railroad construction and the promise of better facilities of
transportation. With the exhaustion of the richer placer areas of.
the Yukon interior and tributary regions there was a marked decrease
of population until attention was directed to its agricultural possi-
bilities, and as a result there is now a considerable number of finely
developed farms, and the population is again on the upward trend.
The greatest increases in population have been in the Pacific coast
sections, notably in southeastern and southwestern Alaska. The
population of the Territory, as shown by the United States census
of 1910, was 64,356, of which 25,331 was returned as Indian. In 1915
the white population was estimated at 44,000, and it now perhaps
totals 50,000, an increase of 6,000 for the year. No attempt has been
made to estimate the number of natives in the Territory. It is prob-
able that the native population is decreasing slowly, except in south-
western Alaska, where sanitary and other conditions are more favor-
able to the prolongation of native life. It is essential to the develop-
ment and growth of the Territory that immigration of the right kind
should be encouraged. A permanent fisher folk is needed. The
coast waters and streams abound with a great variety of fish, but few
species of which are utilized. In the valleys of the many streams
entering tidewater and the numerous bays and inlets may be found
lands suitable for farming, where the fisherman could build his home
and cultivate a crop of vegetables.
Agriculture. — Although vegetables of various kinds were grown
in Alaska by pioneer miners, both on the coast and elsewhere, fol-
lowing the acquisition of the Territory by the United States, the
fact that Alaska has agricultural possibilities was scarcely credited
either at home or abroad. The establishment of agricultural experi-
ment stations at different points, however, has helped to dispel doubt
and to confirm the opinion of those who had vision and faith, which,
coupled with work, has been vindicated amply ; and to-day there are
many fine farms in different sections of the Territory where potatoes
of fine quality and all the different kinds of hardy vegetables are
grown to perfection, besides annual crops of barley, rye, oats, and
sometimes wheat. The increase in the number of farms during the
past two years has been large, and it is stated on good authority that
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 63
in the Matanuska and Susitna Valleys, in the Cook Inlet region and
contiguous thereto, there are 400 farms, all of which show more or
kss evidence of cultivation, some of them having already reached
a high state of development. Nearly all the agricultural lands of
the Territory are located in the interior of Alaska, in the Tanana
and Kuskowim Valleys, the Susitna Valley, and the Copper River
Valley. Another considerable body of agricultural land lies north
of the Tanana, between that river and Fortymile, and more particu-
larly along the south fork of the Fortymile River. It has been esti-
mated to contain 750,000 acres, and it is believed that this will prove
one of the most productive regions when developed. The west half
of the Kenai Peninsula has also a considerable area of agricultural
land. It has been estimated that in the whole Territory there are
about 100,000 square miles which can be made available for tilling
and for grazing purposes.
The surveying of public lands of Alaska was continued during the
year, three townships, whole and fractional, having been surveyed.
Homesteaders should receive every encouragement at the hands of
the Government, and one means to this end would be the survey of
homesteads without cost to the ent^man.
The general conditions as to location of stations and lines of
work of the agricultural experiment stations were unchanged from
those of last year. Experiments with various kinds of alfalfa at
Rampart station have been encouraging. For lack of funds nothing
was done toward the development of an experiment station in the
Matanuska Valley during the fiscal year further than the selection
of a site. Agricultural reconnoissances should be made in the Kus-
kowim Valley. In spite of all drawbacks, however, there has been
a steady advance in all lines of agriculture and horticulture through-
out the Territory. Last fall the Fairbanks station thrashed out
more than 1,200 bushels of grain of all kinds matured at that station,
and this spring this grain was distributed among the farmers in the
neighborhood of Fairbanks, who used it in cooperative experiments
with the station. In like manner, grain grown at the Fairbanks
station was distributed in small quantities among some farmers of
the Matanuska Valley. Liberal allotments of hardy vegetables and
flower seeds, totaling some 20 varieties, were distributed from the
Sitka station to upward of 2,500 persons in all parts of the Territory.
The Sitka station also distributed home-grown nursery stock, con-
sisting chiefly of hardy apples, raspberries, currants, and goose-
berries, to settlers scattered throughout the Territory for purposes
of introduction and trial.
Fisheries. — A matter of vital economic and industrial importance
is the conservation of its fisheries, and especially the salmon fisheries.
While the United States Bureau of Fisheries, which is charged with
64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
both the scientific and economic administration of the Alaska fish-
eries, is of the opinion that the waters of Alaska have not yet been
made to yield their maximum fishery products without being depleted,
the statement of fishermen and many cannery operators, whose actual
observations of fishery conditions extend over a period of many years,
are, however, in direct opposition to such opinion. The statistics
of the packs, for a number of years past, show, as a rule, an increase
in the annual production of canned salmon, but, as against this condi-
tion, there has been a substantial increase in the number of canneries,
together with longer seasons of constant operation, and an increased
amount of fish-gear operating. There has also been an enormous
increase in the number of traps, both in actual numbers and in varie-
ties of locations, coupled with increased efficiency in traps as devel-
oped by years of experience and the observation of the courses of
the fish, and by corresponding correction in the positions and shapes
of traps. An increased number of seines of large size and efficiency,
both of design and skill in handling is to be noted, as well as an
increase in the number of gill nets, a greater variety of places in
which they are used, longer hours of use of these nets daily, often
24 hours, with longer seasons in which to use them. Formerly the
canneries fished only a few of the more important streams with traps,
within a short distance of their stations, but in southeastern Alaska,
at least, there is scarcely a stream that salmon ascend that is not being
fished to some extent, with the possible exception of a few streams
that empty directly into the ocean. Formerly the streams of south-
eastern Alaska were rarely fished by more than two or three seines
to the stream ; now as many as 25 and 30 may be found on the same
stream. Also there are now but few, if any, canneries that obtain
all their salmon within a hundred-mile radius; a great many of
them now regularly carry a large percentage of their fish 150 miles
or even more. Because of improved fishing gear and appliances of
many kinds, including better and faster boats, operating expenses
have not increased to a prohibitive extent in the capture of salmon.
All those who have observed the conditions for a series of years
report a constant decrease in the number of fish in the streams year
after year, and an especially noticeable scarcity the past four or five
years. This latter condition is certainly due almost wholly to the
intensive fishing during that period. The need, therefore, of ade-
quate legislation for the conservation of this important industrj7
should be apparent.
As a general rule, Alaska is looked upon as a producer mainly of
mineral wealth, and while it is true that the aggregate yield of gold,
copper, and other minerals takes the leading place, the product of
the fisheries is a close second. The fisheries of the Territory were
developed long before there was any exploitation of the mineral re-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 65
sources, except possibly in the most desultory manner. The first
fishery to be developed in Alaska was the cod fishery, the industry
being inaugurated some time before Alaska ceased to be a Russian
colony. Although Alaska's prominence as a producer of fishery
wealth lies chiefly in the great yield of salmon, it must be remembered
that there are other valuable food fishes to be found in abundance.
Chief among these are the halibut, cod, and herring, the utilization of
which has developed into an extensive industry, while there are
other species of fish that have not been utilized as yet to any appre-
ciable extent, such as trout, grayling, whitefish, rockfish, eulachon,
and others. Another feature of the commercial fishery is the whale
industry. Crabs, clams, and mussels are found in many places in
Alaska. Plants for the canning of clams have been recently estab-
lished in central Alaska. The natives of Alaska, particularly in some
sections, are dependent very largely upon the fishery resources as a
means of obtaining their livelihood. It is significant of mention that
in 1915, 5,000 natives were employed in the fisheries of Alaska. Of
this number two-thirds were employed in southeastern Alaska. To
assist in the maintenance of the supply of salmon seven hatcheries
are operated in Alaska, two by the Government and five through
private enterprise. According to the statistics for 1915 a total of
22,462 persons were engaged in all the branches of the fishing indus-
try in Alaska. Of this number 11,289 were whites, 5,000 natives,
1,631 Japanese, 2,190 Chinese, and 2,352 miscellaneous, which in-
cludes Filipinos, Mexicans, negroes, and others. There was a gain
of 1,262 persons as compared with the grand total for 1914. The in-
vestment in the fisheries of Alaska in 1915 amounted to $37,316,560,
an increase of $277,928 over 1914. More than $31,000,000 of the in-
vestment in 1915 was credited to the salmon industry. Of the total
investment more than $15,000,000 was in southeastern Alaska, up-
wards of $6,000,000 in central Alaska, and in excess of $14,000,000
in western Alaska. The products of the fisheries of Alaska in 1915,
exclusive of aquatic furs, were valued at $20,999,343, or a decrease of
$243,632 from 1914. The quantity produced in 1915 was greater, but
there was a falling off in value because of the lower price commanded
by certain grades of canned salmon. Next to 1914 the supply of this
year's product was the greatest in the history of Alaska.
The opening of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railroad through to its
Pacific coast terminal, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, only about 90
miles from Ketchikan, has caused considerable concern as to whether
Alaskan towns will continue to be the center of the halibut industry in
the North. Until the spring of 1915 Ketchikan and other Alaskan
towns were regarded as the center of the Alaska halibut industry
in northern waters, but Prince Rupert has now taken a leading posi-
tion in this field. In March, 1915, the Canadian Government pro-
62656°— int 1016— vol 1 5
66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
mulgated certain orders in council, granting concessions and offering
inducements to American fishermen to make their headquarters in
Prince Rupert. The result has been that a good share of the busi-
ness enjoyed previously by Alaska has gone to Prince Rupert. A bill
introduced in Congress during the last session, designed to meet the
situation and thus retain the halibut industry in the American ports
of the Pacific coast failed of passage. According to statistics, the
investment in the halibut industry in 1915 amounted to $2,842,800,
while in 1914 it was $2,744,055. The number of persons engaged in
1915 was 1,455, while in 1914 there was 1,406. The product credited
to Alaska in 1915 totaled 15,417,789 pounds, valued at $781,011, as
compared with 14,807,797 pounds, valued at $762,757, in 1914. This
product does not include catches made in extraterritorial waters of
Alaska landed by fishing vessels at Puget Sound and Canadian
ports.
Fur-bearing animals. — In the calendar year 1915 the killing of fur
seals on the Pribilof Islands was limited to the number necessary for
use for food purposes of the native inhabitants. There were killed
for this purpose a total of 3,947, of which 2,666 were taken at St.
Paul Island and 1,281 on St. George Island. Reports of the seals
killed in the last half of the fiscal year 1916 are not yet at hand. The
1915 shipment of fur sealskins and fox skins from the Pribilof Islands
was made in September. The shipment consisted of 3,000 sealskins,
253 blue-fox skins, and 40 white-fox skins. The fox skins, together
with the 256 blue-fox skins and 25 white-fox skins, shipped in 1914,
were sold at public auction in St. Louis on October 21, 1915. The
results of the sale were highly satisfactory. The net proceeds of the
sale exceeded $56,000. Owing to the condition of the fur market, it
was deemed best to defer the sale of the sealskins. In 1915 arrange-
ments were completed whereby there was brought to the United
States the business of dressing and dyeing sealskins, and an arrange-
ment was made by the Department of Commerce whereby the Govern-
ment sealskins will be dressed and dyed before being offered for sale.
It is believed that this arrangement will enhance the sale value of the
skins to an extent which will more than offset the expense involved.
The policy of taking an annual census of the fur-seal herd of the
Pribilof Islands was continued in 1915, the census showing that there
were 363,872 seals on these islands. Fox farming continues to re-
ceive considerable attention, and it is hoped that this will become a
permanently established business in Alaska. There are fox farms in
southeastern Alaska, on the islands in the Kodiak-Afognak region,
on the islands to the westward, along the Tanana and Yukon Rivers,
and in the Copper Center region. The total value of furs shipped
during the period from November 16, 1914, to November 15, 1915,
was $400,532.70.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 67
Native population. — No census of the native population of Alaska
has been taken since 1910, but it is probable that it has remained
practically stationary, with perhaps slight increases in some sections
and decreases in others. The natives of southeastern Alaska are
by far the most prosperous in the Territory. Health conditions
among them are undoubtedly better than elsewhere. Civilizing influ-
ences are apparent in many of the native towns and villages, due to
the work among these natives of the teachers of the United States
Bureau of Education, under whose direction schools are maintained,
and the influence of the missionaries who labor among them. Some
of these native towns have a measure of local self-government. They
elect their town councils, promulgate ordinances dealing with health
conditions and sanitation, and enforce them; certain police regula-
tions are maintained, and, taken all in all, the progress thus made is
particularly gratifying. There are a number of cooperative mercan-
tile stores financed by native capital, managed by natives under the
superintendence of the school-teachers. These stores are successfully
conducted and are in themselves a means of giving the natives a
business education that can not be provided in any other way. There
are also a number of sawmills conducted by natives. The principal
occupation of the natives of Alaska is fishing, and in the southeastern
section many of them own gas boats, in whose management they are
usually as expert as the white man. Industrial training should be
greatly extended in order to fit them to cope with the changing con-
ditions which the settlement of the Territory inevitably brings.
Vocational or industrial training is carried on to some extent in the
native schools, but there is a fertile field for its extension if sufficient
appropriations can be secured from Congress for its enlargement.
Few epidemics have been reported among the native population.
Tubercular diseases are common, as well as trachoma and various
other diseases of the eye. With an appropriation of only $25,000 for
the fiscal year, two hospitals for natives were constructed, and the
physicians of the Bureau of Education have done excellent work in
alleviating suffering among the natives wherever these physicians
have been stationed. An excellently equipped hospital was erected
at Juneau during the year, and it is proving a boon to many sick and
destitute natives who come hither for treatment from many places
along the southern coast. Many more hospitals are needed, not only
in the coastal sections, but at points in the interior. For the fiscal
year 1916 Congress appropriated $200,000 for the maintenance of
native schools in Alaska, and a further appropriation of $25,000 was
made for hospitals and medical attention.
Reindeer industry. — The introduction of reindeer among the Es-
kimos of the Bering Sea and Arctic coasts and in western Alaska
has done much to preserve the lives of that people and insure them
68 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
against starvation or want, which, prior to the introduction of rein-
deer was nearly always prevalent. The year 1892 saw the beginning
of a constructive and beneficial policy inaugurated by the Federal
Government in Alaska, when the importation of reindeer began
from Siberia to the Territory. This importation continued for 10
years, at the end of which time 1,200 had been brought over. From
this nucleus the present Alaska reindeer service grew. The 1915
report shows a total of 70,243 reindeer distributed among 76 herds.
Of this number 46,683, or 66 per cent, are owned by 1,140 natives;
3,408, or 5 per cent, are owned by the United States; 6,890, or 10
per cent, are owned by missions; and 13,262, or 19 per cent, are
owned by Laplanders and other whites. The total income to the
natives from the reindeer industry for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1915, exclusive of meat and hides used by the natives them-
selves, was $81,977. The distribution of the deer among the natives
has been accomplished through a system of apprenticeship. This
policy is consistent with the purpose of the establishment of the
reindeer industry in 1892 to provide for the economic welfare of the
native inhabitants of Alaska. Until the summer of 1914 the in-
dustry had been confined to the natives and the Laplanders. The
latter obtained their deer in payment of services rendered as in-
structors of the Eskimo in the care and management of the deer.
During the year last mentioned a company of white men was organ-
ized at Nome, and about 1,200 deer were purchased from one of
these Laplanders. The reindeer have now been distributed over
practically all of western Alaska, extending from Point Barrow
down to the Aleutian Islands. The Copper River Valley and the
upper Kuskowim are the next to be stocked with reindeer. With
thousands of surplus male deer at hand each year, the time has
now come to seriously consider the ways and means by which the
meat may be satisfactorily marketed. While such meat is sold
annually to people in Alaska, there is at hand a surplus amount
which can and should be exported to the United States. Under
proper management Alaska may become in due time, a source of a
large meat supply for the people of the United States.
Suppression of liquor traffic. — The work of the special employees
for the suppression of the liquor traffic among the natives of Alaska
during the fiscal year has been noteworthy, first, because of the num-
ber of cases that have been successfully prosecuted and the very ap-
parent effect that their work has produced in a preventive way.
There is less drinking of liquor by Indians and fewer cases of illicit
manufacture of native intoxicants, and with it a decrease in the com-
mission of other crimes caused by the liquor traffic among the natives.
The number of arrests and convictions of offenders for crime other
than selling and giving liquor to Indians may be noted. These
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 69
arrests were a direct result of the traffic and caused by it. Four
special employees were employed during the year, one in each of the
four judicial divisions, their respective headquarters being at Juneau,
Nome, Valdez, and Ruby. Each of these officers covers an extensive
territory, and in the second, third, and fourth judicial divisions they
frequently must make long journeys both by water and land, with the
means of transportation often slow and uncertain.
Railroads. — The construction of the Government railroad from the
Alaska coast to the interior, authorized by the act of Congress ap-
proved March 2, 1914, which was begun last year from Anchorage,
on Cook Inlet, has been pushed with commendable zeal by the Alas-
kan Engineering Commission. Construction work was also inaugu-
rated in June last at Fairbanks and Nenana on the Tanana River,
the latter place being the base from which construction operations
are now being directed in the interior. Speaking generally, the work
of railroad construction is progressing steadily, both on the coast
and in the interior. Fifty miles of track had been completed and
was in operation on September 1 of this year from Anchorage, on
Cook Inlet, and 13 miles of track was ready for the steel. An addi-
tional 49 miles was under construction, making a total of 112 miles,
either completed and in operation, or which will be completed early
next year. Besides, the Alaska Northern Railroad, purchased by the
Government, is being operated out of Seward, and extensive altera-
tions and repairs are being made to the road between Seward and
Kern Creek. The commission expects to continue construction work
during the coming winter in the Turnagain Arm district, as well as
on the Matanuska branch north of King River. A railroad is also
being constructed from a point on Controller Bay to the Bering
River coal field. The road will be about 15 miles in length, and the
work of grading has beeen completed. The company which owns
the railroad is developing a coal mine in the Bering River field, and
it is reported that a fine body of coal has been opened up and coal
will be ready for shipment with the completion of the railroad,
which probably will not be ready for traffic until next spring or early
summer.
Revenues. — The revenues derived by the Federal Government
from business and trade licenses outside of incorporated towns, and
which is passed to the Treasurer of the United States and credited
by him to the Alaska fund, under the act of Congress approved Jan-
uary 27, 1905, amounted to $249,432.39 for the fiscal year 1916, as
compared with $260,256.63 for the preceding year. The total amount
of revenues derived on account of taxes levied by the Government in
incorporated towns in the form of business and trade licenses, and
which are paid directly to the treasurers of the various municipali-
ties, totaled $166,475.98. Sixty-five per cent of the moneys paid into
70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
the Alaska fund is appropriated for the construction and repair of
roads and trails outside of incorporated towns, 25 per cent for the
maintenance of white schools outside of incorporated towns, and 10
per cent for the relief of indigents, under the act of Congress ap-
proved March 3, 1913.
Alaskan insane. — Alaska has no hospitals for the insane, and such
persons are cared for at Morningside Hospital, near Portland, Oreg.,
under a contract between The Sanitarium Company of that city
and the Secretary of the Interior. Congress makes an annual appro-
priation for the medical treatment and maintenance of the Alaska
patients, the amount for the fiscal year being $70,000. This item
includes transportation in case of removal of patients elsewhere. The
governor calls attention to the fact that in previous annual reports
the contract system of caring for insane persons was discussed and
recommendation made that the insane of Alaska should be cared for
in the Territory. If this plan were adopted, it would call for the
construction of suitable buildings at considerable cost to the Gov-
ernment, but he states that this cost would not be excessive, while
the contract system of caring for these insane persons, inherently
bad at all times and under all conditions, would be abolished. The
population of Alaska is increasing and will continue to increase
steadily for many years to come, and with it, no doubt, will follow
an increase in the number of insane to be cared for by the Govern-
ment. A considerable number of the insane committed to Morningside
Hospital are merely transient residents of the Territory. This
percentage includes a number of men who are brought to Alaska dur-
ing the fishing season and who become insane and are tried in Alaska
courts and transported to Morningside. The number of Alaska
insane under treatment on June 30, 1910, was 188, of which 165 were
males and 23 females, as compared with 156 males and 24 females on
the same date in the previous year.
There are two detention hospitals for the temporary care of insane
in Alaska. These are located at Fairbanks and Nome, having been
erected and equipped in 1913. The hospital at Fairbanks only has
been put to practical use. The Nome hospital has never been used
because of a lack of funds for the maintenance of patients. If funds
for the proper maintenance of these hospitals can not be secured they
should be closed permanently. They would serve a useful purpose,
however, if they were available for patients suffering from tempo-
rary mental aberration only, who would probably recover within a
short time and be discharged. They are also necessary for the custody
of those persons who may be declared insane and committed to the con-
tract hospital at Morningside, during the closed season of naviga-
tion at Nome and Fairbanks. These patients otherwise must be con-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 71
fined in the Federal jails, pending their transportation to the
hospital.
The courts. — The work of the United States district courts in at
least two of the four judicial divisions into which Alaska is divided,
namely, the first and third, has increased largely during recent years.
In the first judicial division the court has been almost continuously
in session for the past two years, with the result that the presiding
judge is greatly overworked, and there is a congestion of business,
and civil litigants suffer because of it. A similar condition exists in
the third judicial division, and the suggestion is made that an addi-
tional judge be appointed for the Territory; the judge so appointed
could be assigned to try cases in any of the four judicial divisions as
needed, and in this way the trial of cases, civil and criminal, would
be expedited and the overworked judges would not be compelled to
render service at the risk of their health.
Schools — During the year the United States Bureau of Education
maintained 70 schools for natives of Alaska, having an enrollment of
approximately 4,000. During the school year 1915-16 white schools
were maintained in 37 districts outside of incorporated towns, an in-
crease of 6 for the year, while in two districts no schools were re-
ported. Two new districts were organized, making a total of 41
schools at the beginning of the school year 1916-17. The 37 schools
maintained during the year 1915-16 employed 50 teachers and had an
enrollment of 1,470, as compared with 961 for the previous year.
The average number of pupils per school was 39.73, as compared with
31 for the 1914-15 school year, and the average cost of maintenance
per school was $2,114.63, as compared with $1,981.51 for the previous
year. The average cost per pupil was $53.22, as compared with $63.92
for the previous year. While the number of white schools outside of
incorporated towns has steadily increased during the past three
years, there has been a decrease in the school section of the Alaska
fund, and it is imperative that immediate steps be taken to increase
the amount of moneys available for the support of these schools. The
money for the support of white schools outside of incorporated towns
is derived from the Alaska fund, 25 per cent of which is set aside for
their maintenance. This amount should be increased to at least
50 per cent, if these schools are to be continued and educational
facilities provided for the children that are growing up in the
communities where schools are maintained. The situation has
become a serious one. While the money used for the maintenance
of schools comes from within the Territory, that is to say, it is
paid by the people of the Territory, and no appropriation whatso-
ever is made by Congress, still Congress maintains control over the
Alaska schools. Until the control of the schools passes to the Terri-
72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
tory there can not, in the very nature of things, be an efficient school
system, nor can the children who are growing up in this section of
the United States achieve their right to receive an education that
will fit them for the full duties and responsibilities of American
citizenship, which they must sooner or later assume.
Legislature. — The Alaska Legislature was created by the act of
Congress approved August 24, 1912, and meets biennially. It is
vested with limited powers, and while Congress extended to the legis-
lature authority to " alter, amend, modify, and repeal " laws in force
in Alaska, such authority does not extend to the customs, inter-
nal revenue, postal, primary disposition of the soil, or other gen-
eral laws of the United States. But such purely local or Terri-
torial matters as the game and fish and the laws relating to fur-
bearing animals of the United States, applicable to Alaska, or to the
establishment and maintenance of schools, are under the exclusive
control of Congress. Further, the Territory is prohibited from creat-
ing any bonded indebtedness, and so are the municipalities. The
Territory may not levy for Territorial purposes a tax in excess of
1 per cent in any one year upon the assessed valuation of the prop-
erty therein. Municipalities are limited to 2 per cent per annum.
These are some of the limitations the governor suggests should be
removed and the powers of the legislature extended so as to provide
Alaska with an enlarged form of local government.
Pioneers^ Home. — A home for aged prospectors and others who
have spent their years in Alaska and become incapacitated for
physical labor and dependent was established in August, 1913, by
an act of the Territorial legislature. The home is located at Sitka
and is supported by the Territory. The management and control
of the home are vested in a board of trustees, consisting of the gov-
ernor of the Territory and two citizens appointed by him. The
number of inmates on the 1st of September, 1916, was 62, as com-
pared with 47 on September 1 of the previous year. While primarily
this institution was merely intended as a home for the aged and
dependent, it has been found necessary to add to it hospital facilities,
as a considerable number of the inmates are entirely helpless, or par-
tially so, and many of them suffer from chronic diseases.
Mails. — Probably the mail service in a country of such magnificent
distances as is Alaska, in its sparsely settled state and lack of neces-
sary transportation facilities to provide adequate service except in
coastal Alaska, never can be wholly satisfactory. The post offices
in many sections of the Territory are widely separated, and many
of the mail routes are long and isolated and can not be covered by
the usual means of transportation. In the interior of Alaska for the
most part mails are carried during the winter season by dog team
and the routes cover thousands of miles. The amount of mail car-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 73
ried to interior points during the winter is limited, and consequently
there are heavy accumulations at the points of shipment to the
interior. These accumulations necessarily must be held until the
opening of navigation in the spring, and when the delayed mail
reaches its ultimate destination it is many months old and therefore
often of practically no value to the recipients. An increase in the
amount of mail carried each trip is desirable and should include
mail other than that of the first class. During the year the Post
Office Department called for bids for an aeroplane mail service
from Valdez and Seward to Fairbanks and other interior points
and to Nome, but satisfactory tenders were not obtainable.
Militia. — The act of Congress approved June 3, 1916, entitled "An
act for making further and more effectual provision for national
defense, and for other purposes," includes the organization of the
Alaska Militia, but no such organization has yet been effected.
Historical museum. — There has been no change in the status of the
Alaska Historical Library and Museum during the year. Additions
to the library by contributions have been received from time to time
and stored in the limited quarters available in the building occu-
pied by the governor as an office pending the construction of a suit-
able building in which the valuable collections of books, papers,
public documents, ethnological and other subjects may be properly
shelved and displayed. With the construction of a Federal build-
ing at Juneau in the immediate future, provision should be made
for suitable space for the Alaska Historical Library and Museum.
Building 8. — In 1910 Congress authorized the erection of a public
building at Juneau, the capital of Alaska, to cost $200,000. A site
was purchased at a cost of $22,500. Juneau is growing rapidly and
the population of southeastern Alaska, in which the capital is located,
is also steadily increasing. Conservative estimates of the population
of Juneau place it between 5,000 and 6,000, while in the nearby towns
of Douglas, Treadwell, and Thane there is a probable population of
6,000. No steps have been taken looking toward the construction of
a building, in view of the rapid increase in population and the ap-
parent necessity for the construction of a much larger building than
that contemplated in the act of 1910; and besides, in 1912 the terri-
torial legislature was created, and there is no place in which it may
meet, except in rented quarters, not at all suitable for the purpose.
A bill which was introduced at the last session of Congress and
which was favorably reported by the Committee on Public Buildings
and Grounds, appropriates an additional sum of $300,000 for the
Juneau public building. The need for this building is becoming more
and more imperative each year.
Mine experiment station. — One of the eight mine experiment sta-
tions authorized by Congress in 1915, to be erected and maintained in
74 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
a number of mining States and Territories, has been located at Fair-
banks in the interior of Alaska, but owing to the selection not having
been determined upon until comparatively late in the season, coupled
with uncertain transportation, the station will not be ready for
service until next year.
Water power. — The water powers of the Pacific coast of Alaska
are of potential importance to the Territory, economically and in-
dustrially. There are in the Territory some of the finest water
powers to be found on the entire Pacific coast. In interior Alaska
there are few water powers that can be successfully utilized to any
considerable extent, although there are some which probably will
be made use of with the further development of the interior region
along industrial lines. Many of the water powers of southern Alaska
are ideally located and can be developed at moderate cost. A few
have been already harnessed and are furnishing electric power for
the operation of the large mines in the vicinity of Juneau. Still
more await the time when their energy may be utilized, when
legislation by Congress shall permit and encourage their develop-
ment. When this has been provided, it may be expected that in
southeastern Alaska at least will be developed some of the finest
water powers on the coast, and hydroelectric power will be furnished
for many industrial enterprises, including the manufacture of wood
pulp and electrochemical products. Under the direction of the Fed-
eral Government the United States Geological Survey and the United
States Forest Service last year began an investigation of the water-
power resources of the Territory. Automatic water gauges have
been placed in various streams to determine the flow throughout the
year.
Coal areas. — Surveys of coal areas of Alaska in the Bering River,
Matanuska, and Nenana regions were completed late last year, to-
gether with a classification of the coal lands and the reservation of
certain areas in each field for the uses of the Government. A form
of lease was perfected during the year under the coal-land leasing
bill, and coal-land areas may now be leased under the law and regu-
lations based upon it and carried in the lease. Under the law which
provides that units of 10 acres or less of coal land may be leased
free of cost, there has been some mining of coal for industrial and
domestic purposes. A mine near Moose Creek, in the Matanuska
field, 62 miles from the town of Anchorage, was opened during the
year, and coal shipments have been made to towns in that section and
for the use of the Government railroad. The opening of these fields
should mean the use of Alaska coal by the Federal Government for
naval and other purposes on the Pacific coast and the establishment
of one or more coaling stations in the Territory.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 75
Labor conditions. — The supply of labor during the greater part of
the fiscal year was fully equal to the demand, except in the closing
months of the year, when the demand for mechanics of various kinds
and for workmen on railroad construction was greater than the sup-
ply. The demand for miners has also been greater than during the
previous year. A strike of laborers and artisans employed on the
construction of the Government railroad at Anchorage occurred
during the early spring. Increased wages were asked for, and work
was partially suspended pending an adjustment of the matters in-
volved. A board of conciliation and mediation proceeded to Anchor-
age, where an exhaustive investigation was conducted. The board
recommended an increase in the various wage scales and the men
returned to work. There has been no difficulty experienced since, and
the wisdom of settling the strike in an amicable manner has been
warmly commended. No other labor troubles of importance have
been reported elsewhere in the Territory. In some mining districts
increases of wages have been reported ; also a decrease in the working
hours of men employed in surface work about the mines.
Care of indigents. — With the increase of the population in the Ter-
ritory and the lapse of years the demand for the relief of those per-
sons who have become indigent and incapacitated from labor through
old age, sickness, or accident has naturally increased, and these re-
ceive some measure of relief when it is required through the opera-
tion of the act of Congress, which provides that 10 per cent of the
Alaska fund, or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be appro-
priated and expended for their relief by the judges of the different
judicial divisions. An appropriation for the relief of indigents in
the Territory, expendable under the direction of the governor, has
also been made by the Territorial legislature. The Territorial legis-
lature, session of 1915, enacted a law granting certain old-age allow-
ances or pensions. There were on September 1, 1916, 107 persons
receiving allowances from the Territorial treasury, as compared with
13 on September 1, 1915.
Game. — The control of the game of Alaska is vested in Congress
and not in the Territorial legislature, although unsuccessful attempts
have been made to transfer such control to the legislature. Three
distinct departments exercise control over the game, fish, and fur-
bearing animals. These include the Department of Agriculture, the
Department of Commerce, and the governor's office. The Department
of Commerce, through the Bureau of Fisheries, exercises complete
control over the fish and marine fur-bearing animals, the Department
of Agriculture over the terrestrial fur-bearing animals, while the
latter department and the governor of Alaska share in the operation
of the game laws. This divided responsibility does not work for
76 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
efficiency in the enforcement of the game laws and regulations, nor
does it increase respect for the law on the part of the people. In the
enforcement of the game laws and regulations nine wardens are
employed, and, besides, the employees for the suppression of the
liquor traffic among the Indians are ex officio game wardens without
pay. Special game wardens are employed from time to time or
whenever the funds at the disposal of the governor's office will
permit.
In June last the Territorial Council of Yukon Territory, Canada,
passed a resolution recommending that some plan of action be mu-
tually undertaken by the Governments of Canada, the United States,
and the Province of British Columbia for the protection of game
animals, game birds, and fur-bearing animals in Yukon Territory,
Alaska, and British Columbia ; and it was further recommended that
such protection can be best afforded by exterminating the wolves
and coyotes. If such joint action can be secured on the part of the
Governments interested, a long step forward will be taken in the
protection and conservation of the game animals, birds, and fur-
bearing animals in the districts adjoining the boundary lines of
Alaska, Yukon- Territory, and British Columbia, all of which are
geographically connected, and besides have many interests in
common.
Commerce. — The development of Alaska during the fiscal year is
well illustrated in the growth of its commerce, which was the greatest
in the history of the Territory, exceeding in value that of 1915 by
more than $25,000,000. The fiscal year 1917 will show a still greater
increase, if one may judge by the figures for the three months of
the present fiscal year that have elapsed. Statistics show that the
volume of merchandise shipments, including precious metals and
copper between Alaska and the United States and between Alaska
and foreign countries, for the fiscal year amounted to $97,340,420, as
compared with $71,352,276 for the fiscal year 1915. The largely
increased value of copper-ore shipments from Alaska is a notable
feature in the business of the year. There is no abatement in the
volume of these shipments, and, indeed, they are steadily increasing
and will reach greater proportions during the fiscal year 1917 than
ever before. The principal increases in imports to Alaska from the
United States embraced lumber, hardware and machinery, spirituous
and malt liquors, and provisions.
'Wagon roads. — The era of wagon-road construction in the Terri-
tory began only within the past decade. Prior to that time there
were no roads in Alaska. There were moose and caribou runs or
paths in the interior country, which were welcomed by the sore-
footed and tired prospector and miner. There were crude trails
hewed through the wilderness, both on the coast and in the interior
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 77
country, over which the weary traveler carried his pack, or, if he
was fortunate enough to own a horse, the poor animal stumbled over
the trail, through swamp and timber, more often knee-deep in mud
than on solid ground. The roads that have been constructed are
not the fine highways of many of the States, but they mark the be-
ginning of a system of military and post roads which are of incal-
culable service in the development of the regions through which they
run. Automobiles during the open season negotiate the road be-
tween Valdez and Fairbanks and Chitina and Fairbanks, making
regular trips. The further development of the mineral, agricultural,
and other resources of the Territory is as much dependent upon the
construction of roads as upon railroad construction. Railroads will
open to development extensive districts, to be sure, but wagon roads
must, in the last analysis, be depended upon to develop tonnage for
the railroads. Through the agency of good roads the natural re-
sources of the Territory will be developed; over these roads mail
routes will be established, and the present cost of transportation
largely reduced, and, therefore, they will be money savers as well as
mone}^ makers, for the national wealth will thereby be greatly in-
creased. The Federal appropriation for roads in Alaska for the
present fiscal year was substantially increased, and it is suggested
that hereafter Congress should appropriate annually not less than
$500,000 for this purpose for a period of years. It will be an invest-
ment that will be productive of lasting results. The Territorial gov-
ernment is cooperating with the Federal Government in the building
of roads and trails so far as its means will permit, and it is probable
that hereafter the sum available from the Territorial treasury will be
substantially increased. The expenditures by the Alaska Road Com-
mission, which is charged with the work of constructing and main-
taining roads and trails in the Territory, during the fiscal year
amounted to $300,720.62, of which $135,708.89 was received from the
Alaska fund and $165,000 from a special appropriation made by Con-
gress. Total mileage, wagon roads and trails, on June 30, 1916, was
2,210.
Aids to navigation. — During the fiscal year the Department of
Commerce, through the Lighthouse Service, continued its excellent
work in providing additional aids to navigation along the Alaska
coast, so far as the appropriation at its disposal would permit.
Thirty-five lights were added to the existing number, and two were
improved. Eighteen buoys, including one gas buoy and five beacons
were established. The work of making wire-drag surveys of the
navigable waters along the Alaska coast through what is known
as the Inside Passage was continued during the year, but much addi-
tional work remains to be done. This work is of inestimable value
and should be vigorously prosecuted until the navigation of the inland
78 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
coast waters is made as safe as human ingenuity and skill can
make it.
Incorporated towns. — There are 16 incorporated towns in the Ter-
ritory and there is no bonded indebtedness, incorporated towns be-
ing inhibited from incurring such by the terms of the organic act
of 1912. Eeports received from 12 incorporated towns which
caused an assessment of property to be made in 1915 show a
total assessed valuation of $14,656,697. For the year 1915 the
assessed valuation of 11 towns was $14,156,697, an increase of
$1,610,203 over the previous year. There is no assessment of real
or personal property outside of incorporated towns. The Territory
raises its revenues largely from business and trade licenses and a
tax upon the output of salmon canneries.
Banks. — Alaska has 14 Territorial banks and 3 national banks, an
increase of 4 Territorial banks for the year. Prior to 1913 the Ter-
ritory had no banking law, but in that year the legislature enacted
a rather comprehensive law which, in the main, is working satis-
factorily. The deposits in the various Territorial banks on August
5, 1916, according to the returns made to the Territorial banking
board, aggregated $4,985,006. These banks have a combined capital
of $540,000 and surplus accounts and undivided profits amounting
to $258,169.84.
Secretary of the Territory. — The duties of the offices of surveyor
general and ex officio secretary of Alaska are vested in one official.
These offices should be segregated and an annual appropriation made
for the maintenance of the latter office. There is nothing in common
between the work of the offices as at present conducted, and the
needs of the Territory require that the surveyor general give undi-
vided attention to that office. With the promise of extensive devel-
opment and an increase in population, the office of the secretary of
Alaska will become more and more important, and to it, for the pres-
ent, might be attached a bureau of immigration and industrial sta-
tistics— two lines of endeavor of vast importance to the Territory,
not only in the immediate present, but in the future as well. It may
be pointed out here that Congress has never made any provision for
the maintenance or equipment of the office of the secretary of Alaska.
Governor of the Territory. — Although the powers of the governor
are somewhat limited, nevertheless he discharges a multiplicity of
duties. The creation of the Territorial legislature in 1912 added
largely to the work of the governor's office. The governor of Alaska
is ex officio superintendent of public instruction under the Federal
law, and under the Territorial law he is also ex officio commissioner
of health, chairman of the Territorial banking board, president of
the board of trustees of the Alaska Pioneers' Home (which board
also passes upon applications for pensions under the old-age pension
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 79
law passed in 1915), and superintendent of the board for the relief of
destitution. Besides filling the foregoing offices, the governor also
supervises and appoints the Alaska medical board, the board of dental
examiners, the Alaska pharmacy board, and boards of children's
guardians for the respective judicial divisions. Congress makes an
annual appropriation for the salary of the governor's private secre-
tary and the Territorial legislature makes a biennial appropriation
for clerical assistance.
HAWAII.
The governor of Hawaii in his annual report states that the year
has been one of unusual interest and the outward evidences of pros-
perity quite general. There were no labor troubles, and no business
failures of moment occurred. The Hawaiian Islands long have been
noted for their constantly mild, agreeable climate, striking scenery
and natural phenomena, and in all likelihood will become a resort for
tourists and seasonal residents. The past year has brought the great-
est encouragement that this feature may become a great factor in the
social life and welfare of the islands. Public opinion seems favor-
able to rendering accessible, by good roads, the interesting and^en-
tertaining features of the islands, and to undertake to preserve natu-
ral flora and objects. [Recently big-game fishing in Hawaiian waters
has been discovered to be high-class sport and is being sought by
mainland sportsmen. Grounds for manly sports have been estab-
lished and skilled organizations add peculiar interest to sports. The
horse seems to be coming back to his own in Hawaii, both in breed-
ing and sports, as polo and races are given prominence.
For several years past it has been urged that a national park be
established at Kilauea, Hawaii, with the result that Congress, by act
approved August 1, 1916, set aside certain tracts of land on the
islands of Hawaii and Maui as a public park or pleasure ground, for
the benefit and enjoyment of the people, to be known as Hawaii Na-
tional Park, and embracing the celebrated volcanoes Kilauea, Mauna
Loa, and Haleakala. With the Government taking over both of these
wonders of nature and making the improvements that are customary
in national-park areas, Hawaii will be provided with attractions for
tourists and world travelers unequalled anywhere on the globe.
There is every reason to believe that the strongest local support will
be given the Government in these projects.
Working along similar lines, the Territory plans to make the
Makiki Round Top Mountain (Oahu) a park that will be equally as
interesting, although much smaller and without the attraction of a
volcano, extinct or active. This park will have one large advantage
in being located almost in the heart of the city of Honolulu.
80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Imports and exports. — The imports aggregated $34,098,210 as
against $26,064,855 for 1915. The import of foodstuffs for human
consumption was $7,813,359 as against $8,739,609 for 1915 ; the dif-
ference being accounted for in the falling off in breadstuffs imported.
There is known to be a shortage in the flour supply on hand ; hence
the difference is made up from depletion of normal stocks.
The exports aggregated $64,670,852 as against $62,368,356 for
1915. Sugar exported for the year totaled 568,584 tons, valued at
$54,409,585, and pineapples valued at $6,889,705, or a total for these
two products of $63,299,290, against a value last year of $59,272,129.
Other principal products totaled— coffee, $418,607; hides, $259,623;
rice, $144,120, and bananas, $209,026.
Customs and internal-revenue receipts. — The customs receipts were
$1,161,051.12 as against $1,019,534.63 for 1915. Since the organiza-
tion of Territorial government in 1900 the customs receipts have
aggregated $21,791,173.99. Internal-revenue receipts yielded $694,-
137.85, an increase over the year 1915 of $159,555.23.
Territorial finances. — The Territory continues to collect and pay
over to the city and county of Honolulu and the counties the greater
part of their revenues, and in turn receives back from them the cost
of assessing and collecting taxes and the interest and sinking fund on
bonds issued by the Territory for the benefit of the counties.
The assessment of property increased $30,369,007 over the pre-
vious year, the total being $206,970,229. The total revenues collected
by the Territory and counties aggregated $5,420,685.03, an increase
of $728,853.22 over the year 1915. Of the above income $2,763,976.29
was by law set aside for the county governments and $2,656,708.74
remained for Territorial expenditure. Out of the $4,044,673.81 avail-
able for the Territory from current revenues, including cash on
hand, $3,556,591.33 was expended, leaving a net cash balance on
hand at the close of the fiscal year of $488,082.48.
Bonded debt. — The bonded indebtedness of the Territory on July
1, 1915, was $8,124,000, which amount was decreased during the year
by the payment of the 1903 issue of 4^ per cent public-improvement
bonds to the amount of $100,000, making the indebtedness at the
close of the fiscal period $8,024,000.
During the year the Territory issued refunding bonds in the
amount of $1,750,000, carrying 4 per cent interest to replace the
issue of October 1, 1903, of $750,000 4J per cent bonds and the issue
of January 2, 1905, of $1,000,000 4J per cent bonds. The interest
on these issues ceased May 20, 1916.
The money received from the sale of these refunding bonds was
deposited with the United States Mortgage & Trust Co. of New
York City, and at the close of the business year, June 30, there
had been redeemed $250,000 of this issue of 1903 and $611,000 of the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
81
issue of 1905, leaving a balance of $889,000 yet to be presented for
redemption.
During the year there was sold the $250,000 balance on the 4 per
cent bond issue of September 15, 1914.
Territorial bonded indebtedness, June SO, 1916.
Date of issue.
Term in
years.
Interest.
Sale
price.
Percent-
age
basis.
outstand-
ing.
Date due.
Where sold.
Oct. 4, 1905
Jan. 2, 1906
Oct. 1,1907
Oct. 1,1909
Aug. 1,1911
Sept. 3, 1912
Sept. 15,1914
May 15, 1916
5 to 15
5 to 15
5 to 15
5 to 15
20 to 30
20 to 30
20 to 30
20 to 30
Per cent.
4
3i
3i
4
4
4
4
$101. 375
98. 125
98. 150
98. 250
101. 5875
100. 5887
100. 01
100. 00
3.70
3.66
3.66
3.65
3.88
3.985
4.00
4.00
$600,000
750,000
294, 000
200, 000
1,500,000
1,500,000
1,430,000
1,750,000
Oct. 4, 1920
Jan. 2, 1921
Oct. 1, 1922
Oct. 1, 1924
Aug. 1, 1941
Sept. 3,1942
Sept. 15, 1944
May 15,1946
Honolulu.
New York.
Honolulu.
Do.
New York.
Do.
Honolulu and
New York.
Do.
,1916
8,024,000
The bonded indebtedness at the close of the year was 3.87 per cent
of the assessed value of property. The limit of aggregate indebted-
ness is fixed by the organic act as 7 per cent of such assessed value,
and the limit of the amount that may be incurred in any one year is
fixed at 1 per cent.
Bank deposits and insurance. — Bank deposits at the end of the
year amounted to $26,379,249.68, and of that amount $9,061,910.28
were savings deposits, as of June 30; commercial deposits, as of
December 31, increased $4,939,297.87 and savings $1,325,340.96.
Fire insurance premiums amounted to $602,634.14 and fire losses
to $82,171.21 ; marine premiums $272,637.78, losses $646,408.27.
Corporations. — During the year 26 mercantile, 6 agricultural, 1
bank, 1 railway, and 2 eleemosynary corporations — 36 in all — were
created, and 188 mercantile, 37 agricultural, 4 railway, 1 eleemosy-
nary, 3 savings and loan, and 2 insurance corporations were dis-
solved, leaving at the close of the year 736 domestic corporations,
a decrease of 199 in all. The total capitalization of domestic cor-
porations other than eleemosynary is $161,915,528, a decrease of
$13,170,765, or 7.5 per cent for the year. Foreign corporations to
the number of 154, as compared with 152 for the preceding year, were
authorized to do business. Five national banks are also doing busi-
ness in the Territory.
Population and its problems. — The estimated population on June
30, 1916, was 2157,623, a net increase of 45,714, or 23.87 per cent since
1910, divided as follows: Hawaiian, 23,770; part Hawaiian, 15,334;
Portuguese, 23,755; Spanish, 3,577; Porto Rican, 5,187; other Cau-
casian, 16,042; Chinese, 21,954; Japanese, 97,000; Filipinos and
others, 22,152 ; and Army and Navy, 8,852.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 6
82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The total number of births during the year was 7,899, as against
8,507 for the previous year. The total number of deaths from all
causes was 3,940, as against 3,556 during the previous year.
The Territorial activities in connection with immigration have
been confined to the repatriation at their request of incapacitated and
dependent assisted immigrants. There were deported 29 families
and 1 single woman of Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian races, com-
prising 135 persons — 31 men, 38 women, and 66 children. There
has been a moderate increase of Filipino immigration, which, with
births, has increased the population of that nationality by 1,678,
making a total of 16,898.
Public health. — The greater part of the public-health work is
cared for by the Territorial board of health, although some is han-
dled by the local governments and great assistance given by various
corporations, organizations, and individuals financially and in other
ways. The United States Public Health Service and the Territorial
board of health accomplish a great deal through cooperative efforts.
The morbidity and mortality reports give a clear insight into the
general health conditions of the Territory. A slight increase of 1.20
is shown in the mortality rate over the previous period, which is
largely due to an increase in the number of cases of measles.
Whenever necessary, the various islands of the group have been
visited and talks given on health and sanitation. A medical inspector
of schools has been appointed during the year, and the results of his
work are set forth in the governor's report. The Territory employs
26 physicians, who have collectively visited 11,283 homes, received
11,026 office calls, filled 18,222 prescriptions, examined (exclusive of
Honolulu) 19,628 school children, vaccinated 3,387, performed 86
post-mortems, and traveled 29,460 miles at an expense of $24,526.16.
A complete sanitary survey has been made of every dairy in the
Territory for the use of the milk commission, which was appointed
January 20 of this year. The work of compiling a sanitary code for
the Territory is well under way, a commission having been appointed
to handle this subject. The principal considerations of the board of
health are leprosy, tuberculosis, sanitation, and pure food.
The four institutions for the treatment of leprosy are the leper
settlement on the island of Molokai, the leper hospital at Kalihi, and
the homes for nonleprous boys and girls of leprous parents in Hono-
lulu. During the year 55 patients were received and 66 died. Two
were examined at the settlement and declared lepers, leaving a total
of 629 at the close of the year, 9 less than the previous year. Of
these 397 were male and 252 female. At the Kalihi Hospital there
were 30 patients at the beginning of the year; 76 were admitted, 1
reexamined and released, 1 released on parole, 2 died, and 55 trans-
ferred to the leper settlement, leaving 44 in the hospital at the end
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
83
of the year. There were 39 boys at the home for boys, as compared
with 37 at the close of the preceding year, and 56 girls as compared
with 57. The nationality of the leper population was as follows:
403 Hawaiian, 107 part Hawaiian, 48 Portuguese, 29 Chinese, 13
Japanese, 10 Korean, 5 Filipino, 5 German, 3 American, and 6 scat-
tered among other races.
Public lands. — The following table shows the total area of govern-
ment lands and their estimated valuation as of June 30, 1916 :
Public lands of the Territory of Hawaii as of June 30, 1016.
Classification.
Area.
Total area.
Valuation.
Total
valuation.
Acres.
Acres.
57,131.36
$4,411,073.60
35, 240. 54
$3,701,385.00
537,294.60
163, 860. 00
8, 534. 00
20, 199. 99
1,299.39
385. 34
31,380.83
500,661.30
18,645.08
10,791.00
1,944.75
310,382.75
142, 608. 55
47,760.00
2,203.39
486, 178. 39
136,939.00
1,365,038.75
576,893.87
565,030.87
6,413,712.65
2,751 266.00
215,085.35
349,945.52
500,000.00
1,000,000.00
751,266.00
500, 000. 00
The forest lands and forest reserves are a dead
asset, except as valued according to the water
sources which originate in them. An esti-
mated value is as follows:
On the island of Kauai
1,141,924.74
508,006.05
Total public lands
1,649,930.79
19,164,978.65
1 Total estimated value.
Homesteading. — There were taken up during the year 93 home-
steads, covering an area of 2,513 acres, at valuations aggregating
$19,859.13, or $7.89 per acre, on the average. The homesteads taken
averaged 21.11 acres each. They were taken by different nationali-
ties, as follows: Hawaiians, 57; Portuguese, 20; Americans, 4; and
others, 12. To enable homesteaders to obtain homesteads of suitable
size for their needs they are given the option of taking one or two,
or, in some cases, three lots. There were taken under special home-
stead agreements, 40 ; under certificates of occupation, 5 ; under right-
of -purchase leases, 37; under cash freehold agreements, 5; and as
homestead leases, 6.
During the year 50 homesteads were surrendered or forfeited, cov-
ering an area of 1,095.16 acres, which had been sold at prices aggre-
84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
gating $13,540.52. During the same period 5G transfers of homestead
lots were made, having an area of 967 acres, valued at $28,297.97.
Homestead roads were constructed out of the entire proceeds of
homestead sales, rentals under right-of-purchase leases, and interest
on deferred payments. Homesteaders are given advice and assistance
in various ways by the Hawaii experiment station and its marketing
bureau, the College of Hawaii, and the bureau of agriculture and
forestry.
During the year 22 general leases of residence and other lots were
sold at public auction, aggregating 25.91 acres in area, and producing
$8,215; 4 general leases covering pastoral, forest, and cane lands
were sold, aggregating 21,320.94 acres, at an annual rental of $7,114;
and 6 land and water licenses were granted for periods of 21 years
each, at a total rate of $333. A number of transfers, exchanges, and
purchases of land for public purposes were made.
Patents. — There were issued during the year 201 patents, covering
an area of 2,567.59 acres, for considerations aggregating $80,135.83,
or at the rate of $31.21 per acre. Of these, 68 were right-of-purchase
leases, 1 land exchange, 58 time payments, 11 cash freehold agree-
ments, 27 cash purchases, 23 preference rights, 8 compromises with
abutting owners, 5 homesteads under acts of 1892 and 1895.
Revenues and disbursements. — The total receipts of the land de-
partment were $373,306.29, as compared with $355,400.43 for the pre-
ceding year. The expenditures of the land department for the year
were $26,146.51, of which $14,210.17 was from appropriations made
by the legislature and $11,936.34 from the proceeds of public lands,
which may be used for surveying and opening homesteads under the
terms of the organic act.
Education. — During the year there were maintained 171 public
schools, with 804 teachers and 30,205 pupils; the cost of the main-
tenance of the schools for such period was $899,501.33. The number
of private schools was 52, having 324 teachers and a total attendance
of 7,741. The number of pupils of all races in public and private
schools was 36,529 in 1915, as against 37,946 in 1916, an increase for
the present year of 1,417, being a percentage of 3.42. In addition to
the foregoing there are in the Territory 112 Japanese schools, given
over to the teaching of the Japanese language and other subjects that
are peculiarly Japanese. These schools are not regarded as in the
line of private schools for the reason that their curriculum does not
replace that of the public schools. These Japanese schools meet be-
fore or after the public-school sessions, wholly in their own buildings
and under their own teachers, and they cared for 11,216 pupils during
1915. The schools are located, 25 on the island of Oahu, 10 in the
city of Honolulu, 22 on Maui, 44 on Hawaii, and 21 on Kauai.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 85
Forestry. — One new reserve of 15 acres in Manoa Valley, Oahu,
was created by proclamation of the governor, making a total in the
Territory of 38 forest reserves on the six main islands, aggregating
in area 798,229 acres. Forest extension has consisted of the actual work
of tree planting, and the encouragement of planting on waste lands
by the raising and distributing at cost of seedlings. Private parties
in conjunction with the service set out during. the last year a total
of 84,489 trees ; 53 per cent of this planting was for fuel production,
and 52 per cent of the trees planted consisted of swamp mahogany,
a quick-growing species.
Transportation. — Hawaii was given added steamship facilities dur-
ing the past year through the entrance of the Great Northern Pacific
Steamship Co. into Hawaiian trade, the steamship Great Northern
making seven round trips between San Francisco and Honolulu
during the period November 26, 1915, to April 8, 1916, while the
steamship Northern Pacific made one special trip during the carnival
season in February. It is announced that the Pacific Mail Steam-
ship Co., which withdrew from Pacific service on September 30, 1915,
will reenter this trade during the next few months.
Public works. — The department of public works is building the
new penitentiary, costing $225,000, and is embodying in it the very
latest prison equipment and liberal features for the care of health,
and also providing social facilities for the welfare of the prisoners.
Other buildings constructed for the board of health cover buildings
for the insane and also for the industrial schools. A scenic road has
been built into the mountains back of Honolulu. The most impor-
tant work has been wharf construction throughout the islands, par-
ticularly that in progress at Honolulu, and the completion of Kuhio
Wharf at Hilo.
NATIONAL PARKS.
National Park Service. — There has heretofore been no service to
which the duty of administering the national parks has been dele-
gated. The work has been done by a small and inadequate force in
the Secretary's office, the members of which have had their regular
departmental duties to perform and have given such time as has
been possible to the park work. Each of the national parks has
been created by a law differing more or less from the law creat-
ing each of the other parks, and heretofore they have been ad-
ministered as individual reservations with no particular relation
to each other. This method of handling the parks has, for reasons
that are quite apparent, been both inefficient and unsatisfactory. The
Secretary realized that legislation establishing a park service was
essential to the proper management of these wondrous manifes-
86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
tations of nature, so startling and so beautiful that every one rec-
ognizes the obligation of the Government to preserve them for
the edification and recreation of the people, and upon his recom-
mendation the act to establish a National Park Service was passed
by Congress and became a law on August 25, 1916.
This act provides for the appointment by the Secretary of the
Interior of a director, assistant director, chief clerk, and other em-
ployees of the National Park Service, and puts under the director,
subject to the supervision of the Secretary, the supervision, manage-
ment, and control of the national parks and monuments and of the
Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, which have heretofore been
administered by the Interior Department. The act also provides
that the Secretary may make rules and regulations for the use and
management of the reservations and prescribes punishment for the
infraction of such rules and regulations; it also gives power to the
Secretary to grant privileges, leases, and permits for the use of the
lands for the accommodation of visitors in the reservations, for
periods not to exceed 20 years and for areas not to exceed 20 acres
in any one place, and to grant grazing privileges in any of the reser-
vations except the Yellowstone National Park when such use of the
lands does not interfere with the primary purpose for which the park
was created. This act, however, carried no appropriation for the
organization of the service, and accordingly an estimate in the sum
of $19,500 has been submitted to Congress in the estimates for the
next fiscal year.
Mr. Stephen T. Mather, Assistant to the Secretary, continues to
have supervision of the work of the several national parks and
national monuments.
Superintendent of national parhs. — On December 9, 1915, Mr.
Mark Daniels, who had been appointed as general superintendent of
national parks, with headquarters at San Francisco, Cal., resigned
to continue his private business. The experience of over a year in
the management of the parks in the field demonstrated the advisa-
bility of dispensing with a general superintendent having permanent
headquarters away from Washington, and on December 10, 1915,
Mr. R. B. Marshall, of the United States Geological Survey, was
appointed as superintendent of national parks. In the urgent de-
ficiency bill approved February 28, 1916, authority was granted the
superintendent to remain in Washington, D. C, to June 30, 1916,
and the sundry civil act approved July 1, 1916, authorized the em-
ployment in Washington and the payment from the park appropria-
tions and revenues of a superintendent of national parks and four
other employees, and under this authority Mr. Marshall was con-
tinued in the service as superintendent. On July 16, 1916, Mr.
Joseph J. Cotter, formerly assistant at'orney in the department and
REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR.
87
recently in charge of mails, files, and appointments, was appointed
assistant superintendent of national parks, and three clerks were also
appointed to assist in the work. While this organization has not
been adequate to handle all the work in Washington and the service
is still dependent upon the department for assistance, it may be stated
that much has already been done toward coordinating the work and
as soon as the appropriations for the national-park service have been
made the entire work in connection with the administration of these
areas may be taken over and executed in a much more comprehensive
manner than has been .possible in past years.
Area of National Parks. — Congress inaugurated the policy of
setting aside tracts of land in various sections of the country as
pleasure grounds for the people in the establishment by the act
of March 1, 1872 (17 Stat. L., 32), of the Yellowstone National
Park in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Since that time 15 addi-
tional national parks have been created, the latest being the Hawaiian
National Park in the Territory of Hawaii and the Lassen Volcanic
National Park in northern California. The total land embraced in
these reservations is 4,821,302.83 acres. The areas of these national
parks, with the dates of the establishment of each, are as follows:
Area of national parks.
Park.
Date of es-
tablishment.
Acreage.
Hot Springs Reservation, in Arkansas
Yellowstone, in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
Casa Grande Ruin, in Arizona
Sequoia, in California
Yosemite, in California
General Grant, in California
Mount Rainier, in Washington
Crater Lake, in Oregon
Wind Cave, in South Dakota
Piatt, in Oklahoma
Sullys Hill, in North Dakota...
Mesa Verde, in Colorado
Glacier, in Montana
Rocky Mountain, in Colorado..
Hawaii, in Territory of Hawaii.
Lassen Volcanic, in California..
Apr.
Mar.
Mar.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Mar.
May
Jan.
fJuly
[Apr.
Apr.
[June
[June
May
Jan.
Aug.
Aug.
20, 1832
1, 1872
2,1889
25, 1890
1, 1890
1,1890
2, 1899
22, 1902
9, 1903
1,1902
21, 1904
27, 1904
29, 1906
30, 1913
11,1910
26, 1915
1, 1916
9, 1916
911.63
2,142,720
480
161,597
719,622
2,536
207,360
159,360
10,522
848.22
780
48,966.40
981,681
229,062
75,295
79,561.58
Total.
4,821,302.83
Visitors. — During the season just closed the number of tourists
visiting these national playgrounds aggregated 358,006, as against
335,299 for the season of 1915, an increase of approximately 7 per
cent. The general public has continued to manifest interest in the
parks, as is evidenced by the large number of communications re-
ceived, coupled with requests for literature regarding them.
Through the cooperation of a number of railroads it has been
possible to publish a collection of illustrated booklets known as the
National Parks Portfolio, which became so well advertised and known
88
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
all over the country that, although an edition of 275,000 was printed,
it was not possible to supply the demand. It is planned, how-
ever, to issue a sale edition, which may be purchased from the Super-
intendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, and is expected
to be available this winter.
The following table strikingly indicates how greatly popular
interest in the national parks has increased :
Tourist travel.
Park.
1914
1915
1916
Hot Springs Reservation, Ark
Yellowstone National Park, Wyo
Casa Grande Ruin, Ariz
Sequoia National Park, Cal
Yosemite National Park, Cal
General Grant National Park, Cal
Mount Rainier National Park, Wash. .
Crater Lake National Park, Oreg
Wind Cave National Park, S. Dak
Piatt National Park, Okla
Sullys Hill Park, N. Dak
Mesa Verde National Park, Colo
Glacier National Park, Mont
Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo.
125,000
20,250
1500
4,667
15, 145
3,735
15,038
7,096
3,592
' 30, 000
500
502
14,168
115,000
51.895
1500
7,647
33,452
10,523
35, 166
11,371
2,817
120,000
1,000
663
14,265
131,000
118,740
35,849
1,909
10,780
33,390
15,360
23,989
12,265
9,000
130,000
11,500
1,385
12,839
151,000
Total.
240, 193
335,299
358,006
t Estimate.
Economic value of national parks. — Leaving out of consideration
the cost to visitors of transportation from their homes to the parks,
a fair idea of the economic value of tourist travel in five of the
larger parks may be obtained by consideration of the financial reports
of concessionaires, which show gross receipts for past seasons in the
following approximate estimates: Yellowstone National Park in
1913, $1,186,811.36; in 1914, $848,688.44; and in 1915, $2,003,072.35.
Yosemite National Park in 1913, $359,481.45; in 1914, $334,914.32;
and in 1915, $630,033.60. Mount Rainier National Park in 1913,
$66,942.76; in 1914, $61,078.08; and in 1915, $138,120.23. Glacier
National Park in 1913, $161,510.87; in 1914, $155,716.14; and in 1915,
$277,086.54. Hot Springs Reservation in 1913, $253,526.98; in 1914,
$233,946.85; and in 1915, $200,629.21. The financial reports of con-
cessionaires in the parks for the season of 1916 have not yet been
received in the department.
Appropriations and revenues. — The total of appropriations made
by Congress for protection and improvement of these parks during
the year, expendable under this department, was $252,550, and the
amount thereof expended during that period was $250,940.89. The
total of revenues received from concessions in all the parks was
$177,470.69, and the total amount thereof expended was $141,692.42.
The appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, total
$529,800.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
89
Expenditures of revenues. — The several acts of Congress setting
aside lands for national-park purposes, except in the case of Crater
Lake National Park, Oreg., Mesa Verde and Eocky Mountain Na-
tional Parks, Colo., the recently created Hawaii National Park
in the Territory of Hawaii, and Lassen Volcanic National Park in
Calif ornia, authorize the expenditure of the revenues derived from the
privileges or concessions therein in the management and protection
of the respective reservations. The revenues from the five parks
above mentioned, however, are under existing law deposited in the
Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts, and the parks re-
ceive no direct benefit therefrom. It is highly desirable that these
parks, so far as their revenues are concerned, be put upon the same
footing as the other national parks, and recommendation to this
effect has been incorporated in the annual estimates to be submitted
to Congress in December of this year.
Automobiles in the parks. — Automobiles are now admitted under
regulations governing travel over the generally traveled roads in
all of the national parks and over the West Mountain roads in Hot
Springs Reservation ; the other roads in the Hot Springs Reservation,
however, are not in such condition, considering the safety of indi-
viduals and animals, as to permit of their joint use by motor-driven
vehicles and vehicles drawn by horses. On special occasions, how-
ever, and under special restrictions motor-driven vehicles are per-
mitted over all the roads in the reservation. The total number of
automobiles admitted to all the parks was 14,976; the total number
of motorcycles, 179; the total revenues derived therefrom being
$64,310.23, as against $42,589.73 received from this source in 1915.
The following table shows the automobile licenses issued in the
parks during the seasons of 1914, 1915, and 1916, respectively:
Automobile licenses issued, seasons of 1914, 1915, and 1916.
1914
1915
1916
Automo-
biles.
Motor
cycles.
Automo-
biles.
Motor
cycles.
Automo-
biles.
Motor
cycles.
Yellowstone
958
330
3,895
1,584
3,238
2,015
86
457
3,343
729
3,913
1,714
2,903
1,749
178
447
Sequoia
158
673
392
1,594
1,107
34
267
11
4
Yosemite
General Grant
12
188
18
4
4
40
247
31
39
97
Crater Lake
26
Mesa Verde
2
Glacier
26
11
Total
4,225
226
12,563
355
14,976
179
The extremely rapid development of motoring throughout the
country and its enjoyment by people of all degrees of income has led
to an active policy of road extension in all the national parks. The
90 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
large increase in automobile travel through the parks during the
season of 1915 seemed to warrant the issuance during 1916 of special
guide maps and automobile regulations combined for the use of
automobilists, and as an experiment such guide maps were issued
for the Yosemite and Yellowstone Parks; approximately 17,000
copies were distributed to automobile clubs, chambers of commerce,
and individuals. The appreciation of the usefulness of these maps
was shown by the large increase in travel. It is planned to issue
similar maps for each park for the season of 1917.
Private holdings. — The administration of affairs in all of the na-
tional parks, with the exception of the Yellowstone, General Grant,
Piatt, Wind Cave, and Sullys Hill, is considerably embarrassed by
the fact that within the respective boundaries are many patented
lands and some toll roads. These private holdings are as follows:
Yosemite National Park, 19,827 acres; Sequoia National Park,
3,716.96 acres; Crater Lake National Park, 1,337 acres and 1,121.11
acres of unperfected claims; Mount Eainier National Park, 18.2
acres; Glacier National Park, 8,864.40 acres of patented lands and
7,803.71 acres of unperfected claims ; Lassen Volcanic National Park,
880 acres; and Hawaii National Park, 41,000 acres. The majority
of these lands, including the Coulterville and Wawona toll roads in
Yosemite National Park, should be acquired by the Government.
In Sequoia National Park, the lands on wThich the largest and
finest of the big trees (Sequoia was king toniana) stand, the very
trees which the establishment of the park in 1890 was intended to
preserve forever, are private holdings. These are in the famous
Giant Forest, the greatest scenic feature of Sequoia National Park
and the most accessible. Congress at its last session took cognizance
of the status of these wonderful trees and appropriated $50,000 to
enable the Secretary of the Interior to purchase such of the private
holdings in the park as in his judgment were " desirable for the best
administration of the reservation."
Negotiations were entered into with a view to the purchasing of
the private holdings in the Giant Forest, particularly the Roland-
Farnsworth holdings, on which stand the largest big trees. It was
found, however, that $70,000 was the lowest price at which these
holdings could be purchased, and an option at this price was tendered
the department. Oh November 10, 1916, the additional fund of
$20,000 was made available by the National Geographic Society, that
great public-spirited organization which has done so much to advance
the science of geography in recent years, and steps will be taken at
once to consummate the purchase of the holdings under option.
Then will the oldest and noblest forest in the world be preserved
for all generations.
KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 91
No event in the development of the national park system has been
more important than the safeguarding of these giant trees, and the
great public service of the National Geographic Society in making
their preservation possible can not be too highly commended.
In the estimates of appropriations for the next fiscal year recom-
mendation has been included as to each park wherein there are
private holdings that the Secretary of the Interior be authorized to
accept patented lands or rights of way over patented lands which
may be donated for park purposes; and also, in his discretion, to
accept donations of buildings, moneys, or other property which
might be useful in the better administration of affairs of the parks.
In discussing the matter of the acquisition of private holdings in the
parks the Secretary of the Interior, in a prior annual report, stated :
It is of special and urgent importance that provision should also be made by-
Congress for the extinguishment of private holdings in the several parks. These
holdings seriously interfere with- the proper administration of the parks and
impair their usefulness and beauty in many ways. They can be extinguished
either by way of direct appropriation for their purchase or by authorizing their
exchange for lands or timber within the particular parks or within the national
forest reserve adjacent thereto. The public timber so exchanged can, in many
cases, be confined to dead or matured timber, which can be removed from the
parks without injuriously affecting the scenic beauty thereof. If authority
of this sort is vested in the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the
Interior, as to the reserves of which they have jurisdiction, respectively, ex-
changes of park or forest lands or timber can be made for appropriate strips of
private timbered lands along the public roads within the exterior limits of the
parks or forest reserves, so as to protect the scenic beauty of these roads from
impending destruction.
Subsequently, by acts of Congress approved April 9, 1912 (37 Stat.,
80), and April. 16, 1914 (38 Stat., 345), authority was granted for
the exchange of lands along the roads in Yosemite National Park for
lands of equal value in other sections of the park and under certain
specified conditions in the Sierra and Stanislaus National Forests,
Cal. Under the provisions of these laws several private holdings
have been exchanged for lands in the park and the adjacent national
forests.
Senate bill No. 778, which passed the Senate on July 19, 1916,
authorized the Secretary, for the purpose of eliminating private
holdings within the Glacier National Park and to preserve the
natural timber along the roads in the scenic portions thereof on pat-
ented and park lands, to obtain for the United States a complete title
to any or all lands held in private or State ownership within the
park "by the exchange of dead, decadent, or matured timber that
can be removed from any part of the park without affecting the
scenic beauty thereof, or from Government lands within the metes
and bounds of the national forests within the State of Montana,"
92 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
and also to exchange for patented lands in the park Government
lands of equal value within national forests in said State, the lands
in the national forests to be offered in exchange to be determined
by the Secretary of Agriculture. This bill should be enacted into
law at the earliest practicable date.
Jurisdiction. — At the time of the rendition of the last annual report
the United States had exclusive jurisdiction over the lands in Yellow-
stone National Park within the State of Wyoming and also over the
lands within the Glacier National Park, Mont., and Piatt National
Park, Okla., and Congress had provided a means of enforcement of the
laws and regulations pertaining thereto. Since that time Congress,
by act approved June 30, 1916, has accepted cession by the State of
Washington of jurisdiction over the lands within the Mount Rainier
National Park, and, by act approved August 21, 1916, has accepted
cession by £he State of Oregon of exclusive jurisdiction over the
lands in the Crater Lake National Park. In other national parks,
however, over which the laws of the State in which they are located
obtain administrative difficulties have been encountered owing to the
inability of the department to secure through the courts punishment
for violation of the regulations. It is hoped that at the next meeting
of the legislatures of the several States in which these other national
parks are situated jurisdiction will be ceded to the Federal Govern-
ment, so that it may be possible to promulgate uniform rules and
regulations that can be locally administered. In this way much more
satisfactory results will be obtained than are practicable under present
conditions.
By act approved June 28, 1916, Congress amended section 4 of the
act of May 7, 1894, entitled "An act to protect the birds and animals
in the Yellowstone National Park and to punish crimes in said park,
and for other purposes," so as to change the penalty for violation of
the provisions of the original act from a fine of not more than $1,000
and imprisonment not exceeding two years, to a fine of not more
than $500 and imprisonment not exceeding six months. The original
act doubtless contemplated that the offenses therein enumerated
should be dealt with as misdemeanors and the offenders tried before
the United States commissioner in the park. It was held, however,
that offenses under this act were crimes within the meaning of the
Constitution, and should be prosecuted by indictment in the regular
way. The amendment above mentioned now makes it possible to
treat the offenses as misdemeanors and try the offenders before the
United States commissioner in the park, resulting in more expedi-
tious and inexpensive enforcement of the law.
Conservation of wild animal life. — The national parks have the
seclusion and other protective conditions essential to the propagation
of wild animal life, and in consequence they will eventually become
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 93
great nature schools to which students of animal life will resort for
investigation and study. As stated in a prior annual report, the
wild animals in the Yellowstone Park have increased to such an ex-
tent, owing to the protection afforded them, as to warrant the depart-
ment in distributing them for propagation purposes to various parts
of the country. This distribution of animals is limited to Federal,
State, county, and municipal authorities, and no allotments are made
unless evidence is furnished that the laws of the State to which they
are intended to be transported afford them ample protection at all
times. During the past year permission has been granted for the
securing from this park, under proper restriction, of the following
animals: Six hundred and sixty-eight elk, 12 buffaloes, 8 grizzly
bears, 4 brown bears, 2 mountain lions, 2 wolves, and 2 families of
beaver.
When private holdings are extinguished in other national parks
and the United States laws supersede the State laws, these parks
will, in all likelihood, become to a greater degree than they now are,
centers of animal preservation from which surplus animals may be
distributed likewise for propagation purposes.
Increasing park areas and new national parks. — As stated in the
last annual report, Congress has so carefully cut the boundaries
of the national parks to the express purpose for which each was
created that, in some instances, scenic features of the very first order
were excluded. In the careful study which the department has since
made of each such territory it has become apparent that, in several
instances, outlying territory should be added to these reservations.
The most distinguished of these instances is Sequoia National Park,
the boundaries of which should be extended to include the superb
Kings Canyon on the north and on the east the Kern Canyon and
the west slope and summit of Mount Whitney, the highest point with
exception of Mount McKinley in the United States. Other instances
are the lands east of the Rocky Mountain National Park having
features of extraordinary beauty.
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the greatest natural
wonders of America, the gorge itself being one of the largest and
most magnificent in the world, and from its rim the traveler over-
looks a thousand square miles of pyramids and minarets rising from
the floor of the canyon and ever changing in color. It is at pres-
ent a national monument, administered by the Department of Ag-
riculture. The officials of that department have reached the con-
clusion that it should be made into a national park, as in this way
it would be more practicable to develop the reservation through
the construction of roads, trails, and such other improvements as
would afford increased attractions for tourists. It is hoped that the
94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Grand Canyon may be established as a national park during the
coming session of Congressy
A bill is pending in Congress for the establishment of the Mount
McKinley National Park, in the Territory of Alaska. Mount Mc-
Kinley is the loftiest mountain in North America, having an altitude
of 20,300 feet, and the highest peak in the world above the line of
perpetual snow ; it is one of the noblest spectacles of its kind. The
Government railroad, which is now being built in Alaska, runs
within about 45 miles of Mount McKinley, and the creation of this
national park would, no doubt, result in additional traffic for this
road and a greater number of visitors to Alaska, and give an impetus
to the settling of the country. Also the reservation of this land by
the creation of the park would mean the establishment of what would
probably be our greatest big-game preserve, with moose, caribou,
and bighorn sheep. This bill passed the Senate at its last session
and it is hoped that it will shortly be enacted into law.
New parks. — By act of Congress approved August 9, 1916, the
Lassen Volcanic National Park in the Sierra Nevadas, in the State
of California, was established. This park has an area of 79,561.58
acres and embraces the only region in the United States proper ex-
hibiting recent volcanic action. In addition to its volcano it con-
tains hot springs and mud geysers, ice caves, and lakes of volcanic
glass, as well as beautiful canyons, lakes, and trout streams. No
appropriation has as yet been made for this park, but an estimate in
the sum of $5,000 has been included in the estimates for the next fis-
cal year, with recommendation that it be made immediately avail-
able. The Secretary of Agriculture has permitted the Forest Service
to continue the patrol of the lands, as before the creation of the park
they were within a national forest, until such time as appropriation
is made and it is practicable for this department to administer the
reservation.
By act of Congress approved August 1, 1916, the Hawaii National
Park, in the Territory of Hawaii, was created. This park has an
area of 75,295 acres and includes two of the most famous active vol-
canoes in the world, and another which erupted less than 200 years
ago, in addition to the wonderful lava lake which is a mass of fire
1,000 feet in diameter. The act provides that no appropriation for
the park shall be authorized until conveyances shall have been made
to the United States of such perpetual rights of way over private
lands within the exterior boundaries of the park as the Secretary of
the Interior shall find necessary to make it reasonably accessible in all
its parts, and when such rights of way have been so conveyed report
thereof shall be made to Congress. Measures are now being taken
through the governor of Hawaii to obtain definite information as to
the conveyances of such rights of way.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR.
95
There are appended (p. 120-124) tables giving the location, date
of establishment; area; private holdings, if any; the number of
visitors; the special characteristics of the various national parks
under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior; the appro-
priations made by Congress for the protection and improvement of
the parks during 1916 and 10 years prior thereto and the expendi-
tures therefrom, as well as revenues derived from leases, privileges,
and concessions in said reservations received during said period and
the amounts expended therefrom; also a statement of automobile
receipts from November 17, 1915, to October 10, 1916.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS.
By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preser-
vation of American antiquities," the President of the United States
is authorized, " in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation
historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other
objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the
lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States
to be national monuments." Under such authority the President up
to the present time has created 36 monuments, two of which have
been included in the recently-created Lassen Volcanic National Park.
National monuments administered by Interior Department.
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Devils Tower
Wyoming
Sept. 24, 1906
Dec. 8, 1906
....do....
Acres.
I 152
Arizona
160
New Mexico
160
do
Mar. 11,1907
Jan. 9, 1908
Jan. 16,1908
Sept. 15, 1908
July 31,1909
Sept. 21, 1909
Sept. 25, 1909
Nov. 1,1909
Mar. 23,1910
May 30,1910
May 16,1911
May 24.1911
July 31,1911
Mar. 14,1912
Jan. 31,1914
Oct. 4,1915
July 8, 1916
Aug. 9, 1916
i 20, 629
295
California
do
2,080
Arizona
10
Utah
115,840
210
Wyoming
Natural Bridges 3
Utah
12,740
160
New Mexico
Sitka
Alaska
57
Rainbow Bridge 4
Utah
160
Lewis and Clark Cavern 2
Montana
160
Colorado
13,883
25, 625
Petrified Forest
Arizona
do
360
do
2,050
80
Utah
Sieur de Monts 2
Maine
5,000
680.37
New Mexico
1 Estimated area.
* Donated to the United States.
* Originally set aside by proclamation of Apr. 16, 1908, and contained only 120 acres.
* Within an Indian reservation.
An estimate in the sum of $5,000 for protection of these monuments
was submitted in 1915, and an appropriation of $3,500 was made in
the sundry civil act of July 1, 1916, which is now being expended.
96
KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
The protection and preservation of the national monuments as
public reservations are of great interest and importance, because a
great variety of objects, historic, prehistoric, and scientific in char-
acter, are thus preserved for public use intact, instead of being
exploited by private individuals for gain and their treasures scat-
tered. The following regulations for the protection of national
monuments promulgated November 19, 1910, are still in force:
1. Fires are absolutely prohibited.
2. No firearms are allowed.
3. No fishing permitted.
4. Flowers, ferns, or shrubs must not be picked, nor may any damage be
done to the trees.
5. Vehicles and horses may be left only at the places designated for this
purpose.
6. Lunches may be eaten only at the spots marked out for such use, and all
refuse and litter must be placed in the receptacles provided.
7. Pollution of the water in any manner is prohibited ; it must be kept clean
enough for drinking purposes.
8. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted.
9. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad be-
havior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily
removed.
Four new monuments were created during the year, two under this
department and two under the Department of Agriculture. Two na-
tional monuments were abolished during the year — the Lassen Peak
and Cinder Cone — by inclusion within the Lassen Volcanic National
Park, created by act of Congress August 9, 1916.
National monuments under other departments. — The following
national monuments are not administered by the Secretary of the
Interior :
National monuments administered by Department of Agriculture.
Name.
Gila Cliff Dwellings New Mexico . .
Tonto Arizona
Grand Canyon do
Jewel Cave South Dakota.
Wheeler Colorado
Oregon Caves Oregon
Devil Postpile California
Mount Olympus \ Washington...
Walnut Canyon Arizona
Bandolier New Mexico . .
Old Kasaan Alaska
State.
Date.
Nov.
Doc.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
July
July
Apr.
Nov.
Feb.
Oct.
16, 1907
19, 1907
11,1908
7, 1908
7, 1908
12, 1909
6,1911
17,1912
30, 1915
11,1916
25,1916
Area.
Acres.
160
1640
806, 400
U,280
•300
480
»800
299,370
960
22,075
i Estimated area.
National monuments administered by War Department.
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Big Hole Battle Field i
June 23,1910
Oct. 14,1913
Acres.
5
Cabrillo
1
i Set aside by Executive order.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
97
Archceological explorations. — The uniform rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War,
under date of December 28, 1906, to carry into effect the general pro-
visions of the act for the preservation of American antiquities
provide (par. 3) that —
Permits for the excavation of ruins, the excavation of archaeological sites,
and the gathering of objects of antiquity will be granted, by the respective
secretaries having jurisdiction, to reputable museums, universities, colleges, or
other recognized scientific or educational institutions, or to their duly author-
ized agents.
During the year 16 permits were granted for the examination, ex-
cavation, and gathering of specimens.
* ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS.
SAINT ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL.1
Movements of population. — On June 30, 1916, there were remain-
ing in the hospital 3,193 patients, as against 3,076 remaining June
30, 1915, an increase of 117 patients over the previous year. There
were admitted during the year 815 patients, being the largest num-
ber ever admitted in the period of a single fiscal year, the highest
admission rate heretofore being for the year 1903-4, which was 766,
so that during the past year there have been 49 more patients ad-
mitted than for the highest number admitted during any year preced-
ing. The total number of patients treated during the year was
3,891. The number of discharges, including deaths, was 698. The
daily average population was 3,123.50, as against 3,032.50 for the
year 1914-15, an increase of 91 patients.
Patients during the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1,844
510
405
107
532
113
295
85
3,076
815
Total number under treatment during the year end-
ing June 30, 191 J
2,354
512
645
380
3,891
Discharged:
96
39
60
17
215
13
13
14
2
56
26
17
14
4
41
15
12
16
2
26
150
81
Unimproved
104
25
Died
338
Total discharged and died
427
98
102
71
698
Remaining June 30, 1916
1,927
414
543
309
3,193
1 Title changed by the sundry civil act approved July 1, 1916, from " Government Hos-
pital for the Insane."
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 7
98 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Improvements. — The principal construction during the year has
been the completion of the remodeling of the power, heat, and light-
ing plant, and the electrical wiring of the whole institution. This
work, which extended over a period of years, will undoubtedly
effect large economies in the operation of the plant. The old cow
barns fronting on Nichols Avenue and the old piggeries which lay
back of them have been torn down, thus materially improving the
appearance of the grounds on the east side of that avenue. The
remodeling of the detached dining hall and of the employees' dining
hall has also been completed. The Dix-3 building has been reno-
vated, with a capacity of 25 patients. The old Barrett house, used
by a former herdsman, has been moved across Nichols Avenue and
remodeled for use as a store, the operation of which has been placed
in the hands of two old employees of the hospital who understand
the patients and their needs. The providing of this store has proved
to be of great convenience and a source of gratification to many
patients.
Industries. — A distinct effort has been made during the year to
extend the industries so as to occupy in useful work a larger number
of patients. Broom, brush-making, and stocking-knitting machines
have been installed, nearly all of the brushes used at the hospital
being manufactured on the premises. A considerable portion of the
stockings now used by the patients are manufactured at the hospital,
and a large number of braided straw hats for rough wear have also
been produced. These industrial efforts have been directed primarily
to therapeutic ends and have proved to be of considerable value.
Other therapeutic efforts aside from occupation have also been
stressed, particularly along the line of psychotherapy for the so-
culled functional conditions, and special research work has been done
in the psychological laboratory in the methods of reeducating the
various types of paralytics. Work in the pathological and clinico-
pathological and psychological laboratories has been vigorously
prosecuted with satisfactory results.
Hospital herd. — The cows at the institution were tuberculin tested,
as usual, and of 198 coavs and bulls examined only 1 apparently re-
acted, and this animal was at once slaughtered. This is the first
reaction to the tuberculin test during a period of six years, and as
autopsy showed this case to be in its earliest phase of infection it
demonstrates that the herd is well protected. During the year
146,416 gallons of milk were produced, which averaged 3J per cent
butter fat.
Cost system. — The cost system, the installation of which was re-
ferred to in the last annual report, has been in operation for the last
seven months. Under the plan adopted it is not the purpose to get
the exact cost of different items so much as it is to get the relative
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 99
cost — that is, a basis for comparison — to show that a certain depart-
ment is, for example, running at a certain increased cost, and to
warrant an investigation as to the cause of this increase. The system
is giving satisfactory service, but will be greatly improved when all
of the various measuring devices planned, such as flow meters, shall
be in satisfactory operation.
Training school and staff conferences. — The training school for
nurses had the largest number in attendance of any class in any year
since its inception. Seventy-two passed the entrance examination
and entered the junior class, and 52 composed the senior class. Of
those who entered the junior class 45 successfully completed the
course and are now ready to enter the senior class. Thirty- five
seniors were graduated. During the year 926 cases were presented to
the staff conferences for consideration. Of these, 495 were present-
ments for the first time, and 431 cases had been previous^ considered.
Population. — During the year there were admitted 815 patients,
which, as heretofore stated, is considerably larger than any previous
year in the history of the institution. The total number under treat-
ment during the past year has also been considerably larger than ever
before. With the large increase in the personnel of the military
establishment provided by recent legislation it is fair to presume that
there will be a material increase in the admission rate to the hospital.
If this rate is at all commensurate with the increased size of the mili-
tary establishment, it will undoubtedly necessitate considerable addi-
tions to the capacity of the hospital in succeeding years. The next
year should indicate what may be expected in this direction.
Of the lands along the Anacostia River adjacent to the hospital
property which have been reclaimed, a large proportion can be used
for farming purposes. A part of this land has been leased by the
War Department, and the hospital has been permitted to use a part
for farming purposes. The interests of the Government and the
hospital would be subserved by a transfer of the supervision of the
reclaimed land abutting the hospital from the Secretary of War to
the Secretary of the Interior, and recommendation to this effect has
been incorporated in the estimates that have been submitted to
Congress.
Needs of the hospital. — In 1912 a committee consisting of Surg.
Gen. George H. Torney, United States Army, representing the Sec-
retary of War; Surg. A. W. Dunbar, representing the Secretary of
the Navy; Mr. Robert V. La Dow, superintendent of prisons, repre-
senting the Attorney General; May. William J. Judson, Corps of
Engineers, United States Army, representing the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia ; Mr. Scott C. Bone, representing the board
of visitors of the Government Hospital for the Insane; and Dr.
100 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
William A. White, superintendent of the Government Hospital
for the Insane, representing the department, were, after consul-
tation with the President, designated by the Secretary of the Interior
to make a thorough investigation of the needs of the hospital and the
future policy for its growth and development; their report was sub-
sequently transmitted by the President to Congress for consideration.
(S. Doc. No. 256, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) This report discusses very
fully the needs of the hospital under four heads: (a) Defects in the
laws governing the conduct of the institution and the commitment
of patients. Under this head is included a draft of proposed legis-
lation for commitment from the District of Columbia, along with
certain changes in the legislation with reference to the transfer of
Federal prisoners to the hospital, (b) The advisability of continu-
ing in the hospital patients committed from the District of Columbia
and from the Army and Navy and from distant points. Under
this head is discussed the whole question of the future policy of the
hospital with reference to the commitment of patients from distant
points, (c) The policy to be adopted relating to the growth of the
institution, and the matter of additional lands, buildings, equipment,
etc. Here the question of administration, size of the institution,
and its physical needs are discussed, together with a special report
as to the care of the criminal insane, (d) The present conduct of the
institution, including recommendations for improvement of the serv-
ice and the advancement of the interests of the inmates. Under the
third section the needs of the hospital are set forth.
At the last session of Congress Senate bill 6222 was introduced
to provide for admissions to the Government Hospital for the
Insane, and for other purposes, drawn along the lines recommended
in the above-mentioned report, and is now pending before the Senate
Committee on the District of Columbia. This bill has the approval
of the department, as well as of the Commissioners of the District of
Columbia, and should be enacted into law at the earliest practicable
date. The recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report
are commended to the further consideration of Congress.
Movements of population. — There were admitted into the hospital
during the year 3,491, including 281 births. These, with 180 remain-
ing from the preceding year, make a total of 3,671 indoor patients
receiving treatment. Of those received during the year, including
births, 1,756 were chargeable to the District of Columbia, 1,436 to
the General Government, and 299 paid for their care and treatment.
There were discharged during the year 3,456 patients; of this
number 1,481 as recovered, 1,451 improved, 228 unimproved, 27 not
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 101
treated, and 269 died. Of the total number discharged 303 were pay
patients and 3,153 were indigent. During the 1915 year the number
of deaths was 256, as against 269 from all causes during the past
year. Notwithstanding a large number of patients, when received,
were far advanced in physical decay, the percentage of deaths from
all causes was but 7 per cent. The mortality rate of patients coming
from the States was 4.8 per cent, while those from the District of
Columbia was about 11 per cent. Diseased condition of kidneys and
lungs caused the greatest number of deaths, the former being 18 per
cent and the latter 12.5 per cent. Sixty-five per cent of the typhoid-
fever cases came from the State of Maryland. At the close of the
year there were remaining in the hospital 215 patients; 111 United
States indigents, 93 District of Columbia indigents, and 11 pay
patients.
There were 2,967 operations performed, being an increase of 671
over last year, with a mortality rate of 2.1 per cent, about the same
as the preceding year.
In the dispensary or out-patient department 7,311 were treated
in the several clinics : Medical, 2,174 ; minor surgical, 308 ; orthopedic,
192; dermatological, 529; pediatric, 830; eye, 815; gynecological,
724; ear, nose, and throat, 914; neurological, 223; genito-urinary,
556; and tubercular, 76. The patients attending these clinics made
13,886 revisits, and 1,876 surgical dressings were necessary during the
course of their treatment.
During the past j'ear the work in the pathological and X-ray de-
partments has been greatly increased. More attention has been given
to X-ray treatment of certain conditions, notably tubercular glands
and sinuses, with most gratifying results, about 50 per cent of those
treated being cured. The testing of the blood of patients for certain
diseases is made a routine measure, and many more correct diagnoses
are made by such aid.
The number of operations in the hospital requiring anesthetics
has so greatly increased as to render it impossible for one person to
administer all anesthetics, and it is frequently necessary to detail
internes for this all-important work, a practice which is undesirable.
An assistant anesthetist should be provided, so that all anesthetics
may be given by a specially trained man, thereby increasing the
safety of the patients operated upon. Provision should be made for
a general storekeeper to render unnecessary the present undesirable
practice of receiving, checking, and issuing supplies by several per-
sons. An additional assistant engineer is also required in order to
strictly comply with the requirements of the eight-hour law.
The need for a fence around the hospital grounds grows, as the
neighboring population increases yearly. At the present time the
grounds about the hospital are in an unkempt condition and can not
102 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
be utilized for the benefit of the patients. Among the most urgent
needs of the hospital is a pathological building, where the necessary
aid in making diagnoses and prognoses of cases treated can be carried
on and research work undertaken. The need for more laundry space
is equally as urgent as that for pathological purposes. By locating
the laboratory building on the west side of the present laundry,
ample and convenient space could be provided in its basement for
all laundry needs. The surgeon in chief, in discussing this matter,
states :
In this connection attention is invited to the following provision of the sundry
civil act approved August 1, 1914:
To reimburse the United States the amount due on account of one-half of the per
capita cost of maintenance of indigent patients in Freedman's Hospital from the District
of Columbia in excess of the number charged to and paid for by said District during
the fiscal years 190G to 1913, inclusive, there shall be transferred from the revenues
of the District of Columbia to the United States, beginning with the fiscal year 1915,
the sum of $37,996.70, which amount so transferred shall be covered into the Treasury
as miscellaneous receipts
Thirty-five thousand dollars of the money credited to the miscellaneous re-
ceipts of the United States Treasury by this act would be sufficient to provide
for the foregoing needs. It seems right and just that this sum should be
reappropriated by Congress for hospital purposes, inasmuch as the same was
earned by the hospital in the treatment and care of the indigent patients from
the District of Columbia.
Training school for nurses. — The training school for nurses was
organized in 1894, with a course of instruction covering only 18
months, thus displacing the old-fashioned red-bandana nurse in this
institution. In 1895 the course was extended to two years and in 1909
to three years. Since its beginning 277 trained nurses have graduated,
the large majority of whom have succeeded in the practice of their
profession in private, institutional, and public-health service.
The graduating exercises were held May 29, 1916, and 14 nurses
were graduated.
Pay patients. — In the act " making appropriations to provide for
the expenses of the District of Columbia for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1913, and for other purposes," approved June 26, 1912,
provision is made, under the head of " Medical charities," as follows :
Hereafter patients may be admitted to Freedmen's Hospital for care and
treatment on the payment of such reasonable charges therefor as the Secre-
tary of the Interior may prescribe. All money so collected shall be paid into
the Treasury to the credit of Freedmen's Hospital, to be disbursed under the
supervision of the Secretary of the Interior for subsistence, fuel, and light,
clothing, bedding, forage, medicine, medical and surgical supplies, surgical
instruments, repairs, furniture, and other absolutely necessary expenses inci-
dent to the management of the hospital, a report as to the expenditure thereof
to be made annually to Congress.
Under this provision the hospital has received a class of patients
who had for many years sought the benefits of its care and treat-
KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 108
ment, 299 being received for treatment during the third year of its
operation. The receipts for the care and treatment of this class of
patients amounted to $6,078.30.
Receipts and disbursements. — The receipts and disbursements of
the hospital may be stated as follows :
Receipts :
Appropriation, sundry civil act —
For support $28, 000. 00
Salaries 32, 640. 00
$60, 640. 00
Appropriation, District of Columbia (under contract
with Board of Charities) 34, 999. 45
Pay patients 6, 078. 30
41,077.75
Total 101, 717. 75
Disbursements :
Miscellaneous —
Fuel, light, clothing, forage, medicine, etc 33, 948. 68
Pay patients 2, 055. 79
Subsistence 28, 844. 02
Pay patients 1, 634. 24
Salaries 32, 536. 83
Pay patients 2, 067. 50
Refunds, pay patients 268. 45
Total 101, 355. 51
Balance 362. 24
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
The university was incorporated by the act of March 2, 1867 (14
Stat., 438). The object of the incorporation named in the first sec-
tion of the act was " for the education of youth in the liberal arts
and sciences." It is declared that the incorporators shall be " a body
politic and corporate, with perpetual succession." etc. The manage-
ment and control of the institution were vested in a board of not less
than 13 trustees.
Students. — There were in attendance during the year 1,442 stu-
dents from 38 States and 7 foreign countries. This number does not
include 66 students who, bj' correspondence, took the work in the
school of theology. The increase in attendance in the medical school,
especially in the dental college, the law school, and the school of
manual arts and applied sciences was noticeable.
Students during year ended June 30, 1916.
College of arts and sciences 367
Teachers' college 191
School of manual arts and applied sciences 42
104
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Conservatory of music 117
School of theology 69
School of medicine 311
School of law 110
Academy 276
Commercial college 93
Total 1, 576
Names duplicated because of students taking special courses in different
departments 134
Net total 1, 442
Correspondence students not counted above 66
Final total 1, 508
Two hundred and thirty-nine completed their studies in the
university and were graduated, distributed as follows :
Graduates in 1916.
Dental college 42
Pharmaceutic college 17
School of law 27
Academy 28
Commercial college 13
Total 239
College of arts and sciences 49
Teachers' college 29
Normal course 8
Kindergarten 4
Domestic science 3
School of theology 7
Medical college 12
The school of theology. — No part of any appropriation by Congress
has ever been applied to the support of this department. It is under
no outside control or direction. The school is interdenominational,
and welcomes all who are preparing for the best service in moral
and religious work. During the year much has been done to reor-
ganize the courses of study in accordance with the needs of the min-
istry at the present time, and plans are under consideration for reach-
ing in a helpful way the mass of colored ministers, particularly in
the South, who have never had the opportunity of being helped in
acquiring knowledge of the Bible and religious history. For this
purpose the correspondence work is to be enlarged into institute and
library work. The roll of students for the year was as follows:
Students in school of theology.
Seniors 17
Middlers 11
Juniors 13
Unclassified 16
57
Evening institute:
Fourth year 4
Third year 10
Evening institute — Continued.
Second year 18
First year 23
Correspondence students matricu-
lated as university students. __
55
12
Total 124
Correspondence students not ma-
triculated as university stu-
dents 66
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 105
Of the students in this school, 7 received degrees, 8 diplomas, and
3 testimonials.
The president of the institution in commenting upon the needs
thereof states that —
There are two parts to the needs under the burden of which Howard Uni-
versity is struggling with its limited means. On the one hand are the greatly
increased numbers in certain classes, forcing us to divide such classes into
sections too large for effective teaching. For instance, 150 students in French
of the freshman year in our collegiate work oblige us to make at least six
sections. It is with difficulty that we can accommodate these sections without
crippling some other work. Larger sections mean inferior results. The same
condition prevails in other languages and in our science work, especially in
laboratories. We need funds for putting in more instructors for present work,
in order to get better individual results, for which all institutions are striving.
On the other hand is the need of money to provide buildings and courses in
place of those which are either inadequate or do not exist at all. Our work is
crippled as long as we do not have an auditorium capable of seating 1,500 or
2,000 persons. Our last two commencements have been held necessarily on
account of rain in our chapel, which seats only 650 people. This year we gave
almost 200 degrees in our different departments. It can readily be seen that a
large number of people are interested in these graduates, and ought to see them
take part in such an occasion. But other occasions during each year force this
need upon us. Our administrative work is cramped and hindered in inadequate
quarters. Several departments do not have adequate classrooms. Then, we
need courses in several branches of study not represented in our work at all,
branches which every reputable institution must have before it can meet the
highest standards.
It is a painful matter to push ahead under such conditions, knowing all the
time that the product we turn out is deeply affected by such limitations. Offi-
cers and teachers are trying to do their duty cheerfully and effectively.
Appropriations. — Although the institution was established in 1867,
no appropriation was made by Congress for its support until March
3, 1879, when $10,000 was appropriated " for maintenance." From
that date up to July 1, 1916, the date of the approval of the last sundry
civil act, Congress has appropriated for the university for various
purposes a total of $1,882,340.
Property. — The treasurer of the institution, in a report dated Sep-
tember 1, 1916, gives the total value of all property- belonging to the
university at the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1916, as $1,727,-
420.60, of which $406,350.86 represents endowments, unproductive
land fund, cash in bank, etc. The remainder of the property belong-
ing to the university, valued at $1,321,069.14, consists of the follow-
ing: Land, $615,900.22; buildings, $559,009.77; and equipment,
$146,159.15.
This large property has been accumulated mainly from donations
and the sale and the increase in value of about 120 acres of land orig-
inally purchased and subdivided by the university. The annual con-
gressional appropriations have been mainly for the payment of sal-
106 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
aries, the purchase of supplies, care of grounds, and other current
expenses. Two buildings and a portion of the equipment thereof
have also been provided from Government appropriations.
On January 6, 1911, the president of Howard University advised
the department that the board of trustees of the institution had
adopted the following resolution:
It is the, sense of the board of trustees of Howard University that the act
of Congress dated March 2, 1S67, be amended by the addition thereto of the
following sections:
XI. In the event that any of the buildings erected for the university by moneys
appropriated by Congress shall cease to be used for the purposes of education,
as provided in the first section of the said act of Congress, the title to the said
buildings and the land on which they stand shall vest in the United States in
fee simple.
XII. Hereafter the United States shall be. represented on the board of trus-
tees of Howard University by at least five judicial or executive officers, who
shall have been nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate of
the United States for such offices.
The Government, however, up to this time has had no representa-
tion on the board of trustees of the university, and has no title to the
buildings erected or improvements made to buildings from congres-
sional appropriations. In the annual reports for the last five preced-
ing years the Secretary of the Interior, in discussing this subject,
has said:
Considering the magnitude of the appropriations made by Congress for the
maintenance, improvement, etc., of the university and the statement of the
president thereof, it is manifest that the Government should have, greater super-
vision over the institution, and it is therefore recommended that the act of
incorporation of March 2, 1867, be so amended as to give the Government a
proper representation on the board of trustees, that appropriations made by Con-
gress shall be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior,
and that the institution be required to protect the United States against possible
transfer or loss of the lands upon which buildings have heretofore or may here-
after be erected from funds provided by the Government.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
The number of deaf pupils and students remaining in the insti-
tution on July 1, 1915, was 118 ; admitted during the year, 45 ; total,
163; admitted for the school year 1916-17, 55. From July 1, 1915,
to July 1, 1916, there were under instruction 88 males and 75 females;
a total of 163; of whom 115 have been in the collegiate department,
representing 37 States, the District of Columbia, and Canada ; and 48
in the primary department. Of these 36 were admitted as benefi-
ciaries of the District of Columbia. During the fiscal year 49 were
discharged from the institution by graduation and otherwise.
The health of the students and pupils has been excellent during the
year, there being no serious cases of disease.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 107
The course of instruction in the advanced department has been
added to by the study of surveying by the young men of the fresh-
man class and by the study of right living by the young women
of the same year. Sophomore and junior students will be required
in the future to pursue an additional half course in agriculture,
domestic art, library, cataloguing, chemistry, or some other suitable
elective.
The total receipts for the year, excluding $1,363.78, balances in the
private funds, were $100,882.17; the total expenses were $100,365.63;
leaving a cash balance on hand June 30, 1916, of $516.54.
Congress has provided for the removal of the college women's
dormitory and the construction of a new dormitory to take its place.
This is a long-needed improvement and will provide safe and com-
fortable quarters for the women students of the higher department
for some years to come. All work in connection with the new build-
ing and the expenditure of the appropriation therefor is under the
charge of the Superintendent of the Capitol Building and Grounds.
At the close of the year the following degrees were conferred: 4
bachelors of pedagogy, 13 bachelors of arts, 3 bachelors of philos-
ophy, 2 bachelors of letters, 1 normal certificate, and 1 certificate of
partial work to a student of the college.
Honorary degrees of doctor of letters were conferred upon Warren
Robinson, graduate of Gallaudet College of the class of 1884, and
upon Dr. Edward Allen Fay, vice president of the college.
The department has no supervision over the expenditures of the
appropriation made by Congress or general supervision over the ad-
ministration of the affairs of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf.
The only duty devolving upon the Secretary of the Interior in rela-
tion to this institution at this time is the reception of the annual
report thereof and the admission of indigent deaf mutes of the
several States and Territories to that institution for instruction in
the collegiate branch thereof. Legislation should be enacted by
Congress placing the control and maintenance of the Columbia Insti-
tution for the Deaf under the president and board of directors
thereof, and requiring them to report directly to Congress as to the
administration of the institution.
MARYLAND SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND.
Section 2 of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1858 (11 Stat.,
294), authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to place for instruction
in an institution for the blind, in the State of Maryland or some
other State, the indigent blind children of teachable age who are
children of persons actually engaged in the military and naval serv-
ice of the United States, and under section 4869, Revised Statutes of
108 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
the United States, the blind children of teachable age belonging to
the District of Columbia.
The act of May 26, 1908 (35 Stat,, 295), making appropriations for
the District of Columbia provided that after July 1, 1908, a contract
should be entered into by the Commissioners of the District of Colum-
bia for the instruction, in Maryland or some other State, of indigent
blind children of the District, appropriated $6,000 for the purpose,
and repealed the permanent indefinite appropriation under section
3689 of the Revised Statutes. Inasmuch as the Secretary of the
Interior, by section 2 of the act of May 29, 1858 (11 Stat., 293), was
also charged with providing for the instruction of the blind children
of all persons in the military and naval service of the United States,
while such persons are actually in such service, the expense to be
defrayed from the permanent indefinite appropriation above referred
to, the question was submitted to the Comptroller of the Treasury
as to whether that appropriation was repealed so far as to be no
longer available for the instruction of this class of beneficiaries. In
an opinion rendered October 27, 1908, the Comptroller of the Treas-
ury held that the act of May 26, 1908, supra, only repealed the pro-
visions of section 3689 of the Revised Statutes to the extent that said
section provides for the education of the blind children of the Dis-
trict of Columbia, and that the permanent indefinite appropriation
in question is still available for instructing the blind children of all
persons in the military and naval service of the United States, in
some institution in Maryland or some other State, and that the
Secretary of the Interior is authorized to continue to issue permits
for the instruction of such children. No permits for this class of
beneficiaries were issued during the past year.
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING
AND GHOUNDS.
The Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and
Grounds in his annual report of the operations of his office states
that the work of resurfacing the Capitol Plaza, commenced during
the preceding fiscal year, was completed on July 31, 1915, and by a
judicious arrangement of detail of work and expenditure much more
has been accomplished than contemplated in the original estimate
and provided for in the appropriation for this work. The total
work done included 43,000 square yards of asphalt paving, 2,500
cubic yards of extra concrete bases for same, 12,866 linear feet of
curbing taken up, recut, provided with concrete base, and reset, and
12,866 linear feet of vitrified-brick gutter of an average width of
18 inches laid. The total expenditure for this work was $110,000.
The work of reconstructing the central approaches to the Capitol
was also completed and same was ready for service in connection
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 109
ivith the meeting of the Grand Army of the Republic in September
of last year. This work included the removal of the old and much-
worn steps of the central portico, the taking out of the old founda-
tions of rubble and replacing same with new foundations built of
brick, upon which were laid the new steps of Stony Mountain granite,
at a total cost for the work of $9,120. The work of resurfacing the
terraces of the Capitol was completed in time to give the entire sur-
face the benefit of the fall, winter, spring, and early summer test,
with most satisfactory results. The total area covered by this work
was 22,000 square yards, including preparation, base, waterproofing,
and concrete-finished surface. A total of 7,500 linear feet of expan-
sion joints were installed, the total cost of the work being $83,612.98.
The general repairs and improvements to the Capitol Building
and the various operative departments connected therewith have
been continued during the past fiscal year. In the central portion
of the Capitol the Supreme Court room, conference and robing
rooms, clerk's office, marshal's office, law library, and all toilet rooms
attached, and adjacent corridors and stairways have been painted
and skylights and roof over this section repaired. New crystal
electric lighting fixtures have been installed in the office of the clerk
of the Supreme Court, and new water supply has been installed for
lavatories in the clerk's office and extended therefrom to the upper
story. Four of the terrace rooms have been refloored in concrete,
plastered, and painted. In the Senate wing of the Capitol the Presi-
dent's room, the Vice President's room, the Senate Chamber and
cloak and other rooms, and various committee rooms have been either
painted, painted and decorated, or retouched, including all wood-
work; neAv crystal electric lighting fixtures have been placed in the
Senate cloakrooms, and changes in plumbing have been made in the
room of the Senate Committee on Finance and in the Senate library
and adjoining rooms. In the Senate restaurant the steam tables
have been removed from the kitchen and installed in the main rooms
above. In the House wing of the Capitol the Hall of the House of
Representatives and adjacent cloakrooms, lobbies, and corridors have
been thoroughly cleaned and the Hall and lobby retouched by paint-
ing. Painting and retouching has been carried further to a number
of House committee rooms, to the Speaker's private room, official
reporters' rooms, index room, room used by the House pages, rooms
of the House press gallery, House restaurant and kitchen, and in the
Members' barber shop. An electric chandelier has been installed in
the office of the Committee on Accounts of the House, an electrolier
in the minority room of the House, and four electric chandeliers in
the office of the Committee on Indian Affairs. The Members' toilet
rooms have been overhauled and new fixtures installed where neces-
sary. New fixtures were placed in the toilet room connected with
110 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
the press gallery, and new washstands erected in the office of the
enrolling clerk. The Members' toilet room in the old library space
has been remodeled by furnishing a new water supply and installing
eight new fixtures ; in the public toilet room eight new flushing tanks,
with all necessary connections, have replaced the old and similar
fixtures. Six new toilet fixtures have been installed in the subbase-
ment. Incidental to the annual overhauling of the heating, lighting,
and ventilating apparatus there has been an extension of the steam-
heating system, particularly in the Senate wing; renewal of cables
and machinery parts connected with elevator service; the care and
repair of the power motors, of which there are a large number, and
a multitude of minor repairs, all of which have been attended to by
the employees under the supervision of the superintendent, and, in
large measure, repair parts have been made in the shops connected
with the Capitol.
Capitol power plant. — This plant has continued in successful and
efficient operation and without interruption during the past fiscal
year.
Capitol Grounds. — Under this head the lawns — outside and court —
of the Senate and House Office Buildings are included. The general
upkeep, condition, and growth of the trees and shrubs during the
past year may be stated as satisfactory. Work on decaying trees
has in some measure been continued, as well as necessary seeding and
sodding; trees have been sprayed to prevent the propagation of
destructive insects, and walks have been kept in repair and the edge
curbing kept free from overhanging grass. Many ornamental iron
fenders at the intersection of walks and roadways have been repaired,
reset, and painted. The work of waterproofing the terraces included
the plant cases thereon; the cases were replanted, and at the same
time the large ornamental bronze fountains at the east of the Capitol
Building were waterproofed. Later on it is intended these will be
filled with suitable shrubs for the winter months.
Engine house, Senate and House stables. — Engine house No. 3 has
received new floors for the stalls. The interior has been overhauled
and painted where necessary, and repairs to the roof of the engine
house and stables have been made. In the stable proper the old
stalls, no longer in use, were removed and a new concrete floor laid,
making that portion suitable for use as a garage. A steam heating
system, boiler, and piping of sufficient capacity to take care of all
the buildings was installed. The floor of the House stable has been
renewed in concrete and other necessary repairs made to the building.
Courthouse, District of Columbia. — A large number of usual and
ordinary repairs were made to this building during the year.
Court of Claims building. — The general repairs made to this build-
ing include a new roof and the erection of a new iron stairway. The
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. HI
building was rewired and a new switchboard and distributing board
installed. Indirect illumination was provided for 6 rooms, and
30 portable lights installed.
Botanic Garden. — The annual distribution of plants under the
authority of Congress has been steadily increasing, and during the
past year over 4,000 requests were complied with, representing ap-
proximately 300,000 plants, trees, shrubs, etc. In addition to the
usual necessary repairs and improvements, the Bartholdi Fountain,
which has been out of service for some years, has been overhauled and
put in first-class condition, and the old gas-lighting system has been
discarded and replaced by electricity.
Columbia Hospital for Women. — The construction of this hospital
was completed and the building ready for occupancy in January of
the present year. Through the liberality of Congress in making
appropriations for its construction and equipment the building,
though small, is considered by competent medical authorities as one
of the best equipped institutions of its character.
Enlarging the Capitol grounds. — The act of August 26, 1912 (37
Stat., 594), imposes upon the Secretary of the Interior the duty of
renting, until removed, property acquired under the act of June 25,
1910 (36 Stat., 739), and supplementary acts, for the enlargement
of the Capitol grounds. During the fiscal year 1916 the Government
acquired title to the following properties: Four pieces of improved
property and lots 25 to 35, inclusive, unimproved, in square 721; 6
pieces of improved property in square 723; 12 pieces of improved
property and 1 piece of unimproved property in square 684 ; 3 pieces
of improved property and lots 15 and 16, unimproved, in square 683 ;
and 24 pieces of improved property and lots 63 and 64, unimproved,
in square 633. All of these properties, with the exception of those
embraced in square 633, and 1 piece of improved property in square
683, have been turned over to the Superintendent of the United States
Capitol Building and Grounds. Five pieces of improved property in
square 633 have also been turned over to the superintendent, the build-
ings thereon being uninhabitable, but the remainder of the properties
in this square have been rented as far as possible during the year. At
the end of the fiscal year all the buildings had been removed from
squares 721 and 723, and the grounds have been graded as far as pres-
ent conditions will permit. In square 684, which has not as yet been
acquired in its entirety by the Government, all the buildings owned by
the Government have been removed and such grading done as con-
ditions have permitted. The two pieces of improved property in
square 683 which have been turned over to the superintendent, the
buildings being uninhabitable, have not been removed, owing to pos-
sible damage to adjoining properties, title to which has not as yet
been acquired by the Government.
112 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
With respect to the properties in square 633, title to which is in
the Government, the agricultural appropriation act of March 4, 1915,
provides that:
Until otherwise ordered, the Maltby Building and all the buildings on the
west side of New Jersey Avenue between B and C Streets, northwest, in the
City of Washington, District of Columbia, belonging to the Government, may
he used for governmental purposes by the Agricultural Department.
However, that department found it impracticable to make use of
these buildings, and in the sundry civil act of July 1, 1916, this au-
thorization was accordingly repealed. Up to the present time no
action has been taken by the Superintendent of the United States
Capitol Building and Grounds toward removing these buildings, and
in the meantime they are being rented as far as practicable. During
the fiscal year 1916 rents have been collected from the various proper-
ties and deposited in the Treasury by the chief disbursing clerk of
this department amounting in the aggregate to $4,417.25.
GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD.
This corporation, which was created by the act of Congress
approved January 12, 1903, section 6 of which requires the corpora-
tion to annually file with the Secretary of the Interior a report, in
writing, stating in detail the property, real and personal, held by the
corporation, and the expenditure or other use or disposition of the
same or the income thereof during the preceding year, has for its
object the promotion of education within the United States. The
corporation owns no real estate, its property consisting of securities
and money divided into various funds, according to the purpose for
which it is to be used.
On June 30, 1916, the principal funds belonging without restric-
tion to the board amounted to $34,260,393.57, invested in stocks and
bonds.
The income from the above funds, together with the income from
undisbursed income, amounted during the year to $2,067,124.16. The
balance of income from previous vears as of June 30, 1915, amount-
ing to $6,213,055.99, increased the total to $8,280,180.15.
Disbursements from income during the year were as follows:
To schools and colleges $747, 391. 38
Professors of secondary education 33, 105. 62
State agents of rural schools for whites 42, 608. 17
State agents of rural schools for negroes 27, 211. 76
Model county organization 2, 550. 00
Home Makers' Clubs for negroes 12, 936. 89
Farm demonstration work in Maine 15,474.99
Boys' and Girls' Clubs in Maine 4, 839. 66
Farm demonstration work in New Hampshire 10, 000. 00
EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 113
Educational investigation and research $39, g25. 10
Conferences 8, 542. 67
Lafayette College 257. 72
Expenses 67, 624. 81
1, 012, 368. 75
This leaves an undisbursed balance of income on June 30, 1915, of
$7,267,811,40. It is invested as follows: Bonds and stocks, $6,586,-
790.40; cash, $684,439.46, less accounts payable, $3,418.46.
It should be noted, however, that against this balance there are
unpaid appropriations amounting to $6,511,006.62.
The John D. Rockefeller special fund is a fund which Mr. Rocke-
feller controls as to principal and income.
The principal of this fund, as originally received, as mentioned in
a previous report, has been completely used, so that at present it is
composed only of the income earned by that portion of the fund set
aside for the University of Chicago which remains undelivered. The
income thus earned during the year was $153,600.20; the profit on
investments sold and redeemed was $2,739.44. The balance from
previous years ($767,834.13) makes a total of $924,173.77.
Disbursements during the year were as follows:
Gift to the Rockefeller Institute for medical research $904, 375. 00
Expenses 622.40
Total 904, 997. 40
This leaves a balance of $19,176.37 in cash.
The Anna T. Jeanes fund, the income to be used for negro rural
schools, amounts to $200,000. It is invested as follows: Bonds,
$182,877.51; stocks, $16,645; cash, $477.49.
The income from this fund during the year was $7,683.02. Added
to the balance from the previous year, the total available income
amounted to $15,990.70. Of this $8,637.51 was appropriated and
paid to various schools, and $23.74 paid out for expenses, leaving a
balance of $7,329.45 in cash.
IMPROVEMENTS AT LAWTON, OKLA.
The act of Congress approved March 27, 1908 (35 Stat., 49), au-
thorized and directed the Secretary of the Interior to plat and sell
the south half of section 30, township 2 north, range 11 west of the
Indian meridian in Oklahoma (in what is known as the north addi-
tion to Lawton, Okla.), reserving one block for public-park and two
blocks for public-school purposes, and to cause to be erected two
suitable school buildings from proceeds of the sale.
Such sale having been made and sufficient proceeds therefrom made
available, school building No. 1 was erected under supervision of the
department on block No. 31 in the north addition to Lawton, at a
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 8
114 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
total cost, including sidewalks, architect's fees, and supervision of
work, of $54,822.96, under contract awarded to the McHenry-Beatty
Co., of East Liverpool, Ohio, and the building was formally turned
over to the authorities of Lawton on August 31, 1911. School build-
ing No. 2 was erected on block 26 of the north addition at a total
cost, including sidewalks and furnishing of the manual training
department, of $66,332.33, under contract also awarded to the Mc-
Henry-Beatty Co. The building was formally turned over to the
local authorities on April 20, 1912.
The act of Congress approved February 18, 1909 (35 Stat, 636),
amended the act of March 27, 1908, so as to make available not
exceeding one-half of the amount set aside thereunder by the Secre-
tary of the Interior for construction of these school buildings for
application to such other improvements as he might deem for the
public welfare. The cost of the two school buildings having been
$121,155.29, the limit of the appropriation for all work was there-
fore fixed at $181,732.93.
Under authority of this legislation the department has caused to
be installed in the north addition to Lawton improvements additional
to the two school buildings, as follows:
A sanitary sewer, costing a total of $25,867.94, inclusive of plans
and supervision. Contract for this sewer was awarded to E. M. Eby,
of Waterloo, Kans., and the completed sewer was turned over to the
city authorities on April 3, 1911.
A storm-sewer system, costing in all $28,674.65, inclusive of plans
and supervision. Contract for this sewer was awarded to Mayfield
& Shaw, of Lawton, and the completed system was turned over to the
city authorities on September 8, 1915.
Those portions of Gore Boulevard designated as central parking,
north and south driveways, and cross streets were graded at a total
cost of $3,852.60.
Driveway crossings, sidewalks, curb, and gutters were installed
on the above-mentioned portions of Gore Boulevard at a cost of
$1,905.92. The present balance in the appropriation is $266.78, which
will be used in installation of catch basins on the Boulevard.
MARITIME CANAL CO. OF NICARAGUA.
Section 6 of the act of Congress approved February 20, 1889,
entitled "An act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Co. of Nica-
ragua" (25 Stat., 675), provides:
Said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each
year to the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be duly verified on oath by
the president and secretary thereof, giving such detailed statement of its affairs
and of its assets and liabilities as may be required by the Secretary of the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 115
Interior, and any willfully false statements so made shall be deemed perjury
and punishable as such. And it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the
Interior to require such annual statement and to prescribe the form thereof
and the particulars to be given thereby.
The report of this corporation when received will be duly trans-
mitted to Congress. In view of the fact, however, that the Maritime
Canal Co. of Nicaragua has no relations whatever with this depart-
ment and the Secretary has no duty to perform thereto except as
specified in the above-mentioned law, the act should be so amended
as to require the corporation to submit directly to Congress such
form of report as it may prescribe.
APPENDIX A.
LAND CLASSIFICATION".
Land classification, with progress of coal classification and valuation.
STATUS ON JULY 1, 1915.
State.
Withdrawals
outstanding.
Coal lands
classified
and
appraised.
Valuation.
Valuation
at mini-
mum price.
Acres.
Acres.
60,715
$1,473,762
$1, 214, 280
118, 718
17,643
4, 609, 566
338, 452
12,999,115
83, 833
5,423,655
15,202,068
26,561
California
7,720
12,862,863
2,113
4,740,847
5,880
960,092
2,099,643
4,672
1249,887
11,048,343
740
17,446,256
585,086
186, 110, 238
51,824
116, 180, 286
117, 600
21,252,657
34,065,935
79,259
2,756,227
44,080,759
16,000
385,344,887
154, 404
Colorado
50, 786, 537
42, 260
94, 916, 966
117,600
13,560,642
34,065,935
67, 269
2, 756, 227
Utah.
5,696,616
847,892
2,880,155
14, 219, 517
14, 800
112,292,577
Total
48,244,274
119,489,771
792,114,520
324, 209, 014
STATUS ON JULY 1, 1916.
60,715
$1,473,762
$1,214,280
118,718
17,643
4,622,749
338,452
11,131,717
83,833
5,709,760
14,857,342
4,361
7,720
2,863,585
2,113
5,445,592
5,880
710,262
2,174,635
6,915
250, 123
1,048,542
740
7,448,456
585,086
186,158,446
51,824
128,849,832
117,600
16,302,834
35,565,775
122,451
2,758,587
44,081,949
16,000
385,444,847
154,404
50,800,977
42,260
107,587,882
117,600
Nevada
8,610,819
35,565,775
89,699
North Dakota
South Dakota
2,758,587
14, 220, 707
Utah
5,426,730
847,255
2,777,394
Washington
14,800
112,338,577
Total
45,935,954
20,025,278
801,528,993
333, 516, 367
i Decrease in coal
as coal land
during fiscal year is due to reclassification as noncoal land previously classified
Withdrawals and restorations.
OIL LAND.
State.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
July 1,1915.
Fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916.
Withdraw-
als out-
Withdraw-
als.
Restora-
tions.
standing
July 1, 1916.
Arizona
Acres.
230, 400
1,507,547
87,474
414, 720
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
230,400
1,365,947
87 474
California
12,338
153,938
Colorado
Louisiana
52,310
641,622
84,894
467,030
641 622
Montana
North Dakota
84,894
1,952,326
791 467
Utah
1,952,326
581,951
Wyoming
210, 136
620
Total
4, 774, 418
1,001,300
154, 558
5,621,160
116
BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
117
Withdrawals and restorations — Continued.
PHOSPHATE LAND.
State.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
July 1, 1915.
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1916.
Withdraw-
als out-
Withdraw-
als.
Restora-
tions.
standing
July 1, 1916.
Acres.
120,217
966, 377
130, 215
260, 751
1,182,816
Acres.
40
Acres.
440
Acres.
119,817
966,377
119,227
302, 405
998, 592
10, 988
Utah..
41,714
3,915
188, 139
Total
2,060,376
45,669
199, 567
2,506,478
POTASH LAND.
91,207
250,806
91,207
211,384
39, 422
Total
342,013
211,384
130 629
Metalliferous classification.
[Northern Pacific Kailroad grant lands, Idaho and Montana.]
Classified
prior to
July 1,
1915.
Classified
during fis-
cal year
1915-16.
Classified
June 30,
1916.
Mineral
Acres.
224,218
331,927
Acres.
Acres.
224, 218
Nonmineral
2,707
334,634
Total
556, 145
2,707
558,852
Miscellaneous mineral classifications.
[Lands chiefly in present and former Indian reservations.]
Classified
prior to
July 1,
1915.
Classified
during fis-
cal year
1915-16.
Classified
Juno 30,
1916.
Mineral 4
Acres.
185,937
6,303,791
Acres.
Acres.
185,937
7,026,352
Nonmineral
722,561
Total
6,489,728
722,561
7,212,289
Colorado..
Utah
Wyoming.
Oil shale classification.
Acres.
893,418
112,950
460,103
Total 1,466,471
118 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Power sites withdrawn, restored to entry, and outstanding.
State.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
July 1, 1915.
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1916.
Withdraw-
als out-
Withdraw-
als.
Restora-
tions.
standing
July 1, 1916.
Alabama
Acres.
120
68,200
17,704
337,431
255,690
270,390
252,973
1,240
11,020
155,351
26,311
761
13,577
263,326
362,590
104,056
87,365
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
120
Alaska
1,100
4,650
69,300
22, 354
Arizona
1,640
335,791
256,090
273,670
260, 745
California
400
3,280
11,532
Colorado
Idaho
3,760
Michigan
1,240
Minnesota
1,289
17,050
42
12,309
Montana
510
200
171,891
Nevada
26, 153
Nebraska
761
New Mexico
13, 577
Oregon
350
103,095
7,858
2,000
14,468
3,321
200
261,676
Utah
451,217
108, 593
Washington
Wyoming
87, 165
Total
2, 228, 105
150,646
26,099
2,352,652
Public water reserves.
State.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
July 1,1915.
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1916.
Withdraw-
als out-
Withdraw-
als.
Restora-
tions.
standing
July 1, 1916.
Acres.
2,992
50,554
480
5,765
1,040
1,464
1,440
2,500
33,987
82,431
Acres.
6,930
Acres.
Acres.
9,922
49,846
480
708
405
6,170
1,040
4,336
1,440
2,500
33,987
83,551
Novada
2,872
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Wyoming
1,120
Total
182,653
11,327
708
193,272
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Enlarged homestead designations.
119
State.
Acreage
designated
July 1,1915.
Fiscal year July 1, 1915,
to June 30, 1916.
Acreage
designated
July 1,1916.
Designa-
tions.
Cancella-
tions.
Acres.
25,032,017
1,996,598
24, 722, 162
Acres.
93,338
2,878,599
1,304,760
Acres.
Acres.
25,125,355
4,875,197
26,026,922
Idaho:
8,455,105
86,793
1,332,397
38,995
32,893
960
9,754,609
124,828
Total
8,541,898
1,371,392
33,853
9,879,437
277,605
46,760,813
46,305,197
23,374,541
8,739,507
16,936,548
1,756,332
95,079
1,895,818
372,684
48,502,807
46,305,197
25,468,032
9,560,710
17,874,712
153,824
2,093,491
821,203
942,913
12,669,860
4,749
14,426,192
Utah:
7,147,393
1,219,032
39,902
55,092
36,559
7, 150, 736
1,274,124
Total
8,366,425
94,994
36,559
8,424,860
Washington
4,016,887
18,769,650
1,179,415
1,813,580
5,196,302
20,574,410
8,820
Total
235,596,180
27,254,442
237,805
262,612,817
Reservoir sites restored to entry during fiscal year 1916.
State.
Outstand-
ing July 1,
1915.
Restora-
tions dur-
ing fiscal
Outstand-
ing June 30,
1916.
Arizona.
Montana
North Dakota
Oregon
Washington..
Total...
Acres.
23,040
15,640
1,569
10,619
35,943
86,811
Acres.
"'6,"560'
,560
Acres.
23,040
9,080
1,569
10,619
35,943
80,251
APPENDIX B.
NATIONAL PARK STATISTICS.
Appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks,
and expenditures made therefrom, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Hot Springs Reservation:
1906
i $6, 000. 00
$6,000.00
$19,748.33
20, 165. 00
28,090.00
34, 475. 00
36,540.00
36,060.00
2 82,518.00
35,279.16
$19, 373. 77
1907
19,938.41
21,115 56
1908
1909
19,699.27
28,401.97
56,375.33
1910
1911
j 2,935.66
2,935.00
1912
I
I
""3," 267." 96
1
f
"46,*7ii."66"
> 42, 957. 18
* 29 438 25
1913
3 34' 581. 57
1
6 1, 287. 90
38,380.00
37,877.66
37,926.32
6 1 273 70
1914
6 36, 658. 62
1915
36,941.95
40, 261. 14
1916
8,935.00
8,935.00
449,058.37
390,284.68
Yellowstone:
1906
7, 500. 00
7,500,00
8,000.00
'8,000.00
8 2,500.00
8,000.00
8,500.00
8,500.00
8,500.00
8,500.00
8,500.00
7,491.51
7,498.64
7, 999. 40
7,997.44
1,962.53
7,999.71
8,499.96
8, 500. 00
8,500.00
8,500.00
8, 491. 41
2,125.00
1,838.96
4, 699. 65
4,790.20
613. 37
1907
3,647.04
4,228.37
3,661.47
1908
1909
1910
5,110.05
23,420.13
16,476.38
21,980.10
15,439.23
20,307.40
46,628.49
3,359.80
7,998.47
8, 103. 41
6,449.97
13,843.24
12,884.18
26,350.96
1911
1912
1913
1915
1916 %
92,500.00
91,940.60
162,815.59
91,140.28
1906
10,000.00
10,000.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15, 550. 00
15, 550. 00
15, 550. 00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
9,800.01
9,919.82
15,333.50
15,373.96
15,514.19
15,543.34
15, 549. 20
15, 549. 52
15,549.27
15,549.65
15.549.75
1907
159. 50
43.15
46.57
121. 78
255.65
305. 16
353.85
4,094.21
1,975.03
5,169.86
1908
18.97
1909
1910
1911
31.25
1912
48.25
1913
70.81
1914
83.94
1915
3, 498. 23
1916
4, 740. 75
159,950.00
159,232.21
12,524.76
8,492.20
Yosemite:
1906
5,400.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
62,000.00
9 12,000.00
50,000.00
80,000.00
5, 400. 00
19,999.76
29,508.58
29,969.86
29.983.82
62,000.00
s 11, 646. 37
49,999.68
80,000.00
1,000.00
9,193.04
14,390.06
15,851.17
21,373.18
35,765.48
1,000.00
1908
7, 131. 37
1909
5,024.84
1910
34,486.09
1911
19,050.39
1912
23,855.77
19,495.83
35,970.68
1913
16,431.16
1 Appropriated for filling lakes in Whittington Park.
2 Proceeds from sale of Government lots (lot fund).
8 Expenditure from lot fund.
* Includes $1,272.71 expended in making survey and preparation of plans, etc., for sewer system, city of
Hot Springs.
6 Contributed by city of Hot Springs on account sewer system; $14.20 returned to city.
8 Includes 99 cents expended on account of survey sewer system.
7 Administration and protection.
8 Marking unmonumented portions of park boundaries.
9 Appropriation, without year, for examination of water supply for city of San Francisco.
120
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
121
Appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national
parks, and expenditures made therefrom, during the fiscal years 1906-1916,
inclusive — Continued.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Yosemite— Continued.
1914
$125,000.00
100,000.00
75,000.00
$124, 798. 49
99, 235. 22
74,992.54
$23, 406. 14
37,019.20
49,878.42
$9,903.58
40,699.30
52,961.53
1915
1916
625,150.00
623,239.56
251,228.29
222,658.94
General Grant:
1906
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,988.28
1,988.75
1,914.76
1,999.93
1,999.90
1,999.89
1,998.60
1,999.20
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,999.36
1907
1908
63.75
1909
1910
50.00
210. 64
173.54
158. 68
429. 64
560. 89
1,795.50
1911
18.88
1912
.99
1913
503.01
1914
1.59
1915
355.68
1916
481. 46
22,000.00
21,888.67
3,442.64
1,361.61
Mount Rainier:
1906
0)
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
5, 400. 00
20,000.00
23,400.00
51,000.00
30,000.00
1907
2,407.91
2,965.59
2,961.61
3,000.00
2, 998. 90
5,399.99
19, 989. 70
23,347.05
50,907.79
29,999.77
205.22
170.00
1, 104. 79
9,053.79
7, 748. 48
5,370.36
7,301.62
9,040.10
12,893.29
19,317.99
1908
8.96
1909
27.65
1910
2,763.86
5,342.47
9,363.33
6,791.80
6,039.42
5, 513. 46
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
15,026.08
«
144,300.00
143,978.31
72,205.64
50,877.03
Crater Lake:
1906
3,000.00
3,000.00
7,315.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
7,540.00
8, 040. 00
8,000.00
2,999.50
2,989.75
7,314.65
2,999.21
2,999.97
2,999.77
2,998.75
2,978.41
7,483.61
7,884.59
7,835.25
(2)
1907
10.00
1908
1909
15.00
11.00
30.00
323. 00
784. 18
793. 00
1,359.50
2,402.04
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
51,895.00
51,483.46
5,727.72
Wind Cave:
1906
2,500.00
4,400.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2, 500. 00
375. 00
2, 500. 00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,499.65
4,398.08
2,433.54
2,335.37
2, 500. 00
2, 413. 60
2,499.86
132. 50
2,500.00
2,496.97
2, 4C.3. 51
1907
1908
200.00
450.00
523.25
340.00
675.00
528. 26
246. 17
2,342.90
2,590.89
1909
220.80
1910
62.88
562. 26
1912
278. 56
1913
1, 197. 39
1914
366. 72
1915
606.16
1916
981. 57
27,275.00
26,673.08
7,896.47
4,276.34
1 No appropriation made for Mount Rainier prior to 1907 fiscal year.
* Expenditure of revenues of CraterVLake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes not authorized by
existing law.
122
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national
parks, and expenditures made therefrom, during the fiscal years 1906-1916,
inclusive — Continued.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Piatt:
1906
0)
$37,307.44
178.00
7,021.00
272. 00
164.50
422.75
165.50
49.95
2 17,500.00
282.81
241.76
301. 11
$4,646.18
7,082.25
10,552.26
15,764.27
11,734.74
779. 06
1907
1908
19Q9
1910
1911
$5,000.00
10,000.00
/ 8,000.00
\ 217,500. 00
8,000.00
8,000.00
18,000.00
$4,994.64
9,999.34
7, 999. 95
2 10, 120. 73
7,988.55
8,000.00
17,060.49
1912
219.84
1913
100.11
1914
2 10, 119. 06
67.48
1915. . .
178. 87
1916 (deficiency, $10,000)
44.35
74,500.00
66,163.70
63,906.82
61,288.47
Mesa Verde:
1907-8 <
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
2,000.00
20,000.00
7,500.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
10,000.00
7,455.82
7,348.33
7, 443. 09
947. 75
19,808.63
7,351.54
14,956.91
9,880.30
9,643.47
(s)
1909 .
1910. .
1910-11 (for examination of coal lands in park)
1911
100.00
898.92
615. 21
679. 00
637.42
946.38
1912
1914 .
1916 ..
97,000.00
94,621.89
3,876.93
Glacier:
69,200.00
75,000.00
100,000.00
75,000.00
75,000.00
69, 117. 94
74,568.24
99,999.49
74,994.27
74,963.78
326.88
1,490.94
4,677.14
4,010.71
4y£18. 51
10,011.76
1912
428.84
1914
477.07
9,735.44
1916
844.58
409,200.00
418,642.31
24,735.94
11,485.93
Rocky Mountain: .
3,000.00
8,000.00
2,910.80
7,941.56
(6)
1916
501.93
11,000.00
10,852.36
501.93
1 No appropriation for Hatt Park prior to 1911 fiscal year. Land prior to creation of park included in
Sulphur Springs Reservation.
8 Construction sanitary sewer, like amount being contributed by the city of Sulphur, Okla.; $7,380.94
returned to city.
* Expenditure of revenues of Crater Lake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes not authorized by
existing law.
* $420.30 on contract account construction ranger cabin included in this amount and not yet paid
* Expenditure of revenues from Rocky Mountain Park for park purposes not authorized by existinj
ing law.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Visitors to parks, 1909 to 1916.
123
Name of park.
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Hot Springs Reservation
Yellowstone National Park...
0)
32, 545
(')
854
13, 182
798
5,968
4,171
3,216
25,000
190
165
120,000
19, 575
O)
2,407
13,619
1,178
8,000
5,000
3,387
2 25, 000
190
250
130,000
23,054
2 450
3,114
12,530
2,160
10,306
2 4, 500
3,887
30,000
2 200
206
2 4,000
135,000
22,970
2 450
2,923
10,884
2,240
8,946
5,235
3,199
2 31,000
2 200
230
6,257
2135,000
24.929
2 450
3,823
13, 735
2,756
13,501
6,253
3,988
2 35, 000
300
280
12, 138
2125,000
20,250
2 500
4,667
15, 145
3,735
15,038
7,096
3,592
2 30,000
500
502
14, 168
2115,000
51, 895
500
7,647
33, 452
10,523
35, 166
11,371
2,817
2 20,000
1,000
663
14,265
2 31,000
118, 740
35, 849
1 909
Sequoia National Park
Yosemite National Park
General Grant National Park.
Mount Rainier National Park
Crater Lake National Park...
Wind Cave National Park
Piatt National Park
10, 780
33,390
15,360
23,989
12, 265
9,000
2 30,000
2,1,500
1,385
12,839
2 51, 000
Sullys Hill Park
Mesa Verde National Park . . .
Rocky Mountain National
Park
$
Total
86, 089
198, 606
224,407
229,534
252, 153
240, 193
335, 299
358, 006
i No record.
2 Estimate.
Revenues from automobiles and motorcycles admitted to the national parks
from Nov. 17, 1915, to Oct. 10, 1916.
Number of permits
issued.
Receipts.
Name of national park, and fee charged.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Total au-
tomobiles
and mo-
torcycles.
Yellowstone:
105 season permits at $10, 3,238 single trip at $7.50. .
Deduction of transmission fees
3,343
$25,335.00
42.87
729
4
25, 292. 13
$25,292.13
Sequoia:
130 season permits at $3, 599 single trip at $2, 4
$8.00
1,588.00
5.75
3,913
1,582.25
1, 590. 25
Yosemite:
52 in Mariposa Grove at $1, 73 season permits at
$8, 3,788 single trip at $5
19,576.00
59.07
Deduction of transmission fees
1,714
39
19,516.93
19,516.93
General Grant:
8 permits in 1915 at $1, 34 season permits at $2.50.
1,672 single trip at 50 cents, 39 motorcycles at
50 cents
19.50
929.00
3.62
Deduction of transmission fees
2,903
97
925.38
944.88
Mount Rainier:
1 single trip at $5, 1,984 single trip at $4, 790 season
permits at $6, 128 rent cars at $1, 97 motorcycle
at$l
97.00
12,809.00
38.81
Dednotl'mi of transmission f«As
1,749
26
12, 770. 19
12,867.19
Crater Lake:
209 season permits at $3, 1,540 single trip at $2, 26
motorcycle at $1
26.00
3,707.00
1.38
Deduction of transmission fees
3,705.62
3,731.62
124
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Revenues from automobiles and motorcycles admitted to the national parka
from Nov. 17, 1915, to Oct. 10, 191 6— Continued.
Number of permits
issued.
Receipts.
Name of national park, and fee charged.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Total au-
tomobiles
and mo-
torcycles.
Mesa Verde:
2 season permits at $2, 176 single trip at 50 cents,
178
2
$92. 00
.80
$1.00
447
11
91.20
$92. 20
Glacier:
31 season permts at $2, 416 single trip at 50
5.50
270. 00
.47
269. 53
275. 03
Total
14, 976
179
64, 153. 23
157.00
64,310.23
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
125
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
127
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND
OFFICE.
Department of the Interior,
General Land Office,
Washington, September 28, 1916.
Sir: I have the honor to submit a report of the transactions of
business in the General Land Office for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1916, together with my suggestions as to new legislation.
AREA OF LAND ENTERED AND PATENTED.
The total area of public and Indian lands originally entered and
allowed during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, is 19.043,152.92
acres, an increase of 2,181,938.23 acres as compared with the area
entered during the fiscal year 1915.
The area patented during the fiscal year is 12,161,807.998 acres, a
decrease of 863,619.978 acres as compared with the fiscal year 1915.
Of the above area, 7,723,738.23 acres were patented under the home-
stead laws, a decrease of 1,871,234.79 acres, not including as home-
steads 20,551.83 acres patented as soldiers' additional entries. See
page 115 for table showing classification of patents.
CASH RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
The total cash receipts from the sales of public land, including fees
and commissions, and sales of Government property for the fiscal
year 1916 were $3,428,588.20 (1915, $3,786,319.54), a decrease of
$357,731.34. The total receipts from sales of Indian lands were
$2,000,516.17 (1915, $1,556,630.97). Other receipts aggregated
$41,362.44. The total receipts of this bureau during the fiscal year
1916 were $5,470,466.81, as against $5,394,948.20 for the preceding
fiscal year, an increase of $75,518.61.
The total expenses of district land offices for salaries and commis-
sions of registers and receivers and incidental expenses during the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, were $830,190.99, an increase of
$1 ,325.28 over the preceding fiscal year. The aggregate expenditures
and estimated liabilities of the public land service, including expenses
of district land offices and surveys made from the appropriations
for surveying the public lands outside of railroad land-grant limits,
were $2,925,524.02, leaving a net surplus of $2,544,942.79 of receipts
over expenditures. Disbursements from the following special de~
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 9 129
130 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
posit trust funds and reimbursable appropriations are not included in
the above figures as receipts or expenditures : From deposits by indi-
viduals for surveying the public lands, $144,819.97; from surveying
within land grants (reimbursable), $186,673.41 ; from opening Indian
reservations (reimbursable), $14,994.12; from surveying and allot-
ting Indian reservations (reimbursable) for surveying, $52,307.64;
from surveying and allotting Standing Eock Indian Reservation
(reimbursable) for surveying, $2,518.96.
THE FIELD SERVICE.
The sum made available for the Field Service for this year was
the same as last year, namely, $475,000. The average number of
field employees maintained under this appropriation during the year
was 106, and in addition thereto the cost of the maintenance of offices
of the chiefs of Field Division and the clerical assistance required
for them was paid from this appropriation.
The total amount of cash collected and turned into the Treasury
as the result of the work of the field force during the fiscal year was
$175,035.12; of this amount, $13,130.77 was in settlement of timber-
trespass cases, and $21,913.16 was secured from timber sales;
$139,991.19 was recovered through civil and criminal action brought
by the Department of Justice in cases of depredations on the public
lands and violations of the public-land laws. In addition there has
been turned into the Treasury $8,074.13, which represents royalty at
7 cents per ton on 115,344.83 tons of coal mined during the past year
from a tract in Colorado. This tract has been patented, but title
thereto was recovered through suit, and, under the decree of the
court, the lessee from those deriving title from the patentee was pro-
tected, and the Government therefore now stands, while this lease
runs, in the position of lessor.
As a result of investigations by the field employees 239,315 acres
have been restored to the public domain. Of this amount, 131,520
acres represent fraudulent entries (taking an average of 160 acres to
each entry) canceled through proceedings based upon special agents'
reports; 107,795 acres were restored to open range by abatement of
unlawful inclosures without suit.
Special agents have investigated and reported on 18,423 cases,
4,738 of which were adversely and 13,685 favorably reported. In
addition to the reports of the special agents, 61 adverse and 380
favorable reports have been received from forest officers on entries
within national forests. Three hundred and seventy-one hearings in
Government contest cases have been held.
Civil suits in 142 cases were recommended to the Department of
Justice as the result of investigations made during the year. Two
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 131
hundred and eighty-one civil suits were tried in court, of which 176
were won and 105 lost. As the result of the successful prosecution
of these suits, $137,868.19 was recovered, and 54,686.73 acres were
restored to the public domain, of which 37,334 had been unlawfully
inclosed.
Of the criminal cases tried during the year, 23 resulted in con-
victions, under which there were 14 prison sentences imposed and
fines amounting to $5,063. At the close of the year there were 484
civil cases and 136 cases wherein criminal prosecution was recom-
mended pending in the Department of Justice.
Effective October 1, 1915, a change in the procedure of handling
Government contests, involving lands in national forests, was
inaugurated. Since that date the Forest Service has taken over the
prosecution of all such cases and the Field Service exercises no
function with respect to the conduct of the hearings in such cases.
The Field Service force maintained its record of high efficiency
during the past year. The number of cases examined and closed
was about the same as the preceding year, and the amount of money
turned into the Treasury as the result of the activities of the service
was nearly $85,000 more than the preceding year. One hundred and
forty-two civil suits were recommended, as against 123 for the
previous year; 93 indictments were secured, as against 55 for the
fiscal year 1915.
Great care is being exercised in the selection of men to fill vacan-
cies as they occur in the Field Service. The work is such as to
require men of tact and good judgment, and I consider that these
employees constitute one of the best investigating forces in the
Government service.
THE OIL LAND SITUATION.
CALIFORNIA.
During the year substantial and material progress has been made
in the investigation and adjudication of the pending cases in the
California oil reserves. The investigations in a large number of
cases were completed, appropriate action taken upon the reports
submitted, and proceedings challenging the validity of pending min-
eral applications were directed in 65 cases involving 15,858.94 acres.
At the present time there are 86 cases, involving 20,694.88 acres pend-
ing under adverse proceedings. Two mineral entries, with an area
of 409.52 acres were canceled; 22 mineral entries, with an area of
3,058.86 acres, were patented ; and 20 other entries, covering 3,405.46
acres, have been clear listed but not patented.
There are 22 cases, involving 6,814.54 acres, now pending for field
investigation. There are 8 applications, involving 1,400 acres, in
132 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
which reports have been received, which have not been acted on, and
14 mineral entries which are pending under adverse suits in the local
courts or other action.
Hearing was held and completed in one case involving 120 acres,
and 11 others were set for trial, and in some of these testimony has
been taken but the cases have not yet been completed.
There are now pending in court seven suits, involving 168,051.30
acres, to set aside railroad patents alleged to have been secured with
the knowledge of the oil deposits contained in the land, and to restore
to the public domain these lands subject to such disposition as may be
applicable thereto under the law. One of these cases, the Elk Hills
case, was passed upon this year by the circuit court of appeals and
the judgment of the lower court in favor of the Government was
upheld.
During this fiscal year 19 trespass suits and suits to quiet title in
the Government and for an accounting, etc., were brought. The
acreage involved is 4,483.99. Nine of these suits involve lands cov-
ered by pending mineral applications and 10 embrace unentered
lands. With the 6 suits brought previously, the total number of
suits brought is 25. Decisions in favor of the Government have been
had in 6 cases, involving 916.79 acres. No decision adverse to the
Government has yet been rendered in any of the suits brought. At
the present time 19 of these suits are pending in the courts in which
no decision has been rendered.
There has been some reduction in the area covered by oil with-
drawals in California ; at the present time the total number of acres
in the oil reserves is 1,361,114.65. Of this, 899,103.78 acres are pat-
ented, 38,285.61 are in pending mineral entries, 84,862.18 are in agri-
cultural entries, and 338,863.08 are either unentered or are in agri-
cultural entries and selections made subject to the act of Congress
which reserves the oil and gas to the United States.
The following statistics regarding the two naval petroleum re-
serves in California will be of interest: There are 38,060.71 acres in
naval reserve No. 1, situated in the Elk Hills, Kern County; of these,
12,091.09 are patented without oil and gas reservation to the United
States; 21,436.67 acres are unentered. There are 10 mineral entries,
embracing 4,532.95 acres, pending before this office ; against 7 adverse
proceedings have been brought by this office. One of the mineral
entries is pending under private contest, and the other two are in-
volved in adverse suits in the local courts. The total area in naval
petroleum reserve No. 2, in the Buena Vista Hills, Kern County, is
30,180.67 acres; 19,090.94 acres have been patented without oil and
gas reservation; 3,706.13 acres are unentered; and there are 33 min-
eral entries, with an area of 7,383.60 acres, pending before the office —
19 of these are pending under adverse proceedings by the Govern-
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 133
ment ; 12 have been clear listed, but not patented ; 1 is pending under
an adverse suit in the local courts; and 1 is pending in this office for
action on a special agent's report.
The data given with respect to the lands and entries in the two
naval petroleum reserves are included in the statistics previously
given herein.
WYOMING.
In Wyoming there were additional oil withdrawals during the
fiscal year which aggregate 210,136 acres. This brings the total area
embraced in existing withdrawals in that State to 791,467 acres, of
which 166,170 are patented.
In the withdrawn area, two mineral entries, embracing 560 acres,
were passed to patent, and in addition three mineral entries, embrac-
ing 200 acres, were clear listed after investigation and report by
special agents.
Sixteen new mineral applications, covering 2,060 acres, were filed
during the year, making the total number pending 66, with an area
of 10,060 acres. As a result of investigations by the Field Service,
two suits were brought by the Department of Justice involving 400
acres ; one of these cases was tried in the district court and a decision
adverse to the Government was rendered. This case is, however,
pending on appeal. In the Midwest test suit, which was decided by
the United States Supreme Court February 23, 1915 (236 U. S.,
459), final decree was entered quieting title in the United States and
awarding damages in the sum of $9,530 for oil removed.
There has been no final action taken upon the applications for
patent under the mining laws, which are pending for lands in the
Salt Creek oil field, because of the fact that the adverse suits in
the local courts seeking to determine the possessory title have not
been tried. However, these cases were set for trial on August 10,
1916, and it is hoped that it will not be long before questions per-
taining to the possessory title are disposed of so that this office
may proceed to an adjudication of these pending entries.
The situation in the Salt Creek field has been given careful con-
sideration by this office and while, for the reasons stated, these cases
have not been adjudicated, yet at the present time, except for four
tracts, there is no production of oil from unpatented lands in this
field which is not conducted under permits given by the Secretary of
the Interior under authority of the act of August 25, 1914 (38 Stat.,
708). As to these four tracts, negotiations are now pending with
a view to securing permits under which operations may be carried
on. It will thus be seen that the interests of the Government in this
field are not neglected.
134 COMMISSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
OIL CONTRACTS.
During the year 24 contracts under the act of August 25, 1914
(38 Stat., 708), were entered into, providing for the disposal of oil
being produced from tracts in the California oil fields and the Salt
Creek oil field in Wyoming, pending the final determination of title
thereto. With those previously granted, this brings the total of con-
tracts which have been entered into up to 33. Nine applications for
contracts were denied, seven of them because of the pendency of
suits brought by the Government to quiet title in the United States ;
two were denied because the lands included in them were in one of
the naval reserves.
At the close of the fiscal year the total amount of the escrow de-
posits held pending the determination of the question of title to
the lands covered by these contracts was $419,174.36.
Two contracts were closed during the year on the issuance of patent
to the mineral applicants, and the sum of $9,148.20, the amount held
in escrow under said contracts, was paid over to the proper parties.
THE "SUNK LANDS" AND "LAKE LANDS" IN ARKANSAS.
The status of the so-called " sunk lands " and " lake lands " in
Arkansas was set forth at considerable length in the previous annual
report, and the purpose of the statement here relative to the status
of these areas is merely to show the progress made since that time.
The chief concern of the Government since the lands were claimed
on its behalf by the department has been to have determined authori-
tatively by the courts the question of title, in order that future litiga-
tion relative thereto may not be necessary. The case against Lee
Wilson & Co., involving so-called "Moon Lake," was passed upon
by the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Eighth Circuit, which, on
November 4, 1915, affirmed the holding of the lower court (227 Fed.,
827), and this case is now pending before the United States Supreme
Court. It is hoped that a decision by that court may be rendered
during the next term.
Decisions favorable to the Government were rendered on the
question of title to lands within the areas known as " Buford/'
"Clear," "Flat," "Grassy," and "AValker" Lakes. The aggregate
area involved was 13,000 acres, and the court held that the title
to the lands within these so-called " lakes," except approximately 700
acres, is vested in the United States.
During the past year suits to quiet title in the Government to
areas within so-called " Carson," " Hickory," and " Tyronza " Lakes
have been instituted.
On June 3, 1916, the lands within the areas of so-called "Big,"
" Brown," and " Round " Lakes, Ark., were opened to homestead
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 135
entry under the provisions of the public land laws, and nearly all,
if not all, of those lands, the area of which is about 27,000 acres,
are now embraced in homestead claims. All of the so-called " lake "
and " sunk " lands in Arkansas, involved in cases in which decisions
have been rendered by the Department of the Interior, have been
surveyed and are subject to homestead entry. Hearings have been
held with a view to determining the question of title to the areas
within so-called " Dismal," " Cypress," " Hudgens," " Mills,"
"Golden," "Long," "Swan," "Carters," "Youngs," "Barfield,"
" Grassy," and " Round " Lakes. The records of these hearings are
now before this office and decisions will be rendered at an early date.
Many intricate questions have arisen with respect to these lands,
and numerous inquiries have been received and answered. The
attention of this office is also being constantly called to other areas
in northeastern Arkansas, and to some in other localities of the
State also, which appear to be of like character.
The reports which are received from the special agents, relative
to the residence and cultivation maintained by the entrymen upon
these lands, show in many instances that valuable farms are being
developed and that the State is being enriched by their presence.
The legal fight to determine the question of title to the lands has of
necessity been long and has doubtless proved trying to the settlers.
They have in many cases been compelled to endure many hardships,
but they will be well paid for their efforts in the event that they
obtain, through the Government, unencumbered titles to the lands
upon which they have settled, and the Government will have been
justified in devoting so much time to this work at the outset because
it will have relieved itself of much future work that would un-
doubtedly have arisen in controversies involving the question of title
to these lands.
"FERRY" OR "CADDO LAKE" OIL LANDS IN LOUISIANA.
The case involving the area of " Ferry " or " Caddo Lake," has
been reargued before the department. The applicants for the sur-
vey and the State and other protestants were represented by their
attorneys. After thorough consideration of the case the department,
on March 22, 1916, rendered decision sustaining the conclusions of
this office as to the findings of fact, and approving the maps and
plats upon which those conclusions were based. It was also held that
there is no dispute among the parties with reference to the fact that
the lands are mineral in character, containing valuable deposits of
oil and gas, and this being true, the department found no necessity
for the subdivisional survey of the lands in question, and accord-
ingly denied the application for survey.
136 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
On the same date the department submitted the entire record in
the case to tke Attorney General, with a statement to the effect that,
in so far as it was advised, the oil operations upon the unsurveyed
high lands between the mean high-water level of the so-called lake
of 1812 and 1839, and the original meander lines, were not based upon
any valid titles from the United States, and that it seems probable
that the wells were drilled in trespass and in violation of the with-
drawal orders, and it was accordingly recommended that appropriate
proceedings be taken to assert the right and claim of the United
States to those lands and the mineral {herein, and to recover for any
trespass that may have been committed thereupon. The attention of
the Attorney General was also called to the status of the area below
the mean high-water level of the so-called lake of 1812 and 1839, and
he was requested to give consideration to the question as to whether
or not legal proceedings involving that area should be instituted on
behalf of the Government. The whole matter is now before the
Department of Justice.1
SURVEYS.
ACCEPTED SURVEYS.
During the past fiscal year the survey operations have been vig-
orously prosecuted, with the result that the acreage of land covered
has been fully equal to, if not more than, that accomplished in 1915.
This is due to increased efficiency in organization and greater super-
vision, together with a gradual perfecting of the system of direct sur-
veys. The area of accepted surveys is about 25 per cent less than that
of last year, which decrease is due to a lack of expert examiners of
returns, and not to lack of diligence on the part of the office force.
The grand total of accepted surveys and resurveys during 1916
reaches the sum of 11,578,235 acres (8,855,724 original and 2,722,511
resurveys), which is far in excess of the record for previous years,
except that of the past year. This year the banner State is Idaho,
with Arizona, Montana, and Utah following in the order named, each
of the four States having produced about one and a half million
acres. These figures do not adequately represent the amount of field
work performed, the surveys during the surveying season of 1916
will amount to some 50 per cent more. The plan of transferring the
surveyors engaged upon work in northern districts to surveys in the
1 Since the submission of the above, the Attorney General has rendered an opinion,
in which he agrees with the land department that the unsurveyed high lands above the
high-water level of the lake are the property of the United States, and that action
should be taken to enforce the claims of the Government thereto. This comprises an
areas of about 670 acres, from which it is reported 800,000 barrels of oil, valued at
$700,000, had been extracted prior to April 1, 1916.
The title to the lands below the high-water level in his opinion is in the State, either
by virtue of its sovereignty, or under the swamp-land grant.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 137
southern districts, where operations are more effectively carried on
during the winter months, has produced satisfactory results. Instead
of using the off season to write up their notes of summer work, a
large number of the most efficient surveyors were instructed to deliver
their field tablets to experienced note writers and went immediately
into the southern field. By this means the showing of accepted sur-
veys in Arizona, California, and New Mexico, where there has been
such increased activity, is more than double that of the previous
years; that is, in the last two years 7,401,000 acres of surveys of lands
in these three States have been accepted, as against 3,621,000 acres of
accepted surveys during the two preceding years.
FRAGMENTARY SURVEYS.
The following summary embraces the returns of fragmentary sur-
veys which have been filed in this office during the past fiscal year,
from all of the States, excepting Nebraska, where the former sur-
veying districts have been discontinued: Alabama, one tract in T.
5 S., R. 1 W., St. Stephens meridian, 7 acres. Arkansas, lands
omitted from the original surveys and outside of the erroneous mean-
der lines of the so-called Big, Brown, Round, and Wappanocca
Lakes, extending into nine townships in Crittenden and Mississippi
Counties, 24,119 acres. Florida, three tracts omitted from the origi-
nal surveys, extending into five townships, 1,550 acres; also seven
islands on the Gulf coast and four islands within meandered lakes.
Michigan, meander survey of Elizabeth Lake in T. 3 N., R. 9 E.
Mississippi, one island in the Tennessee River. Additional frag-
mentary surveys have also been executed in the field, the returns of
which are in course of preparation, as follows: Arkansas, lands
omitted from the original surveys and outside of the erroneous
meander lines of Little and Tyronza Rivers, in Mississippi County,
694 acres. Florida, two upland tracts bordering unsurveyed swamp
and overflowed lands, 309 acres ; also Battard Island abandoned mili-
tary reservation, at the mouth of the St. Johns River, about 1,200
acres. Michigan, three islands within meandered lakes, and meander
survey of Cass Lake in T. 2 N., R. 9 E. Minnesota, seven islands
within meandered lakes, and one tract of land omitted from the origi-
nal survey and outside of the erroneous meander line of a lake in T.
149 N., R. 40 W., fifth principal meridian, about 200 acres. North Da-
kota, one tract, previously a part of the Northern Great Plains Ex-
periment Station, now occupied by the Mandan Town and Country
Club, to be sold to the latter under the provisions of the act of Con-
gress approved February 23, 1915 ; also one tract omitted from that
part of the border of Long Lake in T. 138 N.,R. 74 W.,not previously
meandered, about 375 acres. Wisconsin, three small tracts of land
138 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
within the limits of the city of Prairie du Chien omitted from the
original surveys; also two mission sites on the Menominee Indian
Reservation.
Special field examinations and reports have been made covering
the following cases: Arkansas, preparation for trial of suit to quiet
title in the Government of the land included in the so-called Carson,
Hickory, and Tyronza Lakes, extending into four toAvnships in Mis-
sissippi County, previously surveyed and opened to entry, 8,822 acres ;
also the correlation of the several fractional parts of T. 18 N., R. 12
W., for the purpose of constructing a composite plat and removing
duplications of descriptions. Louisiana, lands alleged to have been
erroneously omitted from the meander survey of Lake Nantaches
in T. 8 N., R. 4 W., Louisiana meridian. Minnesota, lands alleged
to have been omitted from the meander survey of a lake in T. 57 N.,
R. 19 W., fourth principal meridian. Missouri, an unmeandered
island and accretions thereto in Sugar Creek Lake in T. 54 N., R.
37 W. An extended examination of the condition of the original
surveys in Tps. 36, 37, and 38 S., R, 30 E., Florida, relative to the
necessity for resurvey, was also accomplished late in the fiscal year,
but not reported upon.
The field work and preparation of the returns and reports of the
above fragmentary surveys and examinations have been carried on
under the direction of a supervisor of surveys reporting directly to
this office, and there was also assigned to his supervision, in order
that reports could be made direct to this office, the survey of seven
patented tracts of land traversed by the recently improved Tioga
Road in the Yosemite National Park in California, also the survey
of the Belltower town site in T. 2 S., R. 59 E., Montana; these
surveys have been completed and the returns filed; the resurvey of
T. 17 S., R. 29 E., adjoining the Sequoia National Park in California
was also accomplished in the same way, but the returns of the
latter survey had not been filed at the close of the fiscal year.
The following fragmentary surveys were pending at the close of
the fiscal year, all authorized during the fourth quarter, the same
being in progress at the present time : Florida, one island on the Gulf
coast; Michigan, one island within a meandered lake; North Dakota,
new Sanish town site, amendment to the Parshall town site, and
three mission sites, all on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation;
South Dakota, two mission sites on the Yankton Indian Reservation ;
Wisconsin, five mission sites on the Menominee Indian Reservation.
One additional special field examination was pending at the close
of the fiscal year : Arkansas, preparation for the trial of suit to quiet
title in the Government of the St. Francis River " sunk lands," ex-
tending into 13 townships in Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Coun-
ties previously surveyed and opened to entry, 50,450 acres.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 139
RESURVEYS.
The execution of resurveys authorized by the act of May 29, 1908
(35 Stat., 465), and by the act of March 3, 1909, as amended by joint
resolution of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 881), now forms one of the
most important activities of the surveying service, and in this direc-
tion substantial progress has been made during the past fiscal year
as evidenced by the acceptance of resurveys aggregating 2,722,511
acres, as compared with a total of 2,350,962 acres accepted during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, an increase of 371,549 acres.
The total acreage above noted (2,722,511) is equivalent, roughly, to
the area of 118 townships; and when it is recalled that the act of
May 29, 1908, supra, carries with it no appropriation for the resur-
veys therein directed, and that the " discretionary " act of March 3,
1909, as amended, renders available for resurvey purposes only 20 per
cent of the total sum appropriated annually for surveying the pub-
lic lands, it will be seen that the average cost per township has
amounted to less than $1,200 for the execution of the most compli-
cated, difficult, and costly form of survey procedure, and that to
maintain this rate of progress, and in case the demand for this char-
acter of service continues to increase, the time is rapidly approaching
when it will be necessary to request Congress to authorize a larger
expenditure for this class of work.
Moreover, in order to conserve the funds now available for the
execution of resurveys and to insure their expenditure in the man-
ner most advantageous to the general public interest, and further to
eliminate petitions which possess no intrinsic merit, it has been found
necessary to surround resurvey applications with somewhat rigid
restrictions, which, however, are affording satisfactory results with-
out obstructing the accomplishment of resurveys for which there is
a legitimate demand. The regulations now in force comprise a slight
modification of those set forth in my annual report for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1915, and are here appended for reference.
(1) As a general rule, and in the absence of any particular gov-
ernmental purpose to be subserved, no township is eligible for resur-
vey unless title to at least 50 per cent of the area of the lands em-
braced therein remains in the United States. (Departmental ruling
of May 22, 1909.)
(2) The applicants for the resurvey of any township are required
to present satisfactory prima facie evidence of the necessity for
such action, based either upon general obliteration of the evidences
of the original survey or upon conditions so grossly defective as to
preclude the possibility of local restorations.
(3) A majority of the settlers in each township are required to
join in the application, and in addition there must appear the
140 COMMISSIONER OP THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
indorsements of the entrymen and owners, including the State, whose
holdings represent the major part of the area entered or patented,
with a description opposite each name of the lands actually occu-
pied, entered, or owned, and a statement as to whether the applicant
is a settler, entryman, or owner thereof. Where an entry man or
owner, including the State, has failed for any reason whatsoever to
join in the application, evidence of service of notice upon him for at
least 30 days in advance of the filing of the application is required.
(4) Applications for the resurvey of each township must be sup-
ported by evidence in the form of an affidavit, preferably from the
county or other competent surveyor, showing in detail that the orig-
inal survey has been obliterated to such an extent as to make it
impracticable to apply the suggestions of the circular issued by this
office for the necessary restorations of the lines and obliterated
corners in the proper identification of the legal subdivisions occu-
pied by the present or prospective entrymen.
(5) In general, no resurvey is undertaken unless the preliminary
examination of the township develops evidence of existing settle-
ment and agricultural possibilities sufficient to support the presump-
tion that the unappropriated lands therein are such as to attract
bona fide entrymen, thus eliminating townships which, although
theoretically eligible, are of such a physical character that the
resurvey thereof would serve no useful purpose.
SURVEY OF INDIAN LANDS.
In the interests of better administration a change has been made
in the organization conducting surveys of Indian lands by which
the work will be performed through the channels of the surveyors
general, and the field force heretofore separately supervised will be
merged into the general organization of surveyors supervised from
central points. The maintenance of a separate office force will be
abandoned and all clerical work in connection with such surveys
will hereafter be performed under direction of the surveyors gen-
eral. At the close of this fiscal year the surveyors' notes and all
drafting of Indian surveys were practically finished by the topogra-
pher in charge. The record of Indian work completed includes sur-
veys on the San Carlos, Papago, and Navajo reservations in Arizona;
Hoopa Valley and Mission in California; Southern Ute, in Colo-
rado and New Mexico; Zuni, Jicarilla, and Pueblos, in New Mexico;
Warm Springs, in Oregon; Goshute and Uncompahgre, in Utah;
Makah and Quillayute, in Washington; and Wind Eiver, in Wyo-
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 141
FOREST HOMESTEAD SURVEYS.
Surveys have been continued of homesteads within national for-
ests, entered by metes and bounds under the act of June 11, 1906 (34
Stat., 233). The act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1099) so providing,
such surveys have been made under the direction of surveyors gen-
eral, by employees of the Forest Service, without expense to the
entrymen.
As in the two preceding years, surveys during the fiscal year now
closed have been chiefly for use at final proof on entries already made
of lands heretofore listed which have matured or are maturing to
final proof. Increased attention can now be given to metes and
bounds surveys of unlisted lands as bases for future listings thereof,
to be opened to entry and entered under the act of 1906. As the
surveys are to be made under the direction of surveyors general,
they are designed to be used at final proof on entries of the lands,
thereby dispensing with a second survey for final proof required un-
der the former practice when listing surveys were not made under
such direction.
During the year surveyors general ha^e, at the request of district
foresters, issued special instructions for 951 metes and bounds home-
stead surveys. The total number of special instructions for such
surveys under the act of 1906 is now 3,305. During the year sur-
veyors general have approved and transmitted to this office for ex-
amination and acceptance returns of 596 such surveys. In the same
interval this office has accepted 693 and authorized the filing of the
requisite plats in local land offices for use of entrymen at final proof.
RECENT CHANGES IN SURVEY REGULATIONS.
The desirability of extending the regular subdivisions over the
public lands within the national forests has resulted in authorizing
the survey of the agricultural lands in any such township wherein
settlement is sufficient to justify such action, thus permitting the
agricultural lands to be listed and entered by legal subdivisions and
obviating the necessity for a metes and bounds survey of forest
homestead entries. The services of the regular administrative officers
of the national forests are utilized in procuring the information as
to the bona fides of applicants for such surveys before authorizing
the subdivisions.
Upon the recommendation of the supervisor of surveys, a confer-
ence of the assistant supervisors was called at Denver in November
last for the purpose of discussing the numerous administrative fea-
tures connected with the surveying service. A number of recom-
mendations were submitted to this office for consideration, and these
have in the main been approved and promulgated, with the result
142 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
that the details of survey methods and practice, field organization,
operation, and procedure have been modified to the extent necessary
to bring about a better standard of efficient service without sacrificing
the safeguards always to be observed in a work of such magnitude as
is included in this branch of the service.
SURVEY OF LANDS WITHIN RAILROAD GRANTS.
The result of the past year's efforts to bring under survey the re-
maining unsurveyed lands included in the railroad grants in the
various States, and thereby subject the grant lands to taxation by the
State and municipal authorities, as provided for by the act of June
25, 1910 (36 Stat., 834), is represented by a total of 3,030,000 acres
surveyed in the field, which is a greater area than was surveyed
from railroad funds during the preceding year, notwithstanding the
fact that as this work is carried forward from year to year into the
mountainous regions the remaining area becomes more inaccessible
and difficult to survey.
The transfer of the surveyors from the Northern States, where
they are engaged during th# summer mouths, to the Southern States
for the winter season, as explained in another part of this report, is
largely responsible for the excellent results accomplished in Arizona,
Avhere last season 22 United States surveyors surveyed over 1,000,000
acres of land within the primary limits of the grant to the Santa Fe
Pacific Railroad Co. This is the largest area covered in any of the
States where railroad lands are yet to be surveyed.
Since the passage of said act of June 25, 1910, the total area sur-
veyed as a consequence thereof is 11.000,000 acres, of which approxi-
mately 7,000,000 were surveyed since March 4, 1913.
SURVEYOR'S DETAIL TO WASHINGTON.
In the estimates for 1918 I have recommended that a small per-
centage ($10,000) of the appropriation for surveys and resurveys of
public lands be set apart for the purpose of allowing some of the more
skillful and experienced of the United States surveyors to report to
this city, during the off season or winter months when they would
ordinarily be on furlough, after filing their notes of surveys with
the surveyor general. This is deemed to be to the best interest of the
service. Such men would acquaint themselves with the scope and
needs of the work by contact with the administrative force and would
render needed assistance in helping to pass upon the sufficiency of the
returns from the surveyor general. These returns (field notes and
plats) are prepared by the clerks in the various offices in the West,
but must be inspected, verified, and tested by experts here before
acceptance, as they constitute the basis of title when the lands are
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 143
patented. Owing to the greater efficiency in field work since the
contract system was superseded by the salaried or direct system, re-
turns are accumulating in this office more rapidly than can be passed
upon by the limited force of experts available. The arrears at pres-
ent are nearly six months. The privilege of transfer as recom-
mended would give such elasticity and balance to the field and office
forces, as to enable this office to handle the work as rapidly as it
comes in, thereby avoiding delays in opening the lands for entry.
It is also recommended that the proviso permitting a portion of
the survey fund to be used, in case of necessity, for office work in the
surveyor general's office upon returns of surveys, be continued in
order to prevent congestion and delay.
STATE BOUNDARIES.
The following State boundaries should be retraced and re-marked
with durable monuments at mile corners, and proper closings of the
public-land lines made thereon:
Oregon-California.
Nevada-California (oblique portion).
Colorado-New Mexico.
In the case of the last-named boundary, an attempt was made by
Congress several years ago to enact into law a recognition of the
most recently surveyed Government line (the Carpenter line author-
ized by Congress in 1902), but the President refused his sanction,
and suggested a reference of the question to the United States
Supreme Court for settlement. There has been no effort on the part
of the two States most interested to institute proceedings whereby
the said tribunal can render a decision, and it is requested that Con-
gress pass such measures as will bring the matter to a conclusion, so
that proper conveyances can be made of public lands affected by the
location of this boundary.
SURVEYS IN ALASKA.
COAL-LAND SURVEYS.
In my last annual report I outlined my plans for and gave an
account of the progress made up to the close of the fiscal year in
carrying out the purposes of the act approved October 20, 1914 (38
Stat., 741), entitled "An act to provide for the leasing of coal lands
in the Territory of Alaska," whereby Congress appropriated
$100,000 for the survey, under the rules and regulations governing
the survey of public lands, of areas in the Territory of Alaska
known to be valuable for their deposits of coal, directing that
preference be given first in favor of surveying those areas com-
monly known as the Bering River, Matanuska, and Nenana coal
144 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
fields. These plans as originally formulated, and which contem-
plated the extension of the rectangular surveys under the three
existing principal meridians and base lines in Alaska, the making
of a topographic map in conjunction with the public-land survey,
and the completion of the survey of all three fields in one field sea-
son were carried out without deviation therefrom in a most efficient
manner. The survey of the Matanuska field, which included parts
of 13 townships under the Seward base and meridian, was com-
pleted September 6, 1915, and the field parties transferred to agri-
cultural land surveys in the same locality until the close of the sur-
veying season. The survey of the Nenana field, which included parts
of 10 townships under the Fairbanks base and meridian, was finished
September 19. Four of the parties were disbanded while two re-
mained in the vicinity for a few weeks on town-site surveys. The
Bering River field, under the Copper River base and meridian, was
completed and the parties disbanded October 3. Its survey covered
parts of eight townships.
Coal-mining engineers with the Matanuska and Bering River
parties completed the field work of forming coal-leasing units of
the legal subdivisions in these fields by the close of the season, and
during the fall and winter made up their reports. The work of
preparing the field notes and plats of the coal-land surveys was
commenced immediately after the close of the field season and was
completed early in the spring. Township plats of these surveys
were made especially for photolithographic reproduction in black
and two colors.
By proclamation dated March 15, 1916, the President reserved
from use, location, sale, lease, or disposition certain lands in the
Matanuska and Bering River fields. These areas, as well as the
leasing units, railroad surveys, and possible transportation lines,
were platted on a diagram map of the coal-land surveys, which was
then photolithographed in black and two colors on a scale of 1 inch
to the mile. The finished photolithographic township plats of each
field on a scale of 2 inches to the mile, showing lines of survey, cul-
ture, lettering, and figures in black, contours in brown, and drainage
and water areas in blue, together with the reproduction of the
diagram map of each field, all on thin paper, have been bound in
folio form for sale and distribution by the superintendent of docu-
ments, Washington, D. C. Photolithographic copies of the town-
ship plats on heavy paper for use as original, duplicate, and tripli-
cate plats have been placed on file at the office of the surveyor gen-
eral at Juneau, the General Land Office, and the local land offices.
Thus was brought to a most successful and satisfactory conclusion
the first step in the administration of the coal-land leasing law.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 145
AGRICULTURAL LAND SURVEYS.
The area of township surveys, the plats of which have been ap-
proved by the surveyor general during the past year and sent to
this office for acceptance, amounts to 354,164 acres, which is about
one-half of the total area — 790,706 acres — of surveyed lands in
Alaska to June 30, 1916.
The surveyor general recommends that the sum of $50,000 be al-
lotted to Alaska for surveys, and cites the following reasons:
Referring to the data collected from authentic sources, it is esti-
mated that not less than one-fifth of the area of Alaska, or over
60,000,000 acres, is tillable and pasture land capable of sustaining a
large agricultural population. These areas are scattered over the
entire territory south of the Yukon River and even in the Alexander
Archipelago and adjacent mainland, which appear so forbidding for
agricultural purposes to tourists and visitors because of the large
mountain masses, it is estimated that 5 per cent is available for
agriculture. Many and frequent inquiries are made of the surveyor
general from various parts of the Territory as to the possibility of
extending the public surveys, and the inquiries are made for the
most part by settlers on the public lands who desire to acquire title
to their homes. The many settlers in the surveyed townships along
the north and south shores of Knik Arm indicate an influx of home-
steaders to the other regions as soon as the public surveys are fur-
ther extended. Communications have also been received from non-
residents of Alaska concerning the probable time when the public
surveys will be extended to the Susitna Valley and to the Tanana
Valley. The former valley and its tributaries contain an area of
about 5,000,000 acres and is alleged to contain the largest body of
agricultural land in the Territory.
The Tanana Valley is also a very large one and is traversed by
the river of that name, which is navigable for steamboats for 275
miles above its confluence with the Yukon River, and drains an area
of about 14,000.000 acres, the valley itself constituting a large part
of that area. The Department of Agriculture has estimated that at
least 75 per cent of this valley is available for agriculture and stock
raising.
The Chilkat River and Eagle River Valleys in southeastern Alaska
contain much arable land and many settlers have started homes in
these valleys. They find a ready sale for their produce in the towns
of this section and during the past two seasons several shipments
were made to Seattle, which were readily sold at larger prices than
were obtainable for the produce in the region of Puget Sound.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 10
146 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Similar conditions prevail on the islands in the Alexander and
Aleutian Archipelagoes, where lands are used for grazing purposes
by stock raisers. Kodiak Island also contains fine pasture lands, and
it has been demonstrated that stock can be profitably raised and fat-
tened upon the nutritious grasses which abound on the island.
As the surveying parties completed their work in the Matanuska
coal fields last fall they were transferred to various portions of the
lower Matanuska Valley to the southwest of the coal fields as far as
Knik Arm and were there engaged during the remainder of the
season on surveys of agricultural lands. These surveys, embracing
an area of approximately 47,000 acres in T. 17 N., Rs. 1 and 2 E.:
T. 18 N., E. 2 E. ; and T. 16 N., K. 1 E. of the Seward base and
meridian, were completed in the late fall.
During the winter and early spring plans were perfected with a
view to extending the surveys this season under the three existing
principal bases and meridians in Alaska over such agricultural lands
as would be by reason of soil, climate, and proximity to markets in
most urgent demand for settlement in the near future. These areas
lie along the line of the Government railroad east of Knik Arm and
in the valleys of the Susitna, Nenana, and Tanana Rivers. Surveys
made in 1912 along the east shore of Knik Arm while sufficient in
extent to embrace all settlement, actual and prospective, so far as
seemed probable at that time, cover but a comparatively small part
of the area suitable for agricultural purposes soon to be accessible
to markets between Knik Arm on the west, the 1,000-foot contour
of the foot hills on the east, Ship Creek on the south, and Ekiutna
Creek on the north. This area, embracing about 100,000 acres, is
as well adapted in soil, climate, and topography to agricultural pur-
poses as any lands in the Knik Arm district now settled upon, and
with the coming of the railroad which will traverse this unsurveyed
area will be as desirable as any. The survey of the agricultural lands
of this region was commenced at the opening of the field season and
is being prosecuted by two surveying parties, using Anchorage as a
base. Our plans contemplate the completion of these surveys this
field season.
Another area of vast importance from the standpoint of the pros-
pective homesteader is that portion of the Susitna Valley east of
the river between the Little Susitna River on the south and Sunshine
Creek on the north. This part of the valley, covering an area of ap-
proximately 200,000 acres, is traversed by the line of the Govern-
ment railroad, and while, as in most extended areas in Alaska, it is
swampy in places the greater portion of the land is well adapted to
agriculture. Land office surveys wore commenced in this valley in
May and are being extended from existing public-land surveys north-
westerly and northerly by two surveying parties using boat trans-
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 147
portation for supplies from Anchorage, up the Susitna, and pack
animals from the river to the survey camps. It is presumed that
this season's surveys will cover all lands in the valley for which
there may be early demand.
The most probable field of immediate development in interior
Alaska is the territory along the lower Nenana River, along Gold-
stream Creek, and in the Tanana and Nenana Valleys, in the vicinity
of the town of Nenana. This area is traversed by the line of the
Government railroad, and with the advent of quicker and cheaper
transportation facilities will develop rapidly in an agricultural and
industrial way. Two surveying parties, having computed a position
in the rectangular net under the Fairbanks base and meridian from
the triangulation station established last year near Nenana, have
been since the opening of the season extending land office surveys
over such lands in that locality as are suitable for agricultural
purposes.
TOWN sites.
During the early part of the fiscal year additions to the town
sites of Seward and Anchorage were surveyed and platted, as were
also the boundaries of the town sites of Haines and Douglas. During
the winter all additional work in connection with the toAvn site of
Wrangell was completed in the field and platted.
The town site of Nenana, on the south side of the Tanana River,
at the crossing of the railroad, was commenced during the last weeks
of the fiscal year. This town site, the survey of which will be fin-
ished this surveying season, occupies a 320-acre legal subdivision of
the public-land surveys under the Fairbanks base and meridian.
Just before the close of the fiscal year arrangements were made to
survey a town site at Matanuska Junction. This survey has since
been completed.
SURVEY OF ALLOTMENTS TO INDIANS AND ESKIMOS.
Under the procedure formerly governing allotments to Indians
and Eskimos, authorized by act of May 17, 1906 (34 Stat., 197), a
survey of the proposed allotment was directed by the surveyor gen-
eral on receipt of a certified copy of the application therefor, if it
was found regular in form. In practice this was found productive
of much labor and expense, very often to no good purpose. The
difficulty of identifying upon the ground, from the insufficient de-
scription given by the applicant, the land actually desired and the
frequent change of purpose on the part of the applicant, led to
the adoption of a new plan for handling applications for allotment,
as announced in the circular regulations of July 19, 1916, whereby
148 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
the survey is not made until after full consideration of the applica-
tion on its merits, and then upon special instructions therefor.
ORGANIZATION.
The normal surveying organization in Alaska this season con-
sists of nine surveyors and transitmen, including the assistant super-
visor of surveys.
The work of disbursing for the field parties is divided between the
assistant supervisor and two other surveyors in widely separated
parts of the territory.
Government-owned pack animals are used by the field parties in
southwestern Alaska for camp transportation purposes, hired boats
in southeastern Alaska, and hired boats and pack animals in the
interior, these various means and conditions of transportation hav-
ing been found by experience to be the most economical and efficient.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
GROUP SURVEYS.
The growing prosperity and material progress in Alaska is evi-
dence of the wisdom of recent constructive legislation looking to the
development of the resources of that territory. Perhaps no other
section of the country in late years has shown a greater proportionate
development of its native wealth and opportunities, and none other
has more special claims on the interest of the home seeker, the pros-
pector, the miner, and the pioneer industries. The prompt, busi-
nesslike, and effective administration of laws pertaining to the survey
of the public lands in Alaska, under the department's sensible and
discerning policy of keeping the land office group surveys, not only
abreast of the requirements of actual settlement or of other legitimate
demand, but in the van of material development, eliminates the possi-
bility of conflict and confusion amongst settlers and land claimants,
affords the public through the dissemmation of information gathered
by the survey, in advance of settlement of occupation, opportunity to
make intelligent selection or take other suitable action, and thereby
offers a substantial and lasting inducement to the settler or other
bona fide applicant to go upon the land. That we should continue
this beneficent, economical, and efficient policy of group survey under
the present system of careful investigation, selection, and execution
is self-evident, and it is in line with this policy that the following
comments and recommendations for the expansion of the rectangular
surveys during the next fiscal year are submitted.
No further extension of surveys in the vicinity of Fairbanks in the
interior need be made in the immediate future, nor does it appear
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 149
probable that additional surveys under the Copper River base and
meridian will be necessary next season. By the close of the present
field season it is believed that all agricultural lands in the immediate
vicinity of the town of Anchorage, in southwestern Alaska, will have
been surveyed and that these surveys will satisfy the requirements
of settlement in that locality for the present. It is, however, quite
probable that the rapid development now in progress in this part of
the Territory will necessitate the extension of land-office surveys next
season southerly across Turnagain Arm to the east shore of Cook
Inlet as far south as Kachemak Bay and easterly to the foothills
Much of this area, on which there are a few settlers, has been desig-
nated as agricultural land by the Bureau of Soils of the Department
of Agriculture, and, although it is not to be traversed by the Gov-
ernment railroad, will undoubtedly be indirectly affected by the build-
ing of that road, especially after the most desirable lands along the
railroad have been disposed of. It is also reported that a fair grade
of lignite, which has been mined to some extent for domestic uses,
underlies this region.
The most accessible, although a comparatively small part, of the
Susitna Valley will have been surveyed by the end of this field sea-
son. These surveys should be extended northerly next summer along
the line of the Government railroad and easterly from time to time
along the tributaries of the Susitna and into the foothills, as the re-
quirements of settlement dictate.
In the Tanana Valley it will be to the best interests of the country
to extend the surveys as rapidly as possible from the rectangular net
in the vicinity of the town site of Nenana further along the railroad
toward Fairbanks and up the Nenana River toward the coal fields,
as well as from time to time both up and down the Tanana River
itself.
HOMESTEAD SUKVEYS IN ALASKA.
The present homestead law requires settlers on unsurveyed land in
the Territory to have surveys thereof made at their own expense ; it
undoubtedly works great hardships upon them, the expense being
almost prohibitive, especially as such surveys are necessarily made
singly, as a general thing, and items like transportation are, there-
fore, greatly increased. I think it just that the Government should
make these surveys without expense to the settlers, after satisfactory
proof has been submitted on the homestead claim, and by making
them in groups a great portion of the cost may be eliminated. The
general theory that public lands are offered for disposal not burdened
with the cost of survey can only be made applicable in Alaska by the
execution of the survey after entry, without cost to the entryman,
instead of prior thereto, as elsewhere. The postponement of the right
150 COMMISSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
of entry until after survey would certainly prove a serious deterrent
to the settlement of the Territory, and the expense of survey, if
placed upon the homesteader, would have a similar effect; but there
is no reason why, if he does not desire to aAvait the free survey of the
land, he should not secure earlier action by a special survey at his
own expense.
ALASKA COAL=LEASING LAW.
The act of October 20, 1914 (38 Stat., 741), "to provide for the
leasing of coal lands in the Territory of Alaska," provided in section
15 thereof that after the approval of the act no lands in Alaska con-
taining deposits of coal withdrawn from entry or sale should be dis-
posed of or acquired in any manner except as provided in the act,
protecting, however, all claims pending before the department under
existing laws.
By Executive orders of November 12, 1906, and July 1, 1910, all
lands in Alaska were withdrawn from entry, location, or filing under
the coal-land laws, and from location, sale, or entry, and reserved for
classification, and in aid of legislation affecting the use and disposal
of coal deposits. The noted provision, therefore, in section 15 of the
leasing act operates to exclude all lands in the Territory from sale
or entry under the coal-land laws, and in effect to repeal all of said
laws as to coal land in the Territory.
Under this law the President of the United States is required to
reserve not exceeding 5,120 acres of coal-bearing lands in the Bering
River coal field and 7,680 acres within the Matanuska field before
opening said fields to the leasing provisions of the act. The unre-
served coal lands are thereafter to be divided by the Secretary of
the Interior into leasing blocks or tracts of 40 acres each, or mul-
tiples thereof, and in such form as, in the opinion of the Secretary,
will permit the most economical mining of the coal in such blocks,
but in no case exceeding 2,560 acres in any one leasing block or
tract. The lands having been thus divided into leasing blocks, the
Secretary under the act is authorized to offer such blocks or tracts for
leasing, and award leases thereof, through such plan as he may
adopt, either by advertisement, competitive bidding, or otherwise.
It will, therefore, be seen that preparatory to the opening of the
Alaska coal fields to the leasing law, it was necessary for the survey
of the lands in the field, as well as an examination thereof by mining
engineers, to the end that leasing blocks and tracts should be properly
designated. All necessary field work was accomplished during the
surveying season of last year. The office work, attendant upon the
examination and approval of these surveys and preparation of the
proper diagrams showing the leasing blocks and tracts as designated,
was prosecuted with all dispatch consistent with the necessity of
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 151
accurate results. In the meantime this office, together with the
Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey, had been giving careful
s#udy to the preparation of a form of lease to be used in application
for leases, and the manner of making awards thereunder.
With the matter thus in hand regulations governing coal-land
leases in the Territory of Alaska were issued with your approval
May 18, 1916, in booklet form, containing (1) a copy of the law and
regulations, with approved form of the proposed lease, and (2)
information relating to the operation and development of the Alaska
coal fields, prepared in the several bureaus of the department, each
booklet containing a folder showing the leasing blocks and tracts of
the Bering River and Matanuska coal fields.
August 1, 1916, under the regulations adopted, was fixed as the
date at which all pending applications would be taken up and consid-
ered. On that date there had been received in this office six applica-
tions for lease in the Matanuska field, indicating a minimum pro-
posed investment of $714,000 and a maximum proposed investment of
$2,514,000; in the Bering field two applications, indicating a pro-
posed investment of $400,000.
Action yet remains to be taken upon these several applications, but
it would appear from the number of applications that no difficulty is
likely to be encountered in securing substantial investments of cap-
ital under the leasing law, with the resulting early exploitation of
the Alaska coal fields.
The construction of the branch of the Government railroad to the
Matanuska coal field is being pushed with all expedition and will be
completed some time this fall. Facilities thus afforded for trans-
portation without doubt will be promptly utilized by the coal-mining
industry and kindred enterprises dependent upon a local fuel supply.
FREE=USE PERMITS ON ALASKA COAL LANDS.
Since the passage of the act of October 20, 1914 (38 Stat., 741),
section 10 of which authorized the issuance of free permits to citizens
of the United States to prospect for and mine coal from tracts not
exceeding 10 acres in extent of the public coal lands of Alaska for
strictly local and domestic uses, there have been issued 15 permits, 10
of which were issued within the last fiscal year. The aggregate
yearly output and consumption of coal to be mined under these per-
mits is estimated by the applicants to be 142,700 tons. This has
served to relieve the present pressing need for fuel in localities within
reach of the various coal deposits, and has given an impetus to min-
ing and other local industries, as well as comfort to residents.
The regulations as first issued governing the practice in relation to
these free permits, for reasons therein stated, withheld the operation
of this section of the law from the Matanuska and Bering River coal
152 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
fields. This restriction, no longer deemed necessary, has now been
removed, except as to the land included within leasing blocks and
areas that are under Government reservation.
ALASKA CIRCULAR.
Since the passage of the act of May 17, 1884 (23 Stat., 23), provid-
ing a civil government for Alaska, Congress has from time to time
made applicable to the Territory some of the public-land laws of
the United States, with such modifications thereof as seemed to be
called for by the physical conditions peculiar to that region, and in
other cases has made special statutory provision for the development
of the Territory.
The legislation with respect to the public lands of the Territory
and matters incident thereto has heretofore been the subject of sep-
arate instructions and regulations issued by the department, but up
to the present year no effort has been made to assemble the laws
peculiarly applicable to the Territory and the instructions issued
thereunder.
Recognizing the necessity for a compilation of this character, a
general circular dealing with the public lands, especially applicable
to Alaska, and subjects incident thereto in the Territory has been
prepared and received your approval.
The many inquiries daily received in this office relative to the
public lands in Alaska, the laws regulating their disposition, as well
as other information with respect to opportunities for intending
settlers, justify the belief that the preparation of this circular will
serve a most excellent purpose as an official guide to the interested
public.
MAP COMPILING AND DRAFTING.
It is an interesting fact that should be noted that the United
States map for this year shows the extension of the public surveys
during the fiscal year to 8,855,724 acres that now appear for the first
time on a general map as surveyed lands of the United States. In
the present year the issuance of at least four State maps is contem-
plated, as well as a map of Alaska.
No general map of the Territory of Alaska has been issued since
1908, during which time the Territory has entered upon a new period
of substantial development, and to-day invites the attention of many
thousands of intending settlers and possible investors, for which
reason the necessity for a map that will show the progress of settle-
ment and survey in the Territory is imperative. The new map will
in itself constitute an invaluable aid to all inquirers relative to
general conditions in the Territory, showing, among other things,
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 153
all recent work in the public and coal land surveys; also the line of
the Government railway and the several towns located thereon.
Topographic maps and plat of the Bering Eiver and Matanuska
coal fields, Alaska, showing the coal-leasing units in accordance with
the leasing law of October 20, 1914, have been prepared for use as
folios, which may be obtained from the superintendent of documents,
Government Printing Office, at a cost of $1 for the Matanuska folio
and 75 cents for the Bering River folio.
Some special work done during the year is worthy of mention, such
as the preparation of maps showing the Standing Rock and the
Colville Indian Reservations, prepared for use at the opening of
these reservations. In this line of work I caused to be prepared,
in accordance with your directions, a map, somewhat novel in its
character, but extremely useful to the public, serving in itself to
answer many questions with respect to the jurisdiction and varied
activities of the Interior Department in the public domain. On this
map are depicted national parks, national monuments, and reclama-
tion projects, as well as the location in the field of the offices, through
which the several bureaus of the department are represented. This
map may be procured from the superintendent of documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, at a cost of 15 cents per copy.
There were reproduced during the fiscal year, by photolithographic
process, 1,388 township plats, 867 of which were of new surveys, and
521 of older surveys, to replenish the files.
TRACT RECORDS.
This line of work in our office is in a very satisfactory condition,
permitting the posting of patent certificates immediately upon their
receipt in the office, thus enabling the adjudicating divisions to pass
satisfactory cases to patent with less delay than has existed for many
years.
The total number of tract-book notations made in posting various
entries, applications, selections, appeals, rejections, cancellations, etc.,
is 394,307, as compared with 379,435 for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1915. This number includes 19,796 patents and 897 Indian
allotments.
Prior to March 1, 1916, it was not the practice to make the tract
books show the issuance of patents in various cases. In accordance
with the order of February 29, 1916, the 19,796 patents mentioned
were noted.
During this period 1,952 plats of survey were posted, as compared
with 1,177 posted during the year previous. In posting plats, the
area of each subdivision is shown on the tract books.
The number of original homestead entries, desert entries, timber
and stone applications, etc., examined was 70,493, of which 62,556
154 COMMISSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
were passed and action taken on the remainder to remedy defects
found therein. This is 10,092 more than were examined during
the previous year. The examination of the various entries at the
time they are posted on the tract books is for the purpose of detect-
ing and correcting defects apparent, either on the face of the appli-
cations themselves, or of conflicts discovered with other entries,
selections, or withdrawals of land.
There were posted on the tract books during the year 14,055
petitions asking for the designation under the amendatory act of
March 4, 1915 ^(38 Stat., 1162), of lands alleged to be properly sub-
ject to entry under the law allowing enlarged homestead entries.
Under the act of Congress approved April 14, 1914 (38 Stat., 335),
and circular of instructions No. 327, dated June 3, 1914, issued there-
under, there were withdrawn from the files, and examined, cases on
which 1,120 supplemental patents have been issued, wherein the
original patents contained reservations of coal to the United States,
but the lands were subsequently reclassified as noncoal in character.
HOMESTEADS— TIMBER AND STONE— ISOLATED TRACTS.
The record in this line of work during the past year shows ap-
provals for patent as follows:
Final homesteads 29, 598
Commuted homesteads 2, 940
Timber and stone cash entries 575
Isolated tracts 2, 009
Miscellaneous sales 1, 056
Total 36, 178
The decrease in the number of homestead entries approved for
patent during the past year is apparently due to the fact that home-
steaders are taking advantage of the provisions of the enlarged home-
stead acts, and have been prevented from submitting final proofs on
their original entries through the necessary delay in securing the
designation of the land desired as an additional entry as subject to
entry under the enlarged homestead acts.
In this connection, as will be seen by the table that follows, the
number of original homestead entries made each year has steadily
increased since 1912, while the number of entries commuted has
rapidly decreased. The reason for this is apparent ; enlarged home-
stead entries can not be commuted. The enactment of that law,
with its various amendments, has had the effect of making commuta-
tion of homestead, under section 2301 of the Revised Statutes, of
little value to the homesteader of this day, who needs at least 320
acres of the kind of land now available.
COMMISSIONED OP THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
155
Note the number of original homestead entries made during the
years named and the number perfected by commutation and final
proof.
Entries.
Com-
muted.
Final.
1909 .
75, 455
98,598
70,720
52,991
57, 800
61,229
62,360
21,257
17,092
17,679
16,738
6,111
4,584
2,694
25,510
25,412
26,777
24,326
53,252
48 724
1910
1911
1912
1913 ... ,
1914
1915 ... ,
37, 343
Under the second homestead law of September 5, 1914 (38 Stat.,
712), action was taken upon 4,891 applications, as against 2,913 ap-
plications for the year previous.
Action was also taken during the same period on over 18,000
petitions (14,055 new and balance pending June 30, 1915), filed under
the amendatory act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1162), conferring
upon applicants a preferred right of entry, under the enlarged home-
stead act, of lands theretofore undesignated. So far as the work of
this office is concerned, these petitions are equivalent to as man}'
more original applications by reason of the necessity of first noting
the records and taking action on the petitions before the applications
can be allowed or rejected pursuant to the regular procedure.
HOMESTEADS, LARGE AND SMALL.
From time to time inquiries are addressed to this office in the in-
terest of proposed legislation looking toward a distribution of our
public lands in such manner as to secure the highest form of perma-
nent development. This is especially true in connection with the
disposition of lands, properly classified as agricultural, though rang-
ing from the -high fertility of a well-watered country to the semi-
desert condition of the arid and nonirrigable region.
Not an infrequent criticism of our public-land system has been
based upon the fact that an absolute title is passed from the United
States to the entryman, who thereafter is in full control of the land
and may make such use thereof as may seem best to him. This, it
is said, is conducive to speculative entries, so that people not really
desirous of acquiring permanent homes or developing their lands
to that end, but only seeking temporary results, make entries, secure
patents, and thereafter promptly dispose of the land, the result being
that instead of making many small homes it operates in the interest
of the large landholder.
In my last report I drew attention to the fact that a study was
being made in this office of the operation of the homestead law in its
156 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
several forms, and gave the results of this inquiry so far as then
prosecuted. Since then I have secured further data on this general
subject, which I believe should be preserved for future reference.
The specific point to which this inquiry has been addressed is to
determine the relative degree of permanent investment secured under
the three best-known forms of homestead entry, distinguished by the
area of each, to wit :
1. The homestead law of 160 acres.
2. The enlarged-homestead entry of 320 acres.
3. The Kinkaid homestead entry of 640 acres.
(1) The method adopted in studying this form of entry was to
compile the data from the final proofs submitted on 10 homestead
entries, taken at random from each of 95 districts of the public-land
States, in comparatively recent cases.
These final proofs necessarily covered all kinds and varieties of the
160-acre homestead entry, but for the purpose in hand no distinction
in that particular was made, and it was found that a total of 26,297
acres were cultivated in the 950 claims, and the entire value of the
improvements placed thereon estimated at $751,151, so that the
average cultivation per entry thus disclosed was 27 acres, and the
average value of the improvements on each farm $790.
From this but one deduction can be reached, and that in favor of
the general good faith of the small homesteader and his bona fide
intention of making a permanent home for himself on the public
domain. Any other conclusion would not be warranted, especially
when it is taken into consideration that, for the most part, these
entrymen are largely dependent upon the labor of their own hands
for the improvement and cultivation of the land, as well as for their
own maintenance, during the time they are engaged in earning title to
their homes.
(2) The study of the enlarged-homestead law to determine in what
degree it had affected the settlement and development of the country
generally was prosecuted through the field service.
This law permits taking as a homestead 320 acres of semiarid graz-
ing lands which have been designated by the Secretary of the Interior
as not susceptible of successful irrigation at a reasonable cost from
any known source of water supply. A careful study of the reports
submitted justify the general conclusion that 320 acres of land of
this character are absolutely necessary for the support of a family;
that under the provisions of this law the farmer has been enabled to
successfully combine the cultivation of a portion of the land in crop,
with the use of the remainder for stock raising. With a smaller
acreage of such land no such diversified investment of his capital and
labor would be possible. The occupation and improvement of large
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 157
areas of semiarid nonirrigable land has therefore resulted through
a practical combination of dry farming with stock raising. Here
and there is encountered an expression of opinion that the law has
been made use of for speculative ends, but this is the exception.
(3) The Kinkaid Act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat., 547), permits
the entry of 640 acres within a specified portion of the State of
Nebraska, where the character of the soil is such that the ordinary
forms of cultivation can not be successfully employed but cattle
grazing is fairly remunerative. When this law was first proposed,
and during the time of its discussion before Congress, it was then
said that it would be made use of by wealthy stock growers who,
under the provisions of the law, would be able to obtain large bodies
of public land. The friends of the measure, however, believed that
if the small owner could have title to sufficient land to graze a few
cattle he would not readily part with the land, and this view finally
prevailed in the adoption of the act as it now stands.
A study of the Kinkaid law, in its operation for the first 10 years
after its passage, from June 28, 1904, to June 28, 1914, has been made.
Complete lists, by counties, of the final proofs made under said act
during that period were procured, and these lists referred to the
proper county recorders in each county in order to ascertain to what
extent the original ownership had been retained by the entrymen.
The figures thus obtained show the following :
Acres.
Area in hands of small holders 6, 422, 963. 09
Area in hands of large holders 303, 553. 32
Area in hands of original entrymen 4, 589, 870. 91
Total area proved up on June 28, 1904, to June 28, 1914 6, 726, 516. 41
It will be noted that the sum of the large and small holdings is the
same as the total acreage proved up under the act. The acreage in
the hands of original entrymen does not affect the total, as all lands
in this column are included in either the large or small holdings
column.
In addition to the statistical matter thus secured, a canvass was
made through inquiries in the form of questions addressed to promi-
nent and well-informed parties in every county in the Kinkaid dis-
trict, as well as to a large number of entrymen under the act.
General conditions in the territory covered by the act were also
made the subject of inquiry, and where statistics had been gathered
by the State of Nebraska, and were available, a comparison was made
between the 10 years prior to 1904 and the 10 years immediately
thereafter. Statistics as to the increase in population, valuation of
property, crops, live stock, etc., were thus obtained and preserved.
158 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
A few of the more pertinent figures are here submitted :
Per cent.
Increase in voting population from 1904 to 1914 55
Increase in value of agricultural implements from 1904 to 1914 74
Increase in value of cattle from 1904 to 1914 34
Increase in acres planted to rye from 1904 to 1914 92
Increase in acres planted to oats from 1904 to 1914 80
Increase in acres planted to corn from 1904 to 1914 102
Increase in acres planted to wheat from 1904 to 1914 142
Increase in horses owned from 1904 to 1914 07
Increase in hogs owned from 1904 to 1914 31
In valuation of all property, the increase from 1892 to 1904 was
17 per cent, while from 1904 to 1914 the increase was 108 per cent.
The general result of the investigation of this law, under the first
10-year period of its operation, is such as to justify the original
friends of the measure, it being apparent that the acreage taken up
thereunder has for the greater part not been absorbed in large hold-
ings, but continues to be held and cultivated by the small holder and
entry man ; and further, that during such period the territory covered
thereby has made a marked advancement in every way, largely at-
tributable to the operations of the law.
The final deduction from the entire study of this subject is justified
that the enlargement of the homestead was a timely recognition that
the area of the entry should be measured by the earning capacity of
the land. In operation, the enlargement of the homestead entry to
320 acres may be recognized as a successful demonstration of this
theory in that portion of the country where stock raising may be
successfully united with dry farming, but not so in those communi-
ties where only cattle grazing is a profitable use of semiarid, non-
irrigable land.
The stock raising homestead bill now pending before Congress is
in effect a recognition of this conclusion, making provision for a
homestead entry for 640 acres of lands chiefly valuable for grazing.
RECLAMATION.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, additional farm units
have been opened to entry, either by the issuance of public notices or
the announcement of the availability of water for the irrigation of
the lands, on the Uncompahgre Valley project, Colorado; the Mini-
doka project, Idaho; the Huntley project, Montana; the Umatilla
project, Oregon; and the North Platte project, Nebraska. In addi-
tion, large areas have been released from withdrawal under the pro-
visions of the reclamation act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388), and
restored to the public domain, as no longer needed in the interests
of the several projects in which they were formerly embraced. These
lands have been opened to settlement and entry under the general
COMMISSIONEE OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 159
provisions of the public land laws. Other lands have been added
to several of the projects by withdrawal, either under the first form
of withdrawal, from all forms of entr}^, or under the second form
of withdrawal provided in section 3 of the reclamation act, from
entry, except under the provisions of the homestead law.
A new general reclamation circular, containing the laws and regu-
lations covering entries within Government irrigation projects, has
been prepared and was approved on May 18, 1916.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, 332 assignments of
homestead entries within reclamation projects were examined and
accepted, and 11 of such assignments were rejected. In 68 cases
the decisions of registers and receivers were reversed on appeal, and
in 118 cases the decisions of the local officers were affirmed. One
thousand one hundred and twenty-four original homestead entries
were examined and accepted, 28 original entries were canceled, and
141 were closed by relinquishment. Seven hundred and sixty-four
final homestead entries were approved for patenting, and 24 of such
entries were canceled; 62 applications for amendments of homestead
entries were examined and accepted. Fifteen assignments of desert-
land entries within irrigation projects were examined and accepted.
Two applications for extension of time within which to submit final
proof upon desert-land entries within irrigation projects were ex-
amined and allowed, and one such application was rejected. Ten
original desert-land entries, subject to the terms and conditions of
the reclamation act of June 17, 1902, were examined and accepted,
and two were canceled. Ten final desert-land proofs were approved
for patenting, and one was canceled.
HOMESTEAD ENTRIES IN NATIONAL FORESTS.
During the past year notices were issued in accordance with the
provisions of the act of June 11, 1906 (34 Stat., 233), involving the
restoration of 1,525 lists of lands in national forests, by which
approximately 152,000 acres of agricultural lands were opened to
homestead settlement and entry of not to exceed 160 acres each. In
the previous year approximately 280,000 acres were restored under
said act, and the total area thus restored to date is about 1,837,000
acres.
While the number of listings has diminished, the general work
incident to entries, amendments, appeals, etc., has increased. The
number of final proofs upon such entries has greatly increased the
past year, and a large percentage of the entries describe the lands by
metes and bounds. Approximately 1,350 patents under this act
were issued the past year. The listings of these lands and action
on final proof under this act are practically up to date.
160 COMMISSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
LIEU SELECTIONS FOR LANDS IN INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
The act of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat, 211), provides for an exchange
by an owner of private land over which an Indian reservation has
been extended by Executive order for nonmineral, nontimber, sur-
veyed public lands of equal area and value, and situated in the same
State or Territory.
Under the exchange provisions of this act, selections made in
New Mexico and Arizona have been patented aggregating an area
of approximately 1,400,000 acres of land.
On December 28, 1912, a deed for approximately 327,000 acres of
land was accepted and duly recorded, embracing lands owned by the
Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co., within withdrawals of January 8,
1900, and November 14, 1901. In 1913, on protest filed by the Land
Commission of Arizona that the base land offered in making selec-
tions in Arizona, under the said act of April 21, 1904, and selected
lands in lieu thereof, were not equal in value, all selections made in
Arizona under said act were suspended. The total area involved in
the selections suspended was 427,277.80 acres, 96,349.15 acres having
base within the Moqui Indian Reservation.
A hearing was had before the department in May, 1914, on the
protest of the Land Commission of Arizona, and thereafter it was
held that the said withdrawals of January 8, 1900, and November 14,
1901, never placed such lands within an Indian reservation, and
therefore they were not subject to exchange under the act of April
21, 1904, supra. From field examination made of the lands men-
tioned in said deed of December 28, 1912, it was ascertained that such
lands were of little or no value, either to the Indians, or as basis of
exchange.
In view, however, of the fact that all of the selection rights under
said deed of December 28, 1912, had been sold to different indi
viduals, cattle companies, and corporations, and they, in many in-
stances, had transferred their rights to other persons whereby equities
had grown up, it was manifestly unjust to reject all of such selec-
tions outright, whereupon the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. offered
to reconvey a necessary area of land, any place in the Navajo Indian
Reservation to which they held title, and which land was subject to
exchange under the act of April 21, 1904. Under these conditions
the said railroad company submitted a deed of approximately
303,350 acres, theretofore examined and selected by agents of the
Government, which was sufficient base to cover the area in selections
not rejected. The new base submitted was for lands within Execu-
tive withdrawal of January 6, 1880, and Executive orders of No-
vember 9, 1907, and January 28, 1909. From examination made of
such new base land it was estimated that it had a value of $1.50 per
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 161
acre for grazing purposes; lands under two irrigation projects were
estimated to be worth $300,000; coal lands in this area were ap-
praised at over $300,000, and timber values to the extent of $800,000,
making a sufficient average value to warrant the exchange herein-
after mentioned.
Briefly, it may be stated that the total area of all selected land
suspended was 427,277.80 acres. Selections were rejected for various
reasons, amounting to 29,604.38 acres, leaving a total area of
897,673.42 acres favorably reported upon, and all such selections
passed to patent, except an area of less than 1,000 acres still pending
a resurvey of the land.
On June 6, 1916, the department decided that it is not advisable
to allow further exchanges under the said act of April 21, 1904, ex-
cept possibly in some unusual cases which would be found to the
benefit of the Government to permit, or where the selector may have
acquired some equities.
In conformity with these instructions the Santa Fe Pacific Kail-
road Co. has been authorized to reconvey, in addition to the area
heretofore mentioned, approximately 50,000 acres of land in Arizona,
and approximately 12,000 acres in New Mexico, making a total area
of 62,000 acres of base land still outstanding, subject to the provi-
sions of exchange under the act of April 21, 1904.
FOREST LIEU SELECTIONS.
The act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat, 36), which provides for the selec-
tion of public lands in lieu of lands in national forests, was repealed
by the act of March 3, 1905 (33 Stat., 1264), except as to certain
contracts previously entered into involving lands in the San Fran-
cisco mountains and Grand Canyon National Forest, Ariz., and the
Santa Barbara National Forest, Cal. The area of land which has
not been offered under said exceptions is approximately 20,000 acres.
Selections under the act of June 4, 1897, were allowed for both
surveyed and unsurveyed land until October 1, 1900, since which
date selections are restricted to vacant surveyed nonmineral land sub-
ject to homestead entry as provided in the amendatory act of July 6,
1900. (33 Stat., 614.)
There now remain in all approximately 600 selections under this
act, involving between 100,000 and 150,000 acres; some awaiting
survey of the lands selected, some suspended for investigation as to
the character of the selected land as mineral or otherwise, and some
suspended on account of alleged fraud in acquisition of title to the
base land from the States of California and Oregon; of these last,
some are pending action on field investigations made, and some are
under contest charges by the Government, but hearings have not been
held, or the trial records have not been received from the local offices.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 11
162 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
In 1913 the State of Oregon instituted suits in the State courts to
annul a large number of patents issued by the State for approxi-
mately 25,000 acres of lands which were thereafter offered to the
United States in exchange for lands selected under the act of June
4, 1897, alleging that the lands had been acquired from the State by
fraud, and under directions from the department action on all pend
ing selections involving Oregon base lands embraced in such suits
has been suspended. These lands are included in the 600 pending
selections above mentioned.
Two hundred and ninety-seven selections have been finally dis-
disposed of during the fiscal year, approximately 250 being patented
and 47 canceled. During the year adverse proceedings were di-
rected against 25 of these selections, hearings were had in 58 cases,
and the field investigation as to the base lands involved in Hyde-
Benson suspensions were practically completed. This office has been
proceeding under the existing rulings of the department to adjudi-
cate the Government contests against these selections, and so dis-
posing of the same as rapidly as possible. Approximately 170 cases
are suspended by reason of proceedings pending in the courts or by
reason of the administrative rule found necessary to be adopted
some time since to secure uniformity of action, namely, of waiting
until all the trial records were received involving the lands pur-
chased by one State applicant, for in most cases portions of the
same base have been used in several selections.
This office has rendered decisions in 50 of these Government con-
test cases, 7 of which were in favor of the selector and 43 were ad-
verse. The latter were all appealed to the department. On July 1,
1916, there were pending in the department, transmitted by this
office, approximately 130 contest cases of the so-called Hyde-Benson
selections, involving from 20,000 to 25,000 acres of land.
CHIPPEWA INDIAN TIMBER LOGGING, MINNESOTA.
In logging operations on ceded Chippewa lands, Minnesota, under
the act of June 27, 1902 (32 Stat., 400) , there were cut during the past
year a total of 28,470,380 feet, valued at $193,426.42, as against 46,-
272,950 feet of timber, valued at $373,442.83, cut during the preceding
year. The total amount cut during the 13 years of logging operations
is 1,256,020,826 feet, valued at $8,871,692.90. The amount already cut
exceeds the Government's estimates, made before the different sales,
by 345,188,130 feet, an overrun thus far of 38 per cent. The average
stumpage price of the timber scaled is $7,07. The average number of
logs per thousand feet is 11%. The total expense in connection with
this logging for 13 years is 4.22 per cent of the total receipts. There
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 163
are still uncut, covered by existing contracts, about 100,000,000 feet
of timber, which will all be cut within the next three years, according
to the contracts, and there are 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 feet of unsold
timber, which it is proposed to offer for sale soon, with a view to
closing up the Chippewa logging operations in Minnesota within
the next three years.
OPENING OF CHIPPEWA AGRICULTURAL LANDS,
MINNESOTA.
On February 19, 1916, instructions issued for the opening to settle-
ment and entry under the homestead laws, as modified by special laws,
of 56,175.62 acres of ceded ChippewTa lands, Minnesota. Of this area,
52,360.27 acres were " cut-over " pine lands and lands formerly in
Mud Lake bottom, and 3,815.35 acres are classified as pine lands
and are estimated to contain 1,252% M feet of timber, appraised at
$7,093.15. The entrymen for all of these lands are required under
section 6 of the act of January 14, 1889 (25 Stat., 642), to pay $1.25
per acre for the land entered, and the entrymen for the pine lands
are required to pay* the appraised price for the timber at the time of
making entry.
MINNESOTA DRAINAGE ENTRIES.
By the act of May 20, 1908 (35 Stat., 169), known as the Volstead
Act, the drainage laws of the State of Minnesota were extended to
lands subject to entry in said State, and all entered lands, for which
no final certificate had issued, and the sale of such land authorized
under the laws of the State to enforce the payment of drainage
charges legally assessed against such lands. Under this law it is
incumbent upon the homesteader to comply with the provisions of
the homestead law, in the matter of improvement, cultivation and
residence, and also with the State law in respect to the payment of
drainage assessments. But in cash entries, made under purchases
at tax sales, residence, cultivation, and improvement are not re-
quired in order to secure patent.
The greater part of this land is too wet to attract homesteaders,
as it is practically impossible for them to comply with the require-
ments of the homestead law ; consequently, advantage is taken of the
provision authorizing cash entries by purchasers at tax sales, and
more entries were made under such provision in the year past than
in any previous year.
There have been approved for patenting 917 of these entries,
which are mostly made for an area of 160 acres each, the limit al-
lowed to any one purchaser under the act, and the area thus pat-
164 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
ented is approximately in the neighborhood of 140,000 acres. There
are still pending 81 of these entries.
The drainage of the land is effected by projects constructed under
the authority of the county board of the several counties, and the
judges of the district courts, in accordance with the law of the
State.
A sale of land under this act was held in May, 1916, but as pur-
chasers are allowed 90 days in which to make entry the number of
entries resulting from such sale can not be stated at the present
time.
SALES OF INDIAN LANDS
FLATHEAD INDIAN LANDS.
Approximately 78,000 acres, classified as agricultural and grazing
lands, situated within the former Flathead Indian Reservation,
Mont., were offered for sale to the highest bidders for cash; lands
in the Kalispell (Mont.) land district, at Kalispell, on August 16,
and lands in the Missoula (Mont.) land district, at Missoula, on
August 23, 1915. Adjourned sales were held at Kalispell on Novem-
ber 17, and at Missoula on November 22, 1915. In all 51,643.11 acres
were sold for $101,634.10. The sales were made under authority
of departmental regulations, approved July 3, 1915, and the act of
April 23, 1904 (33 Stat., 302).
COEUR D'ALENE INDIAN LANDS.
Approximately 19,500 acres cf land situated within the former
Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation, Idaho, were offered for sale to
the highest bidders for cash at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, on September
1, 1915. An adjourned sale was held at Plummer, Idaho, on Novem-
ber 19, 1915. In all, 3,645.91 acres were sold for $5,265.99. The sales
were authorized by departmental regulations, approved July 12,
1915, and the act of June 21, 1906 (34 Stat., 335).
LEMHI INDIAN AGENCY SCHOOL PLANT AND FARM.
The abandoned Lemhi Agency school plant and farm, consisting
of 434 acres, valued at $10,400, with buildings thereon appraised at
$3,880, were offered for sale to the highest bidder at Lemhi, Idaho,
and sold on September 15, 1915, for an amount equaling the total
appraisement. The successful bidder was required to make a deposit
equal to 25 per cent of the purchase price of the land on the day of
the sale, and was required, within 10 days, to increase the amount to
40 per cent. The balance of the purchase money is payable in two
equal annual installments. The sale was authorized by the act of
July 19, 1912 (37 Stat., 195), and departmental regulations approved
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 165
July 27, 1915. Three of the buildings listed for sale in connection
with the lands (Nos. 2, 3, and 12) were found not to be situated
thereon and were not included in the buildings sold. The unsold
buildings were valued at $380.
FORMER SIOUX INDIAN LANDS.
Unentered lands formerly within the Great Sioux Indian Reserva-
tion in Lyman County, S. Dak., were offered for sale to the highest
bidders for cash — lands in the Pierre (S. Dak.) land district at
Pierre, commencing September 20, and lands in the Gregory (S.
Dak.) land district at Gregory, commencing September 24, 1915.
The lands were restored to the public domain by section 21 of the
act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat., 888). In all 15,057.86 acres were sold
for $26,349.41. The sales were made under authority of the act of
March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1189), and departmental regulations ap-
proved August 24, 1915.
ROSEBUD INDIAN LANDS.
Unentered lands within the former Rosebud Indian Reservation,
in Lyman and Tripp Counties, S. Dak., were offered for sale to the
highest bidders for cash at Gregory, S. Dak., on September 23, 1915.
The prices received ranged from $2.50 to $7 per acre. In all 5,763.71
acres were sold for $17,866.07. All tracts offered were sold. The
sale was made under authority of the act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat.,
1230), and departmental regulations approved July 28, 1915.
OKLAHOMA LANDS.
The unused, unallotted, and unreserved lands of the Kiowa, Co-
manche, Apache, and Wichita Tribes of Indians, Oklahoma, were
offered for sale to the highest bidders at El Reno, Okla., on Decem-
ber 7, 1915. Purchasers were required to pay one-fourth of the
amount of their bids on the day of the sale; the balance to be paid
in four equal annual installments. Interest must be paid on the de-
ferred payments at the rate of 4 per cent per annum. The proceeds
from the sales less $1.25 per acre will be deposited in the Treasury
for the benefit of the Kiowa Agency Hospital fund. The prices re-
ceived ranged from $1.25 to $25 per acre. In all 3,087.96 acres were
sold. The sale was authorized by departmental regulations approved
November 15, 1915, and the act "of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat., 92).
Undisposed-of lands in the former Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indian
Reservation, Okla., were also offered for sale to the highest bidders
at El Reno on December 7, 1915. In order to obtain title to these
lands purchasers must comply with the general provisions of the
homestead laws and pay the amounts bid. One-fifth of the purchase
price was required on the day of sale; the balance to be paid in
166 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
six equal annual installments. The prices received ranged from $5
to $52 per acre. In all, 615 acres were sold for $18,804. All the
lands offered were sold.
DEVILS LAKE INDIAN LANDS.
Unentered lands within the former Devils Lake Indian Reserva-
tion, N. Dak., were offered for sale to the highest bidders for cash
at Minot, N. Dak., on June 3, 1916. The prices received ranged
from $1.25 to $5 per acre. In all, 819.62 acres were sold for $2,299.15.
The sales were made under authority of the act of April 27, 1901
(33 Stat., 319), and the President's proclamation of April 26, 1916.
SHOSHONE OR WIND RIVER.
A tract comprising 2,297.74 acres in T. 4 N., R. 6 E., W. R. M.,
in the former Shoshone or Wind River Reservation, Wyo., appraised
at $1 an acre was sold under the provisions of the act of March 3,
1905 (33 Stat., 1016), at Lander, Wyo., on June 23, 1916, at $7.30
per acre.
ROUND VALLEY INDIAN LANDS.
Commencing on August 29, 1916, there was a public offering at
Willits, Cal., of 44,106.73 acres of lands in the Round Valley Indian
Reservation, situated in Mendocino and Trinity Counties, Cal. These
lands were appraised at $56,230.79, under the act of February 8, 1904
(33 Stat., 706), and were disposed of to the highest bidders without
any requirements as to residence, cultivation, and improvements, in
blocks averaging 146 acres in each block at not less than the ap-
praised price. There were sold at said sale 42,801.41 acres for
$116,652.68 an average of $2.72 per acre, in addition to a commission
equal to 3| cents per acre, and the receipts at the sale amounted to
$42,040.25.
SALES OF LOTS IN TOWN SITES ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
Additional sales were made of lots in the towns of Worley and
Plummer, Idaho, in the former Coeur d'Alene Reservation at such
towns on September 7 and 9, 1915, respectively, and of lots in the
towns of Parshall and Van Hooks, N. Dak., in the former Fort Ber-
thold Reservation at the respective towns on November 7 and 9, 1915.
A second sale of lots in towns on the former Fort Peck Reservation
in Montana was held as follows : Wakea at Wakea on June 7. 1916 ;
Blair, Brockton, Chelsea, Frazer, Macon, Sprole, Milk River, Oswego.
Poplar, and Wolf Point, at Glasgow, Mont., on June 9 and 10, 1916.
No lots were sold in the towns of Blair, Brockton, Chelsea, Macon,
and Sprole, but in the remaining towns 141 lots were sold for a total
of $8,024, an advance of $2,121 over the appraised price. All the
undisposed of lots in the town of Poplar were sold.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 167
OPENING OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
FORT BERTHOLD.
The President by proclamation of September 17, 1915, issued under
the provisions of the act of August 3, 1914 (38 Stat., 681), directed
that the classified coal lands within the former Fort Berthold Reser-
vation in North Dakota, be restored to entry under the general pro-
visions of the homestead laws at not less than their appraised value,
beginning May 1, 1916, with a reservation of the coal to the United
States.
In order to secure equality of opportunity, it was provided that all
persons desiring to enter any of the lands should file applications
therefor during the period from October 18 to 30, 1915, inclusive,
at Minot, Bismarck, or Plaza, N. Dak. Thirty thousand five hundred
applications were presented, and from this number 2,050 were drawn.
Persons whose applications were thus drawn were permitted to file
their applications to enter the lands in the order in which drawn.
The lands were appraised at from $2.50 to $8 per acre, and one-fifth
of the purchase price was required to accompany the application. Of
the first 100 names called 87 responded and 85 completed entry. Six
hundred and fifty-one selections were made and 551 entries com-
pleted. A person not completing entry was disqualified. At 9
o'clock a. m. June 1, 1916, when the remaining lands became subject
to entry generally, 74 applications were presented, of which 48 were
allowed. Substantially all the arable lands were entered.
COLVILLE.
Under authority of the act of March 22, 1906 (34 Stat., 80), the
President by proclamation of May 3, 1916, provided for the opening
of the nonmineral, unallotted, and unreserved lands in the diminished
Colville Reservation, Wash., under the general provisions of the
homestead laws at not less than their appraised value, and pre-
scribed a registration and drawing to determine the order in which
applications to enter may be presented. The appraised prices aver-
age about $1.50 per acre, and one-fifth the purchase price must accom-
pany the application.
Registration for such lands was conducted from July 5 to 22, 1916,
inclusive, at Spokane, Wenatchee, Colville, Wilbur, Republic, and
Omak, Wash., and the drawing at Spokane from July 27 to 29, 1916,
inclusive. Applications for registration were presented by 90,410
persons, and from this number 5,500 were drawn and numbered.
Selections by persons to whom numbers have been assigned under the
drawing began at Omak on September 5, 1916. A period of 10 days
following the date of selection is allowed each person within which
to complete entry. The unentered lands will on and after 9 o'clock
168 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
a. m. October 18, 1916, be subject to homestead entry generally at the
appraised prices.
The diminished Colville Reservation embraces 1,300,000 acres and
the area subject to entry therein under said proclamation is esti-
mated at 422,144.01 acres, a large proportion of which has been des-
ignated for entry under the enlarged homestead act.
TOWN SITES AND KINDRED ENTRIES.
During the fiscal year just past there has been a marked activity
in town-site and town-lot sales, and the prospect for the present
year indicates an increased activity. The following report shows the
entries on hand, received, and approved during the past year:
There were pending July 1, 1915, 4 town site, 9 mission site, 2 park
site, 4 cemetery site, and 3 trade and manufacturing site entries,
aggregating 22. Twenty entries of like character were received dur-
ing the year, making 42 in all. Twenty have been approved and
1 canceled, leaving a balance pending July 1, 1916, of 21.
At the beginning of the year, 205 town-lot entries were pending,
and during the year 821 were received, aggregating 1,026, of which
785 were approved and 59 canceled, leaving 182 pending July 1,
1916. Numerous lots in town sites have been sold on time, the
purchase price paid in part at time of sale, the balance to be paid
in one or more installments, not exceeding four. No title is secured
in such cases until full payment has been made. During the fiscal
year 449 lots have been sold in this manner for $21,724. This does
not include Alaska.
One hundred and seventy-one lots were sold for $9,871 in Nespelem
town site, in the diminished Colville Indian Reservation, Wash., in
August, 1916, and in the same month 29 lots were sold in Astor
town 'site in said reservation, for $693, and 53 lots were sold in
DeSmet town site in the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation, Idaho,
for $1,510. A sale of lots in Klaxta town site, in the Spokane
Indian Reservation, Wash., is to be held in September. It is con-
templated to hold sales of town lots in Parshall, Van Hook, and
Sanish town sites, in the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, N. Dak.,
in October, 1916.
The town site of Anchorage, on the line of the Government rail-
road in Alaska, was surveyed into lots in June, 1915. A sale of the
lots was held in July and another in August of that year, at which
887 lots were sold for $177,105. The lots were sold for one-third
cash, the balance to be paid in four equal annual installments.
The initial payment derived from the sales amounted to $60,773.55.
Since the original surve}^ an amended survey has been made creat-
ing two additions to said town site, designated Anchorage East and
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 139
South Additions, respectively. In July, 1916, 1,050 lots were sold in
the town site and its additions for $212,020 on the same terms as in
the former sales, the initial payments amounting to $82,445.55. The
value of the lots and the demand for them appear to be on the
increase. The phenomenal growth of the town and the conditions
in and around it warrant the belief that it will become an important
metropolis of the Territory.
Two Government additions to the town site of Seward, Alaska,
designated Federal and Cliff additions, respectively, have been sub-
divided into lots and blocks. One hundred and fifteen lots were sold
on September 11, 1916, in said additions for $26,630.
In July, 1916, 56 lots were sold in the town site of Matanuska,
Alaska, for $8,930. The lots were sold and the payments therefor
made in about two hours.
In August, 1916, 354 lots in Nenana town site, Alaska, were sold
for $132,525. This place gives promise of becoming an important
town.
ABANDONED MILITARY RESERVATIONS.
The preliminary wTork looking to the opening of the Fort Assin-
niboine abandoned military reservation, in the State of Montana, is
about completed. This reservation is to be opened under the act of
February 11, 1915 (38 Stat., 807), under which the lands have been
surveyed and examined in the field with a view to determining the
character of the land as agricultural, mineral, timber, and coal.
However, action has been deferred pending the disposition of Sen-
ate bill 3646, which became a lawT September 7, 1916 (Public, No.
261). This act sets aside four fractional townships, approximately
56,035 acres, for the use of Indians; grants certain lands, approxi-
mately 820 acres, to the city of Havre for the improvement of its
water system; and authorizes the withdrawal as a camping ground
of approximately 8,880 acres. The agricultural lands in this reser-
vation are to be disposed of under the act of February 11, 1915, by
settlement and entry under the homestead laws of the United States;
lands entered during the first six months after the opening to be
paid for by settlers at $2.50 per acre, and lands entered after six
months' period to be paid for at $1.25 per acre. There will prob-
ably be in the neighborhood of 100,000 acres opened under the act.
Under section 5 of said act 2,000 acres, including the Government
buildings, have been patented to the State of Montana.
There is also pending the disposal of the Fort Sabine aban-
doned military reservation, Louisiana, comprising land in town-
ships 14, 15, and 16 south, ranges 15 and 16 west, mostly unsur-
veyed. This land is in Cameron Township, and is separated
by Sabine Pass and Sabine Lake from the State of Texas. Con-
170 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
siderable interest attaches to these lands because of their near-
ness to the Beaumont oil fields. Action looking to the dispo-
sition of these lands has been deferred awaiting the receipt of
a requested opinion of the Attorney General as to whether or not
the State of Louisiana secured a valid title to certain lands cer-
tified to it under the swamp-land act. This opinion, which was
given August 18, 1916, was adverse to the claim of the State under
said certification. Said reservation was established by Executive
order of December 20, 1838, and it was held that the land in said
reservation, which was not abandoned until March 25, 1871, was im-
pliedly excepted from the grant in the swamp-land act of March 2,
1819 (9 Stat., 352), and that the approval of the swamp-land lists
by the Secretary of the Interior was "void upon its face." The
opinion follows the decision of the Supreme Court of the United
States in the case of the State of Louisiana v, Garfield, Secretary
of the Interior (211 U. S., 70), involving different lands in the same
reservation.
Decisions of the department in regard to the application of the
swamp-land act to lands in said reservation will also be found in
21 L. D., 357; 33 L. D., 13; and 38 L. D., 261. The lands are to be
surveyed, and appropriate action in regard thereto will be taken as
soon as practicable.
The act of July 3. 1916 (Public, No. 139), makes provision for
the disposal of two abandoned military reservations, Nos. 23 and 24,
comprising 1,219.20 acres, situated on the Narrows, which separates
them from the peninsula on which Tacoma, Wash., is located. The
act provides for the survey of the lands into 20-acre tracts, and for
giving settlers thereon January 1, 1910, a preference right to pur-
chase lands occupied by them, not exceeding 20 acres, at the ap-
praised price. The lands not thus disposed of within one year after
the approval of the regulations are to be sold at public auction under
the act of July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 103). Steps looking to the survey
and appraisal of the lands have already been taken.
During the past year the military reservation at Fort Brown,
Tex., was returned to the control and custody of the War Depart-
ment. Said reservation had been abandoned and preparations made,
b/y survey and appraisement, for its disposal under the act of July 5,
1884 (23 Stat., 103). In view of the changed conditions and the
need of the property for military purposes, an Executive order was
issued again placing the reservation under the jurisdiction of the
War Department.
The former military reservation at Fort Einggold, Tex., has also
been surveyed and appraised with reference to its sale under the act
of July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 103), but it is at present occupied by the
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 171
military forces along the border, and therefore the disposal of the
reservation has been delayed.
On January 14, 1916, there were turned over to this department
certain lands at Batton Island, Fla., reserved by Executive order of
March 23, 1849, which refers to the lands as Babbitt or Battard
Island. They are situated at the mouth of St. John's River, south of
Fort George Island. The field work of survey and appraisement has
been completed, and it is proposed in due time to offer the lands at
public sale under the act of July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 103).
On April 28, 1916, there was turned over to this department for
disposal under said act of July 5, 1884, the military reservations on
Virginia Key and Key Biscayne, Fla. A portion of these lands are
still reserved for lighthouse purposes, and some of the lands have
passed to the State under the swamp-land act. The Department of
Commerce reports that the lighthouse has been abandoned at Key
Biscayne. The disposal of lands reserved for lighthouse purposes is
suspended, pending the enactment of legislation proposed in Senate
bill No. 45.
RAILROAD GRANTS— RIGHTS OF WAY.
Attention was called in the last annual report to the inauguration
of a new system in dealing with this class of business, whereby all
cases taken up for examination and adjudication were required to
be finally disposed of, without reference to the amount of work
entailed, and all railroad lists and selections under this procedure
were required to be closed out as a whole. When a railroad list is
taken up now for action it is finally disposed of without passing the
more difficult questions as to individual tracts or conflicts for future
adjudication. While this system has more or less retarded the work
of patenting the lands, it has been of much benefit to the Govern-
ment, the railroads, and the public. The files of the office have in
this manner been cleared of many cases apparently awaiting action
but which in fact had been finally disposed of; many conflicts which
were in a position to be finally closed out but which had been over-
looked were closed, the records cleared, and the lands either patented
to the railroad or the individual or opened to entry or other disposi-
tion through final action on the list.
Old grants lying dormant were also taken up as opportunity
afforded, without too much detriment to the current work, and as
far as possible put in shape to be closed out. Three old grants,
namely, the North and South Alabama, Selma, Home, and Dalton,
and the Alabama and Chattanooga, have been examined as thor-
oughly as possible, and cleared up as far as could be at the present
time. Under the action thus taken these grants may now be closed
out when opportunity affords.
172 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The office is now engaged in clearing up and preparing for final
action a fourth grant.
Railroad and wagon road selections were received during the year
to the amount of 1,958.444.32 acres, as against 886,215.37 acres in
1915. There were patented 2,208,178.82 acres, as against 1,624,142.27
acres patented in 1915.
A much better showing in the way of substantial progress in the
adjustment of railroad grants wTould have been made had it not
been for litigation instituted on behalf of grant claimants, notably a
suit by the Southern Pacific Eailroad Co., to test the right of the
Government to incorporate in its patents for indemnity lands a
reservation under the act of August 30, 1890 (26 Stat., 391), for
canals, ditches; the suits by the Central Pacific and Northern Pa-
cific Railway Cos. to test the right of the Government to with-
draw from disposition lands within railway indemnity limits in-
cluded in pending unapproved indemnity selections; also a suit by
the Northern Pacific Railway Co. to determine what constitutes a
mineral classification under the act of March 2. 1899 (30 Stat, 993).
OREGON AND CALIFORNIA GRANT.
The act of Congress approved June 9, 1916, Public No. 86, revested
in the United States the title to so much of the lands granted to the
Oregon & California Railroad Co., for which patents have been
issued, or for which the company is entitled to receive patent as
remained unsold July 1, 1913, for which lands the company will be
entitled to receive $2.50 per acre.
This legislation and the causes leading thereto will form the sub-
ject of further comment in the present report, but at this point I
desire to call attention to the fact that an additional burden of no
little responsibility has thereby been imposed upon this office, to wit.
the complete adjustment of this grant at as early a date as prac-
ticable in order to ascertain what lands have passed to the United
States, and for what lands the company will be entitled to receive
$2.50 per acre. This work has already been undertaken and is being
pushed forward with all expedition consistent with the necessity
for obtaining accurate results.
RIGHTS OF WAY FOR IRRIGATION AND OTHER PURPOSES.1
Operations under the right-of-way acts cited (not including power
permits) still continue active, although not so heavy as last year.
lActs of Mar. 3, 1801 (26 Stat., 1005) ; sections 18 to 21; Feb. 26, 1807 (20 Stat.,
507) ; May 11, 1808 (30 Stat., 404) ; May 21, 1806 (20 Stat., 127) ; Feb. 15, 1001 (31
Stat., 700) ; Jan. 21, 1805 (28 Stat., 635) ; May 11, 1808, section 1 (30 Stat, 404) ;
Feb. 1, 1005 (33 Stat, 62S) ; and Mar. 4, 1011 (36 Stat, 1235-1253), for reservoirs,
canals, ditcbes, telephone, telegrapb, tramroad, electrical, municipal, and mining pur-
poses, etc.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 173
There were received this year in all 672 applications and disposed
of 703. Only 15 appear to be awaiting office action and 162 awaiting
action elsewhere.
It will be noted that we have disposed of 31 more cases than were
received during the year, Avhich brings the division close to date on
this class of work.
The decision of the Department of Justice that most of the acts
above enumerated apply to Alaska has created some inquiry, and
it is thought that next year will develop a well-defined interest in
this class of cases in Alaska.
POWER PERMITS.
During the fiscal year the following preliminary power permits
were granted under the provisions of the act of February 15, 1901
(31 Stat, 790) :
Baum (F. G.), power project in Arizona.
Montana Power Co. two power projects in Montana.
Gem Irrigation District, power project in Idaho.
Similkameen Power Co., power project in Washington.
Seacoast Mining Co., power project in Alaska.
The following final permits were granted during the year under
the provisions of the said act of February 15, 1901 :
City of Loveland, power project in Colorado.
Elko-Lamoille Power Co., power project in Nevada.
Ruby Gulch Mining Co., power project in Montana.
Mission Range Power Co., power project in Montana.
August Mining Co., power projeet in Montana.
Vernal Milling & Light Co., power project in Utah.
The following grants were made to the parties named for power-
transmission lines under the provisions of the act of March 4, 1911
(36 Stat., 1253) :
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. in Montana.
Nevada Valleys Power Co. in Nevada.
Following is a statement showing moneys earned and deposited
in the Treasury in connection with power permits from July 1, 1915,
to June 30, 1916, fiscal year 1916 :
Amount.
Frank G. Baum $620.00
The Montana Power Co 847.00
The Montana Power Co 720.00
August Mining Co 15.00
Similkameen Power Co 76.00
Pacific Power Co 30.25
Great Falls Power Co 374. 53
Nevada Valleys Power Co 200.00
Fremont Power Co -90
Truckee River General Electric Co 34.62
Total - 2, 918. 30
174 COMMISSIONEE OF THE GENEKAL LAND OFFICE.
POWER SITE AND PUBLIC WATER RESERVES.
Pursuant to the provisions of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat.,
847), as amended by the act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat., 497), and
the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 855), 44 withdrawals were made, as
against 56 last year, a decrease of 12, withdrawing 161,973 acres, as
against 292,134 acres last year, a decrease of 130,161 acres; 26,807
acres theretofore withdrawn were restored, as against 55,646 acres
during the previous year, a decrease of about 28,839 acres. The
restorations were made by 30 orders, as against 37 orders the previous
year, a decrease of 7.
It may be stated that on June 30, 1916, there were outstanding
2,352,652 acres withdrawn for power sites and 193,272 acres with-
drawn for public water reserves.
On June 30, 1915, there were outstanding withdraAvals of 2,228,105
acres for power sites and 182,653 acres for public water reserves.
STATE DESERT = LAND SEGREGATION (CAREY ACT).1
It seems proper to call especial attention to»the somewhat unusual
increase in final action on Carey Act work.
During the year Carey Act withdrawal applications under the act
of March 15, 1910, were finally disposed of, aggregating 194,722.76
acres. There are at the present time no applications pending for
office action, although applications aggregating 70,222.86 acres are
awaiting action elsewhere. We are consequently up to date on this
particular class of work, and will keep so.
Segregation applications to the amount of 15,069.49 acres were
disposed of, either by segregation or rejection, in 1914, 108,464.97
acres in 1915, and 218,337.45 acres in 1916, shoAving a steadily grow-
ing interest in the possibilities of State development under this act.
Lands theretofore segregated amounting to 217,117.22 acres were
finally disposed of either by patent, relinquishment, or cancellation
during the year 1915, while last year 719,483.07 acres were disposed
of in a like manner.
Carey Act patents also are still on the increase. In 1914, 4,244.05
acres were patented to the various States. In 1915, 146,079 acres
were patented, and last year 160,741.92 acres were patented.
RESTITUTION OF PUBLIC LANDS TO THE PEOPLE.
The story of the Oregon & California Railroad land grant, when
finally told and fully understood, will be recognized as another
lActs of Aug. 18, 1894, section 4 (28 Stat. 372-422) ; June 11, 1896 (29 Stat, 413-
434) ; Mar. 3, 1901, section 3 (31 Stat., 1133-1188) ; Mar. 1, 1907 (34 Stat., 1057).
Joint resolution of May 25, 1908 (35 Stat., 577). Acts of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat., 317-
v347) ; Feb. 24, 1909, Apr. 4, 1910, section 23 (36 Stat, 269-285) ; Apr. 4, 1910, section
27 (36 Stat, 269-288) ; June 25, 1910, section 18 (36 Stat, 855-860) ; Feb. 16, 1911
(36 Stat, 913) ; Mar. 4, 1911 (36 Stat, 1363-1417). Joint resolution of Aug. 21, 1911
(37 Stat, 38).
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 175
triumph for the constructive Executive policy of the present admin-
istration in dealing with questions involving our national domain.
By acts of Congress passed in 1869 and 1870 a grant was made to
this railroad company to aid in the construction of a railroad across
the western end of the State of Oregon, extending from Portland
on the north to the Oregon and California State line on the south,
embracing, in the aggregate, over 4,200,000 acres of land, the greater
portion of which carried a heavy growth of the most valuable timber
on the western coast. This railroad grant, like all others of a simi-
lar character, had for its main inducement the purpose of the general
development of the State and National interests, but to emphasize
this purpose, and to render it more certain of consummation, it
contained a special provision to the effect that the railroad company
should sell the land it received —
to actual settlers only, in quantities not greater than one-quarter section to one
purchaser, and at a price not exceeding $2.50 per acre.
By this precaution it was intended that in aiding the construction
of the railroad an immediate impetus should also be given to the set-
tlement and development of the country through which the road was
to be constructed.
In theory the scheme of the railroad grant was good, and if it had
been carried into execution by the railroad company in accordance
with its terms it would doubtless have accomplished, in a large
degree, the beneficent purpose for which it was intended. That it
did not do so was due to the refusal of the company to live up to the
terms of its grant. For a time it did sell lands in bodies of 160 acres,
at the price fixed in the grant; it soon, however, withdrew its lands
from market on the terms imposed by the grant, and only sold them
to timber purchasers, in large bodies, at a price far in excess of that
authorized by the grant.
The failure and refusal of the company to live up to the terms of
its grant resulting, as it did, in the practical suspension of all de-
velopment within the limits of the grant, finally led Congress to
direct the institution of judicial proceedings to declare the forfeiture
of the grant as to all lands remaining unsold by the company.
A suit to this end was accordingly instituted in the Federal courts,
culminating ultimately in a decision in the United States Supreme
Court June, 1915, wherein the court held in effect that the conditions
of sale, imposed by the grant, were in the nature of enforceable cove-
nants, which, however, could not be properly worked out without
further legislation on the part of Congress. So the court directed an
injunction against the company forbidding any sale or disposition
of the unsold grant lands or the timber thereon :
Until Congress shall have a reasonable opportunity to provide by legisla-
tion for their disposition in accordance with such policy as may be fitting under
176 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
the circumstances, and at the same time secure to the defendants all the value
the granting acts conferred upon the railroad.
Following this decision, a decree was duly entered in the United
States District Court for the District of Oregon, December 9, 1915,
enjoining the company from selling the lands, or any part thereof,
to any person not an actual settler or in quantities greater than one-
quarter section to one purchaser, or for a price exceeding $2.50 per
acre, from which decree an appeal has been taken.
Some 2,300,000 acres of lands remain unsold under this grant and
are included within the decree of the Supreme Court. The value
of these lands has been variously estimated at from $30,000,000 to
$50,000,000, consisting, in the main, in the vast growth of timber
carried thereon. Aside, however, from the timber value, much of
the land is also useful for agricultural purposes; so that the serious
problem relegated to Congress by the decision of the court can well
be understood, and the burden thereby imposed upon the executive
departments of the Government to fully inform Congress as- to all
requisite facts necessary to be taken into consideration, together with
the law applicable thereto.
When Congress convened, a large number of bills were introduced
proposing many and widely different methods of treating these
lands. Out of the bills introduced, one was selected which was
believed to embody substantially what should be the true principle
governing this legislation, and this bill, known as the Chamberlain
bill, was thereupon made the subject of special consideration, where-
in the Attorney General addressed himself to the law of the case,
leaving questions of administrative policy to the Secretary of the
Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture. Thus proceeding, a bill
was reported to Congress, where, after long and extended hearings
before the House Committee on Public Lands, wherein all proposed
legislative measures were considered, a bill was reported out of the
committee that passed both Houses, and received the approval of the
President June 9, 1916.
In substance, this bill provides that all of the unsold lands remain-
ing in this grant, approximately 2,300,000 acres, shall be revested in
the United States, the railroad company to receive therefor the sum of
$2.50 per acre, constituting, as said by the Supreme Court, " all the
value the granting acts conferred upon the railroad."
The lands thus revested in the United States are, under this act,
to be examined in the field and classified in accordance with their
chief value, either as power-site lands, timber lands, or agricultural
lands, and be disposed of in accordance with such classification,
though in the case of lands classified as " timber lands " the timber
will be sold separate and apart from the land, which, after the re-
moval of the timber, will become subject to homestead entry. Pro-
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 177
vision is also made for the payment to the several counties in the
State of the unpaid and accrued taxes due on the lands, title to which
has been revested in the United States.
The proceeds of these lands thus returned to the public domain,
after reimbursement to the United States of all proper charges, will
be divided between the State and the United States in such manner
that the State will receive 50 per cent ; of the remainder, 40 per cent
will be paid into the general reclamation fund of the United States
and 10 per cent into the general funds of the Treasury.
By this admirable piece of legislation this great body of land, with
its immense values, has been restored to our public domain, where
it will be made to serve the interests of the people to its fullest extent.
Active measures in the General Land Office have already been taken
to secure the proper classification of these lands, and as soon as this
is accomplished, in the absence of further litigation, they will be open
to disposition in accordance with the terms of the act without further
DESERT=LAND ENTRIES.
The act of March 3, 1877 (19 Stat,, 377), and the amendatory act
of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat, 1095), generally known as the desert-land
acts, contemplate the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands by the
beneficial application of water. The act first above mentioned pro-
vided for the passing of title of not more than 640 acres of land of
desert character to a qualified person, and by the act of 1891 the area
was limited to 320 acres. In certain cases the maximum area for
which entry may be made for irrigable land has been further lim-
ited to 160 acres, namely, for entries made under the reclamation act
of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388), and supplemental legislation, and
for desert entries made for coal, phosphate, and certain other min-
eral lands (36 Stat., 583; 38 Stat,, 509), which further provides for
surface title only. Experience has proved beyond a doubt that arid
lands disposed of with the idea that they will be reclaimed by the
application of water should be limited to not more than 160 acres to
one person, and the recommendation heretofore made that legislation
be enacted limiting desert entries to 160 acres is renewed. The legis-
lation proposed is found in House bill No. 12710, Sixty-fourth Con-
gress, first session, which is identified with the draft accompanying
departmental letter of March 3, 1916, wherein reasons for the enact-
ment of the proposed legislation were fully set forth. This bill was
reported upon by the department under date of March 20, 1916, and
it is hoped that it will become law. In this connection it is to be ob-
served that only in isolated cases have the entrymen acquiring title
to more than 160 acres thereafter proceeded to reclaim the entire irri-
62656°— in>t 1916— vol 1 12
178 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
gable area of their holdings. In numerous cases this is undoubtedly
due to the fact that the entrymen have overestimated their water
supply or the cost of distributing the water, but in a majority of cases
where only a small area of an entry has been actually reclaimed and
placed in a state of remunerative production it has developed that the
persons acquiring title have held a part of the land for speculative
purposes. This, without a doubt, is not the highest use to which the
lands should be placed.
Under the regulations in force for many years desert entries were
allowed for which an adequate water supply was not available, but
since the promulgation of the regulations of March 23, 1914, and
February 25, 1915, all applications to make entry are reported upon
by field agents before it is decided whether the entries should be
allowed. Where this office has deemed it advisable to refuse the
right of entry, some complaints of this procedure have been made,
but there has been much more praise than criticism, as it has now
become well understood that this action is not only for the protection
of the interests of the Government, but also to protect persons of
limited means from expending their time and money in the improve-
ment of lands for which there could be no ultimate hope of procur-
ing title under the desert-land acts. In those cases where the office
rejects the application to make entry the applicant is allowed the
right of appeal or the right to apply for a hearing, at which he may
offer proof in support of his contentions that the water supply is
adequate and the land subject to reclamation from its arid state. The
wisdom of this proceeding is fully demonstrated by the applications
for relief under the homestead and purchase provisions of the act
of March 4, 1915, which have been received during the past year.
This act was passed upon the recommendation of the Land Depart-
ment for the purpose of affording relief to those persons who had
made desert-land entries for which there was no adequate water sup-
ply, because of misunderstanding as to the requirements of the law
or misinformation as to the availability of a sufficient water supply.
In the past fiscal year 2,208 desert-land entries were patented, em-
bracing 350,534.45 acres, as compared with 2,711 entries, embracing
448,752.08 acres, during the preceding year. It is worthy of note
that during the same period nearly 2,000 applications for relief
under the act of March 4, 1915, were approved, and these claimants
are now in the way of acquiring title. Examinations were made of
8,352 proofs of annual expenditures, 2,705 applications for exten-
sion of time within which to submit final proofs, and 407 assignments.
During the past year new forms for annual proofs, final proofs,
and a new desert-land circular were prepared and received depart-
mental approval.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 179
IRRIGATION PROJECTS.
Pursuant to the instructions of the department, dated September
30, 1910, directing the investigation of irrigation projects alleged
as sources of water supply in desert-land entries, there has been re-
ceived in this office during the past fiscal year approximately 130
new reports, making a total of about 730 reports which have been
submitted since the practice was inaugurated.
The value of these reports, which are made not only for the pro-
tection of the interests of the Government but also in the interests
of the public-land claimants is beyond question, as the data they
contain enable this office to take intelligent action on applications
to make desert-land entries, final desert-land entries, and on applica-
tions for relief under the act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1161).
In certain portions of the arid West it has been the practice to
promote irrigation projects without adequate engineering advice as
to construction problems, the sufficiency and permanency of the
water supply, and the feasibility of the system from an economic
standpoint, and this practice has led to many failures. The fact that
the Government is investigating projects and passing on the merits
of the systems, before accepting an interest therein as evidence of a
water supply on desert-land entries, has been generally known and
has tended to discourage the promotion and construction o*f enter-
prises without merit. Before making the report required by the in-
structions of the department, the examining officer makes a detailed
study of the stream system and the lands to be irrigated, etc., and
this office in reaching a decision gives due regard to all local con-
ditions with a view to avoid working any hardship on a meritorious
enterprise and on bona fide settlers.
During the past fiscal year 154 cases have been favorably disposed
of, involving approximately 1,000 desert-land entries; 61 cases have
been acted upon adversely, affecting nearly 500 desert-land entries;
and 33 cases closed without any definite conclusion being reached,
making a total of 248 projects which have been considered. In view
of the uncertainty as to the ultimate source of water supply to be
alleged by the claimants, accurate figures with respect to the entries
involved are not available.
SALE OF "TEN CHAIN" LOTS IN IMPERIAL COUNTY, CAL.
Regulations under the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1909
(35 Stat., 779), entitled "An act to provide for the sale of isolated
tracts of public land in Imperial County, CaL," were submitted by
this office to the Secretary of the Interior on May 3, 1916, and were
approved by him on May 13, 1916. The lots in question were created
180 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
by the resurvey of certain townships in said county, and comprise
those narrow strips, 10 chains or less in width and of varying
shape, which were left between the larger subdivisions then estab-
lished. The long delay in preparing these regulations was due to the
apparent impossibility of administering the literal terms of said
act concerning the preference rights of owners or entrymen of abut-
ting lands to buy " one-half " of a lot in the numerous cases where
more than two such owners or entrymen could equally claim prefer-
ence. For a long time this difficulty seemed to preclude any prac-
ticable administration of the act, and a conclusion to that effect was
stated in my report for the year ended June 30, 1914, followed by
recommendation that action under this act be deferred " until same is
amended or modified so as to admit of its practicable and just oper-
ation." It being apparent, however, upon reconsideration of the
whole matter, that the spirit and purpose of the act was to accord
a preference right of purchase to those owners and entrymen who are
best entitled thereto under the special facts of each case, said regu-
lations were so framed as to carry this object into effect. It is be-
lieved and expected that they will result in the prompt disposal of
these lots to the satisfaction of all parties concerned.
THE IMPERIAL VALLEY.
No more important nor complicated question confronted the Land
Department at the incoming of the present administration than the
situation in the Imperial Valley, Cal., due to the former policy of
nominal maintenance by the department of reclamation withdrawals
in the valley, while in many cases sanctioning actual violations
thereof.
The Imperial Valley is situated in the eastern portion of Imperial
County, Cal., between the Laguna Mountains on the west and the
high sand hills or mesa on the east; on the south the valley is bor-
dered by the lands of Lower California. At the Mexican boundary
the valley is practically at sea level; from this point the slope is
fairly uniform down to a point 287 feet below sea level, near Salton,
the area below sea level comprising about . 1,000,000 acres, and is
commonly known as the " Salton Sink."
The valley as thus defined embraces lands of an extremely arid
and entirely worthless character in the absence of water, but of
wonderful fertility under proper irrigation. The organization of
the California Development Co., with its associated Mexican connec-
tion, by which water is taken from the Colorado River a short dis-
tance above the international line, carried across Mexican territory,
nnd returned to the California line for the irrigation of the Imperial
Valley, furnished the one element lacking to the fertility of this
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 181
region. The water supply thus obtained, with its related system of
distribution, it is estimated furnishes ample provision for the irriga-
tion of 400,000 acres of land.
The circuitous course taken by the main canal of the development
company through Mexican territory was a matter of engineering
necessity, arising from the fact that immediately west of the Colo-
rado River the high range of sand hills, or mesa, effectively prohibits
the adoption of a more direct line by which the valley could be
reached.
In January, 1903, the department directed a withdrawal under the
second form in aid of the reclamation act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat.,
388) , of a large body of land in the Imperial Valley. In April, 1909,
the withdrawal of these lands was changed from second to first
form and certain other lands included within the withdrawal.
As an additional burden to these lands was the fact that practically
all evidences of the original survey thereof, in 1856, had ceased to
exist, a condition which induced Congress to authorize their resurvey
by act of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat., 728). This resurvey south of the
third standard parallel was executed and approved November 4, 1908.
The withdrawal of a large portion of these lands was maintained
until March 18, 1913, when the order therefor was revoked, on the
recommendation of the Reclamation Service, for so much of the lands
as were then susceptible of irrigation from the existing water supply
of the California Development system, and in accordance therewith
an order for restoration of the lands was issued, but subsequently
recalled on the disclosure to the department of extraordinary con-
ditions that had arisen through the occupancy of some of these lands
during the long period of their withdrawal.
Without going too much into detail, it is enough to say that it was
shown by reports of special agents, and by other satisfactory sources
of information, that in many cases people had gone upon these lands
while they were withdrawn, being induced to take such action by
the occasional announcement of the department of its willingness to
eliminate lands from the withdrawal whenever an adequate source
of water supply could be shown therefor. With information like
this circulating through the valley, and an ample water supply to
be had from the California Development system, it is not a matter
of surprise that many people did not await a formal revocation of
the withdrawal, but, anticipating such action, went upon the land,
and expended money to secure its reclamation. In many cases these
occupants of the withdrawn lands sought to make entry therefor,
tendering their applications, which, as a matter of course, were
promptly rejected on account of the pending withdrawal. Here and
there an applicant succeeded in securing ultimate recognition by
obtaining an elimination of his lands from the withdrawal, a result
182 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
which only added to the determination of other occupants to enforce
their alleged rights as against the withdrawal.
Thus matters stood in the valley when the order of restoration was
issued, from which it will be seen that a suspension of the order was
amply justified to afford opportunity for the protection of all pos-
sible equities founded upon the failure of the department to enforce
the withdrawal so far as such action might be consistent with the law
and the rights of others.
From the evidence which was furnished by reports of special
agents in the field, and obtained through applications for the right
of entry, it was quite apparent that some sort of claim had been set
up to all unappropriated lands included within the withdrawal, and
for that reason no action affecting the general situation in the valley
should be taken without first-hand information brought down to
date. To that end a field investigation was directed in which all
claims of alleged occupants or applicants were carefully investigated
on the ground, and improvements, expenditures, cultivation, etc.,
noted.
With this information in its possession the office was then pre-
pared to act, and accordingly an order was issued October 19, 1915,
with your approval, directing the restoration of all the lands in the
valley south of the third standard parallel, an area of nearly 50,000
acres. The restoration was thus limited for the reason that the
resurvey had not at that time been extended north of the third
standard parallel.
In the order of restoration provision was made protecting to the
extent of the acreage actually reclaimed or substantially improved,
the occupancy of claimants who, prior to April 14, 1913, were actively
engaged in the work of reclamation, but in no case awarding to any
one an area exceeding 1*60 acres. The rights thus protected under
the order of restoration altogether amounted to only 2,471 acres and
were distributed among 21 different applicants.
A retracement of the survey north of the third standard parallel
having been perfected, an order of restoration was issued under
your direction, July 6, 1916, by which an area of over 71,000 acres
was restored in accordance with the plan theretofore adopted, in
which the rights protected, however, in this case amounted only to
643 acres, distributed among four applicants. The total acreage re-
stored under these two orders was 120,807.60 acres, of which 90,832.61
acres were covered by prior appropriations, existing entries, recog-
nized settlements, and preference rights, while 17,112.52 acres not in-
cluded in recognized claims were opened to settlement and entry.
An unappropriated area of 12,862.47 acres was not restored to settle-
ment and entry, because located beneath the waters of the Salton
Sea.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 183
The long delay in effecting this restoration, the labor and expense
attendant upon the prerequisite investigation, were solely due to
the manner in which the situation had been handled in the past;
in the final disposition, full protection was given to all actual equities,
as well as the interests of the public.
IMPERIAL LAND DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA.
By act of Congress approved June 15, 1916 (Public, No. 93), an
additional land district was created in the State of California, to
be known as the Imperial Land District, to embrace the lands con-
tained in the following boundaries :
Beginning at the intersection of the range line between ranges five and six
east of the San Bernardino meridian with the southern boundary of California ;
thence north along the range line, between ranges five and six east, to the
northwest corner of township nine south, range six east; thence east along
the second standard parallel south to the southwest corner of township eight
south, range seven east ; thence north along the range line, between ranges six
and seven east; to the northwest corner of township two south, range seven
east; thence east along the township line between townships one and two
south to its intersection with the Colorado River ; thence southerly along the
Colorado River to its intersection with the south boundary of California ; thence
southwesterly along the southern boundary of California to its intersection with
the range line between ranges five and six east, to the place of beginning.
The Secretary of the Interior, under authority of section 1 of said
act, selected El Centro as the location for the land office of the Im-
perial Land District, the land office to be opened for the transaction
of public business on September 1, 1916.
STATE SELECTIONS.
While action looking to approval of a very large proportion of
indemnity school-land selections has been suspended during the past
year, pending legislation, because of doubt and uncertainty as to au-
thority of law to effect exchanges of land with several of the public-
land States, contemplated therein, as under the provisions of the
act of Congress approved February 28, 1891 (26 Stat., 796), efforts
have been made to dispose of such selections as m&y properly be
adjudicated under existing law.
During the past year 300,715.61 acres of indemnity school-land
selections and 746,015.85 acres of selections under grants in quantity
for specific purposes have received departmental approval. The
lands so selected have been certified to the States making the selec-
tions. In addition to the approvals, which aggregate 1,046,731.46
acres, 73,104.03 acres of school selections and 25,331.53 acres of spe-
cific grant selections were canceled, the acreage finally adjudicated
being 1,145,167.02. During the previous year 856,883.74 acres of
184 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
State selections were approved (16,277.38 indemnity; 840,606.36
quantity) and 93,946.39 acres canceled, a total of 950,830.13 acres.
The school grants of the several States are adjusted by townships.
In the adjudication of these grants it is sometimes found that, as
to particular townships, a State has received indemnity lands in
excess of the losses to its grant. In such cases request is made for
designation by the State of unsatisfied losses to the grant sufficient
in quantity to make good the excesses. One such adjustment has
been completed during the past year, that with the State of Lou-
isiana involving 2,633.46 acres. Two other adjustments (California
and Oregon) are in progress.
ADJUSTMENT OF THE SCHOOL GRANT.
At the beginning of this administration the Secretary of the Inte-
rior was confronted with a very unfortunate and complicated situa-
tion with respect to the adjustment of the school grants to the
several States.
Most people are familiar with the fact that Congress has made to
the public-land States grants of land to aid in the support of common
schools, generally two sections, numbered 16 and 36, making at the
same time a provision that if, for any reason, these sections could not
be taken by the State it might select other lands in place of sections
16 and 36. This would seem a very simple and easy grant to carry
into execution, but the creation of our immense national forests em-
bracing over 180,000,000 acres of land necessarily included many of
these granted sections, and to a corresponding degree reduced the
area of public lands from which indemnity selections could be made.
The right of exchange between the States and the United States
of granted lands embraced within national forests, as well as the
right of the States to the granted sections without regard to the
national forests, were finally, after many years of adjudication in
the department, the subject of decisions of both State and Federal
courts, wherein the construction placed upon the school grants by
the department was held unsound.
Due to this condition of affairs, it was found unsafe and inad-
visable, both in the interests of the States and the United States, to
proceed with the adjustment of the school grants in so far as in con-
flict with the decisions of the courts. To that extent the further ad-
justment of the grants was suspended and a comprehensive study
of the entire situation directed. In order that all phases of the
question might be thoroughly understood, the Commissioner of the
General Land Office prepared a report showing in detail the several
unadjusted school grants, the State legislation with respect thereto,
together with a tabulated statement wherein was shown so far as
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 185
practicable the progress of adjustment under the grants and the
general situation in the field.
With this information as a basis for action, a bill was drafted in
the department, so framed as to remedy the several existing diffi-
culties in the further progress of the adjustment of the school grants,
and this bill was afterwards introduced in Congress as House bill
8491.
In its effort to secure statutory relief from the existing situation,
the department sought the aid of the officials of the several States
interested in this subject, inviting from them suggestions tending to
remove the existing difficulties.
After a full and extended hearing before the Committee of
Public Lands in the House of Representatives, a new bill embody-
ing substantially the relief proposed by the department was reported
out of the committee as House bill 15096, which is now pending in
Congress and will, doubtless, ultimately become the law.
The work done in this matter by the department to secure to the
States the full consummation of the beneficent provisions made by
Congress for the support of common schools is one of the most sub-
stantial accomplishments of the present administration of the In-
terior Department, and will stand as a permanent monument to its
constructive ability to deal with questions of great national im-
portance.
SWAMP AND OVERFLOWED LANDS.
During the last fiscal year 17,991.08 acres of swamp and over-
flowed lands were patented to the States which are the beneficiaries
of the grant and claims aggregating 114,132.16 acres were rejected
and canceled. Claims amounting to 121,293.66 acres were received
for consideration and adjudication. It goes without saying that this
grant, made by the acts of Congress approved March 2, 1849 (9 Stat,
352), September 28, 1850 (9 Stat., 519), and March 12, 1860 (12 Stat.,
3), now sections 2479, 2480, 2481, and 2490, United States Kevised
Statutes, becomes more difficult of adjustment as time passes, it being
incumbent upon the Land Department to determine the character of
the lands now claimed as swamp as of the date of the grant.
Up to June 30, 1916, lands have been patented to the States as
swamp as follows:
Acres.
Alabama 418, 520. 14
Arkansas 7, 686, 123. 09
California 2, 096, 082. 82
Florida 20, 201, 333. 12
Illinois 1, 457, 399. 20
Indiana 1, 254, 270. 73
Iowa 873, 816. 42
Louisiana 9, 373, 748. 04
Michigan 5, 655, 689. 56
Acres.
Minnesota 4, 662, 727. 10
Mississippi 3, 284, 280. OS
Missouri 3, 346, 024. 51
Ohio 26,251.95
Oregon 262, 805. 04
Wisconsin L 3, 251, 502. 34
Total — 63,850,574.14
186
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
In addition, swamp-land cash and land indemnity have been given
the States under the provisions of the acts of March 2, 1855 (10 Stat.,
634), and March 3, 1857 (11 Stat, 251), as follows:
Cash.
Acres.
Alabama
$27,691.50
374,450.00
67,221.69
478,875.99
39,080.14
587,477.59
53,118.65
15,922.06
46,449.62
195,874.82
29,027.76
185,278.97
20, 920. 08
Arkansas
Florida
94,702.85
2, 309. 07
Illinois
Indiana
4,880.20
Iowa
321,976.98
Louisiana
32, 265. 08
Michigan
24,038.69
56,781.76
Missouri
81,016.69
Ohio
105,047.99
Total
2,095,468.79
743,939.39
It thus appears that upwards of 64,500,000 acres of land and
$2,000,000 have been donated to the States named under this grant.
Because of the conclusions reached that the grant has not been so
employed by the States as to secure the drainage of the great body
of lands actually granted ; that in many cases the proceeds from the
sales of the lands were used for other purposes; that the grant was
often used for the purpose of securing title to high, dry lands of
great agricultural or forest value ; and because of the increasing dif-
ficulty of adjudication through lapse of time, recommendation was
made in my report of last year that legislation be enacted declaring
that, after a date fixed, preferably six months after the passage of
the act, no new claims to swamp and overflowed lands be received or
recognized by the Land Department. This recommendation is
renewed.
INDIAN ALLOTMENTS.
During the past fiscal year 3,568 trust patents, embracing 505,961.72
acres, were issued to Indians, as compared with 2,324 trust patents,
embracing 284,713.33 acres, issued during the fiscal year ended June
30, 1915. This is but another proof of continued earnest effort to
reduce arrearages of work of any kind wherever possible and to
bring and keep the work of the office as nearly current as may be.
During the past year 2,298 patents in fee, embracing 300,390.71
acres, were issued to Indians found competent to assume charge of
their own affairs and to purchasers of allotted lands, as compared
with 1,699 such patents, embracing 202,050.06 acres, issued the year
before. While these patents in fee are issued pursuant to depart-
mental orders, usually on recommendation of the Office of Indian
Affairs, the status of each tract proposed to be patented is ascertained
and reported upon by this office before the order for patent is issued.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 187
Upward of 500 allotment applications for public lands made by
persons found not entitled to allotment on the public domain were
rejected during the past year, and some 85,000 acres of land thus
rendered subject to homestead entry and to disposal under other ap-
plicable land laws.
LITIGATION IN THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
In the organization of this office it has been found necessary to
provide a special forum in which may be tried out and determined
disputed questions of law and fact (1) between rival claimants for
the same tract of land; (2) between contestants seeking preference
right of entry; (3) charges preferred by our Field Service involving
failure to comply with the law, or illegality; (4) similar charges,
adduced by the Forest Service, as to lands falling within their su-
pervision; and the Contest Division serves this purpose. It is, in
effect, a general clearing house for all difficulties arising between
rival applicants for public lands, and claimants of public lands as
against the Government, in cases that can only be properly deter-
mined on testimony, taken under the rules of evidence, ordinarily
applicable to cases of like character in the courts.
The gradual reduction in the area of the public domain has not
resulted in a diminution of the contest wTork as might be expected;
indeed, the contrary result seems quite apparent, so that as the area
of the public domain gradually decreases, to a corresponding degree
the struggle to acquire title thereto increases.
During the past year the greater number of cases decided in the
Contest Division have arisen under the homestead and desert land
laws. Under the former, the recent openings of several large bodies
of land have brought up for consideration a number of new questions
incident thereto; while under the desert land law, the relief act of
March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1215), granting entrymen certain extensions
of time, and other privileges, has served to add several complications
peculiar to that act.
In the year that has just been brought to a close, this division has
disposed of 1,451 litigated cases, bringing the docket practically up
to date.
Not all contests filed result in hearings, as many entries are can-
celed under the rules of practice for default of the entryman in serv-
ing and filing answer to contest charges, and many contests are dis-
missed for failure of the contestant to prosecute the same. During
the past year 5,371 contests were disposed of in one or the other of
these two ways, and the work of this class of cases is now current.
188
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
REPAYMENTS.
The existing laws governing repayments, section 2362, United
States Revised Statutes, act of June 16, 1880 (21 Stat, 287), and the
act of March 20, 1908 (35 Stat., 48), provide for the return of moneys
covered into the Treasury of the United States received in connection
with the disposal of the public lands, to be repaid to the entryman,
his heirs or assigns, or his legal representatives, in the absence of
fraud on their part, in all cases where lands have been erroneously
sold; where money has been paid by innocent parties on fraudulent
and void soldiers' and sailors' additional homestead entries; where
entries were canceled for conflict; where entries are erroneously
allowed and can not be confirmed ; where applications to make entry,
filing, selection, etc., are rejected; and where any amount has been
paid in excess of the legal requirement.
Under said laws there were stated during the last fiscal year 1,700
accounts, allowing repayment of $218,971.46, and during said period
there were denied 940 claims for repayment. This number of claims
allowed and the amount repaid includes 10 accounts, allowing repay-
ment of $14,246.32, being moneys received in connection with then
pending claims for coal lands in Alaska and repaid in pursuance of
section 3, act of October 20, 1914 (38 Stat., 741).
Repayment claims allowed and denied, oy years.
Year.
Claims
allowed.
Amount.
Claims
denied.
1911
2,338
2,097
2,427
1,775
1,689
1,700
$178, 437. 02
178,952.15
217,614.09
123,139.11
305,310.83
218,971.46
712
1912 . .
619
1913
644
1914
482
1915
799
1916
940
NATIONAL FORESTS.
Since the issuance of the last annual report 20 national forests
have been reduced and 3 enlarged under the act of June 4, 1897 (30
Stat., 34, 36), and 1 discontinued as an administrative unit by trans-
ferring the remaining areas after exclusion of certain lands there-
from to other national forests.
The Kansas National Forest, Kans., has been abolished, and the
unwithdrawn public lands formerly therein, aggregating 135,870
acres, were restored to homestead entry in advance of settlement
by the unit system, a unit comprising 320 acres, and a small portion
of the area formerly constituting the reserve has been granted to the
State of Kansas under the act of Congress approved June 22, 1916
(Public, No. 102), as a game preserve.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 189
Certain interforest transfers have been made involving four na-
tional forests, and the consolidations have been made as follows:
The Nebo National Forest with the Manti, Utah; the Sundance,
Wyo., with the Black Hills, S. Dak. ; the Moapa with the Toiyabe,
Nev.; the Marquette with the Michigan, Mich.; the Kern with the
Sequoia, Cal. ; the Pocatello with the Cache, Idaho and Utah; and
the Jemez and Pecos National Forests as the Santa Fe National
Forest, N. Mex. There are now 153 national forests, embracing
175,940,351 acres, of which area approximately 88 per cent is public
land. The decrease in area of national forests since the beginning
of the fiscal year is 8,300,245 acres.
The public lands subject to disposition in 8,526,129 acres excluded
from national forests during the fiscal year have been restored to
settlement and entry under the provisions of the act of September
30, 1913 (38 Stat., 113). Areas temporarily withdrawn for forestry
purposes but not needed therefor are released from withdrawal upon
recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture. Since the issuance
of the last annual report 83,520 acres have been released from such
withdrawal and the public lands therein subject to disposition opened
to settlement and entry.
During the fiscal year four administrative stations, embracing 245
acres, have been withdrawn by Executive orders under the act of
June 25, 1910 (36 Stat, 847), for use by the Forest Service in the
administration of the national forests, and 350 withdrawals for such
purpose have been revoked, covering 70,993 acres. There are now 25
rights of way for wagon roads and 1,431 administrative sites with-
drawn, embracing 281,942 acres — 160 sites covering 19,438 acres
being near, and 1,271 sites covering 262,504 acres in the national
forests. For table showing areas by forests and States, see page 106.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS.1
The important reservations known as national monuments and
created under the provisions of the act approved June 8, 1906 (34
Stat., 225), now number 35. Three new ones were created during
the fiscal year, namely, Dinosaur, Utah, on October 4, 1915 ; Walnut
Canyon, Ariz., November 30, 1915 ; and Bandelier, N. Mex., on Feb-
ruary 11, 1916. These made a total of 33 at the close of the fiscal
year, but since that, namely, on, July 8, 1916, and August 9, 1916,
two additional monuments were created, the former, Sieur de Monts,
in Maine, and the latter, Capulin Mountain, in New Mexico.
1 Since the preparation of the above report. Congress, by act approved Aug. 25, 1916
(Public, No. 235), has established a national park service, to promote and regulate the
use of Federal areas set apart as national parks, monuments, and reservations, in con-
formity with tbe fundamental purpose for which such parks and reservations were
created.
190
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OEEICE.
Dinosaur Monument, Utah, embraces 80 acres of land and contains
important Jura-trias beds of sandstone, in which are found saurian
remains of the reptilian age, the most striking of which belong to
the dinosaur group.
Walnut Canyon Monument, Ariz., and Bandelier Monument,
N. Mex., embrace prehistoric ruins.
Sieur de Monts Monument, Me., perpetuates in a public reservation
the historic landing spot of Samuel de Champlain on the North
American coast, and exhibits also striking geologic, botanic, and
faunal conditions. The 5,000 acres contained within this monument
were relinquished to the United States by patriotic and public-
spirited citizens of the State of Maine, under the provisions of sec-
tion 2 of the national monument act above referred to.
Capulin Monument, N. Mex., is another example of the formerly
extinct volcanoes similar to Lassen Peak, Cal., which has recently
been in violent eruption.
These 35 monuments are located in the States and the Territory
of Alaska as follows :
Arizona 8
California 6
Colorado 2
Maine 1
Montana 2
New Mexico 6
Oregon
South Dakota.
Utah
Washington _.
1
1
4
1
Wyoming 2
Alaska 1
A fund to protect many of the monuments from unlawful exploita-
tion and vandalism has been sought from Congress for a number of
years past. This necessity was partially met by an appropriation
contained in the sundry civil act, approved July 1, 1916, which
appropriates $3,500 for this purpose. While this small fund will
only be sufficient to make a beginning along the line of protection,
it is urged that the fund for this purpose should be commensurate
with the object sought.
For a table showing location, date of creation, and the area of
the national monuments, see Appendix, page 109.
BIRD RESERVATIONS.
Since the issuance of my last annual report three new reservations
for the protection of native birds were created. These are the Big
Lake Reservation, Ark., created August 2, 1915; the San Francisco
Bay Reservation, Cal., created August 9, 1916; and the North Platte
Reservation, Nebr., created August 21, 1916.
The Big Lake Reservation embraces the smallest legal subdivi-
sions of public land surrounding Big Lake located in the so-called
St. Francis sunk-land district. This refuge is one of the most;
promising of these important reservations, and not only is it a
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 101
winter-feeding ground for countless thousands of many species of
edible water fowl and plume birds, but also the nesting grounds for
many other valuable species. In the past this district has been
notorious as a pot and plume hunters' paradise. It became eligible
for a Government reservation when Federal title, as against State
ownership, under the swamp-land act, was asserted and followed by
a survey of the lands. As soon as possible after the completion of
the survey the Executive order issued.
The San Francisco Bay Reservation embraces Goat Island, located
in the San Francisco Bay about midway between the cities of San
Francisco and Oakland. Many migrating species rest here, and
the island is being used as a propagating station for three species of
foreign pheasants, as well as for the well-known valley quail of the
Pacific Coast States.
The North Platte Reservation includes the smallest subdivisions
of land surrounding four artificial reservoirs created by the Recla-
mation Service and located under the North Platte project in north-
western Nebraska. These reservoirs are the resting and feeding
grounds of thousands of edible water fowl during both migrating
seasons. The location is suitable and doubtless will become a regu-
lar breeding resort also for several species.
For a list of bird reserves, showing location, date of creation, and
area, see appendix page 109.
PROFESSIONAL LAND LOCATORS.
From time to time the office in its annual reports has called atten-
tion to the necessity of some legislation by which professional loca-
tors could be held to a higher degree of responsibility in their repre-
sentations to intending settlers and public-land claimants. A bill to
this end (S. 5899) was introduced in the Sixty-fourth Congress, by
which provision is made declaring it a misdemeanor to falsely repre-
sent a tract of land as open to settlement or entry, thereby deceiving
the person to whom such representation is made, and providing for
such offense punishment by fine or imprisonment, or by both. Favor-
able action was taken upon this bill in the Senate Committee on
Public Lands, and it was reported to the Senate with a recommenda-
tion for its adoption. Legislation in this direction has long been
needed, and the passage of the bill now pending will contribute much
toward preventing a continuance of an evil which heretofore has
been without remedy under Federal law. In the meantime steps
have been taken toward inaugurating a cooperative arrangement be-
tween the field agents of this office and the State prosecuting officers,
with a view to the prosecution of this class of offenders under State
law in proper cases.
192 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The activities of dishonest locators are more numerous than is
generally understood, and I feel that the interests of settlers justify
every effort on the part of this department to put a stop to their
operations.
FEDERAL OWNERSHIP OF PUBLIC LANDS.
During the Sixty-third Congress a bill was introduced proposing
the cession to one of the States of all the public lands remaining
therein ; the same bill was again introduced in the present Congress,
and still another proposing to grant all the public lands of the
United States to the several States in which such lands are situated.
If these bills are to be taken as the indication of a growing policy,
likely to be hereafter exploited, some comment thereon is justified.
The fundamental necessity of Federal ownership of public lands
was early recognized in the foundation of our Government and took
form under a resolution of the Congress of the Confederation passed
October 10, 1780, providing for the reception and care of such un-
appropriated lands as might be ceded by States to the United States,
and for the disposition of such lands for the common benefit of the
United States. In pursuance of this resolution cessions were made
by seven States — New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia — of an area amount-
ing in the aggregate to 259,171,787 acres of land, and thus was laid
the foundation for a common ownership to be exercised on behalf
of the entire Nation, which has been observed down to the present
day, not only with respect to the lands thus donated, but also as to
those which later came into the possession of the United States.
Congress, in the disposal of public lands, from the time when the
conversion of acres into cash was abandoned for a policy of invest-
ment in homes and development, has manifested a consistent care for
the highest interests of the citizen, the State, and the Nation, as dis-
closed in our general settlement laws applicable to agricultural lands,
special laws suited to the disposal of arid, timber, and mineral lands,
and generous donations to the States for educational purposes and
internal improvements. Every acre of public land disposed of under
this line of legislation is, in fact, an investment, the profits to be
found in the general development of the welfare of the Nation at
large.
In round numbers, to date we have thus invested an acreage as
follows :
Acres.
Homestead entries 154,000,000
Desert-land entries 7,000,000
Timber-culture entries 11,000,000
Timber and stone entries 13,000,000
Coal lands 602, 000
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 193
Acres.
Educational and internal improvements 133, 000, 000
In aid of railroad grants 160, 000, 000
Reclamation of swamp lands 64, 500, 000
Total 543, 102, 000
No discussion of the policy of Federal ownership and control of
our public lands is called for at the present time. The magnificent
result of that policy speaks for itself.
With a public domain of a billion and a half acres as our chief
asset, we have built such a Nation of free people and free institu-
tions as the history of man has never known before. This accom-
plished, we have remaining (exclusive of Alaska) 280,000,000 acres
of public land and 160,000,000 acres of forest reserves, with a charge
of 15,000,000 acres standing against the public lands on account of
unsatisfied State grants.
The public land thus remaining is distributed among 25 States,
varying in amounts from 6,000 acres in Wisconsin to 55,000,000 acres
in Nevada.
Let no mistake be made as to the immense national value of the
public lands yet within the stewardship of the United States. Of
these, 12,000,000 acres, in round numbers, have been classified as coal,
with as much more remaining to be examined; over 4,000,000 acres
carry oil and 2,600,000 acres are phosphate lands.
To these should be added the many unexplored millions of acres
within which are yet to be found the unreserved metalliferous min-
erals, inviting both prospector and operator in the future as in the
past.
Thus we have in what is left of our national domain not a mere
remnant to be lightly disposed of as having no longer a Federal
value, but a vast storehouse of wealth and resources upon which
the physical development of the country at large will be ultimately
dependent.
With suitable laws under which the title to our remaining min-
eral lands and reserved minerals shall be so held and administered
as to wisely and economically distribute these resources, the gener-
ous policy heretofore obtaining in the disposition of our pulic lands
will be consistently supplemented and effectively protected.
REVIEW OF RECENT LEGISLATION. *
During the present administration so much legislation along con-
structive lines has been secured in the interest of individual claim-
ants and settlers, as well as for the utilization of our undeveloped
resources, that I feel justified in the following brief recital of some
of the more important acts of a general nature :
62656°— int 1916— vol 1—13
194 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
(1) The act of April 14, 1914 (38 Stat., 336), making provision
for the issuance of an unrestricted patent, where theretofore patents
have been issued to entrymen limited to surface rights only, and
subsequently the lands so patented have been classified as noncoal in
character.
(2) The act of July 17, 1914 (38 Stat., 509), entitled "An act to
provide for agricultural entry of lands withdrawn, classified, or
reported as containing phosphate, nitrate, potash, oil, gas, or as-
phaltic minerals." By this act the conservation of our valuable min-
eral resources is accomplished and at the same time the surface of
the lands within which such minerals are found is subject to appro-
priation for agricultural uses. The farmer and stock grower can
make full use of the land included within his entry or purchase
under a title that excludes the mineral deposits therefrom. In the
absence of legislation of this character the known presence of min-
eral in public lands would exclude it from all appropriation except
under the mining laws. By this act an exceedingly important step
has been taken toward securing an effective conservation of our
public domain without interfering with the present and profitable
use thereof.
(3) The act of August 13, 1914 (38 Stat., 686), known as the " ex-
tension act," by which the time for the payment under reclamation
projects for the water rights was extended from 10 to 20 years, per-
mits the entryman to employ his capital to a much greater advantage
in preparing his land for cultivation and securing the necessary
implements and stock for the proper development of his land.
(4) The act of March 3, 1915 (38 Stat., 956), amends the enlarged
homestead law so as to permit an additional entry thereunder to be
made, although proof may already have been submitted on the origi-
nal. The original enlarged-homestead act restricted the right of ad-
ditional entry to cases where proof had not been submitted on the
original entry, and to that extent made a distinction which was
regarded as an unnecessary limitation as to the rights of home-
steaders who had theretofore made entries and submitted proof
thereon.
(5) The act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat, 1161), recognizes the in-
creasing difficulties wiiich are encountered by desert-land entrymen
in securing a sufficient supply of water to effect reclamation of their
land, due to the general appropriation of the waters in all of the
smaller streams and makes provision therefor by granting a fur-
ther extension of time within which the entryman can show com-
pliance with the desert-land law or secure an entry of the lands by
perfecting his entry in the manner required by the homestead law.
(6) The act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1162), amendatory of the
enlarged homestead law, authorized applications for the entry of
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 195
lands not theretofore designated as subject to enlarged homestead
entry with the provision that the application should constitute a seg-
regation of the lands thus applied for.
The call for this legislation and its appreciation by settlers in the
dry-farming section of our country are put beyond all doubt by the
man}^ thousands of applications 'thereunder as elsewhere shown in
this report.
(7) The act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat, 1215), provides that where
homestead entries have been made within reclamation projects, and
it is found that the land so entered is not susceptible of reclamation,
the entryman may select and make a new entry of any farm unit
within such irrigation project as may be finally established, with
credit on the new entry for the time of bona fide residence main-
tained on the original entry. This measure of relief was regarded
as necessary to cover cases where entries were made prior to the
time when it could be determined just what lands would receive
water under the irrigation project.
(8) The acts of March 12, 1914 (38 Stat, 305), authorizing the
President of the United States to locate, construct, and operate rail-
roads in the Territory of Alaska, and October 20, 1914 (38 Stat,,
741), providing for leasing coal lands in Alaska, should be mentioned
together, for each is the complement of the other, and together serve
the same common purpose, the substantial and permanent develop-
ment of the resources of the Territory. The enactment of this legis-
lation is in line with the suggestions contained in the Annual Report
of the Secretary of Interior for 1913, who then called attention to
the necessities of the Territory in this direction.
(9) The act of January 11, 1915 (38 Stat, 792), validating placer-
locations of phosphate deposits, not only relieved the department of a
troublesome line of litigation, as between rival claimants, but gave
relief to a large number of claimants who had theretofore been con-
fronted with the possibility of losing the results of their previous
expenditure of time, labor, and money through an honest mistake,
in attempting to protect their discoveries of the mineral phosphate
under a placer instead of a lode location.
The peculiar geologic conditions in which beds of phosphate occur
are such that much difference of opinion existed for a considerable
time as to whether they were properly lode or placer deposits, and in
the meantime claims were in equally good faith asserted under both
lode and placer locations. The courts and the department finally
held, however, that phosphate rock was only locatable as a lode, the
result of which conclusion was to endanger all placer locations of
phosphate, although made in the best of good faith. This act deals
with the conditions thus brought about and provides substantially
that where placer locations of phosphate rock have heretofore been
196 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
made and the law thereafter duly complied with, such locations shall
be valid, and patents, whether heretofore or hereafter issued thereon,
shall give title to and possession of such deposits.
(10) The act of July 3, 1916 (Public, No. 136), authorizes a leave of
absence to homestead settlers upon unsurveyed land.
For many years the office has been the recipient of a large number
of letters from settlers upon unsurveyed land asking if there was any
law under which they could secure a leave of absence without risk of
losing their claims. Up to the passage of this act no such relief
under the law existed. Now all qualified persons who have hereto-
fore or may hereafter in good faith settle upon and improve unsur-
veyed, unreserved, unappropriated public lands with intention, upon
survey, of entering the same under the homestead law may secure a
leave of absence not exceeding in the aggregate five months in each
year after the establishment of residence.
This act will afford relief to many worthy settlers who otherwise
would be in many cases unable to maintain the validity of their
original settlement rights.
(11) The act of July 3, 1916 (Public, No. 142), amends the en-
larged homestead act of February 19, 1909 (35 Stat., 639), by the
addition of a new section, to be carried in the act as section 7.
This section provides, in substance, that any person who has made
or shall make homestead entry of less than 320 acres of land desig-
nated as nonirrigable, and who shall have submitted final proof for
such land, shall have the right to enter public land subject to the
provisions of the enlarged homestead act, not contiguous with the
first entry, which shall not, with the original entry, exceed 320 acres.
The act also provides that the land originally entered and that
covered by the additional entry must both have been first designated
as subject to the enlarged homestead act before the amendatory sec-
tion is applicable thereto, and, further, that patent shall not issue
for the land covered by such additional entry until the entryman
shall have actually resided upon and cultivated the lands additionally
entered, and otherwise complied with the laws, except that where
the land embraced in the additional entry is located not exceeding 20
miles from the land embraced in the original entry, no residence will
be required on the additional entry if the entryman is residing on
his original entry.
This legislation is timely, for it very often has transpired that the
right of additional entry conferred in the enlarged homestead act as
it heretofore stood was of no value to the entryman, for the reason
that there were no contiguous lands to which the right of additional
entry by said act was limited. By this statute he is now enabled to
fill out the full 320 acres allowed to the enlarged homestead entry-
man, and if the additional entry is within 20 miles of his original
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 197
entry he may perfect his claim thereto without removal from the
original farm.
(12) The act of July 8, 1916 (Public, No. 146) amends the home-
stead law, in its application to the Territory of Alaska, so as to
reduce the general right of entry from 320 to 160 acres, with the
special provisions, however, that a former homestead entry in any
State or Territory should not be a bar to a homestead entry in
Alaska, and that the amendment should not be construed to limit
or curtail the area of any homestead claim theretofore lawfully
initiated.
This reduction of the area of homestead entries in the Territory
is in accordance with House joint memorial of the Legislature of
Alaska (Session laws of 1913, p. 338), in which such action was
recommended.
(13) The act of August 29, 1916, extends the provisions of the act
approved June 16, 1898 (30 Stat., 473), and thereby makes it appli-
cable in all cases of military service rendered in connection with
operations in Mexico, or along the borders thereof, or in mobilization
camps elsewhere, whether such service be in the military or naval
organization of the United States, or the National Guard of the
several States now or hereafter in the service of the United States.
In general terms it may be stated that the purpose of this legislation
is to treat the absence of a settler, enlisted as a soldier, as equivalent
to residence upon his homestead claim, subject to the condition, how-
ever, that the homestead settler shall reside upon, improve, and
cultivate his homestead for at least one year after he has commenced
his improvements.
LEGISLATION.
It seems appropriate at the present time that I should call atten-
tion to some of the recommendations I have heretofore made for
legislation believed to be in the interest of the better disposition of
the public lands.
(1) Rights of way. — In my report of 1913 I suggested the con-
solidation and simplification of the various rights-of-way acts, eight
in number (exclusive of railroad acts), and submitted therewith in
detail the outline of such a bill. In my reports of 1914 and 1915
I repeated my former recommendation. The lapse of time, without
action in this respect, is an additional reason for again urging the
necessity of this legislation.
(2) Carey Acts. — The unification of the several Carey Acts was
also suggested in my annual report of 1913, and an outline of the
proposed act submitted therewith. Subsequently, in my reports of
1914 and 1915, this legislation was not urged because of certain meas-
ures then pending before Congress which, it was hoped, would obviate
198 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
the necessity of further recommendation in this direction; but, inas-
much as nothing substantial has been accomplished in this matter, I
again recommend the action as originally suggested in my report
of 1913.
(3) Forfeiture of rights of way.— The act of March 3, 1891 (26
Stat., 1095), provides for the forfeiture of rights of way granted
thereunder, if the project shall remain unconstructed, in whole or
in part, for a period of five years; but it has been held that judicial
proceedings are necessary to declare such forfeiture. An act similar
to the railroad forfeiture act of February 25, 1909 (35 Stat., 647),
with an added provision granting to the Secretary of the Interior
authority to extend the time for completion of project, would render
unnecessary much litigation that is now requisite in order to obtain
decrees of forfeiture, and would put a stop automatically to specu-
lative holdings of rights of way.
(4) Soldiers' additional rights. — In my annual report for 1914
recommendation was made for the repeal of the present law, which
in effect gives the soldiers additional right the special value and
character of scrip, locatable upon any lands subject to homestead
entry. The reason for my action was that the legal status of the
right is taken advantage of by the scrip dealer, rather than the sol-
dier or his heir, who usually assigns the right for a very small part
of its ultimate value in the hands of the dealer. H. R. 12419, now
pending in the present Congress, entitled "A bill to limit the time
within which soldiers' additional homestead right may be located,"
is in line with my former recommendation, and I hope it will be
pressed to final enactment at the next session of Congress.
(5) Laws locally applicable to Alaska. — In my last annual report
I suggested the desirability of legislation by which Congress should
express with more detail and certainty what public-land laws of
the United States are applicable in Alaska, rather than leave such
matter open to the interpretation of the executive departments and
the courts as to the laws " locally inapplicable " thereto. The im-
portance of this legislation will be conceded by anyone who makes
a study of the public-land laws in their relation to Alaska.
(6) The swamp-land grant. — In my report of 1915 I advised, for
reasons then fully stated, legislation fixing a date, preferably six
months from the passage of the act, after which no new claims for
swamp and overflowed lands should be received. In this report I have
again set forth my reasons for this conclusion and renewed my
recommendation.
(7) Desert-land entries. — Experience has demonstrated beyond a
doubt that entries of arid lands, to be reclaimed by the application
of water, should be limited in area to not more than 160 acres to one
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 199
person, and my recommendation heretofore made that such legislation
be enacted is renewed. H. R. 12710, Sixty-fourth Congress, sub-
stantially follows the draft of a bill to accomplish this purpose
submitted by the department, and it is hoped will ultimately become
the law.
(8) Abandoned rights of way. — Under former decisions of the
department it has been uniformly held that the title taken to rail-
road rights of way was merely an easement, and did not" convey a
title in fee, but the department now holds, following the decisions
of the United States Supreme Court, that the title thus conferred is
something more than a mere easement; that it is in effect a base or
limited fee. This situation makes it necessary for legislation to pro-
vide for the proper disposition of title to the lands covered by rights
of way in the event of abandonment or forfeiture thereof.
To remedy this condition a bill (H. R. 13219) was introduced in
the House, which, it is believed, will fully accomplish the requisite
purpose, and should not be overlooked in the legislative program
for the ensuing year.
(9) Surface entries of mineral lands in Alaska. — There is now
pending in Congress a bill (S. 1064) which proposes to extend to
the Territory of Alaska substantially the provisions of the act of
July 17, 1914 (38 Stat, 509), entitled "An act to provide for agri-
cultural entry of lands withdrawn, classified, or reported as contain-
ing phosphate, nitrate, potash, oil, gas, or asphaltic mineral." The
proposed act is the logical result of the definite policy that seems to
have been adopted by Congress, in the United States proper, of mak-
ing a separate disposition of surface estates, and mineral deposits, in
certain classes of important fuel and fertilizer minerals, a policy
with which the department is in hearty accord.
(10) Professional land locators. — I have already in this report
called attention to Senate bill 5899, now pending, by which provi-
sion is made declaring it a misdemeanor to falsely represent a tract
of land as open to settlement or entry, and thereby deceive intending
applicants for the right of entry, and I trust that this bill will not be
overlooked during the next session of Congress.
(11) Homestead surveys in Alaska. — In accordance with the sug-
gestion made heretofore in this report it is recommended that the
homestead law in Alaska be so amended as to authorize surveys with-
out expense to the settler where the claim is initiated upon unsur-
veyed lands.
(12) Increase of salaries. — No one familiar with the duties im-
posed by law upon the higher grade of employees in the public-land
service at Washington, deems the present salaries paid for such serv-
ice in any degree adequate, or at all commensurate, with the im-
200 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
portance of the work intrusted to their disposition. The jurisdiction
of the office is quasi judicial, exclusive, and final, except on appeal
to the department. The courts will only review its conclusions of
law, but will not disturb its findings of fact. No court in our
country to-day has a docket that will compare with the values rep-
resented by the cases that annually pass through the General Land
Office. For service of this character, however, with less than a half
dozen exceptions, the highest salary paid in the office to-day is
$2,000, with comparatively few at that figure.
Other bureaus in the public service are not so treated; especially
is it noted that in the creation of new executive duties the salaries
provided are often generous, when compared with the provisions
made for the General Land Office.
I trust this matter will be made the subject of early consideration
by Congress, and proper recognition given to the value of the serv-
ices now required at the hands of this office.
CONCLUSION.
While this is the fourth and last annual report of this bureau dur-
ing the present administration, a period of only slightly over three
years has elapsed during my incumbency as commissioner. The last
three reports have summarized the efforts which have been made,
and the results thereof, to bring up and keep current the routine
work, to improve upon the methods and procedure of handling the
work, and to work out and settle the larger situations and problems,
both old and new, which have arisen in the administration of the
public-land laws. On the whole, I can state with confidence that
more efficient service is being rendered the public and the work is
more nearly current in all its branches than it was three years ago.
Contrary to popular belief, the business of this bureau is not on the
decline ; not only has there been a marked increase of new business —
original entries and selections — but the large amount of land legis-
lation during the present administration has all entailed additional
work. Except for the special purposes of surveying the Alaska
coal fields and the classification and protection from fire of the Ore-
gon and California grant lands, no increased appropriations have
been made for the conduct of the work of this office.
While in a great bureau like this there are bound to be some ex-
ceptions, just appreciation and merited acknowledgment compel me
to say that, as a rule, I have had the hearty cooperation and loyal
support of all officers and employees, who in too many instances are
very much underpaid.
Clay Tallman, Commissioner,
The Secretary of the Interior.
COMMISSIONER OP THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 201
ANNUAL INSTRUCTIONS TO SURVEYORS GENERAL.
The surveyors general are provided with general instructions each
year based on the annual appropriations for the surveying service.
They are issued in full whenever the intervening special instructions,
regulations, and decisions result in material changes. The annual
instructions for the work of the ensuing year contain material
changes and modifications of the existing procedure in the execution
of the public surveys, and for that reason are included herewith.
To the Surveying Service of the General Land Office :
By the act of Congress approved July 1, 1916 (Public, No. 132,
64th Cong.), making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of
the •Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and for
other purposes, it was provided as follows :
SUBVEYING THE PUBLIC LANDS.
For surveys and resurveys of public lands, under the supervision of the
Commissioner of the General Land Office and direction of the Secretary of the
Interior, $700,000: Provided, That in expending this appropriation preference
shall be given, first, in favor of surveying townships occupied in whole or in
part by actual .settlers and of lands granted to the States by the act approved
February twenty-second, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and the acts ap-
proved July third and July tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety, and.to survey
under such other acts as provide for land grants to the several States and Ter-
ritories, and such indemnity lands as the several States and Territories may
be entitled to in lieu of lands granted them for educational and other purposes
which may have been sold or included in some reservation or otherwise dis-
posed of, except railroad land grants, and other surveys shall include lands
adapted to agriculture and lands deemed advisable to survey on account of
availability for irrigation or dry farming, lines of reservations, and lands
within boundaries of forest reservations. The surveys and resurveys provided
for in this appropriation to be made by such competent surveyors as the Secre-
tary of the Interior may select, at such compensation, not exceeding $200 per
month each, as he may prescribe, except that the Secretary of the Interior may
appoint not to exceed two supervisors of surveys, whose compensation shall not
exceed $250 per month each, and, except in the District of Alaska, where a com-
pensation not exceeding $10 per day may be allowed such surveyors and such
per diem in lieu of subsistence, not exceeding $3, when allowed pursuant to
section thirteen of the sundry civil appropriation act approved August first,
nineteen hundred and fourteen, and actual necessary expenses for transporta-
tion, including necessary sleeping-car fares, said per diem and traveling expenses
to be allowed to all surveyors employed hereunder and to such clerks who are
competent surveyors who may be detailed to make surveys, resurveys, or ex-
aminations of surveys heretofore made and reported to be defective or fraudu-
lent, and inspecting mineral deposits, coal fields, and timber districts, and for
making, by such competent surveyors, fragmentary surveys, and such other
surveys or examinations as may be required for identification of land for pur-
poses of evidence in any suit or proceeding in behalf of the United States:
Provided further, That the sum of not exceeding ten per centum of the amount
hereby appropriated may be expended by the Commissioner of the General Land
202
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Office, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, for the purchase of
metal or other equally durable monuments to be used for public-land survey
corners wherever practicable.
Deducting from the appropriation of $700,000 the sums of $50,000
for purchase of iron posts; $2,000 for stationery (legislative bill) ;
$40,000 for supervisors, instruments, and fragmentary surveys;
$15,000 for mineral inspection ; $20,000 for freight, express, etc. ; and
$18,000 for reserve, there remains available for apportionment among
the several surveying districts the sum of $555,000.
From the total of $555,000 there is hereby apportioned the follow-
ing sums:
To the district of —
Alaska $50,000
Arizona 55, 000
California 30, 000
Colorado 45, 000
Idaho 40, 000
Montana 55,000
Nebraska 35,000
To the district of—
Nevada $30,000
New Mexico^ 55, 000
Oregon 35, 000
South Dakota 10, 000
Utah 45,000
Washington 30,000
Wyoming 40,000
SELECTION AND GROUPING OF TOWNSHIPS TO BE SURVEYED.
The law requires that in expending this appropriation preference
shall be* given, first, in favor of surveying townships occupied in
whole or in part by actual settlers and of lands granted to the States
by the act approved February 22, 1889, and the acts approved July
3 and 10, 1890, and to surveying under such other acts as provide for
land grants to the several States and Territories and such indemnity
lands as the several States and Territories may be entitled to in lieu
of lands granted them for educational and other purposes which may
have been sold or included in some reservation or otherwise disposed
of, except railroad land grants; hence, in taking measures for the
grouping of townships to be surveyed it will become the first duty
of the United States surve}7or general to attend to the surveys of
lands applied for by bona fide settlers and of lands inuring to the
several States under the various forms of grant, and in the applica-
tion of funds at the disposal of the United States surveyor general
for surveying public lands equal weight will, as far as practicable,
and if found necessary to meet the demands of these two classes ol
surveys applied for, be given to surveying lands applied for by set -
tiers and those applied for by the State.
Applications by settlers for the survey of lands including their
claims will be required to be submitted to the United States surveyor
general upon the regular blanks supplied for that purpose, and upon
receipt of such applications he will transmit the same to the assistant
supervisor of surveys for his district after making proper notation
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 203
thereof upon his records, and he will advise this office of such dis-
posal of the applications.
The bona fide of all such applicants for survey will be examined
under the direction of the assistant supervisor of surveys and a
report and recommendation thereon will be submitted by him to this
office for consideration and action. In cases where the evidences of
settlement are satisfactory and the authorization of a survey is
deemed proper the necessary instructions will be promptly issued
to the United States surveyor general in order that proper provision
for the survey may be made.
The applications or petitions for survey must be signed by actual
settlers on the lands, together with the affidavits of the settlers setting
forth the length of residence on their claims, and the nature, extent,
and value of improvements made thereon, together with a description
of the character of the lands. The United States surveyor general
will advise applicants that bona fide settlement is a prerequisite for
a survey and that settlers must be known to be actual residents upon
the land they wish to enter.
If applications are made for the survey of lands granted to the
State by any of the acts providing for land grants or for the survey
of indemnity lands to which the State may be entitled, they are to be
received and transmitted to this office, together with a report as
to the availability of the funds at the disposal of the United States
surveyor general which will be necessary to accomplish the survey
under the first preference named in the appropriation act.
In the case of surveys to be made for the purpose of enabling the
State to make selections of lands granted under any act authorizing
the withdrawal and survey thereof, the act of August 18, 1894 (28
Stats., 394), and the subsequent acts making the provisions of the
same applicable to other States than those mentioned therein pro-
vide that the governor of the State shall make application to the
Commissioner of the General Land Office for the survey of such
lands ; in order properly to administer this law and to avoid the de-
lays incident to any other procedure, this office will, upon the receipt
of such application from the governor, promptly advise him of such
receipt and at the same time the United States surveyor general and
the proper local land officers will also be advised of the receipt of
the application as preliminary information, but formal action thereon
with be withheld pending the receipt of evidence of publication of
notice of the filing of the application ; upon receipt of such evidence
this office will take the necessary further action with respect to the
declaration of effectiveness of the withdrawal. The necessary steps
to accomplish the effective withdrawal of the lands having been taken
by the State, this office will then formally declare the effectiveness
of the withdrawal, the date of which in such cases will be coincident
204 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
with the date of receipt by this office of the application, and of this
action the United States surveyor general and the local land officers
will also be advised, whereupon, and not until then, will the former
be clothed with the authority necessary to proceed with the survey
of the lands under the first preference named in the appropriation
act and the latter with the authority to note the withdrawal and
the date thereof on their records.
In case applications are made by the State for the survey of a
greater number of townships than the public funds at the disposal of
the United States surveyor general and available therefor will suf-
fice, he will call upon the State authorities as to their preference in
the matter, stating the amount of funds available and the number of
townships which such amount will cover, and he will endeavor thus
to meet any reasonable demands for the execution of the survey of
townships applied for to the extent of the available funds. Atten-
tion may properly be directed to the provisions of the act of August
18, 1894 (28 Stat., 395), which authorizes the governor of any State
affected by said act to make special deposits for the survey of town-
ships withdrawn, the moneys so advanced being reimbursable.
The township being adopted in the appropriation act as the unit of
survey authorized, it will be so considered in all cases where not
otherwise restricted, and this will apply with equal force to those
townships partly or wholly within national forests the survey of
which may be authorized. In the case of those townships whereof the
lands are partly within and partly without a national forest, the sur-
veys will be extended to include not only the lands outside the forest,
but also all the agricultural lands in the township within the forest.
Metes and bounds surveys of lands listed or entered will not be made,
however, by United States surveyors or transitmen, an appropriation
therefor being specifically provided by Congress and under the con-
trol of another department, clothed with authority to make such sur-
veys.
In the cases wmere lands have been eliminated from a national
forest after entries have been made by metes and bounds, but no final
proof surveys thereof have been made, the regular legal subdivisions
will be made in the usual manner, but provisions will be contained in
the instructions for the surveyor to whom the work will be assigned
to notify the settlers who may have made entries by metes and bounds
on the restored lands that it will be to their advantage to amend their
entries upon the filing of the plat of survey, wherever practicable, to
embrace legal subdivisions, since in such event no further survey than
the usual subdivisional one will be needed to permit them to submit
final proof ; otherwise, if they insist on maintaining their entries by
metes and bounds, further survey for final proof will be required
under the act of June 11, 1906 (34 Stats., 233), when it may be found
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 205
necessary for the entrymen to provide for such survey at their own
expense. It is believed that such notice will result in a large propor-
tion, if not practically all, of the entries now in existence on the
restored lands being adjusted to legal subdivisions and requiring no
further survey.
The United States surveyor general will, therefore, in such cases
call upon the local officers for a list by description of the entries by
metes and bounds on the restored lands, together with the names and
addresses of the entrymen of record, and furnish such list to the
surveyor as a part of the special instructions for the purpose out-
lined, and it will be his duty to advise the entrymen of the facts as in-
dicated and to return of record, not necessarily to be embodied in his
field notes but as a matter or information, such steps as were taken by
him to accomplish the purpose of completing at one time all surveys
necessary to be executed.
In order that this office may receive from the Forest Service such
assistance as can be afforded in the determination of the townships
in national forests which contain sufficient agricultural lands to
justify the extension of the public surveys over the townships, an
agreement has been reached between the Forest Service and this
office that the services of the regularly appointed administrative
officers of the national forests will be utilized in securing the peti-
tions from the settlers and in examining the bona fides thereof, the
usual reports to be submitted to this office through the forester, fol-
lowing which action will be taken by this office to authorize the
United States surveyor general to proceed with the survey, or such
other action will be taken as may be appropriate.
The provision of preference excepts railroad land grants, authority
for the survey of the public lands lying within the limits of land
grants being provided in the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stats., 834),
authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to call upon any railroad
corporation required by law to pay the cost of surveying, selecting,
or conveying any lands granted to such company or corporation, or
for its use and benefit, to deposit a sum sufficient to pay the cost of
surveying, selecting, and conveying any of the unsurveyed lands
granted to such company or for its use and benefit, under any act
of Congress, the purpose of the act as stated in the enacting clause
being to enable the Secretary of the Interior to complete the ad-
justment of land grants made by Congress to aid in the construction
of railroads and to subject to taxation by States, Territories, and
municipal authorities the lands so granted. In section 3 of the act
it is further provided that the right of the Secretary of the Interior
shall not be affected in causing the public surveys to be extended over
any lands granted to any railroad or corporation in the manner now
otherwise provided by law. .---■-- - ~<
206 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
In the application of the provisions of this act it is directed that
reports be submitted to this office from time to time indicating the
location of the lands within railroad limits which it is desirable to
have surveyed and the estimated cost thereof, in order that the
necessary report may be made to the Secretary of the Interior and
the requisite authority obtained for making a demand for the deposit
of the funds sufficient to cover the cost' of the survey of the lands
inuring to the railroad company, which funds will be known as the
appropriation for " Completing surveys within railroad land grants,"
in connection with which the initials of the railroad should be given.
To supplement these funds in equal amount, there is available the
appropriation for "Surveying within land grants (reimbursable),"
provided for paying the expenses of the survey of the lands within
such grant limits but not inuring to the railroad company.
Upon receipt of the necessary authority to call upon the railroad
company to deposit the funds for such survey, the United States
surveyor general will make the requisite demand upon the proper
representative of the company, enumerating the townships to be in-
cluded in the survey.
The expenses incident to such survey being payable jointly from
the two funds mentioned, a reasonable amount of retracements and
resurveys found to be necessary in order properly to initiate or
close the new surveys are jointly and equally payable from the two
funds, but no unusual or extensive retracements or resurveys will be
entered upon without specific authority from this office. If such
necessity appears, the surveyors will submit preliminary reports of
the conditions, indicating the character of the evidences of the old
surveys which require further extensive examinations, which the
United States surveyor general will in turn submit to this office with
diagram and recommendation, whereupon the necessary procedure
will be promptly outlined. This will usually take the form of an
independent examination, payable from the regular appropriation.
In the meantime the surveyors will proceed with other work to be
assigned to them, either on the group on which engaged, but at
points where no complications exist, or on other work in the locality
awaiting execution, provision for which will be made by the United
States surveyor general upon receipt of the report indicating com-
plications in the survey of the railroad lands.
Other classes of lands to be surveyed out of the regular appro-
priation include lands adapted to agriculture and lands deemed ad-
visable to survey on account of availability for irrigation or dry
farming, lines of reservations, and lands within boundaries of forest
reservations.
These classes of lands are to be surveyed only after the lands oc-
cupied by bona fide settlers and lands applied for by the State have
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 207
been included in active surveys and their character as agricultural
lands or as deemed advisable to survey on account of availability
for irrigation or dry farming shall be established by reports from
employees of the surveying service, which shall be based upon per-
sonal observation and are to be submitted to this office through the
assistant supervisor of surveys of the district in which the lands
may be located, and are to be grouped only after ample provision
shall have been made in the distribution of funds in such manner as
certainly to provide for meeting the demands, existing and prospec-
tive, for the two classes of lands included in the first preference in
the appropriation act.
Lines of reservation are surveyable under this appropriation when
their establishment is a necessary incident to the identification of
the public lands adjacent thereto. This condition exists when the
lines of public surveys are being extended to the locus of a reservation
on unsurveyed lands whose boundaries have not been established or,
if established, which it is found necessary to retrace in order properly
to close the lines of public survey thereon.
The survey of any other classes of lines of reservation is not an-
ticipated, but if questions relating thereto are presented the same will
be considered and such action taken as the facts and the availability
of the appropriation may warrant.
SURVEYS UNDER SPECIAL DEPOSITS BY INDIVIDUALS.
Provision is made by the act of February 27, 1899 (30 Stats., 892),
whereby any railroad company claiming a grant of land and desiring
to secure the survey thereof may file an application therefor in writ-
ing with the surveyor general of the State within which the lands
sought to be surveyed are situated and deposit a sum sufficient to pay
for such survey, whereupon it shall be the duty of this office to cause
the lands to be surveyed. In case application is made by a railroad
company for the survey of lands under the provisions of this act or
by individuals under the provisions of section 2401, Revised Statutes,
as amended by the act of August 20, 1894 (28 Stats., 423), of similar
import, the United States surveyor general will submit a report to
this office, together with an estimate of the cost of such survey and of
the expenses incident thereto, including the cost of probable retrace-
ments and resurveys appurtenant thereto, whereupon he will be au-
thorized to cause such survey to be made, the appropriation being
designated as " Deposits by individuals for surveying public lands "
(with the initials of the railroad company or the names of the indi-
viduals making the deposit).
The grouping of townships for survey is to be kept distinct under
the several appropriations, except, of course, where joint appropria-
208 COMMISSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
tions are applicable, and the number of townships included in a group
is to be limited to the amount of work that can ordinarily be com-
pleted in one surveying season.
SURVEY OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
For the survey of Indian reservations under general or special acts
provision will be made in each case by this office, depending upon the
character of the survey desired by the Indian Office.
EXAMINATION OF SURVEYS.
The appropriation provides for the examination of surveys hereto-
fore made and reported to be defective or fraudulent, and in the ap-
plication of funds for the purpose of determining the defective or
fraudulent character of surveys it will be the duty of the United
States surveyor general to require applicants to furnish such infor-
mation as may be available from any reliable source upon which the
allegations of defects, obliteration, or fraud in the surveys is based,
in order that this office may determine as to the application of the pro-
visions of the act of March 3, 1909 (35 Stats., 845), as amended by the
joint resolution of June 25, 1910 (36 Stats., 884), authorizing the
Secretary of the Interior to cause to be made such resurveys of pub-
lic lands as, after full investigation, he may deem essential to properly
mark the boundaries of the public lands remaining undisposed of.
Under departmental ruling of May 22, 1909, as to the application of
the said act of March 3, 1909, it was held that where the lands in a
given township had been disposed of by the Government by final
entry, approved State selections, school lands, and patent, in excess
of 50 per cent of the total area thereof, such township was not eligible
for examination and resurvey under said act.
In the application of the terms of this act it is not intended that
there shall be undertaken any work involving the mere reestablish-
ment of lost or obliterated or misplaced corners in a limited area of
a township, such work being within the province of the local sur-
veyors, and the authority of the surveyor general's office will be
limited to the giving of advice in accordance with the circular for
the restoration of lost or obliterated corners, as employees of the
Government are prohibited from participating in the resurvey of a
township, the reestablishment of lost corners, or in the subdivision of
sections for private parties, even if the expense is borne by the
county or municipal authorities or by individuals. To permit any
such procedure would bring the Government into controversy with
parties who felt aggrieved at the conclusions reached and would
make the Government a party to various suits involving lands in
private ownership in which it was not a real party in interest by
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 209
virtue of ownership in the lands affected and would ultimately ex-
tend to such calls for assistance from owners of private lands in
settling their disputes as could not be met without detriment to the
purpose for which the appropriations under the control of this office
are made.
The Government's real interest in the resurvey of the public lands
is well stated in the said act of March 3, 1909, " to properly mark the
boundaries of the public lands remaining undisposed of." Its duty
being thus defined, this office has consistently refrained from attempt-
ing to do more in the location of corners of privately owned lands in
townships being resurveyed than to place such corners where the
surrounding evidences of surveys unquestionably point to one con-
clusion as to the proper place for the reestablishment of a lost corner;
otherwise, if conflicts arise out of the disputed location of such
corners, to survey out the claims by metes and bounds, showing the
resulting conflicts and leaving the adjudication of the question to
the local courts having jurisdiction over the lands involved.
Advice as to the proper procedure may be given in accordance with
the conditions, but such conclusions as this office or the office of the
United States surveyor general may draw can only be advisory, and
if the parties can not agree without resort to the courts their remedy
properly lies in that direction, the courts alone being clothed with
the power necessary to assemble testimony concerning the locations
of alleged old corners, to consider the methods adopted in the restora-
tion of such as are missing, and to enforce their decree; and persons
deeming themselves injured by the resurvey may present complaint
in such courts, where methods and results of the restoring surveyor
may be carefully considered and a decision reached that shall be bind-
ing on all parties in interest.
The duty of this office in making resurveys may therefore again
be stated to be the proper marking of the boundaries of the public
lands remaining undisposed of, and this only after full investigation
as to the necessity therefor by reason of obliteration of the evidence
of the original survey.
The application for resurvey should be made by a majority of
the settlers and owners of land in the township affected, including
the State, and should contain evidence in the form of an affidavit,
preferably from the county or other competent surveyor, showing
in detail that the evidences of original survey have been obliterated
to such an extent as to make it impracticable to apply the suggestions
contained in the circular issued by this office defining the manner in
which should be restored lost or obliterated corners in the proper
identification of the legal subdivisions occupied by the present or
prospective entrymen. The application should include a descrip-
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 14
210 COMMISSIONER OF THL GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
tion opposite each name of the lands actually occupied, entered, or
owned, with a statement as to whether the applicant is a settler, en-
tryman, or owner thereof. Where an entryman or owner, including
the State, has failed to join in the application evidence of service of
notice upon him for at least 30 days in advance of the filing of the
application is required.
If the necessity for resurvey is apparent and the township is shown
to be eligible therefor, the surveyor general will be authorized to
provide for a field examination thereof as a basis for the ultimate
authority for resurvey under the provisions of the act of March 3,
1909, which provides for the resurvey under the rectangular system
now provided by law, and further provides that no such resurvey or
retracement shall be so executed as to impair the bona fide rights or
claims of any claimant, entryman, or owner of lands affected by such
resurvey or retracement.
The field examination, when authorized, should be made so as to
cover a fair proportion of the lines in the townships affected, and
attention should be given by the examiner to the manner in which, in
the absence of evidences of original survey, the claimants of the
lands have located their holdings, and his report should contain such
information as will permit the resurvey when made to be so executed
as not to impair the bona fide rights of any claimant. It has been
found that it is seldom, if ever, necessary for the examiner to pass
over as many as half of the corner points before it is possible to
determine whether or not the extent of obliteration is sufficient to
warrant the resurvey. The amount of retracement and extent of
examination to be made, however, must be largely left to the judg-
ment of the examiner, guided by the conditions as they are developed
in the field, and while it is desired that he should carry his work to
the full extent necessary to enable him to make a satisfactory exami-
nation and report as to the type of resurvey to be adopted, it is
believed that the existence or nonexistence of original corners which
are possible of development without the refinement of field procedure
usually present in general survey work can ordinarily be ascertained
in two or three days' work in each township.
Upon receipt by the surveyor general of the examiner's report the
same will be transmitted to this office with recommendation, and he
will be promptly advised as to the conclusions reached. If resurvey
is to be made, authority therefor being vested in the Secretary of
the Interior, his approval of the proposed resurvey is necessary
before field work may be commenced.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS.
The provisions of the manual relative to the preparation of special
instructions to cover each assignment of surveys under group num-
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 211
bers will be observed and the various groups will be so limited in
extent as generally to permit the completion thereof in one surveying
season by the surveyors to whom they will be assigned. These special
instructions will be addressed in blank to one or two surveyors, as
may be determined upon, dependent upon the amount of work
involved, and the assignment of surveyors will be made by the super-
visors or assistant supervisors, as the case may be. They are required
to be complete in setting forth the surveys to be executed under
any group, the initial and closing lines, the nature of the survey,
method and order of procedure, the reports required, the prepara-
tion of returns, and the accounting system, all subject to the approval
of this office. They will be prepared in sufficient number to provide
for one copy to be sent by the United States surveyor general, after
approval by this office, to the supervisor of surveys at Denver, and
one copy to the assistant supervisor of the district, as hereinafter
required.
The general instructions applicable to all groups may be mani-
folded or otherwise prepared and issued to each surveyor upon his
first assignment, to be referred to but not repeated in subsequent
instructions, thus reducing the volume of work to be prepared and
reviewed.
SUPERVISION.
The supervisors of surveys provided for by statute will have gen-
eral supervision and direction of all field-surveying operations, and
they will act in the capacity of administrative field assistants to this
office. Headquarters for all western operations in States and Terri-
tory in which there are surveyors general will be at the new Federal
Building, Denver. Their duties are to pass on all matters pertain-
ing to personnel of employees, to supervise the proper organization
of field parties, their instrumental and camping equipment and sub-
sistence, and in general to exercise their judgment and experience in
promoting efficiency in the field work, economy in expenditures, and,
as far as possible, uniformity in proper field methods in the execu-
tion of surveys and in the preparation of the returns thereof.
A number of assistant supervisors of surveys have been designated
from the roll of United States surveyors, who will have direct charge
of the field operations connected with the public-land surveys in the
districts to which assigned, and will represent in this capacity the
supervisors of surveys. The equipment of parties, such as the pur-
chase or hiring of teams, purchasing of supplies, instruments, etc,
will be made under the direction and supervision of the assistant
supervisor, and the latter shall superintend the organization of
parties and arrangement of the personnel and prepare the necessary
212 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
assignment instructions. The surveyor general will have charge of
the disbursements for all salaries and expenses, the preparation of
the returns of surveys executed in his district, and, in the absence
of the assistant supervisor in the field, will perform such duties of
the latter as may be practicable.
FIELD OPERATIONS.
Assignment instructions will show the date of issue only, but will
be approved by the supervisor of surveys and become operative on
his approval as of the date of issue; the surveyors general and as-
sistant supervisors will be notified of the approval by the supervisor.
The latter will furnish this office monthly statements showing the
assignment of surveyors to survey groups, and will periodically
transmit all information necessary to complete the card records of
Government-owned property.
Supplemental special instructions will not be issued by surveyors
general except where new work is involved. Corrections, revisions,
or completion of work in the field will be made by or under the
direction of the assistant supervisors under the original special
instructions.
Surveyors general will furnish both the supervisor and assistant
supervisors of their districts copies of all special instructions issued,
whether original or supplemental, upon approval of the same by
this office. Surveyors general are authorized, in their discretion
and so far as the business of their office will permit, to furnish as-
sistant supervisors in their district such clerical assistance as may
be necessary to properly conduct the work of the latter.
In cases of disagreement between surveyors general and assistant
supervisors as to procedure, it is the desire of this office that the
practice already obtaining in most districts be made universal, to
endeavor to adjust the questions at issue through the supervisor,
who will, in extreme cases, report the facts, together with his recom-
mendation, to this office for ultimate decision.
Weekly reports will be sent by surveyors and transitmen to the
assistant supervisor of surveys of the district in which they are em-
ployed, in an envelope marked "Weekly reports," so that in the
absence of the assistant supervisor, the United States surveyor gen-
eral may open the envelopes and secure such information as he may
need and will forward the reports to the assistant supervisor when
requested, the latter to then forward them to the supervisor, who will
finally transmit them to this office. When the assistant supervisor
is not at headquarters he will submit the weekly reports to the sur-
veyor general for his information and then forward them as above
directed.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 218
SURVEYS.
Paragraph 145 of the Manual has been changed to read as follows :
The random of a latitudinal section line will always be run parallel to the
true south boundary of the section to which it belongs, and when a section has
no linear south boundary the random will be run parallel to the true south boun-
dary of the first section to the south having a south boundary in the range of
sections in which it is situated and fractional true lines will be run in a similar
manner.
Following this principle, the random of a meridianal section line
will be run parallel to the true east boundary of the section to which
it belongs.
When the establishment of a range line with a length of 6 miles
would result in the projection of the township line to a closing, the
range line will be terminated at the point of its mutual intersection
with the township line carried in on a cardinal course from the oppo-
site township corner.
If any or all of the four boundaries of a township to be subdivided
have been previously surveyed and there is reason to question their
accuracy or the condition of the corner monuments thereon, the sur-
veyor is authorized to retrace all of the previously surveyed boun-
daries before proceeding with the subdivisional survey and to recon-
struct all corners thereon whose condition fails to meet the require-
ments as to corner monuments and their accessories. In this connec-
tion it is assumed that ordinarily no retracement of boundary lines
controlling subdivisonal surveys which have been executed under the
direct system will be required. The retracement so made will develop
the true bearings and distances between the successive corners and all
data obtained therein will be embodied in the field notes.
The course of the governing boundary or governing subdivisional
line of a township shall not vary more than 10' of arc from a car-
dinal course, and all newly established section lines shall be so run
as not to depart more than 21' of arc from a cardinal course nor more
than 21' of arc from their governing lines.
Governing subdivisional lines may be run between corresponding
corners on the exterior boundaries of a township when varying not
more than 10' of arc from a cardinal course, in case the usual govern-
ing boundary or boundaries are defective but not subject to rectifi-
cation; otherwise the usual sectional correction lines and sectional
guide meridians will be established.
The number of closing corners shall be reduced to a minimum and
where practicable and necessary to accomplish this end, corners for
two sections and quarter-section corners for two quarter sections
shall be established except on standard parallels.
Standard lines shall be double chained only when no closings are to
be made thereon during the process of the survey under assignment.
214 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The limit of distance to bearing trees will be changed from 3 chs.
to 5 chs. and in addition to the markings thereon now required SC
shall be placed on all bearing trees to standard corners and CC on
those to closing corners. Bearing trees shall not be marked unless
they stand in the sections to which they relate.
Special effort shall be made to avoid witness corners, even if the
setting of the true corner involves considerable time and expense
and slight departure from requirements as to depth, etc.
The township shall, in general, be deemed the unit of survey and
the section the unit of subdivision.
Mounds of earth are hereby eliminated as accessories and the
earth taken from pits shall be scattered.
Mounds of stone shall be given first preference as accessories and
the term " pits impracticable " shall be eliminated.
IRON POSTS.
The purchase of iron posts for use in monumenting all surveys
wherever practicable is arranged for by this office, and the assistant
supervisor will be required to make requisition to this office for ship-
ment of the estimated number of iron posts necessary for any assign-
ment. The 3-inch iron posts weigh 30 pounds each and are to be
used for all township corners, whether relating to one or more town-
ships, and for mile corners on boundary surveys; the 2-inch posts
weigh 13 pounds each and are to be used for all other section corners;
the 1-inch posts weigh 5 pounds each and are to be used for all quar-
ter-section corners, meander corners, and private land-claim corners.
All witness corners are required to be of the same size as would be
used for the true corner.
Requisitions must be explicit as to the number of each size of the
iron posts required, the railroad destination of the shipment, the
consignees, and, for the purpose" of record, the designated survey by
group number.
Requisitions should be ample to cover possible inaccuracies in esti-
mates and unavoidable loss by occasional damage. Requisitions may
be made of assorted sizes in carload lots to be shipped to a central
point convenient to extensive surveys, and surplus iron posts left
over from completed surveys should be received and stored by the
designated supervising surveyor subject to future disposal, and in all
cases the facts should be reported to this office to complete the open
account of all iron posts.
FIELD NOTES.
In original surveys dates and names of surveyors will be elimi-
nated from the body of the field notes and a diagram will be pro-
vided at the beginning of each book of notes showing the dates of
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 215
survey, and, in case of double parties, the lines run by each surveyor.
In resurveys the date of commencement and completion of each town-
ship shall be shown and the lines run by each surveyor shall be
shown on a diagram.
The record of daily solar observations and daily latitude tests shall
be eliminated; all scientific data shall be segregated and the same,
with description of instruments, shall be placed at the beginning of
the notes of each township or small group of townships, including a
statement as to the maintenance of the instrument in adjustment
throughout the survey.
Random lines will be eliminated from dependent resurvey notes;
the surveyor will be required to furnish the United States surveyor
general such data as may be required to check the recorded true lines,
the same to be transmitted to this office with the returns of survey.
The practice of recording random lines in the notes of independent
resurveys and original surveys will be continued.
The use of the expression "I run" will be eliminated from field
notes.
Surveyors and transitmen will not be required to take a final oath
to their field notes, but will certify on honor to the correctness
thereof; certificates from field assistants will be eliminated, their
names and positions only being required.
The date of assignment of instructions will, in addition to the date
of the special instructions, appear on the title-page of field notes.
The time limit for field-note writing is hereby rescinded when the
field notes are prepared under the supervision of the assistant ^super-
visor.
The method of diagram showing corner markings shall be em-
ployed in the field notes, and wherever practicable all the lines of a
township surveyed shall be included in one book of field notes.
In complicated surveys and resurveys the surveyors and transit-
men who execute the field work shall write up the returns thereof
either in longhand, with rubber stamps, or on a typewriter in finished
form ; where on a typewriter, a carbon copy shall be made at the same
time; the practice of surveyors and transitmen, working on regular
original surveys, of filing their field tablets for extension in the
offices of surveyors general shall be continued and extended as far as
possible. When necessary or desirable, one or more expert surveyors
in each district capable of writing field notes may be detailed to write
the finished notes, with carbon copies, from the field tablets.
As a result of recent experiments, what will be the method ulti-
mately adopted for the preparation of completed returns from the
field tablets is at present undetermined ; wherefore it is not unlikely
that these instructions on this feature may be changed in the near
future.
216 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Surveyors general will audit vouchers and sign vouchers in the
capacity of auditing officers.
RETURNS OF SURVEYS.
All surveyors are to be cautioned to maintain complete field notes
in every particular and to compute all doubtful closings in the field
as the work progresses, in order that the entire record of survey may
always be kept complete, to avoid the necessity of returning to the
field excepting under the most unusual circumstances. Surveyors
will necessarily be placed upon honor, and the slightest departure
from this trust will be the first cause for immediate dismissal.
MODIFICATIONS TO THE MANUAL OF 1902.
Standard Field Tables. — This office has ready for distribution a
supplement to the Manual, entitled " Standard Field Tables," ar-
ranged for pocket use in the field, which volume contains every stand-
ard table and formula necessary in the execution of the public surveys.
These tables are to be distributed to every United States surveyor
and transitman, and upon requisition to the United States surveyor
general the tables may be supplied to principal assistants in parties.
Ephemeris of the Sun and Polaris and Tables of Azimuths of
Polaris. — This office has for distribution also a new annual, a sup-
plement to the Manual, bearing the foregoing title, containing every
function of the sun or Polaris necessary in the determination of the
true meridian by approved methods.
Measurements. — In addition to the method of measurement pre-
scribed by the Manual, this office hereby approves the use of long
steel tapes in measurements on the slope with the use of clinometers
in the determination of slope angles, with proper reduction to true
horizontal distances for entry in the official field notes, the fact of
the use of the long steel tape and clinometer method to be stated in
the field notes. This office hereby approves a restricted use of the
stadia method of measurements over surfaces that can not be accu-
rately measured with the steel tape, the record of the test of the
stadia wire interval to distinctly appear in the field notes as often as
once a week when used and the essential part of the record of every
stadia measurement to appear in the field notes.
Instruments. — The instruments used in the surveys must conform
to the requirements of the Manual, and the certificate of the approval
of every instrument by a designated assistant supervisor must ap-
pear in the field notes as heretofore required to the approval of in-
struments used in the execution of contract surveys.
Approved methods of observation to determine the true meridian :
(1) Polaris at elongation.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 217
(2) Polaris by the hour-angle method, with record of independent
time observation.
(3) A series of three altitude observations of the sun for azimuth,
taking the resulting mean.
(4) A series of three equal-altitude observations of the sun for
meridian, taking the resulting mean.
(5) The solar attachment properly adjusted to hold the true
meridian at all approved hours of solar work within 1' 30" of the
true meridian as determined by other approved methods as outlined
above.
Approved methods of observation from which to determine correct
local mean time for use within 24 hours in hour-angle observations of
polaris.
(1) Altitude observation of the sun.
(2) Meridian observation of the sun.
(3) Comparison with the standard telegraphic clock.
The essential elements of all azimuth and time determinations
must appear in the field notes, but the field notes do not need to be
unnecessarily elaborated to show the detailed process of reductions.
Approved corner monuments. — Iron post corners are hereby re-
quired to be witnessed by bearing trees, excepting only the absence
of sound trees of suitable size within a distance of 5 chains.
When impracticable to use iron posts the best native stone, if of
proper quality, may be used as prescribed in the Manual.
When impracticable to use iron posts or suitable native stone,
wooden posts, witnessed by bearing trees, may be used as prescribed
in the Manual.
The usual accessories provided in the Manual, except as herein*
before modified, are required at all corners.
Blazing of trees. — The provisions of the Manual in regard to the
blazing of tree trunks must be strictly complied with, excepting only
the blazing of trees having branches growing to the ground, the
expense of blazing such trees being prohibitive.
Gutting of undergrowth. — All undergrowth must be sufficiently re-
moved to permit the proper projecting of all lines, and within dis-
tances of 5 chains of all corners and within 2 chains of lines of travel
the undergrowth must be sufficiently removed to enable the settler
and other interested people to immediately identify the true line of
survey. It is obvious that the same requirement must apply to the
true line of survey over top of ridges. .
Sketches. — All surveyors are required to comply with the require-
ments of the Manual in regard to topographic sketches, which must
be kept up on line as the field work progresses.
218 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY.
In connection with special instructions to be issued, provision will
be made for the notation, in desert regions, of the location of streams,
springs, or water holes, which, because of their location, may be
deemed to be of value in connection with the utilization of public
grazing lands and which may be designated as public watering places.
The appropriate legal subdivision or subdivisions within which
these are located will be listed separately and will be submitted with
the returns of survey, a copy thereof in duplicate to be transmitted to
this office for further action.
Very respectfully,
Clay Tallman, Commissioner,
COMMtSSIONEK OF THE GENERAL LAND OPEICE.
219
STATISTICS RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE
PUBLIC DOMAIN.
Area of States and Territories.
[Based upon careful joint calculations made in the General Land Office, the Geological Survey, and the
Bureau of the Census.]
State or Territory.
Land surface.
Water surface.
Total areas.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island ,
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington ,
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Guam
Hawaii
Canal Zone
Philippine Islands.
Porto Rico
American Samoa. .
Sq. m.
51,279
113,810
52,525
155,652
103,658
4,820
1,965
60
54,861
58, 725
83,354
56,043
36,045
55,586
81, 774
40, 181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039
57, 480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,201
76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503
47,654
48,740
70, 183
40, 740
69,414
95,607
44,832
1,067
30, 495
76, 868
41,687
262,398
82, 18*
9,124
40, 262
66, S36
24, 022
55,256
97, 594
2, 973, 890
Total.
Acres.
32,818,560
72,838,400
33,616,000
99,617,280
66,341,120
3,084,800
1,257,600
38, 400
35,111,040
37,584,000
53,346,560
35,867,520
23,068,800
35,576,040
52,335,360
25,715,840
29,061,760
19,132,800
6,362,240
5,144,960
36,787,200
51, 749, 120
29,671,680
43,985,280
93,568,640
49, 157, 120
70, 285, 440
5,779,840
4, 808, 960
78,401,920
30, 498, 560
31,193,600
44,917,120
26,073,600
44, 424, 960
61, 188, 480
28,692,480
682, 880
19, 516, 800
49, 195, 520
26,679,680
167, 934, 720
52, 597, 760
5,839,360
25,767,680
42,775,040
15,374,080
35,363,840
62, 460, 160
Sq. to.
719
146
810
2,645
290
145
405
10
3,805
540
534
622
309
561
384
417
3,097
3, 145
2,386
227
500
3,824
503
693
796
712
869
310
710
131
1, 550
3,680
654
300
643
1,092
294
181
494
747
335
3,498
2,806
440
2,365
2,291
148
810
320
1,903,289,600
52, ;
Acres.
460, 160
93, 440
518,400
1,692,800
185,600
92, 800
259, 200
6,400
2, 435, 200
345,600
341, 760
398,080
197, 760
359,040
245, 760
266,880
1,982,080
2,012,800
1,527,040
145,280
320, 000
2,447,360
321, 920
443,520
509,440
455,680
556, 160
198,400
454, 400
83,840
992.000
2,359,040
418, 560
192,000
411,520
69S,880
188, 160
115, 840
316, 160
478,080
214,400
2, 238, 720
1,795,840
281,600
1,513,600
1, 466, 240
94, 720
518, 400
204, 800
33,855,360
Sq. m.
51,998
113,956
53,335
158,297
103,948
4,965
2,370
70
58,666
59,265
83, 888
56,665
36,354
56, 147
82, 158
40,598
48, 506
33,040
12,327
8, 266
57,980
84,682
46,865
69,420
140,997
77,520
110,690
9,341
8,224
122,634
49, 204
52, 426
70,837
41,040
70,057
96, 699
45. 126
1,248
30,989
77,615
42,022
265,896
84, 990
9,564
42,627
69. 127
24, 170
56,066
97,914
3,026.789
590, 884
210
6,449
436
115,026
3,435
77
3,743,306
A cres.
33,278,720
72,931,840
34, 134, 400
101,310,080
06,526,720
3,177,600
1,516,800
44,800
37,546,240
37,929,600
53,688,320
36,265,600
23,266,560
35,934,080
52,581,120
25,982,720
31,043,840
21,145,600
7,889,280
5, 290, 240
37,107,200
54, 196, 480
29,993,600
44,428,800
94,078,080
49,612,800
70,841,600
5,978,240
5,263,360
78,485,760
31,490,560
33,552,640
45,335,680
26,265,600
44, 836, 480
61,887,360
28,880,640
798, 720
19,832,960
49,673,600
26,894,080
170, 173, 440
54,393,600
6,120,9(50
27,281,280
44,241,280
15,468,800
35,882,240
62, 664, 960
1,937,144,960
378, 165, 760
134,400
4,127,360
279,040
73,616,640
2,198,400
49,280
2,395,715,840
Owing to their location adjoining the Great Lakes, the States enumerated below contain approximately
an additional number of square miles as follows: Illinois, 1,674 square miles of Lake Michigan; Indiana,
230 square miles of Lake Michigan; Michigan, 16,653 square miles of Lake Superior, 12,922 square miles
of Lake Michigan, 9,925 square miles of Lake Huron, and 460 square miles of Lakes St. Clair and Erie;
Minnesota, 2,514 square miles of Lake Superior; New York, 3,140 square miles of Lakes Ontario and Erie;
Ohio, 3,443 square miles of Lake Erie; Pennsylvania, 891 square miles of Lake Erie; Wisconsin, 2,378 square
miles of Lake Superior and 7,500 square miles of Lake Michigan.
In addition to the water areas noted above, California claims jurisdiction over all Pacific waters lying
within 3 English miles of her coast; Oregon claims jurisdiction over a similar strip of th« Pacific Ocean
1 marine league in width between latitude 42° north and the mouth of the Columbia River; and Texas
claims jurisdiction over a strip of Gulf water 3 leagues in width, adjacent to her coast and between the Rio
Grande and the Sabine River.
220 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
United States district land offices.
Locations.
Alabama:
Montgomery.
Alaska:
Fairbanks —
Juneau
Nome
Arizona:
Phoenix
Arkansas:
Camden
Harrison
Little Rock...
California:
Eureka
Independence
Los Angeles . .
Sacramento . . .
San Francisco . . .
Susan ville
Visalia
Colorado:
Del Norte
Denver
Durango
Glenwood
Springs
Hugo
Lamar
Lead ville
Montrose
Pueblo
Sterling
Florida:
Gainesville
Idaho:
Blackfoot
Boise
Coeur d'Alene..
Hailey
Lewiston
Kansas:
Dodge City
Topeka
Louisiana:
Baton Rouge . . .
Michigan:
Marquette
Minnesota:
Cass Lake
Crookston
Duluth
Mississippi:
Jackson
Missouri:
Springfield
Montana:
Billings
Bozeman
Glasgow
Great Falls
Havre
Helena
Kalispell
Established.
July 10,1832
May 14,1907
Apr. 2, 1902
May 14,1907
July 25,1905
Jan. 10,1871
July 14,1870
Feb. 17,1818
Mar. 29,1858
Apr. 22,1886
June 12,1869
July 26,1866
Mar. 4,1911
Feb. 10,1871
Mar. 29,1858
June 20,1874
June 4, 1864
Apr. 20,1882
July
Feb.
Aug.
Apr.
Jan.
3,1884
6, 1890
4,1886
5, 1879
4.1888
Opened.
May 27,1870
Feb. 6, 1890
June 8, 1872
Sept. 3,1886
July 26,1806
July 14,1884
Jan. 24,1883
July 26,1866
Dec. 20,1893
July 24,1861
Jan. 6,1911
Mar. 19,1857
Apr. 1, 1903
Apr. 29,1878
Mar. 27,1862
June 23,1836
June 26,1834
Feb. 5, 1906
June 20,1874
Feb. 25,1907
May 8, 1902
Mar. 15,1910
Mar. 2, 1867
Mar. 2, 1897
Jan. 1,1834
July 1, 1907
June 20,1902
July 1, 1907
Oct. 2, 1905
Mar. 20,1871
Feb. 27,1871
Sept. 1,1821
July 24,1858
Mar. 22,1887
Sept. 22, 1869
Nov. 12,1867
1,1911
2, 1871
May
Mar.
July 10,1858
Mar. 22,1875
Aug. 15,1864
Oct. 2, 1882
Nov.
Sept.
Jan.
July
Sept.
Jan.
Aug.
10, 1884
7,1890
3, 1887
1,1879
1,1888
16, 1871
1, 1890
Apr. 30,1873
Nov.
Jan.
Dec.
July
Sept.
Feb.
Sept.
Apr.
July
July
May
Jan.
16, 1886
13, 1868
21, 1885
16,1883
26, 1871
3, 1894
10, 1861
1,1911
14,1857
1, 1903
5, 1879
15, 1863
July 25,1836
Oct. 4,1838
July
Oct.
June
Aug.
July
Apr.
July
2, 1906
5, 1874
1,1907
1,1902
1,1910
27, 1867
1,1897
Locations.
Montana — Contd.
Lewistown
Miles City
Missoula
Nebraska:
Alliance
Broken Bow
Lincoln
North Platte
O'Neill
Valentine
Nevada:
Carson City
Elko
New Mexico:
Clayton
Fort Sumner
Las Cruces
Roswell
Santa Fe
Tucumcari
North Dakota:
Bismarck
Dickinson
Minot
Williston
Oklahoma:
Guthrie
Oregon:
Burns
La Grande
Lakeview
Portland
Roseburg
The Dalles
Vale
South Dakota:
Belief ourche
Gregory
Lemmon
Pierre
Rapid City
Timber Lake
Utah:
Salt Lake City...
Vernal
Washington:
North Yakima...
Seattle
Spokane
Vancouver
Walla Walla
Watervllle
Wisconsin:
Wausau
Wyoming:
Buffalo
Cheyenne
Douglas
Evanston
Lander
Sundance
Established.
Apr. 1,
Apr. 30,
Apr. 1,
Apr. 16,
do . .
July
Apr.
Apr.
June
July
Oct.
Dec. 18,
June 22,
Mar.
Mar.
May
Mar.
Apr. 24,
Mar. 16,
Sept. 26,
pr. 26,
Mar. 3, 1889
1880
1890
1890
1872
1888
1882
1862
1913
1910
1883
1889
1858
1874
1904
1890
1906
24;
June
July
June
Aug.
Sept. 15,
Jan. 11,
Mar. 15,
Feb.
July
May
Feb.
Dec.
Feb.
July
May
Apr. 11,
June 27,
June 23,
May 16,
Mar. 3,
May 16,
1877
1854
1859
1875
1910
1909
1880
1908
1890
1888
1911
1868
1905
1885
1887
1883
1860
1871
1890
June 19,1872
Mar.
Feb.
Apr.
Aug.
Apr.
Apr.
1887
1870
1890
1876
1890
1890
Opened.
Nov. 26
Oct.
Apr.
July
July
Sept. 7
Apr. 11
July 16
July 7
Mar.
Jan.
Aug. 12
Oct. 1
May 1
Dec. 9
Nov. 24
July 1
Oct. 12
July 1
Oct. 1
Aug. 1
Apr. 22
Sept. 2
Nov. 15
Aug. 6
Jan. 1
Jan. 3
June 1
July 1
July 1
Jan. 3
Aug. 1
May 12
Jan. 15
May 1
Nov.
July
Apr. 24
Dec. 3
Oct. 1
July 3
July 17
Nov. 6
Aug. 19
May 1
Aug. 10
Nov. 1
Aug. 13
Nov. 8
Oct. 27
1867
1877
1855
1860
1875
1910
1868
1905
1885
1887
1883
1861
1871
1890
1872
1888
1870
1890
1877
1890
1890
Note.— The land offices in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa are abolished, and the vacant tracts of
public lands in those States are subject to entry and locationat the General Land Office, Washington, D.C.
List of offices of United States surveyors general.
Locations.
Established.
Locations.
Established.
Alaska: Juneau
May 17,1884
Feb. 24,1863
Mar. 3, 1851
Feb. 28,1861
June 29,1866
July 2, 1864
July 4, 1866
New Mexico: Santa Fe
Mar. 2, 1867
July 17,1854
Apr. 10,1890
July 16,1868
July 17,1854
Feb. 5, 1870
Arizona: Phoenix...
California: San Francisco
South Dakota: Huron
Colorado: Denver
Utah: Salt Lake City
Idaho: Boise
Montana: Helena
Wyoming: Cheyenne
Nevada: Reno
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 221
Field division headquarters of special agents of General Land Office.
Field division:
Portland. . Portland, Oreg.
San Francisco San Francisco, Cal.
Alaska Juneau, Alaska.
Helena Helena, Mont.
Denver Denver, Colo.
Cheyenne Cheyenne, Wyo.
Southern Jackson, Miss.
Salt Lake City Salt Lake City, Utah.
Santa Fe Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Present organization General Land Office.
A. Administrative duties. Appointments; bonds of officials, except mineral survey-
ors; correspondence concerning local officers, surveyors general, etc.; estab-
lishment of new land districts, changes in location of district land offices,
changes in district boundary lines, discontinuance of local land offices; publi-
cation of notices of intention to offer final proof; opening and sale of Indian
reservations; printing and binding; bird reservations; national monuments;
leaves of absences; requisitions for supplies; record of attorneys and agents
admitted before department and its bureaus, also before district land offices.
B. Record of patents; use of rectigraph and photostat machines in making photo-
graphic copies of papers.
C. Homesteads, all original, except forest and reclamation; final homesteads; com-
muted homesteads; homestead declaratory statements; timber and stone
entries; public sales; isolated tracts; certified copies; private sale, lands in
Missouri.
D. Mails and files.
E. Surveys.
F. Railroad grants; cash sales under act providing for adjustment of railroad grants;
wagon roads, rights of way for canals, ditches, etc .; reservoir declaratory state-
ments, State selections (Carey Act).
G. Desert-land entries, original and final; State selections (except Carey Act); Indian
allotments and Indian homesteads; swamp lands.
H. Contests.
K. Reclamation; preemption; homesteads in national forests; town sites; military
bounty land warrants; abandoned military reservations; agricultural college
and other similar scrip; lieu selections; graduation and credit system entries;
private land claims; Minnesota drainage; Chippewa logging — Minnesota.
L. Drafting; forest reserve eliminations, restorations, etc.; national monument files;
compilation of United States and other maps; blue printing; mounting of
maps and plats.
M. Accounts; repayments; monthly schedules; statistics.
N. Mineral entries; contests involving character of land; protests in mineral cases;
coal, oil, phosphate and potash withdrawals and restorations; Northern
Pacific classification; mineral segregation plats; bonds of mineral surveyors.
O. Posting, tract books.
FS. Soldiers' additional homesteads; fraudulent entries; timber trespass; unlawful
inclosure public domain; suits to set aside patents: disbarment of attorneys
and agents.
Average number of employees of the General Land Office, July 1, 1915.
In General Land Office, Washington, D. C 536
In 13 offices of surveyors general 189
In 99 district land offices 408
In the field service 150
In the surveying service 144
In logging service 38
Town-site trustees 4
Custodians 9
Total 1,478
222 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Final homestead entries from the passage of the homestead act to June 30, 1916.
Fiscal year ended June
30-
Number.
Acres.
Fiscal year ended June
30-
Number.
Acres.
1868
2,772
3,965
4,041
5,087
5,917
10,311
14,129
18,293
22, 530
19,90u
22,460
17,391
15,441
15,077
17,174
18,998
21,843
22, 066
19,356
19, 866
22,413
25,549
28, 080
27,686
22, 822
24, 204
355,086.04
504,301.97
519, 727. 84
629, 162. 25
707, 409. 83
1,224,890.93
1,585,781.56
2, 068, 537. 74
2. 590. 552. 81
2,407,828.19
2. 662. 980. 82
2,070,842.39
1,938,234.89
1,928,204.76
2,219,453.80
2,504,414.51
2,945,574.72
3,03 ,679.11
2,663,531.83
2,749,037.48
3,175,400.64
3, 681, 708. 80
4,060,592.77
3,954,587.77
3,259,897.07
3,477,231.63
1894
20,544
20, 922
20,099
20,115
22,281
22, 812
25,286
37,568
31,627
26,373
23,932
24,621
25,546
26, 485
29, 636
25,510
23,253
25, 908
24,326
53,252
48, 724
37,343
37,958
2,929,947.41
2,980,809.30
2,790,242.55
2,778,404.20
3,095,017.75
3,134,140.44
1869
1895
1870
1896
1871
1897
1872
1898
1873
1899
1874
1900
3,477,842.71
1875
1901
5,241,120.76
1876
1902
4,342,747.70
3,576,964.14
3,232,716.75
1877
1903
1878
1904
1879
1905. .
3,419,387.15
3,526,748.58
3, 740, 567. 71
4,242,710.59
3, 699, 466. 79
3, 795, 862. 89
4, 620, 197. 12
4,306,068.52
10,009,285.16
9,291,121.46
1880
1906. ..
1881
1907. .
1882
1908 .
1909
! 1910
1911
1884
1885
1886
1912
1887
1913
1888
1914
1889
1915..
7,180,981.62
1890
1916
7, 378, 270. 60
Total
1892
1,101,492
161,706,083.05
1893
Timber and stone entries from the passage of the act of June 3, 1878, to June 30, 1916.
State or Territory.
Entries.
Area.
Amount.
345
10
2,211
20,316
2,937
910
7,354
3
1,568
1,686
12,366
102
4,947
51
81
1
26,276
566
28
16, 136
1,081
3,400
Acres.
26,210.96
1,321.45
297,338.19
2,826,652.65
362,037.72
103, 130. 13
986, 719. 79
119.36
139,057.50
138,615.74
1,389,188.36
7,042.22
637,462.87
97.20
6,462.32
8,646.31
40.00
3,738,194.93
61,825.09
2,920.60
2, 140, 482. 99
78,658.24
383,872.86
$74, 722. 46
3, 303. 70
605, 299. 75
7, 186, 765. 71
927,386.90
286,571.95
2,554,289.93
298. 40
Louisiana
346,023.33
354,309.94
Minnesota
3,497,739.65
19,439.42
Montana
1,639,381.02
243. 00
16, 106. 19
22,005.78
100.00
9,485,635.05
158,959.94
South Dakota
Utah
7,011.42
5,425,278.91
197,581.40
Wyoming
948,522.56
Total
102,376
13,336,097.48
33,756,976.41
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 223
Desert-land entries from passage of act Mar. 3, 1877, to June 30, 1916.
State or Territory.
Entries.
Acres.
Amount.
Original.
Final.
Original.
Final.
Original.
Final.
Total.
8,568
22,044
17,004
17, 123
31,572
2,316
11,098
516
6,334
4,062
7,732
6,000
16,381
35
1,135
4,144
3,380
4,218
13,254
445
1,480
112
1,600
555
2,377
578
6,349
1
2,335,558.86
4,884,584.29
3,154,517.71
2,932,438.80
5,904,819.32
515,954.00
2,135,552.74
85,158.51
1,074,339.32
608, 412. 12
1,352,603.76
990,501.17
5,404,003.94
20,021.00
286,240.14
766,141.26
598,006.81
870,124.39
2,507,224.36
91, 708. 74
215,533.26
19,111.75
257,014.10
93,413.32
378,700.35
62, 129. 45
1,357,899.31
300.00
$586,359.48
1,237,303.68
889,120.30
734,516.25
1,482,779.68
119,334.69
536,023.57
21,291.09
268,159.52
151,697.75
344,965.38
258,544.85
907, 890. 88
5,005.25
$320,085.86
789,250.24
596,801.26
823,378.15
2,517,454.07
91,552.03
315,001.90
19, 176. 49
255,946.73
93,250.87
384,624.98
75,879.10
1,365,995.23
300.00
$906,445.34
2,026,793.92
1,485,921.56
1,574,542.63
3,999,833.75
210,886.72
851,025.47
40,457.58
524, 106. 25
California
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
244,948.62
729,590.36
334,423.95
2,273,886.11
5,305.25
Washington
Wyoming
Dakota Territory.
Total
150,785
39,628
31,398,465.54
7,503,547.24
7,542,992.37
7,648,696.91
15,208,167.51
Coal-land entries from the passage of the act of Alar. 3, 1873, to June 30, 1916.
State or Territory.
Entries.
Area.
Amount.
Alabama
Alaska l
Arizona
California
Colorado
Colorado 2
Dakota Territory
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
W yoming
Made at General Land Office
Total
2
160
43
38
1,039
443
8
13
419
8
218
143
59
49
438
394
741
1
Acres
239.
37, 165.
6,693.
5,535.
156,766.
58,095.
583.
3,117.
57, 720.
840.
25,844.
8,543.
9,091.
3,083.
62, 135.
63,464.
107,367.
7.
$2,394.00
371,690.35
74,997.00
81,531.30
287,335.00
867,379.55
5,835.70
33,631.80
015,671.10
11,602.20
421,393.05
131,680.20
97,094.30
33,964.80
568,542.50
015,941.00
264, 107. 76
159.00
4,216
3,296.48
10,284,950.61
1 The showing of 160 "entries" in this table includes locations on which final certificates have issued,
and those on which payment has been made but for which receiver's receipt only has issued. There are
only 36 coal claims in Alaska on which final certificates have issued to date, which carry an area of 5,601.025
acres, for which there has been paid $56,040.25, 33 oi which have been canceled. This explanation is made
in view of the fact that in prior reports all proois upon which payments were made were given as entries,
2 Within the Ute Indian Reservation.
224
COMMISSION EE OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
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COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 225
Land and scrip granted to States and Territories for educational and other purposes.
State or Territory.
Alabama .
Alaska Territory.
Arizona.
Arizona (act of June 20,
1910).
Arkansas .
California.
Colorado.
Connecticut .
Delaware...
Florida
Georgia.
Idaho...
Illinois .
Purpose of grant.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
Industrial School for Girls
Seminary of Learning
Internal improvements
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands
Seat of government
Common schools, sections 16 and 36, reserved
(estimated).
Agricultural College and School of Mines, certain
sections 33, reserved (estimated).
University
Common schools, sections 16 and
University
Public buildings
Penitentiaries .
Insane asylums
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Asylum
Miners' Hospital
Normal schools
Charitable, penal, etc
Agricultural and mechanical colleges
School of Mines
Military institutes
Payment of bonds issued to Maricopa, Pima,
Yavapai, and Coconino Counties.
Common schools, sections 2 and 32
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands.
Internal improvements ,
University
Public buildings
Agricultural and mechanical colleges .
Common schools, sections 16 and 36 . .
Internal improvemd ts
University
Public buildings
Penitentiaries
Agricultural College
Common schools, sections 16 and 36 .
Salt Springs and contiguous lands. .
Agricultural College scrip.
....do
Internal improvements
Seminaries of learning. .....
Seat of government
Agricultural College scrip...
Common schools, section 16 .
Agricultural College scrip.
University
University, Moscow
Agricultural College
Penitentiary
Public buildings
Insane Asylum
Educational, charitable, etc
Normal schools
Scientific schools
Common schools, sections 16 and 36.
Internal improvements.
Seminary of Learning . .
Seat of government
Amount
granted.
Acres.
25,000.00
25,000.00
46,080.00
500,000.00
240,000.00
911,627.00
23,040.00
1,620.00
21,009,209.00
336,000.00
46,080.00
4,046,578.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
50,000.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
150,000.00
150,000.00
100,000.00
1,000,000.00
4,046,578.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
10,600.00
150,000.00
933,778.00
46.080.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
6,400.00
150,000.00
5,534,293.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
32,000.00
32,000.00
90,000.00
3,685,618.00
46,080.00
180,000.00
90,000.00
500,000.00
92, 160. 00
5, 120. 00
90,000.00
975,307.00
270,000.00
46,080.00
50,000.00
90,000.00
50,000.00
32,000.00
50,000.00
150,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
2,963,698.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
2,560.00
Total by
States.
1,772,367.00
21,345,209.00
4,092,658.00
,396,578.00
1,686.538.00
6,236,773.00
4,431,778.00
180,000.00
90,000.00
1,662,287.00
270,000.00
3,631,778.00
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
-15
226 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Land and scrip granted to States and Territories for educational and other purposes — Con.
State or Territory,
Purpose of grant.
Amount
granted.
Total by
States.
Illinois (continued).
Indiana .
Iowa.
Kansas .
Minnesota .
Mississippi .
Missouri.
Montana.
Kentucky
Louisiana. . ..
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands. .
Internal improvements
Seminary of Learning
Seat of government
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands .
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands .
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College
— do
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
Salt Springs and contiguous lands .
Deaf and Dumb Asylum
Agricultural College scrip
Internal improvements
Seminary of Learning
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Agricultural College scrip
Agricultural College scrip
Agricultural College scrip
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands.
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College
Experimental Forestry
Public park
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
Salt Springs and contiguous lands .
Internal improvements
Seminary of Learning
Seat of government
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Internal improvements
Seminary of Learning
Seat of government
Agricultural College
Common schools, section 16
Salt Springs and contiguous lands.
University
Agricultural College
Public buildings
Deaf and Dumb Asylum
Reform School
School of Mines
Normal schools
Militia Camp
Observatory lor University
Biological Station
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
Acres.
480,000.00
996, 320. 00
121,029.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
2, 560. 00
390,000.00
668,578.00
23,040.00
22,508.65
330,000.00
500, 000. 00
46,080.00
210,000.00
807,271.00
210,000.00
210,000.00
360,000.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
3,200.00
240,000.00
1,021,8(17.00
46,080.00
500,000.00
92,160.00
6, 400. 00
120,000.00
20,000.00
8,392.51
2,874,951.00
46,080.00
500,000.00
69,120.00
1,253.16
210,000.00
824,213.00
500,000.00
46,080.00
2, 560. 00
330,000.00
, 221, 813. 00
46,080.00
46,080.00
140,000.00
182,000.00
50,000.00
50,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
640.00
480.00
160.00
5,198,258.00
2,145,989.00
1,630,258.00
1,823,556.00
3,603,762.00
352,508.65
1,563,351.00
210,000.00
210,000.00
360,000.00
,857,227.00
3,667,983.51
1,604,586.16
2,146,533.00
5,867,618.00
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 227
Land and scrip granted to States and Territories for educational and other purposes — Con.
State or Territory.
Purpose of grant.
Amount
granted.
Total by
States.
Nebraska.
Nevada.
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico (act June
21, 1898).
New Mexico (act June
20, 1910).
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota .
Ohio.
Oklahoma.
Penitentiary
Internal improvements
University
Public buildings
Agricultural College
Common schools, sections 16 and 36.
Salt Springs and contiguous lands. .
Internal improvements
University
Penitentiary
Public buildings
Mining and Mechanic Arts
Common schools, sections 16 and 36, and lieu
lands, act June 16, 1880.
Agricultural College scrip
Agricultural College scrip .
University
Saline Land (University)
Agricultural College
Improvement of Rio Grande
Penitentiary
Public buildings
Insane Asylum
Deaf and Dumb Asylum
Reform School
Normal School
School of Mines
Blind Asylum
Reservoirs
Miners' Hospital
Military Institute
Common schools, sections 16 and 36.
University
Public buildings
Insane asylums
Penitentiaries
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Asylum
Miners' hospitals
Normal schools
Charitable, penal, and reformatory
Agricultural and mechanical colleges ,
School of Mines
Military institutes
Payment of bonds issued by Grant and Santa Fe
Counties.
Common schools, sections 2 and 32
Agricultural College scrip .
Agricultural College scrip .
University
Agricultural College
Public buildings
Educational, charitable, etc ,
Deaf and Dumb Asylum
Reform School
School of Mines
Normal School
Common schools, sections 16 and 36.
Internal improvements
Seminaries of learning
Agricultural College scrip
Common schools, section 16
Salt springs and contiguous lands .
Normal schools
Oklahoma University
University Preparatory School
Agricultural and Mechanical College
Colored Agricultural and Normal University.
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
Certain sections 13 and 33
Acres.
32, 000. 00
500, 000. 00
46, 080. 00
12,800.00
90, 000. 00
,730,951.00
46, 080. 00
500, 000. 00
46, 080. 00
12, 800. 00
12, 800. 00
-90, 000. 00
2,061,967.00
150,000.00
210,000.00
111,
1,
100,
100,
50,
32;
50.
50.
50,
100,
50.
50.
500,
50,
50,
4,355,
080. 00
622. 86
000.00
000. 00
000.00
000. 00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000. 00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000.00
662.00
200, 000. 00
100,000.00
100, 000. 00
100, 000. 00
100, 000. 00
50,000.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
150.000.00
150,000.00
100, 000. 00
1,000,000.00
4. 355, 662. 00
990, 000. 00
270, 000. 00
86, 080. 00
130, 000. 00
82,000.00
170, 000. 00
40, 000. 00
40, 000. 00
40, 000. 00
80,000.00
2,495,396.00
500, 000. 00
69,120.00
630, 000. 00
724. 266. 00
24,216.00
300,000.00
250,000.00
150, 000. 00
250,000.00
100,000.00
1,375,000.00
669,000.00
3.457,911.00
2,723.647.00
150 000.00
210,000.00
5,700,364.86
,705,662.00
990,000.00
270,000.00
3,163,476.00
1.947,300.00
8,00-1.000.00
228 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Land and scrip granted to States and Territories for educational and other purposes — Con,
State or Territory.
Purpose of grant.
Amount
granted.
Total by
States.
Oregon
Acres.
500,000.00
46,080.00
6,400.00
90,000.00
3, 399, 360. 00
46, 080. 00
780,000.00
120,000.00
Salt Springs and contiguous lands
Agricultural College scrip
4, 087, 920. 00
780, 000. 00
Agricultural College scrip
120,000.00
180, 000. 00
180,000.00
86, 0S0 00
160, 000. 00
82,000.00
170, 000. 00
40, 000. 00
40,000.00
40, 000. 00
80, 000. 00
160. 00
640. 00
640.00
2,733,084.00
Deaf and Dumb Asylum
Missionary work
Military camp ground
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
Agricultural College scrip
3,432,604.00
300,000.00
Agricultural College scrip
300,000.00
180,000.00
180,000.00
Utah
156,080.00
200,000.00
64,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100, 000. 00
100,000.00
500,000.00
50,000.00
5,844,196.00
Reform School
Common schools, sections 2 , 16, 32 , and 36
Agricultural College scrip
7,414,276.00
150,000.00
Agricultural College scrip
150,000.00
300,000.00
University
300,000.00
Washington
46, 080. 00
90,000.00
132,000.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
100, 000. 00
2,376,391.00
Agricultural College
Educational and charitable
Agricultural College scrip
3,044,471.00
West Virginia
150,000.00
150,000.00
Wisconsin
500,000.00
92, 160. 00
6,400.00
240, 000. 00
20,000.00
982,329.00
Forestrv
Common schools, section 16
1,840,889.00
Wyoming
46, 080. 00
90, 000. 00
107,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
290,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
5,480.00
10,000.00
3,470,009.00
Agricultural College
Poor Farm
Common schools, sections 16 and 36
4, 138, 569. 00
Grand total
133,270,428.18
Note.— In addition to the above, various States have received in the aggregate
the swamp land grants.
,576,522 acres under
COMMISSIONEE OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 229
Lands patented or certified under concessions by act of Congress to States and corporations
for railroad and military wagon-road purposes from the year 1850 to June 30, 1916.
STATE GRANTS.
Illinois: Acres.
Illinois Central 2, 595, 133. 00
Mobile & Ohio River i 737, 130. 29
Vicksburg & Meridian 199, 101. 51
Gulf & Ship Island 139, 113. 22
1, 075, 345. 02
Alabama: ■
Mobile & Ohio River » 419, 528. 44
Alabama & Florida 399, 022. 84
Selma, Rome & Dalton 458, 555. 82
Coosa & Tennessee 67, 784. 96
Mobile & Girard 2 302, 181. 16
Alabama & Chattanooga 654, 009. 12
South & North Alabama 445, 478. 47
2, 746, 560. 81
Florida: =====
Florida Central & Peninsular 741, 668. 27
Florida & Alabama 166. 691. 08
Pensacola & Georgia 1, 279, 236. 70
Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central 29,384.18
2, 216, 980. 23
Louisiana: ==========
Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific 372, 092. 34
New Orleans, Opelousas & Great Western (3)
Arkansas:
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 1, 325, 355. 46
Little Rock & Fort Smith 1, 052, 082. 51
Memphis & Little Rock 184, 657. 33
2, 562, 095. 30
Missouri: ■
Southwest branch of the Pacific road 1, 161, 284. 51
Hannibal & St. Joseph 611, 323. 35
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 65, 360. 31
1, 837, 968. 17
Iowa: ======
Burlington & Missouri River 389, 990. 11
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 4 483, 214. 36
f 161,532.81
Cedar Rapids & Missouri River \ 4 922, 824. 85
[ 244, 022. 96
Dubuque & Sioux City 4 556, 406. 74
Iowa Falls & Sioux City 683, 057. 34
Des Moines Valley (river-improvement grant) 840, 091. 36
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 326, 216. 10
McGregor & Missouri River \ Qoo a-\ o qi
Paul / ^>4iASl
Sioux City & St.
4, 929, 769. 44
i In the adjustment of this grant the road was treated as an entirety and without reference to the State
line; hence Alabama has had approved to her more and Mississippi less than they would appear to be en-
titled to in proportion to the length of the road in the respective States.
2 This grant was adjusted Apr. 24, 1893, and 302,181.16 acres were allotted to the company. The balance
of the previously certified lands were ordered restored to entry under the forfeiture act of Sept. 29, 1890.
3 Certified lands footing 719,189.79 acres were reconveyed to the United States by the governor of Louisi-
ana Feb. 24, 1888, the grant having been forfeited by the act of Julv 14, 1870. (16 Stat., 277.)
« Includes 35,685.49 acres of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 109,756.85 acres of the Cedar Rapids
& Missouri River R. R., and 77,535.22 acres of the Dubuque & Sioux City R. R., situated in the old Des
Moines River grant of Aug. 8, 1846, which should be deducted from the foregoing amount. (Wolcott v.
Des Moines Co., 5 Wall., 631.)
230 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Michigan: Acres.
Port Huron & Lake Michigan 37, 467. 44
Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw 743, 787. 58
Grand Rapids & Indiana , 852, 521. 10
Flint & Pere Marquette 512, 932. 38
Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon 1 305, 929. 59
Ontonagon & Brule River 34, 227. 08
Bay de Noquet & Marquette 128, 301. 05
Chicago & North Western 518, 065. 36
3, 133, 231. 58
Wisconsin:
Chicago St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (formerly West Wiscon-
sin) 813, 706. 71
Wisconsin Railroad Farm Mortgage Land Co 163, 159. 65
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha (formerly St. Croix &
Lake Superior). 816, 487. 76
Branch to Bayfield 471, 721. 14
Chicago & North Western. ...1 546, 446. 20
Wisconsin Central 838, 227. 69
3, 649, 749. 15
23,259,249. 39
Minnesota:
St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba (formerly first division, St. Paul
& Pacific)
Western R. R. (succeeded by St. Paul & Northern Pacific R. R.
Co
St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba (formerly St. Vincent extension
of the St. Paul & Pacific
Minnesota Central 179. 734. 29
Winona & St. Peter 1, 680, 974. 92
St. Paul & Sioux City 1, 126, 618. 55
St. Paul & Duluth 860, 973. 62
Southern Minnesota, from a point on the MississippiRiver to]
Houston I 546 745 44
Southern Minnesota, extension (now Chicago, Milwaukee & St. j '
Paul) J
Hastings & Dakota 377,776.15
8, 032, 072. 36
Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, and Washington:
St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba, now Great Northern (main and
branch), a special act (Aug. 5, 1892, 27 Stat. L., 390) to provide
for indemnity for lands relinquished by the company «> (3)
Kansas:
Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston 4 249, 446. 13
Missouri, Kansas & Texas 5 976, 593. 22
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 2, 944, 788. 14
St. Joseph & Denver City 462, 933. 24
4, 633, 760. 73
Grand total 37, 784, 758. 13
i Excess of 131,481.71 acres originally certified under this grant reconveyed by State or entered under act
Mar. 3, 1887, by Michigan Land & Iron Co. (Ltd.), grant having been forfeited in part bv act March, 1889(25
Stat., 1008).
2 Declared to be one grant. (See 32 L. D., 21.)
3 See Minnesota for original grants.
* Includes 186,936.72 acres of the " Osage ceded reservation," which are to be deducted from the above
amount under the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston
Railroad v. The United States. (92 U. S., 733.)
6 Includes 270,970.78 acres in the " Osage ceded reservation," which are to be deducted under the decision
cited in note 2.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
231
CORPORATIONS GRANTS.
Acres.
Union Pacific 11, 934, 047. 39
Central Pacific 6,189,380.81
Central Pacific (successor by consolidation with Western Pacific) 458, 786. 66
Central Branch Union Pacific 223, 080. 50
Union Pacific (Kansas division) 6, 175, 660. 63
Union Pacific (successor to Denver Pacific Ry. Co.) 807, 564. 76
Burlington & Missouri River in Nebraska 2, 374, 090. 77
Sioux City & Pacific (now Missouri Valley Land Co.) 42, 610. 95
Northern Pacific 36, 807, 995. 04
Oregon branch of the Central Pacific (California & Oregon) 3, 158, 850. 85
Oregon & California 2, 765, 677. 10
Atlantic & Pacific (now Santa Fe Pacific) 5, 817, 874. 27
Southern Pacific (main line) 3,935,076.48
Southern Pacific (branch line) 1, 575, 832. 58
Oregon Central , 128, 618. 13
New Orleans Pacific 1, 001, 943. 40
Grand total 83, 397, 090. 32
WAGON ROADS.
From Lake Erie to Connecticut Western Reserve 80, 773. 54
From Lake Michigan to Ohio River ] 70, 580. 24
From Fort Wilkins, Copper Harbor, Mich. , to Green Bay, Wis 302, 930. 96
From Fort Wilkins, Copper Harbor, to Wisconsin State line 221, 013. 35
Oregon Central Military Co. (now California & Oregon Land Co.) 859, 579. 89
Corvallis and Yaquina Bay 83, 636. 76
Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain 861, 511. 86
Dalles military road 556, 827. 04
Coos Bay military road 105, 240. 11
Grand total 3, 242, 093. 75
Withdrawals under the act of Mar. 15, 1910 (36 Stat., 237), from the passage of the act to
June 30, 1916.
State.
Applied for.
Rejected
before
withdrawal.
Withdrawn.
Restored.
Remaining
withdrawn.
Arizona
32,630.76
1,044,846.19
608,336.84
118,064.07
1,155,087.93
383,951.62
446,470.13
697,917.28
359,050.66
32,630.76
676,318.29
325,081.04
41,007.50
674,064.71
15,861.60
236,952.92
363,309.31
125,204.80
32, 630. 76
Colorado
344, 318. 56
262,091.03
77,056.57
481,023.22
368,090.02
208,607.30
334,607.97
209,907.02
570,296.73
305,973.68
41,007.50
643,664.24
15,861.60
161,455.28
300,672.73
123,423.74
106,021.56
Idaho
19, 107. 36
Montana
Nevada
30,400.47
Oregon
75,497.64
Utah
62,636.58
Wyoming
1, 781. 06
Total
4,846,355.48
2,285,701.69
2,490,430.93
2,162,355.50
328,075.43
232
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
State desert-land segregations under section 4 of the act of Aug. 18, 1894 {28 Stat., 872-
422), and the acts amendatory thereof, commonly designated as the Carey Act, with the
action taken thereon from the passage of the act to June 30, 1916.
State.
Applied for.
Segregated.
Rejected or
relinquished.
Patented.
Recon-
veyed.
Time to
reclaim
extended.
Arizona
13,905.16
420, 805. 33
3,251,270.48
609,826.46
180,005.85
10, 164. 68
791,055.27
606,704.00
155,649.39
1,696,459.65
Colorado
284,653.97
1,306,843.80
228,973.84
36, 808. 59
7,564.68
357,878.84
141,814.94
153,952.35
1,420,797.63
426, 700. 57
125,613.98
2,600.00
331,522.31
317,878.37
155, 649. 39
367,947.28
516,085.52
30,683.69
54,115.77
Montana
110,104.03
62, 584. 95
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
62,718.34
6,014.49
98, 746. 14
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
1,343,828.62
151,967.75
3,977.23
210, 757. 79
Total
7,735,846.27
3,708,367.28
3,302,661.88
761,455.30
20,095.75
426,204.65
i Remains segregated.
POWER-SITE RESERVES.
State.
Outstand-
ing July 1,
1915.
With-
drawals
during
fiscal
year.
Restora-
tions dur-
ing fis-
cal year.
Out-
standing
June 30,
1916.
Alabama
A cres.
120
68,200
17, 704
337,431
255, 690
270,390
252, 973
1,240
• 11,020
155,351
761
26,311
13,577
263,326
362, 590
104,056
87, 365
A cres.
Acres.
Acres.
120
Alaska
1,100
4,650
69,300
22,354
335, 791
Arizona
1,640
California
400
3,280
11,532
256, 090
273, 670
260, 745
1,240
12, 309
171,891
761
Colorado
Idaho
3,760
Michigan
Minnesota
1,289
17,050
Montana
510
Nebraska
Nevada
42
200
26, 153
13,577
New Mexico
Oregon
350
103,095
7,858
2,000
14,468
3,321
200
261, 676
Utah
451,217
108, 593
87, 165
Washington
Wyoming
Total
2,228,105
150,646
26.099
2,352,652
PUBLIC-WATER RESERVES.
Arizona
2,992
50,554
480
5,765
1,040
1,464
1,440
2,500
33,987
82,431
6,930
9,922
California
708
49,846
480
Colorado
Idaho
405
6, 170
1,040
Montana
Nevada
2,872
4,336
1,440
2,500
Oregon
Utah
33,987
Wyoming
1,120
83,551
Total
182,653
11,327
708
193,272
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
233
Public and Indian lands entered each year ended June SO, from 1910 to 1916,
inclusive.
State or Terri-
tory.
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Acres.
47,353.42
17,508.03
541, 793. 23
137,637.76
1,214,348.36
3,994,757.50
121,837.68
1,768,010.34
Acres.
49, 518. 88
15, 477. 69
486,066.86
201,006.00
1,064,644.89
2,272,068.99
144,809.48
1,191,012.91
Acres.
90,615.04
5,244.95
669, 292. 97
247,318.58
872,301.68
1,354,326.05
183,061.64
860,840.25
Acres.
56,245.68
103.67
770, 449. 59
178,065.19
937,230.43
Acres.
39, 485. 65
3, 144. 15
765,962.11
174,665.29
878.874.21
Acres.
25,154.63
22,036.02
291,557.70
165,080.01
1,001,663.53
2,666,068.22
66,988.42
1,144,276.80
Acres.
21, 229. 16
33,940.98
1,881,044.63
184,359.50
640,361.85
3,076,601.22
58,455.29
1,066,352.41
1,4.58,107.84 1,433,305.88
96,277.34 70.302.88
Florida
Idaho
Illinois
1,030,312.55
947,553.93
Indiana
Iowa
160.02
157,311.36
22,344.86
19,612.94
295,177.03
29,339.15
52,509.66
6,616,734.69
1,638,485.72
261,125.24
1,924,145.46
807,512.18
193,692.95
1,050,723.53
2,946,827.85
577,459.86
560, 789. 20
17,007.33
1,377,063.74
Kansas
122,8i6.i9
24,432.63
17, 189. 17
239,830.59
34,440.75
19,292.74
4,659,232.48
1,505,584.66
312,510.88
1,377,563.07
513,357.48
146,600.50
742,049.87
1,711,629.43
693,770.08
481, 459. 19
17,970.36
1,167,042.50
71,915.69
16,491.13
17,222.57
397, 158. 46
27,708.14
21,958.55
3,687,420.90
1,394,388.57
261,188.07
1,050,399.79
384,218.11
97,563.31
745,869.45
696,546.70
549,883.11
382,565.57
16,099.44
503,090.10
68,775.14
16,309.44
13,636.92
191,762.18
20,599.64
4,470.06
4,717,117.51
997,812.22
173,799.66
2, 324, 250. 89
418,685.76
65, 959. 39
561,810.14
468,658.33
262,863.44
357,323.51
11,300.18
665,255.75
40.00
41,651.71
19,781.87
16,900.73
323,305.20
19,918.35
2,813.91
5,386,054.28
1,037,342.10
194,308.33
1,870,138.66
604,264.16
51,568.38
839,990.89
378,469.32
189,781.34
294,930.73
10,430.11
927,007.95
68,190.59
15,618.56
14,981.80
298,534.64
18,007.56
2,572.69
4,187.364.36
372,323.52
290,138.53
3,266,995.81
365,719.63
50,953.86
738,401.77
321,763.13
373,507.39
324,384.09
8,116.32
760,815.11
212,288.36
18,358.07
10,751.32
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
268,140.25
18,381.11
1,744.36
Montana
4,038,65S.80
219, 504. 29
212,554.83
2,831,204.86
337,089.13
54,043.83
561, 739. 40
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
1,045,854.96
335,101.87
Washington
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Gen. Land Office
188,488.03
5,615.18
1,721,289.23
Total
26,391,269.09
19,211,372.27
14,574,688.82
15,867,222.45
16,522,852.12
16,861,214.69
19,043,152.92
Public lands surveyed and remaining unsurveyed.
Surveyed
Resurveyed
during
during
fiscal
Surveyed
Unsurveved
fiscal
State or Territory.
Land area.
year
to June 30,
to June 30,
year,
ending
1916.
1916.
ending
June 30,
June 30,
1916.
1916.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
32,818,560
378, 165, 760
72,838,400
33,616,000
99,617,280
66,341,120
32,818,560
519,096
107,378
1,481,025
377,234,946
46,084,613
26,753,787
33,616,000
80,255,273
229,931
Arkansas
24,118
California
310,610
4,849
11,311
1,670,730
19,362,007
2,987,209
165,917
674,933
Colorado
63,353,911
35,111,040
53,346,560
30,930,560
32,945,157
35,867,520
23,068,800
35,575,040
52,335,360
27, 181, 384
36,787,200
49,827,895
29,671,680
43,985,280
69,941,528
49, 157, 120
42,475,370
57,576,766
42,975,347
26,073,600
44,424,960
52,389,631
48,731,310
31,171,582
34,212,861
35,363,840
58,664,379
4,180,480
20, 401, 403
35,867,520
23,068,800
35,575,040
52, 335, 360
29,061,760
36,787,200
51, 749, 120
1,880,376
1,921,225
29,671,680
43, 985, 280
93,568,640
49, 157, 120
70, 285, 440
78,401,920
Montana
1,431,065
23,627,112
11,665
678, 135
727,055
736, 111
27,810,070
20,825,154
1,941,773
New Mexico
23,002
44,917,120
26,073,b00
44,424,960
61,188,480
49,195,520
52,597,760
42,775,040
35, 363, 840
62,460,160
Ohio
717,532
37, 137
1,387,024
122, 441
8,798,849
464, 210
21, 426, 178
South Dakota
Utah
7,056
8,562,179
3,640
928, 232
Wyoming
87,338
3,795,781
Total
1,820,366,080
8,855,724
1,228,650,797
591,303,564
2,722,511
In Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin the lands surveyed were not regarded as public
land when the surrounding lands were originally surveyed.
234
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Estimated area of existing national forests June 30, 1916.
[Approximately 88 per cent is public]
Acres.
Alaska 21,
Arizona 12,
013, 615
724, 855
Arkansas
1, 490, 073
California 24, 924, 305
Colorado 14, 339, 994
Florida 673,879
Idaho 19, 360, 576
Michigan 164, 181
Minnesota 1, 563, 288
Montana 18,
Nebraska .
977,425
217,818
Acres.
New Mexico 9, 861, 741
North Dakota 13,920
Oklahoma 61,640
Oregon 15, 410, 791
Porto Rico 65, 950
South Dakota 1, 325, 153
Utah 7, 962, 971
Washington 11, 620, 204
Wyoming 8, 611, 013
Total area 175, 940, 351
Nevada 5, 556, 959
Acres.
Area added to national forests during year by proclamation 116, 916
Increase in area by reason of recomputation in Forest Service 116, 900
Area excluded from national forests during year by proclamation 8, 534, 061
Area embraced in temporary forest withdrawals June 30, 1916 134, 380
Area of existing national forests June 30, 1915 184, 240, 596
Area of existing national forests June 30, 1916 175, 940, 351
Decrease in area during fiscal year ended June 30, 1916 8, 300, 245
National forests, by States, together with estimated areas thereof, June 30, 1916.
State or Territory.
Name.
Area in
acres.
Total area
in State or
Territory.
5,532,615
15,481,000
Tongass
Apache
21,013,615
1,276,400
358,848
1,763,237
999,460
890, 600
17, 680
1,072,900
57, 432
1,572,000
893, 720
2,033,760
1, 788, 818
Chiricahua
Crook
Dixie
Kaibab
Manzano
Prescott
Sitgreaves
Tonto
Tusayan
Arkansas
12,724,855
960, 237
529,836
Ozark
Angeles
1,490,073
1, 159, 663
1,062,622
817,380
61,020
835,800
1,337,780
1,731,346
1,396,958
1,582,859
883, 150
501,765
1, 433, 560
1,935,044
2,467,635
1, 586, 880
1,665,480
401, 795
1, 110, 635
1, 206, 786
1, 746, 147
California
Cleveland
Crater
Eldorado
Inyo
Klamath
Lassen
Modoc
Mono
Monterey
Plumas
Santa Barbara
Sequoia
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Tahoe
Trinity
24.924,305
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 235
National forests, by States, together with estimated areas thereof June 30, 1916 — Continued.
State or Territory.
Name.
Area in
acres.
Total area
in State or
Territory.
Colorado
Arapahoe
684, 497
677, 340
930, 220
528, 039
704, 000
951,310
72,000
605, 700
27, 620
1,056,520
812, 100
1,342,318
1,221,140
936, 100
651,200
745,000
656,000
867,860
871,030
Battlement
Cochetopa
Colorado
Durango
Gunnison
Holy Cross
La Sal
Leadville
Montezuma
Pike
Rio Grande
Routt
San Isabel
San Juan
Sopris
Uncompahgre
White River
Florida
14,339,994
Florida
673, 879
Boise
673,879
Idaho
1,118,010
545,064
711,630
1,269,990
822, 700
760,800
1,209,280
458,977
1,072,580
531,120
1, 745, 060
301,300
863, 750
858, 000
1, 033, 500
1, 643, 360
1, 220, 130
1, 802, 000
732,425
660,900
Cache
Caribou
Challis
Clearwater
Coeur d'Alene
Idaho
Kaniksu
Lemhi
Minidoka
Nezperce
Palisade
Payette
Pend Oreille
St. Joe
Salmon
Sawtooth
Selway
Targhee
Weiser
Michigan
19,360,576
Michigan
164, 181
Minnesota
Superior
Absaroka
Beartooth
Beaverhead
Bitterroot
Blackfeet
Cabinet
Custer
Deerlodge
Flathead
Gallatin
164, 181
Minnesota
294, 750
1,268,538
1,563,288
Montana
987, 710
681,930
1,365,000
1, 154, 550
1,007,090
1, 026, 550
512, 810
964, 000
2,088,720
909, 430
920, 480
1, 175, 685
1,623,340
826,360
1,192,610
1,035,860
1,330,040
115, 260
Jefferson
Kootenai
Lewis and Clark . .
Lolo
Madison
Missoula
Sioux
18,977,425
Nebraska
217,818
217,818
Nevada
290,350
400
726, 540
75,330
483, 290
1, 260, 800
433, 570
299,960
61,919
1,924,800
Eldorado
Humboldt
Inyo
Mono
Nevada
Ruby
Santa Rosa
Tahoe
Toiyabe
5,556,959
236 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
National forests, by States, together with estimated areas thereof , June 30,1916 — Continued.
State or Territory.
Name.
Area in
acres.
Total area
in State or
Territory.
Alamo
865,275
969,422
129,152
2,945,453
1,600,000
632,967
1,242,779
1,476,693
Carson
Chiricahua
Datil
Gila
Lincoln
Manzano
Santa Fe
Dakota
9,861,741
North Dakota . .
13,920
Wichita
13,920
Oklahoma
61, 640
61,640
1,094,485
1,101,465
1,509,860
975,000
8,804
1,262,840
448,330
819,030
1,140,920
•719,983
1,255,250
821,000
564,985
1,179,985
1,097,670
461,954
949,230
Crater
Deschutes
Fremont
Klamath
Malheur
Minam
Ochoco
Oregon
Santiam
Siskiyou
Siuslaw
Umatilla
Umpqua
Wallowa
Wenaha
Luquillo
15,410,793
Porto Rico
65,950
Black Hills
Harney
65,950
South Dakota
602,011
638, 400
84, 742
Sioux
1,325,153
Utah
992, 100
319, 581
458, 890
779,290
723,390
535,670
846,870
92,280
704,700
802,660
1,043,135
664,405
724, 110
942,200
816,000
376,763
1,541,000
1,652,000
1,557,300
1,042,000
1,490,000
321,831
1,157,000
Cache
Dixie
Fillmore
Fishlake
La Sal
Manti
Minidoka
Powell
Sevier
Washington
Wasatch
Chelan
Columbia
Colville
7,962,971
Kaniksu
Okanogan
Olympic
Rainier
Snoqualmie
Washington
Wenaha
Wenatchee
Ashley
Bighorn
Black Hills
Bonneville
Bridger
11,620,204
Wyoming
6,060
1,136,200
179, 121
613,270
577,850
7,360
365,620
511,382
256,200
1,609,000
85,450
1,957,550
393,950
912,000
Caribou
Hayden
Medicine Bow
Palisade
Shoshone
Teton
Washakie
8,611,013
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
National monuments.
237
State and name.
Alaska:
Sitka
Arizona:
Grand Canyon 2 . .
Montezuma Castle .
Navajo
Papago Saguaro . . .
Petrified Forest . . .
Tonto2
Tumacacori
Walnut Canyon2..
California:
Cabrillo
Devil Postpile2...
Muir Woods
Pinnacles
Colorado:
Colorado2 ,
Wheeler
Maine:
Sieur de Monts
Montana:
Bighole Battlefield
Lewis and Clark
Cavern
Date.
Mar. 23,1910
Jan.
Dec.
Mar.
Jan.
July
Dec.
11, 1908
8, 1906
14,1912
31,1914
31,1911
19, 1907
Sept. 15, 1908
Nov. 30,1915
Oct. 14,1913
July 6, 1911
Jan. 9, 1908
Jan. 16,1908
May 24,1911
Dec. 7, 1908
July 8, 1916
June 23,1910
May 16,1911
Area.
Acres.
157.00
1806,400.00
160.00
3 360.00
2,050.43
3 25,625.60
1 640. 00
10.00
966.30
.50
1800.00
295.00
12,080.00
13,883.06
1300.00
15,000.00
5.00
3160.00
State and name.
New Mexico:
Bandelier
Capulin Mountain
Chaco Canyon —
El Morro
Gila Cliff Dwell-
ings 2
Gran Quivira
Oregon:
Oregon Caves 2 . . .
South Dakota:
Jewel Cave 2
Utah:
Dinosaur
Mukuntuweap —
Natural Bridges . .
Rainbow Bridge..
Washington:
Mount Olympus 2
Wyoming:
Devils Tower
Shoshone Cavern .
Total
Date.
Area.
Feb.
Aug.
Mar.
Dec.
Nov.
Nov.
July
Oct.
July
Feb.
May
11,1916
9, 1916
11, 1907
8, 1906
16, 1907
1, 1909
12, 1909
7, 1908
4, 1915
31. 1909
11,1916
30. 1910
May 11,1915
Sept.
Sept.
24, 1906
21,1909
Acres.
22,075.00
680.37
20,629.40
160.00
160.00
1160.00
i 480. 00
11,280.00
180.00
115,840.00
< 2, 740. 00
160.00
299, 370. 00
1,152.91
210.00
1,223,970.57
1 Estimated area.
2 Under jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture.
3 According to second proclamation.
4 According to third proclamation.
List of bird reserves.
Name of reservation.
Pelican Island.
Breton Island.
Stump Lake
Huron Islands
Siskiwit Islands
Passage Key
Indian Key
Tern Islands
Shell Keys
Three Arch Rocks
Flattery Rocks
Quillayute Needles —
Copalis Rock
East Timbalier Island.
Mosquito Inlet
TortugasKeys
Klamath Lake
Key West
Lake Malheur
Chase Lake
Pine Island
Matlatcha Pass
Palma Sola
Island Bay
Loch Katrine
Hawaiian Islands
East Park
Cold Springs
Shoshone
Pathfinder
Bellefourche
Strawberry Valley
Salt River
Deer Flat
Minidoka
Willow Creek
Carlsbad
Rio Grande
Keechelus Lake
Kachess Lake
Clealum Lake
Date.
Aug.
Aug.
Oct.
Oct.
Mar. 14,1903
/Oct. 4, 1904
\Nov. 11,1905
Mar. 9, 1905
Oct. 10,1905
do
do
Feb. 10,1906
8, 1907
17, 1907
14, 1907
23, 1907
....do
....do
Dec. 7, 1907
Feb. 24,1908
Apr. 6, 1908
Aug. 8, 1908
do
Aug. 18,1908
Aug. 28,1908
Sept. 15, 1908
Sept. 26, 1908
do
Oct. 23,1908
Oct. 26,1908
Feb. 3, 1909
Feb. 25,1909
do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Location.
East Florida coast
►Southeast coast of Louisiana
North Dakota
Lake Superior, Mich
do
Tampa Bay, Fla
Mouths of Mississippi River, La.
South Louisiana coast.
West Oregon coast
West Washington coast
do
....do
South Louisiana coast
East Florida coast
Florida Keys. Fla
Oregon and California
Florida Keys, Fla
Oregon
North Dakota
West Florida coast
....do
....do
Florida
Wyoming
Hawaii
California
O regon
Wyoming
— do
South Dakota
Utah
Arizona
Idaho
....do
Montana
New Mexico
....do
Washington
do
....do
Acres.
5.50
Unknown.
27.39
Unknown.
Do.
36.37
90.00
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
238 COMMISSIONEB OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
List of bird reserves — Continued.
Name of reservation.
Date.
Location.
Area.
Bumping Lake —
Coneonully
Bering Sea
Pribilof1
Tuxedni
Farallon
Culebra
Yukon Delta
St. Lazaria
Bogoslof
Clear Lake
Forrester Island —
Hazy Islands
Niobrara
Green Bay
Chamisso Island. . .
Pishkun
Desecheo Island —
Gravel Island
Aleutian Islands...
Canal Zone s
"Walker Lake
Petit Bois Islands..
Anaho Island — ...
Smith Island
Dungeness Spit
Ediz Hook
Mille Lacs
Big Lake
San Francisco Bay.
North Platte
Feb. 25, 1909
do
Feb. 27,1909
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Mar. 2, 1909
Apr. 11,1911
Jan. 11,1912
....do
....do
Feb. 21,1912
7,1912
17,1912
19. 1912
9, 1913
3, 1913
19. 1913
21,1913
6. 1913
4,1913
6. 1914
20, 1915
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Mar.
Mar.
Apr.
Mav
Sept.
June
Jan.
....do..'
Mav 14,1915
Aug. 6,1915
Aug. 9, 1916
Aug. 21,1916
BIRD RESERVES ENLARGED OR
REDUCED.
Pelican Island
Mosquito Inlet
Cold Springs
Clear Lake
Minidoka
Niobrara
Deer Flat
Klamath Lake
26, 1909
2,1909
25,1911
13, 1912
21,1912
14,1912
Apr. 21,1915
Mav 14.1915
Jan.
Apr.
Nov.
Jan.
Feb.
Nov.
Washington
do
Alaska
....do
....do
California...
Porto Rico. .
Alaska
....do
....do
California...
Alaska
....do
Nebraska —
Wisconsin...
Alaska
Montana
Porto Rico..
Wisconsin...
Alaska
Panama
Arkansas
Alabama and Mississippi.
Nevada
Washington
do
....do
Minnesota
Arkansas
California
Nebraska
Florida (enlarged)
....do
Oregon (enlarged)
California (reduced)
Idaho (enlarged)
Nebraska (enlarged)
Idaho (reduced)
Oregon and California (reduced)
Acres.
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
2 14. 64
1.87
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
247. 73
Unknown.
226.02
2 83.00
Unknown.
Do.
141.00
Unknown.
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
» 15,253.7
Unknown.
Do.
1 Transferred to Bureau of Fisheries.
2 Approximate area.
• Under jurisdiction of Isthmian Canal Commission. Canal Zone strictly speaking, not a bird reserva-
tion, but birds are protected by Executive order.
Total reservations, excluding Canal Zone, 71.
Aggregate cash receipts from the disposal of public and Indian lands from May
to June SO, 1915.
1785,
Fiscal years.
| Amount of
Cash sales fees and
casn sales, commis-
sions.
Total receipts
from
disposal of
public lands.
Receipts
from sales
of Indian
lands.
Miscella-
neous
receipts.
Aggregate
receipts from
all sources.
May 20, 1785, to
June 30, 1880. .
I
$208, 059, 657. 14
5, 408, 804. 16
1881
S3, 534, 5.50. 98 $860. 833. 65
6,628,775.92 1,124,531.15
9,657,032.28 1,423 329.10
10,304,582.49 1,536,410.58
6,223,926.74 1,462,1&8.06
5,757,891.06 1,654,876.25
9,246,321.33 1,537,600.39
11,203,071.95 , 1,498,000.05
8,018,254.50 1.251 971.23
$4, 395, 384. 63
7, 753, 307. 07
11,080,361.38
11, 840, 993. 07
7, 686, 114. SO
7, 412, 767. 31
10, 783, 921. 72
12, 701, 072. 00
9, 270, 225. 73
7, 470, 870. 31
5, 105, 037. 72
4, 387, 670. 27
4,191,465.29
2, 674, 285. 79
1, 866, 800. 66
$1,006,691.63
634,617.22
625, 404. 27
938, 137. 26
933, 483. 52
1, 607, 729. 63
1,484,302.30
821,113.77
389, 524. 72
293, 062. 30
318,333.42
456,681.84
284, 752. 65
91,981.03
149, 879. 48
$6, 727. 90
6, 591. 75
8,118.05
10, 274. 76
8, 821. 86
10, 587. 40
20, 784. 85
24, 951. 65
26, 150. 89
16, 585. 00
5,849.00
15, 757. 58
3, 516. 20
1, 557. 50
16, 773. 89
1882
8,394,516.04
11, 713, 883. 70
12,789,405.09
8, 628, 120. 18
9,031,084.34
12, 289, 008. 87
13, 547, 137. 42
9,685,901.34
7,780,517.61
5,429,220.14
4, 860, 109. 69
4,479,734.14
2, 767, 824. 32
2,033,454.03
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
6,349,174.24
4, 160, 099. 07
3, 322, 865. 01
3, 193, 280. 64
1, 653, 080. 71
1,116,090.07
1,121,696.07
944,938.65
1, 064, 805. 26
998, 184. 65
1,021,205.08
750,710.5 i
1893
1894
1895
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
239
Aggregate cash receipts from the disposal of public and Indian lands from May 20, 1785,
to June 30, 1915 — Continued.
Fiscal years.
Cash sales.
Amount o
fees and
commis-
sions.
Total receipts
from
disposal of
public lands.
Receipts
from sales
of Indian
lands.
Miscella-
neous
receipts.
Aggregate
receipts from
all sources.
1896
$1,053,905.59
917,911.19
1,291,076.10
1,703,988.32
2, 899, 731. 83
2,966,542.86
4, 139, 268. 47
8,960,471.18
7, 445, 902. 84
4. 849, 766. 06
4, 885, 988. 82
7, 728, 114. 30
9, 760, 570. 19
7. 698, 337. 03
6, 342, 744. 75
5, 783, 693. 39
5, 437, 502. 07
2, 746, 546. 52
2, 650, 761. 84
2, 331, 368. 44
1, 769, 860. 33
$793, 557. 82
678, 469. 55
853, 265. 50
890, 702. 17
1, 157, 081. 03
1, 340, 894. 29
1, 740, 820. 18
1,597,147.48
1, 349, 990. 89
1, 286, 621. 93
1,642,488.56
1, 819, 159. 21
1, 731, 883. 57
1, 536, 890. 67
2, 028, 892. 35
1,461,514.30
1, 234, 216. 47
1, 540, 994. 15
1, 654, 085. 02
1, 581, 805. 48
1, 660, 933. 33
$1,847,463.41
1, 596, 380. 74
2,144,341.60
2, 594, 690. 49
4,056,812.86
4. 307, 437. 15
5, 880. 088. 65
10 557,018.66
8, 795, 893. 73
6, 136 387. 88
6,528,477.38
9, 547, 273. 51
11,492,453.76
9, 235, 227. 70
8, 371, 637. 10
7, 195, 187. 69
6, 671, 718. 54
4, 287, 540. 67
4, 304, 846. 86
3,913,173.92
3, 430. 793. 66
$214, 700. 42
438, 716. 31
100, 317. 49
442,913.73
239, 769. 39
585, 661. 27
288, 666. 68
308,939.14
333, 757. 62
791, 807. 67
967, 532. 50
1, 892, 805. 70
997, 972. 52
2, 334, 885. 47
2, 037, 551. 68
2, 822, 600. 71
2,281,538.37
2,118,469.34
1, 844, 802. 77
1, 556, 630. 97
1.972.299.49
$44, 197. 84
52, 834. 23
33, 336. 09
32, 533. 12
83, 175. 85
79, 062. 37
93,171.85
158, 185. 85
153, 690. 63
89, 615. 72
89,514.02
113, 098. 79
225, 283. 18
330, 136. 61
1,054,735.28
i 1,022,119.20
i 1,016,791.09
i 549, 494. 80
47, 677. 90
28, 386. 01
41,468.44
$2,106,361.67
2,087,931.28
2, 277, 995. 18
3,070,137.34
4,379,758.10
4, 972, 160. 79
6, 261. 927. 18
11,024,743.65
9,283,341.98
7,017,811.38
7, 585, 523. 90
11,553,178.00
12, 715, 709. 46
12,216,415.39
1897
1898...
1899...
1930
1901
1902
1903
1901
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
11, 463, 924. 06
1911
11,089,927.60
1912
9, 973, 048. 00
6, 955, 504. 81
6, 148, 367. 63
5,394,948.20
1913
1914
1915....
1916
5,444,561.59
Total
I
479,921,955.40
1
I
^Includes reclamation water-right charges.
Reclamation water-right charges under act of Aug. 9, 1912 (37 Stat., 265) were collected from Jan. 1,
1913, by the Reclamation Service.
Amounts accrued and paid to States for purposes of education, or of making public roads
and improvements on account of grants 2, 3, and 5 per cent of net proceeds of sales of
public lands lying within said States.
State.
Total to June
30, 1914.
Fiscal
year 1915.
Aggregate to
June 30, 1915,
inclusive.
$1,078,954.64
11,194.96
326, 298. 00
1, 108, 483. 59
477, 249. 80
141,784.75
256, 023. 20
1, 187, 908. 89
1, 040, 255. 26
633, 638. 10
1,127,014.83
468, 729. 25
587, 395. 55
590, 919. 16
1, 070, 169. 82
1,060,817.81
453,734.12
563. 419. 08
35, 631. 19
130, 400. 56
535, 234. 54
999, 353. 01
62, 062. 31
731, 924. 83
329, 778. 25
96, 217. 31
404, 940. 27
586, 449. 87
228. 922. 09
$209. 30
2, 826. 34
454. 54
11,368.00
5, 631 . 05
758. 40
6, 669. 20
$1,079,163.94
11,021.30
326, 752. 54
Arizona
Arkansas
California
1,119,856.59
Colorado
482, 880. 85
Florida
142, 543. 15
Idaho
262, 692. 40
1,187,908.89
1,040,255.26
633, 638. 10
Illinois ,
Iowa
Kansas
439. 79
102. 63
265. 38
694. 39
30.25
87.38
23, 552. 67
2, 557. 00
2, 178. 35
3, 155. 65
1, 697. 64
1,127,454.62
468, 831. 88
587, 660. 93
591, 613. 55
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
1,070,200.07
1,060,905.19
477, 286. 79
565, 976. 08
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
37,809.54
133, 556. 21
New Mexico
North Dakota
536,932.18
999, 353. 01
62, 817. 71
736,521.95
335, 046. 80
Ohio
Oklahoma
755. 40
1,597.12
5,268.55
443. 51
"» 16,205.48
59.50
10, 335. 26
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
96, 660. 82
Washington
421,145.75
Wisconsin
586, 509. 37
Wyoming
239,257.35
Total
16,324,910.04
100, 342. 78 1 6. 425. 252. 82
240
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Amounts covered into the Treasury to the credit of the reclamation fund from the sales
of public lands and fees and commissions in the several States, under the act of June
17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388).
State.
Fiscal years.
Total for 15
years ending
June 30, 1915.
1901 to 1914
1915
$1,228,140.15
5,615,462.78
6, 929, 394. 48
5,203,169.53
971,248.86
9, 606, 684. 73
1,755,741.41
568,883.66
4,103,767.44
11,975,236.78
5,812,045.46
10,540,106.45
6,992,723.56
1,930,242.29
6,541,951.93
4,525,105.16
$84,221.94
290,616.77
427,449.51
235,681.66
14,464.96
885,956.34
71,060.14
52,394.68
198, 795. 75
70,951.00
17,705.23
153,548.03
123,324.26
38,566.08
350, 157. 79
253,163.59
$1,312,362.09
5, 906, 079. 55
California 7.
7,356,843.99
5,438,851.19
985,713.82
10,492,641.07
Montana
1,826,801.55
621,278.34
4,302,563.19
12, 046, 187. 78
5,829,750.69
10,693,654.48
7,116,047.82
Utah
1, 968, 808. 37
6,892,109.72
4,778,268.75
Total •
84,299,904.67
3,268,057.73
87,567,962.40
State grants, fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Pending and received.
Disposed of.
Pending
Kind of selection.
Pending
July 1,1915.
Since
received.
Total.
Approved.
Canceled.
Total.
June 30,
1916.
Acres.
333,428.64
Acres.
121,293.66
Acres.
454,722.30
Acres.
17,991.08
Acres.
114, 132. 16
Acres.
132,123.24
Acres.
322,599.06
School indemnity. . .
4,257,760.01
483,423.18
4,741,183.19
300,715.61
73,104.03
373,819.64
4,367,363.55
68, 197. 18
52,208.90
160.07
45,543.73
27, 148. 36
29,637.00
35,548.20
13,390.02
25,944.75
80.03
33,531.22
51,235.79
644.77
39, 131. 13
30,393.22
26,065.15
404,937.91
33,793.39
622.56
47, 606. 89
26.63
85.33
12,529.24
24,727.18
25,252.37
35,552.32
80.00
13,250.98
115,804.07
52,235.53
245. 40
58,072.97
51,875.54
54,889.37
71, 100. 52
13,470.02
39,195.73
80.03
52,317.69
88,619.64
2,084.77
44,699.75
66,574.89
159,025.42
489,596.48
534, 195. 25
1,145.97
2,000.00
42,298.31
1,430.07
80.00
49,952.14
23,475.15
21,958.18
38,045.94
557. 75
320.00
165.40
101. 16
39.52
42,856.06
1,750.07
245. 40
50,053.30
23,514.67
21,958.18
39,691.64
72,948.01
50, 485. 46
Agricultural college.
Internal improve-
ments
Penitentiaries
Public buildings —
Insane asylums
8,019.67
28,360.87
32 931.19
Educational, chari-
table, penal, re-
formatory, etc
Deaf and dumb asy-
lums
1,645.70
31,408.88
13 470 02
Deaf, dumb, and
blind asylums
Reform schools
30,646.10
160.00
30,806.10
8,399.63
80.03
School of mines
Normal schools
18,786.47
37,383.85
1,440.00
5,568.62
36, 181. 67
132,960.27
84,658.57
500,401.86
523.41
2, 000. 00
25,213.60
43,854.36
1,609.20
22,713.49
46,362.51
30,244.07
292,721.41
72,844.76
606.56
1,960.00
46.66
723. 79
161.21
360. 00
40.00
923. 27
19,613.35
480. 38
25,253.60
44,578.15
1,770.41
23,073.49
46,402.51
31, 167. 34
312,334.76
73,325.14
606.56
1,960.00
27,064.09
44,041.49
314 36
Miners' hospitals. . .
Agricultural and
mechanical col-
21,626.26
20,172.38
127,858.08
177.261.72
460, 870. 11
539. 41
Military institutes. .
Bonds issued by
Grant and Santa
Fe Counties
Bonds issued by
Maricopa, etc.,
Salt springs and con-
tiguous lands
Fort Assiniboine, for
educational insti-
tutions
40.00
Specific grant
total
918,213.38
979,015.66
1,897,229.04
746,015.85
25,331.53
771,347.38
1,125,881.66
Grand total
5,509,402.03
1,583,732.50
7,093,134.53,1,064,722.54
212,567.72
1,277,290.26
5,815,844.27
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
State grants — Recapitulation.
241
State.
Swamp
confirmed.
School
indemnity
confirmed.
Other
grants con-
firmed.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
170,509.75
611.02
977. 64
287.82
California
Florida
3,284.42
Illinois
40.00
15,819.90
32.00
13,321.62
6,828.62
1,081.13
1,960.00
80 00
206,810.47
26,914.72
549 389 32
North Dakota
'400.00
214. 70
28,221.82
11,835.60
Utah
2,014.40
Wisconsin
40.00
Wyoming
3,466.34
20,581.25
Total
17,991.08
300, 715. 61
746,015.85
Withdrawals under the act of Mar. 15, 1910 (36 Stat., 237), during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916.
State.
Applied
for.
Rejected
before
withdrawal.
With-
drawn.
Restored.
Acres.
17,600.00
Acres.
Acres.
17,600.00
Acres.
Colorado
440.00
Idaho
70,835.30
2,521.56
92,321.33
19,107.36
13, 626. 56
56,694.19
108,735.86
5,861.60
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
653. 62
9,381.47
40,251.36
1,781.06
Wyoming
Total
90,956.86
102,356.42
92,366.34
171,731.65
State desert-land segregations under section 4 of the act of Aug. 18, 1894 {28 Stat., 372-
422), and the acts amendatory thereof, commonly designated as the Carey Act, with the
action taken thereon during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
State.
Applied
for.
Segre-
gated.
Rejected
or relin-
quished.
Patented.
Time to
reclaim
extended.
Arizona
Acres.
13,905.16
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
48,340.03
67, 600. 88
12, 462. 01
44, 109. 90
19,237.67
1, 630. 80
49, 593. 35
Idaho
14,611.12
320.00
151,323.57
786. 61
*
52, 442. 05
Utah
5,821.93
2,602.15
7,851.74
Total
34,338.21
2,922.15
242,974.64
159,961.92
52 442.05
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
-16
242
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Lands certified or patented on account of railroad and wagon road grants during the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1916.
Grant.
State.
Area.
State grants:
Acres.
120. 36
St. Louis, Iron Mountain. & Southern R. R
Missouri
240. 00
St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba R. R
Minnesota
1, 193. 27
St. Paul & Sioux City R. R
do
40.00
Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific R. R
Louisiana
323.48
Total
1 917.11
Corporations:
Atlantic & Pacific R. R. (now Santa Fe Pacific R. R.)
579,517.34
590, 607. 14
3,216.69
Do
New Mexico..
do
1,950.83
239,307.21
97, 554. 97
Do
Do
Utah
Central Pacific R. R. (formerly Western Pacific)
California
398. 69
New Orleans Pacific R . R,
160. 13
Northern Pacific R. R
354. 39
Do
Idaho
70, 882. 67
4, 189. 11
Do
Do
Montana
417,819.32
11,499.38
Do
Do
Washington
106, 335. 18
600.00
Do
Do
3, 303. 19
59,897.48
16, 169. 48
271. 30
Southern Pacific R. R. (main line)
do
Union Pacific R. R
Wyoming
Total
2,204,034.50
Wagon roads:
Oregon Central Military Road (now California & Oregon Land Co.).
Corvallis & Yaquina Bay
485. 70
do
1,741.51
Total
2,227.21
Total certified or patented during vear
2, 208, 178. 82
87,379.36
2,295,558.18
1,958,444.32
Alleged fraudulent entries acted on during year.
Pend-
ing
June
30,
1915.
Re-
ceived.
Disposed of
Pend-
ing
June
30,
1916.
Hearings
ordered.
General
Land
Office.
Kind of entry.
Ap-
proved.
Can-
celed.
Other-
wise
dis-
posed,
of.
Total.
Homestead:
4,220
856
148
1,006
436
5
2
427
167
138
51
507
214
382
823
152
340
1,064
48
690
5,437
2,187
416
1,016
411
"i*586"
215
54'
558
17
1
58
9
4,378
749
248
1,149
352
4,936
2,352
464
1,207
415
4,721
691
100
815
432
5
2
440
39
116
80
443
161
448
926
338
362
680
48
689
549
32
Cash
4
Desert land:
112
84
Timber culture:
Timber and stone:
174
63
93
55
265
197
636
• 569
77
56
202
""'163'
8"
""""431'
16
1
10
9
1
139
1
1
145
87
105
18
320
249
465
196
34
585
161
191
115
26
329
250
570
466
197
34
586
4
Cash
Isolated tract:
Cash
Mineral:
Application
39
Entry
25
Soldiers' additional applications —
Selections:
State
43
Forest
27
1
1
1
Total
11,676
11,854
2,397
822
9,081
12,300
11,536
919
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
243
Indictments, convictions, acquittals, and dismissals, fines imposed and paid, and prison
sentences, June 30, 1915, to June 30, 1916.
Offenses.
Indict-
ments.
Convic-
tions.
Prison
sen-
tences.
Fines
imposed.
Fines
paid.
Acquit-
tals and
dis-
missals.
19
2
17
18
2
3
1
1
29
1
10
1
5
3
1
6
$2, 258
750
300
1,050
500
$150
1,050
11
18
4
2
16
300
25
3
1
Using fictitious names to defraud (sec. 216).
Section 10(5, Penal Code
1
1
1
200
100
1
Section 32, Penal Code
2
2
3
1
1
5
5
Total
93
23
14
5,063
1,630
58
Patents issued during fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Class.
Number.
Area.
Commuted homestead
Timber and stone
Public sale
Cash, miscellaneous
Desert land
Desert-land reclamation
Desert-land segregation
Town site
Town lot
Homestead
Forest homestead
Indian homestead
Reclamation homestead
Soldiers' additional homestead
Military bounty land warrant
Forest lieu selection
Timber culture
Commuted timber culture
Indian
Mineral
Coal
Coal deposits (996.06 acres reported elsewhere)
Private land claims
Small-holding claims
Railroad
Sw amp
Umatilla Indian lands
Abandoned military reservation
Choctaw lands
Agricultural college scrip
Isaac Crow lieu scrip
Sioux half-breed scrip
Surveyor-general's scrip
McKee scrip
Valentine scrip
State selections
Alaska mission site
Cemetery site
Villa site
Settlement claim
Wagon road
White Earth Town lots
Supplemental patents (act Apr. 14, 1914)
Total
3,409
642
3,092
375
2,219
10
6
4
793
31,266
930
9
676
411
41
170
4
1
6,395
833
66
13
131
81
129
19
14
38
7
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
11
1
11
12,360
Acres.
461,284.48
64,503.82
305, 753. 35
29,491.53
350,534.454
1,045.85
159,041.92
321. 57
232. 201
7,089,889.715
119,096.50
953.85
52,513.69
20, 551. 83
2,377.465
40,036.618
160.00
38.72
505,961.72
56, 752. 237
9,078.60
70,812.48
2, 502. 758
2,190,180.49
17,991.08
1,856.91
4,958.96
4,467.80
320. 00
120. 00
162.21
40.00
39.28
86.37
7,410.37
3.08
214.98
40.78
160.00
1,421.51
20.32
0
54,187 2 12,161,807.998
1 Coal area restored, 372,145.90 acres, counted in original patents.
2 Leaving out thousandths of acres, the total area is 12,161,807.75.
Patented area of enlarged homesteads acres. . 3, 626, 164. 47
Patented area of Kinkaid Act do 1, 057, 850. 22
PatAited area, coal reserved to the United States do 1, 118, 519. 02
Patented area, act of July 17, 1914 (phosphate, etc. ) do 33, 580. 58
All included in the above report.
Area of Indian fee patents not included in the above report... do 300,390.71
244 COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Sales of Indian lands during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Land office— Indian Tribe.
Original entries and
Number.
Area.
California:
Los Angeles— Yuma
San Francisco— Round Valley
Colorado:
Durango—
Ute (acts June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1892)
Southern Ute (act Feb. 20, 1895)
Glenwood Springs— Ute (acts June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1892)
Montrose— Ute (acts June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1892)
Idaho:
Blackfoot— Pocatello town lots
Coeur d'Alene—
Coeurd'Alene (act June 21, 1906)
Coeur d'Alene town lots
Dodge City— Osage trust and diminished reserve
Topeka— Pottawatomie
Minnesota:
Cass Lake— Chippewa
Crookston—
Chippewa
Red Lake
Duluth— Chippewa
Montana:
Billings— Crow
Glasgow— Fort Peck (act May 30, 1908)
Kalispell—
Flathead
Flathead town lots
Missoula— Flathead
North Dakota:
Bismarck— Standing Rock
Minot—
Devils Lake
Fort Berthold
Fort Berthold town lots
Oklahoma:
Guthrie-
Wichita , .
Cheyenne and Arapahoe
Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache
Town lots
Kiowa Agency hospital fund
Oregon:
La Grande— Umatilla
Portland— Siletz townsites
South Dakota:
Gregory-
Rosebud
Pine Ridge
Lemmon— Standing Rock
Pierre — Lower Brule
Timber Lake-
Standing Rock
Cheyenne River
Utah:
Vernal— Uintah
Washington:
Spokane— Spokane
Wyoming:
Lander— Shoshone or Wind River
Total.
223
278
547
14
245
613
38
317
116
102
547
142
376
239
Acres.
8,839.93
38,071.39
44,290.25
76, 497. 87
,327.10
62,339.83
1,253
1
46
172,506.99
165. 49
5, 767. 81
287
810
89,989.13
198,346.69
1,100
14
18,965.85
298
56, 733. 24
12
2,855.98
72
706
82
1,606.54
107, 434. 41
25.30
3,849.68
960.00
52,443.02
30, 402. 69
68,057.74
104,747.19
32,044.67
86,577.87
9,016.00
20,146.14
8,637 1,294,008.
Consolidated work report for fiscal year, 1916, by months.
MO...
Pending July 1,
915.
neeeic,,.
Disposed of.
Pending June 30, 1916.
For office
elsewhere.
Total.
■m?*
livisions.
lit !>< -'irujinj
o1 year and
received' 'lur-
ing the year.
Approved.
Canceled.
Patented
Otherwise.
deferred to
other
Total.
For office
action.
«
Patent.
Other.
Cases of all kind.
1915.
July
45,848
-": .
82,464
hi! 219
24)265
18,513
17,990
17,316
17,031
17.359
15,396
18,917
19,399
49,588
40,512
56!051
54,797
41,696
48,820
42,185
4S, 067
!',.M
50,810
47,925
3,478
3,087
4,113
4,283
4J707
4,328
4 1 053
5,586
o',992
714
5,918
5, am
4.211
6,121
5,168
1,646
1,458
1,017
1,463
1,423
1,028
1,448
1,117
1,062
1,056
1,096
4,003
3,613
4' 461
5,015
3,690
5,645
5,112
V',27
4. 570
6,435
3,020
4,512
l!931
4,147
5,543
5,583
5,345
4,121
5,365
4,203
50,982
31,003
44J683
62,228
50.4S2
56,213
36,985
16,391
44,328
47, 70S
47,137
72,130
52,021
64,725
84,499
74,«os
55,249
mj,„.
69,226
62,699
69,499
66,680
1911V
Januarv
February
Total
45, sis
36,616
82,464
225,539
571,910
879,913
50,947
69,001
14,768
55,424
58,580
557,313
806,033
38,169
35,711
73,880
.-•ri.! ■r-n<iS-:-\\:v\ is acuks.
Railroad and wagon roads ...
1915.
July
S< ;.t':n!vr
585,375.95
3,296,757.22
3,882,133.17
12,466. 62
1,721,048.75
72,200.57
29,773.17
111,184.50
612.201.71
258!l6& 16
aii.v-,.,,,2
36,288. 96
»l. 718. 13
10 ,413 "7
■
166.76
1-.778.15
s.,,478.99
21.398.73
i..7|279.'73
1,657.91
41,204 65
4,1115.33
V, '.1 7.1
810. 2«K 11
273,217.89
101,239.29
62,930 08
261.21.'.. 16
262,272 1.7
29.6S7.1S
250,862.02
7,116.72
14,668 '■'
5, 3 1.5. 55
2.7V, si
2,016 66
25,113 S,
s| >','..,
14. ..19 95
1, 139.10
3,630.33
1,242.16
"i.'iio.'ii
30.'20'
277, 720. 00
12.760 no
2..H...KI.1.I
12,. 553. 37
2,168,343 22
20,131.81
i.s..'. 227 J»l
205,153.21
31. Mm in
2s,s27 in
32, 167. 89
286,494.63
68 628 31
272,990.88
129,077.02
2,980 674 "l
318,522.95
ISI.7S1 63
757,941.68
183,989.62
295,147.37
62, 144. 55
284,272.07
November.
December. . .
1916.
February.
March..'.. ..
MX?.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
1915.
S.i. .tlltHT
October .
Decembi f
1916.
May. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.
1915.
July
September.
1 leoember..
January...
March'".'.'.'
April
May
1915.
July
SC|,|iM,ll..T
(ict.il.cr...
November..
December..
1916.
February
March......
Total
586,376.96
3,296,757 22
3,882,133.17
3,287,099.00
!I7 ir.i
9, M<. 379. 26
2, IS.'., 962. 72
95,969 25
1. Il.i il
l.Slll.'.-.l 31
6,134,668.62
1.1177. 291. 79
2,616.513 BS
3,693,715.64
State
1,689,02! 69
2,459,264.92
4,998,293.61
135,911. 55
:!:, 1. 36 I 32
I'i5.s2i.6n
107.I.S4.75
101.523. r*
v,..:l,i.ls
109,677.44
119,691,47
122,561. U
7i 687 "
S9.s|S....i
53. 195, 10
-75 27
195,529.82
,547 19
1,166.05
111 160.75
■.752.13
-7
""i8,'»26.'i7'
6.1, 7.-, s|
79, 21S. 54
7S.'.'2S.47
36,953.13
43,397.95
45,591.47
56.lss.01
32u,U22.72
151,151 99
144,659.77
5,731.37
6 367 s,
r..'.s-. ..-,
13.351 '.',
9.S'h,..'.:
13,505.76
7,148.90
l,s'.-i,57
2.237.06
9,333.33
3,656.94
7,867.21
167, 138. 53
291,11(1. 67
191,912 l.S
■
130,763.65
102.791.69
72,367.73
2111. 5S7 95
r.1^.5 so
1!'!. 3.17.09
227,033.90
172, 869. 90
316, 393. l.S
277,6811.17
330, 579. 71
218,882.48
153,253.58
122,914.58
252,011.99
374,013.93
481,221.91
277,446.02
379,560.88
Total
2,539,028.69
2.459.26192
1,998,293.61
1,679,685.67
!,.' . 004.06
9,168,883.63
1.1111,32s. Of,
j 96,965.91 i
2.2IS, 5711, si,
1,369,864 98
1,761,964.48
4.1117,751 37
5,799,018 90
Miscellaneous
889,385.05
1,549,251.21
40.00
'"Mi.'liiVsc
356,374.44
""6i,'644.07'
41,391.29
1,317.111
330,441.1.5
IS 100. 36
. 1.951 ,98
32,765.76
269,741.43
1.49S.26
'2I0: 60
.11 16
1,520.00
1,498.21
. 140.00
1,720.00
9,911.27
4.793.13
2,282.60
332,599.00
l'i.9s2 s-2
175,611. ss
"Nl.'fl^sil
2,561.56
200.78
"s.'iw.'so"
1S,I)7.>. 19
61,119.74
2,367 30
206,598.79 !
680.00
539, 877. 79
20,747.23
197, sen is
496,074.62
112,376.81
11,531.97
27,566.47
36,313.63
15,744.92
56,114.57
149,471.86
9,956.70
JU.i32.54
.TI.574. s2 ....
36,048.26
34,279.05
111,177 ..2
86, 421. 96
3, 126 00
677.34
1,083.13
2,996.52
1,317.43
1,033.48
3'. 4 12 .:■■,
1,927.15
4,163.40
Total
889,385.05
650,866.16 | 1,519,251.21
1.166,657.40
-1.359.28
8,049,267.89
935, 134. S2
501,929.10 j
21 1.3.32. 54
24,299.18
1.672,635.61
I1n.373.su
"70.2.51. 15
1. 37.. ...32 25
Carey Act segregation
847,478.64
691,611.38 1,539,090.02
i
14,614.90
19,723.21
18,811.77
1.12U32
5,326.47
3.7. 7!. i.l.l
7,050.00
18,841.77
1,120 19
5.326.47
37,710.90
7,091.17
29,585.80
11,190.32
1,160.00
1,198.37
720.00
101.352.33
41. IT
29,582.02
3.78
14. 190. .12
l.l.ji.111
280.00
720.00
99.3V2 ..,.1
918.' 37'
dlooo.'oo'
847,478.64
691,611.38
1,639,090.02
3I.33S.21
6,067,680.58
200.32
1,573,628.65
2,922.15
". 11
29,623.19
218,297.46
080,046. TO
676,285.91
l,366,38L 10
Aggregate
1,881,968.33
7, 107, 499. 68
11,968,768.01
S, '..,71(1.71
23,600,159.33
4,169,347.75
SSO.616.37
212.: 1.11
6,083,101.38
11, 175 1..1.51
1,914,885.81
8, 109,811.98
12,221,697.70
80688°— an wie— vo
icork report for fiscal year, 1910, by dii
tt
Pending July 1, 1915.
Received.
Disposed of.
Pending June 30, 1916.
For office
For action
Total.
From mil. i.U-
divisions.
at beginning of
vcaran.lrc-
...:>iv..'l dunnf
Appro,
ed.
—
Patented
Otherwise.
Referred to
other divi-
Total.
For office
For action
elsewhere.
Total.
Patent.
Other.
B
C
D
F
K
L
M
N
0
2,240
4,141
613
401
12,038
272
4,631
142
3,926
1,519
14,620
2,240
'613
957
24^764
7' 107
454
4,143
1,844
14,620
12,469
55,337
-.. m
2,1120
"i!li32
'l79
J10|65S
12.160
57,577
97,007
131,969
5' 421
51,235
7,772
17,866
1,193
221,220
25^374
55,424
ng
19,846
131,096
56,402
86,018
131,096
2,377
3,766
30,937
13,' 285
1,065
215,570
3,109
13^083
1,175
4,445
873
121
381
7,200
3,380
85
1,'soa
1 175
5,972
36,178
2,851
27, 143
6,514
530
1,599
12,726
868
2,576
312
217
325
2,019
. 1,401
1,772
2,373
2,054
16,672
837
6,020
183
1,896
1,050
1,274
13,098
1,201
43
277
334
5,632
5,419
4,432
4,151
1,534
206,580
184,238
21)! 298
1,671
560
217,077
223
861
7,094
68
58,606
872
362
12,431
11,491
745
2,397
822
2,721
11,400
45,848
36,616
82,464
225, 539
571,910
879,913
50,947
69,001
.4,768
55,424
58,580
557,313
806,033
73,880
'
SELECTION'S -AREAS IN Ai'KES.
Railroad and wagon roads
F
M
,„13.
1,279,515.22
1,350,746.83
2. 091,. W.1 59
1,19.1,.™. 11
2,533,631.78
'"11 10'
5,975,944.15
2;616!90L10
2,186,962.72
95,969.25
1,440.31
682.57
1 192,7117 117
2,285,054.85
1. 192, 7117. 117
2,646,901.70
1,074,375.45
2,826.34
2,616,513.85
514,111.34
2,017.212.011
2,631, ;-... .11
585,375.95
3,296,757.22
3,ss2,l.!3.17
3,187,099.00
2,619,117.09
9,818,379.26
2,186,962.72
9.1,909.25
1,4 111. .'-1
3,810,291.34
6,121,663.62
1,077,201.79
3,616, 513 J5
G
Fa
F
H
2,522,440 31
516. 46
16,071.92
1,'. I.I.I, Hil 17
4,452,531.78
516. 46
545,245.37
"22I0V1 21
2,180, 132.33
"'400,'l7i.'72'
6,132,964.11
1.. lis. 11.12. 18
967,867.34
1,1m, 12s.no
96,965.91
',;:,.,.:'
1.. 111.. 170. 86
! -"v. . 1
1,007, 21,;.. .«,
2,211.44
81,766.03
3,454,133.29
"'593,'62i.'l'is'
529,173.15
675,387.11
Total
2. .139,1128. 119
2 159,264 92
4,998,293.61
1,579,585.97
9,158,883.63
1, 044.32S. 06
96,965.91
2 218,570.86 | 3,359,864.83
1,751,261.43
1,1117,711 33
5,799,018 80
:..vi, ::■! 7s
328,461.83
:■ in. •!".'■. It
4,906.81
30,71.2.35
307, ISO. S6
711 . ... '...
333,428.04
36,762.35
308,709.30
1,165,977.40
640.00
120, ..-.:; 06
7! 121. 31
2, 233, S99. 56
111. 722. 30
11,47.1.42
316,170.61
917.223.71
17,911.08
3V.27. '.I
'520.00
211,382.54
1,117, Ml. 22
132,013.21
1,177.21
23,281.94
112,7V, ss
219,911 12
1,120.110
2,523.60
675,280.46
4l' 878^18
2911,365.07
718,086.34
9.17. 24
23,281.91
i, 528. 44
40.00
8s9.3s1.115
6.19, 866. 16
1,549,251.21
1,166,657.40
3,019.267.89
835,184 32
501,929.10
311,332.54
21.239.18
1,672.635.64
406,373.80
97.1 358 It
1,376,632.25
F
Carey Act segregations
817,478.64
691,611.38
1,. 539, 0911. 02
34,338.21
, ._,
1,573.628.55
2.922.15
29,623 l"
218, 207 15
676,285.3!
1,355,331.10
Aggregate
4,801,208.33
7, 107, Ml OS
11,968,768.01
0,067,680.58
5,563,7111.71
23,600,159.33
1,169, :17 71
880,616.37
212 390.n1
0 10 1,101 38 1 11,375, 161.54
3,911,885.81
^,.li|.J,sll..J,
62656"— INT 1916— VI .1
1. (Tot
oe page 344.)
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254
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916.
[Counties containing no unappropriated lands are omitted.]
ALABAMA.
Land district and
Area in acres.
Character.
county.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Montgomery:
200
3,400
80
80
240
2,400
200
800
240
2,400
2,400
160
400
800
320
120
400
280
360
80
340
120
640
880
120
80
80
80
3,240
240
200
3,400
80
80
240
2,400
200
800
240
2,400
2,400
160
400
800
320
120
400
280
360
80
340
120
640
880
120
80
SO
80
3,240
240
4,840
120
1,740
4,840
940
360
320
1,000
40
400
80
280
320
400
940
40
1,200
200
1,080
SO
2,280
Broken, sandy.
Mountainous, rolling.
Pine, rolling, sandy.
Butler
Mountainous, hilly, broken.
Pine, sandy, rolling.
Pine, rolling, sandy.
Pine, rolling.
Mountainous, hilly, broken.
Do
Chilton
Clark
Clay
Cleburne
Colbert
Do.
Pine, broken, sandy.
Do.
Rolling, sandy.
Level, sandy.
Dale
Pine, level, sandy.
Mountainous, broken, rolling.
Pine, rolling, sandy.
Do.
Dekalb
Elmore
Escambia
Etowah
Mountainous, broken.
Fayette
Broken, hilly.
Mountainous, broken.
Franklin
Greene
Hillv, broken.
Geneva
Pine", sandy, rolling.
Do.
Houston
Hale
Hilly, broken.
Jackson
Lamar
Hillv, broken, sandy.
Do.
4,840
120
1,740
4,840
940
360
320
1,000
40
400
80
2S0
320
400
940
40
1,200
200
1,080
80
2,280
Marion
Do.
Do.
Marshall
Broken, hilly, sandy.
Broken, level, sandy.
Mobile
Monroe
Do.
Morgan
Broken, hilly.
Pine, rolling.
Perrv
Pickens
Rolling, pine.
Pike
St. Clair
Shelby
11 illy, rolling, broken.
Sandy, rolling.
Mountainous, broken, hilly.
Talladega
Tallapoosa
Hilly, broken, rolling.
Tuscaloosa
Do.
Walker
Do.
Washington
Pine, sandy, rolling.
Do.
Wilcox
Winston . . .
Mountainous, broken, rolling.
State total
42,680
42,680
ARIZONA.
Phoenix:
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz. .
Yavapai
Yuma
State total
826, 191
853, 370
175, 704
30, 000
496,560
139, 420
574,330
437, 432
498, 864
848,878
509,080
89, 422
534, 357
552, 680
6,566,288
406, 900
395, 280
120,000
631,060
263,080
2, 736, 440
3,940,089
133, 753
1,373,080
1,283,360
46, 080
1,590,459
4,111,350
17,030,931
826, 191
1, 260, 270
570,984
150, 000
1, 127, 620
402, 500
3, 310, 770
4,377,521
632,617
2, 221, 958
1, 792, 440
135, 502
2, 124, 816
4, 664, 030
23,597,219
Mountainous, arid, grazing, timber.
Mountainous, grazing.
Mountainous, grazing, timber.
Arid, broken.
Mountainous, grazing, arid.
Do.
Arid, grazing, broken.
Do.
Do.
Mountainous, arid, grazing.
Arid, grazing.
Mountainous, arid, grazing.
Mountainous, timber, grazing.
Arid, grazing, broken.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
255
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
ARKANSAS.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Camden:
3
127
295
120
54
29
2
7,323
104
2,199
2,924
44
12
59
18, 737
129
5
2,112
12,516
564
1,379
173
3
127
295
120
54
29
2
7,323
104
2,199
2,924
44
12
59
18, 737
129
5
2,112
12,516
564
1,379
173
Level and marshy.
Swampy.
Do
Clark
River and creek bottom land.
Rolling.
Mountainous.
Do
Miller .
Rolling.
Pike
Polk...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Flat and swampy, rolling.
Total
48,910
48,910
Harrison:
18, 750
1,663
2,660
3,009
280
1,570
10, 320
600
14, 724
520
6,786
10, 030
16, 780
17. 510
32,912
1,320
7, 586
18, 750
1,663
2,660
3,009
280
1,570
10, 320
600
14, 724
520
6,786
10,030
16, 780
17, 510
32,912
1,320
7,586
Mountainous, timbered, mineral.
Mountainous, timbered, mineral.
Mountainous, timbered.
Do
Carroll
Do.
Fulton
Do.
Independence
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mountainous, timbered, mineral.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Total
147,020
147, 020
Little Rock:
43
100
13, 360
120
2,160
7,494
4,720
40
760
4,640
5,800
5,360
40
1,020
40
4,200
4,160
40
17,240
600
8.720
3, 540
40
320
840
572-
7,240
160
4,760
1,240
43
100
13, 360
120
2,160
7,494
4,720
40
760
4,640
5,800
5,360
40
1,020
40
4,200
4,160
40
17,240
600
8,720
3,540
40
320
840
572
7,240
160
4,760
1,240
Broken, timbered.
Swampy.
Swampy, timbered.
Mountainous, timbered.
Swampy, timbered.
Fulton
Broken, mountainous, timbered.
Swampy, timbered.
Broken, timbered.
Independence
Do.
Do.
Jackson
Do.
Johnson
Broken, mountainous, timbered.
Lawrence
Broken, timbered.
Logan
Do.
Mississippi
Swampy, timbered.
Monroe t T
Do.
Broken, timbered.
Perry
Do.
Swampy, timbered.
Pope
Broken, timbered.
Pulaski
Do.
Randolph
Do.
Saline
Do.
256
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
ARKANSAS— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Little Rock— Continued.
Scott
25,200
2,6S0
12,000
62,040
600
4,400
25,200
2.680
12,000
62,040
600
4,400
Do.
Do.
Do.
White
Yell .
Do.
Total
206,289
206,289
State total
402,219
402,219
CALIFORNIA.
Eureka:
Del Norte
831
82,800
8,318
1,179
19,936
831
100,931
8,318
1,179
22,496
Humboldt
18, 131
Mountainous, farming, grazing.
Mountainous, grazing, timber.
Farming, forest listings.
Mountainous, grazing, timber, farming.
Trinity
2,560
Total
113,064
20,691
133,755
Independence:
10,581
2,623,940
619, 497
283, 183
2,248,881
10,581
3,831,683
717, 538
323,756
3,346,610
Mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Agricultural, mountainous, desert.
Inyo
1,207,743
98,041
40,573
1,097,729
Kern
Grazing, mineral, agricultural.
Do.
Mono
San Bernardino
Mountainous, mineral, desert.
Total
5,786,082
2,444,086
8,230,168
Los Angeles:
Imperial
722,240
33,272
537,287
20,008
1,498,102
40,531
3,207,181
163, 709
42,648
204,080
14,347
137, 532
1,906
339, 100
6,176
409, 726
332,839
52,418
926,320
47,619
674,819
21,914
1,837,202
46, 707
3,616,907
496,548
95, 066
Level desert.
Kern
Arid, level desert, mountainous.
Los Angeles
Do.
Mountainous, hillv.
Riverside
Mountainous, rolling, level desert.
Santa Barbara
San Bernardino
San Diego
Mountainous, rolling.
Mountainous, rolling, level desert.
Do.
Ventura
Mountainous, rolling.
Total
6,264,978
1,498,124
7,763,102
Sacramento:
Alpine
18, 760
13.381
24, 574
62, 832
34, 636
39.229
13, 101
14, 395
9,720
26, 739
64,268
13,697
841
14,520
6,621
23, 729
17, 134
195, 400
156,938
31,974
13, 188
28, 860
38, 776
25,805
18, 760
13,381
24, 574
62. 832
35, 916
39, 229
15,661
14,395
9,720
26, 739
64,268
13, 697
6,921
14,520
6,621
23,729
17, 134
197,560
203, 528
33, 574
13,908
33, 820
38, 776
25,805
Mountainous.
Amador
Hilly, grazing, mineral, farming.
Butte
Calaveras
Do.
Colusa
1,280
Do.
El Dorado
Do.
Fresno
2,560
Do.
Glenn
Do.
Lake
Mountainous.
Madera
Hilly, grazing, farming, mineral.
Mariposa
Merced
Do.
Modoc
6,080
Mountainous, grazing, timber.
Napa
Do.
Nevada
Mineral, hilly, grazing.
Placer
Do.
Stanislaus
Do.
Shasta
2,160
46,590
1,600
720
4,960
Farming, grazing, timber, mineral.
Siskiyou
Do.
Tuolumne
Mineral, grazing, timber.
Tehama
Hilly, grazing, mineral.
Trinity
Mountainous, grazing, mineral, timber.
Yolo
Hilly, grazing.
Hilly, grazing, mineral.
Yuba
Total
889, 118
65,950
955,068
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
257
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
CALI FO RNI A— Continued
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
San Francisco:
1,255
13, 385
1,417
57, 416
1,920
29, 482
2, 400
151,622
19, 100
195,371
250, 221
43,445
163,957
2,120
217,545
29,904
52, 767
1,980
46,030
23, 791
6,744
1,216
1,519
2,774
13,385
1,417
61,278
1,920
29,482
2,400
160,462
19, 100
213, 061
252, 781
43, 445
167,992
2,120
221,385
29,904
56, 427
1,980
50,670
26, 717
7,384
1,216
Do
Contra Costa
Do.
Fresno
3,862
Do.
Do.
Kern
Do.
Kings
Do.
8,840
Do.
Do.
17,690
2,560
Do.
Do.
Do.
4,035
Do.
Do.
San Lu is Obispo
Santa Barbara
3,840
Do.
Do.
Santa Clara
3,660
Do.
Solana
• Do.
Sonoma
4,640
2,926
640
Do.
Stanislaus
Do.
Yolo
Do.
Ventura t .
Do.
Total
1,313,088
54,212 1,367,300
Susanville:
799, 295
245, 420
10,300
21,600
46,746
16,840
3,877
846,041
262,260
14,177
21,600
Timber, desert, grazing, mineral.
Timber, desert, grazing, farming.
Do.
Total
1,076,615
67,463
1,144,078
Visalia:
148, 230
85,065
28,897
8,361
1,920
8,426
54,090
7,067
26,724
155, 297
111,789
28,897
8,361
1,920
8,426
117,838
Mountainous, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Tulare
63,748
Do.
Total
334,989
97,539
432,528
State total
15,777,934
4,248,065 20-n2K Q9Q
COLORADO.
Del Norte:
46,021
3,108
192,737
1,598
7,080
3,840
49, 861
3,108
192,737
1,598
10,920
29,440
105,798
331,013
Farming, grazing.
Mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Agricultural, grazing.
Chaffee
3,840
29,440
Mountainous, grazing.
Mountainous.
10.r>, 798
331,013
Farming, grazing.
Farming, grazing, mineral.
Total
687,355
37,120
724,475
Denver:
640
480
38,880
7,360
3,080
21,400
5,620
11,160
190, 456
259, 520
18,610
640
480
58,720
68,451
28,780
21,400
5,620
14,360
190, 456
259,520
39,090
Agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Boulder
19,840
61,091
25,700
Mountainous, mineral.
Clear Creek
Do.
Arid, grazing, broken.
Eagle
Mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Elbert
Agricultural, grazing.
Mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Gilpin
3,200
Mountainous, grazing.
Do.
Jefferson
20, 480
Do.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 17
258
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
COLORADO— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Denver— Continued.
268,060
6,160
268, 060
6, 160
7,680
5,840
11,136
Mountainous, grazing, agricultural.
Grazing, agricultural.
Mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Do.
7,680
5,840
11, 136
Weld
Agricultural, grazing.
Total
848, 402
137,991
986, 393
Durango:
Archuleta
90,951
74,491
189, 199
118,406
90,951
171,281
189, 199
161.762
Agricultural, timber, grazing.
Mountainous, agricultural, mineral.
Grazing, agricultural, mineral.
Do.
96,790
La Plata
43, 356
Total
473,047
140,146
613,193
Glenwood Springs:
Eagle
262, 762*
905,032
106,685
2,033,902
85, 222
1,348,531
183,587
20,986
50, 706
20,227
31,737
19,200
9,782
114,875
283,748
955, 738
126,912
2,065,639
104,422
1,358,313
298. 462
Farming, grazing, mineral.
Do.
Garfield
Farming, grazing.
Farming, grazing, mineral.
Grazing, mineral.
Moffat
Pitkin
Rio Blanco
Routt
Farming, grazing.
Farming, grazing, mineral.
Total
4,925,721
267,513
5,193,234
Hugo:
Cheyenne
2,910
5,240
3,040
2,910
12, 120
3.040
Prairie, farming, grazing.
Do.
Kit Carson
6,880
Lincoln
Do.
Total
11,190
6,880
18,070
Lamar:
Baca
80, 193
70, 500
1,419
4,647
120, 902
120
13.428
80. 193
70. 500
1,419
4.647
120,902
120
13,42*
Farming, prairie, hilly, grazing.
Broken, hilly, prairie, grazing.
Prairie, grazing.
Rolling, prairie, grazing.
Bro" en, hilly, grazing.
Prairie, grazing.
Prairie, hilly, grazing.
Bent
Kiowa
Lincoln
Prowers
Total
291,209
291.209
Leadville:
Chaffee
88, 298
15, 369
9,049
349, 619
465
6,449
88, 298
39, 246
9,049
360, 463
465
6,449
Mountainous, mineral, grazing.
Grazing, agricultural, mineral.
Fremont
23, 877
Lake
Park
10,844
Grazing, agricultural.
Teller
Grazing, agricultural.
Total
469, 249
34, 721
503,970
Montrose:
Delta
138, 075
38,060
933, 401
229, 073
471, 164
311,063
247, 717
345, 262
530, 287
167, 413
34,320
397, 157
42, 212
433, 850
129, 498
305, 488
72,380
1,330,558
271, 285
905,014
440,561
247, 717
345, 262
589, 040
Mountainous, coal, grazing.
Mineral, grazing, arid.
Mountainous, coal, mineral, farming,
grazing.
Mountainous, mineral, timber, coal, graz-
ing.
Coal, farming, mineral, grazing.
Do.
Hinsdale
Mesa
Montrose
Ouray
Agricultural, grazing, mineral, moun-
tainous.
Farming, grazing, mineral, timber.
Agricultural, rich mineral, grazing, coal.
Saguache
San Miguel
58, 753
Total
3,244,102
1,263,203
4,507,305
Pueblo:
Bent
31, 256
12, 274
13, 276
31, 256
12, 274
20, 116
Agricultural, grazing.
Costilla
Crowley
6,840
Agricultural, grazing.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
259
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
COLORADO— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Pueblo— Continued .
77,560
760
15, 270
470, 105
170, 200
480
786, 454
7,120
149, 038
67,354
20, 961
26, 280
77,560
760
18, 280
470, 105
180, 240
480
786, 454
7,120
149, 038
67,354
20, 961
31, 640
Mountainous, grazing.
Agricultural, grazing.
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Elbert
El Paso
3,010
10,040
Do.
Grazing, agricultural.
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Grazing, agricultural.
Do
Pueblo
Agricultural, mountainous, grazing.
Teller ,
5,360
Mountainous, largely mineral.
Total
1,848,388
25, 250
1,873,638
Sterling:
14,315
9,060
5,055
1,749
6,436
10, 062
60,004
14,315
9,060
5,055
2,755
50,893
10, 062
104,500
Agricultural, grazing.
Phillips .
Do.
1,006
44, 457
Do.
Washington
Do.
Weld
Do.
44, 496
Do.
Total
106, 681
89, 959
196,640
12,905,344
2,002,783
14,908,127
FLORIDA.
Gainesville:
2,508
674
4,415
919
2,508
674
4,415
919
15, 452
1,240
3,488
1,722
850
8,917
815
703
713
1,065
180
147
10
7,620
18,010
12,045
120
4,704
574
596
1,520
8,923
1,337
1, 723
280
2,130
734
360
1,683
6,253
1,797
582
139
946
40
Low pine.
Do.
Bay
Do.
Bradford
Do.
Brevard
15, 452
Low pine, swamp.
Low pine.
Calhoun
1,240
3,488
1,722
850
8,917
815
703
713
1,065
180
147
10
7, 620
18,010
12,045
120
4,704
574
596
1,520
8,923
1,337
1,723
280
2,130
734
360
1,683
6,253
1,797
582
139
946
40
Citrus
Clay
Do.
Columbia
Do.
DeSoto
Do.
Do.
Do.
Hamilton
Do.
Hernando
Do.
Holmes
Do.
Jackson
Do.
Jefferson
Do.
Low pine, swamp.
Low pine.
Low pine, swamp.
Low pine.
Do.
Lee
Leon
Levy
Liberty
Do.
Madison
Do.
Do.
Marion
Do.
Low pine, swamp.
Low pine.
Do.
Okaloosa
Orange
Do.
Osceola
Do.
Do.
Polk
Do.
Putnam
Do.
St. Johns
Do.
St. Lucie
Low pine, swamp.
Low pine.
Do.
Santa Rosa
Seminole
Sumter
Do.
260
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
FLO RID A— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Gainesville — Continued.
540
2,760
8,808
360
5,045
1,790
540
2,760
8,808
360
5.045
1, 790
Low pine.
Do.
Taylor
Do.
Wakulla
Do.
Walton
Do.
Do.
135,237
135, 237
IDAHO.
Blackfoot:
219, 240
76, 480
288, 770
49, 880
1,760
314, 660
318, 290
118,960
19, 200
270, 720
94, 800
2,560
352, 520
207, 000
1,920
28, 920
78,300
46,000
1,960
338,200
95, 680
559, 490
144, 680
4,320
667, 180
525, 290
1,920
66, 730
209,340
119, 680
6,160
Mountainous.
Rough, broken.
Rolling, lava, hilly.
Rolling, good agricultural.
Rough, grazing.
Rolling, agricultural.
Do.
Bingham
Franklin
Mountainous.
37, 810
131,040
73. 680
4,200
Rolling, hills.
Rough, grazing.
Teton
Mountainous.
Total
1, 515, 810
1,222,860
2, 738, 670
Boise:
Ada
167, 815
68, 153
163, 703
106, 802
448, 751
94, 551
80, 856
1, 828, 205
180, 454
167, 815
68, 153
182, 903
106, 802
480, 751
111,834
223, 710
3, 854, 391
222, 694
Arid, mountainous.
Mountainous, grazing, timbered.
19, 200
Mountainous, timbered, grazing, mineral.
Arid, grazing.
Arid, mineral, mountainous.
32, 000
17,280
142, 854
2, 026, 186
42, 240
Arid, mountainous, grazing, timbered.
Arid, mountainous, grazing, mineral.
Owyhee
Arid, mountainous, mineral, grazing.
Washington
Arid, mountainous, timbered, mineral.
Total
3,139,293 2,279,760
5,419,053
Coeur d'Alene:
18, 697
19,711
5,139
17,292
68, 860
18,697
19, 711
5,139
17, 292
81, 660
Agricultural, grazing, timbered.
Agricultural, grazing, timbered, mineral.
Do.
Agricultural, grazing, timbered.
12, 800
Agricultural, grazing, timbered, mineral.
Total
129, 699
12, 800
142, 499
Hailey:
Bingham
20, 748
953, 114
407, 720
621, 635
164,377
43, 895
143, 808
21,948
528, 949
289, 380
151,935
166, 861
78, 235
295, 302
27, 268
1,001,433
14, 087
402, 897
33. 198
33', 880
22,900
654, 400
177, 594
328,283
191, 137
155.316
41, 489
65, 489
48,016
1,954,547
421, 807
1,024,532
197, 575
77, 775
166, 708
676, 348
706, 543
617, 663
343,072
322, 177
119, 724
360, 791
Lava and sagebrush plains.
Mountainous, grazing, sagebrush.
Grazing, sagebrush, somewhat moun-
tainous.
Grazing, sagebrush, mountainous.
Do.
Elmore
Fremont
Lava and sagebrush plains.
Gooding
Do.
Idaho
Mountainous, grazing, sagebrush.
Lemhi
Do.
Lava and sagebrush plains.
Do.
Minidoka
Owyhee
Grazing and sagebrush plains.
Power
Lava and sagebrush plains.
Twin Falls
Grazing and sagebrush plains.
Total
3, 887, 907
3,149,371
7,037,278
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
261
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
IDAHO— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Lewiston:
Clearwater
26, 401
92, 558
1,223
6,598
29, 397
2,604
26, 401
96, 158
1,223
6,598
40,077
2,604
3,600
Mountainous, scattering timber, grazing.
Mountainous, chiefly grazing.
Mountainous, scattered timber, chiefly
grazing.
10, 680
Total
158, 781
14, 280
173, 061
State total
8, 831, 490
6,679,071
15, 510, 561
KANSAS.
Dodge City:
228
1,029
200
225
1,070
SO
595
6,693
40
22,040
190
1,195
1,412
1,376
120
1,118
640
41
1,126
1,480
200
228
1,029
200
225
1,070
80
595
6,093
40
22,040
190
1,195
1,412
1,376
120
1,118
640
41
1,126
1,480
200
Broken, sandy.
Do.
Clark
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural.
Broken, sandy.
Grazing, broken.
Broken, sandy.
Do.
Kearny
Kiowa
Lane
Grazing, broken.
Broken, sandy.
Do.
Meade
Morton
Do.
Sew ard
Do.
Scott
Grazing, broken.
Swampy.
Grazing, agricultural.
Broken, sandy.
Grazing, broken.
Stafford. .
Total
41,098
41,098
Topeka:
8,480
40
1,680
1,C00
1,640
240
160
40
1,040
8,480
40
1,680
1,600
1,640
240
160
40
1,040
Rough, broken.
Ellis
Gove
Do.
Logan
Do.
Rawlins
Do.
Sherman
Do.
Trego
Do.
Thomas
Do.
Wallace
Do.
Total
14,920
14,920
State total
56,018
56,018
LOUISIANA.
Baton Rouge:
Acadia
9
118
498
881
342
737
3,546
1,380
1,885
5,413
1,582
4,519
1,141
9
118
498
881
342
737
3,546
1,380
1,885
5,413
1,582
4,519
1,141
Allen
Swampy.
Prairie, pine woods.
Pine woods.
Avoyelles
Beauregard
Bienville
High pine woods.
Do.
Bossier
Caddo
Do.
Calcasieu
Prairie, pine woods.
High pine woods.
Caldwell
Catahoula
High pine woods.
Pine woods.
Claiborne
262
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
LOUISIANA— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Baton Rouge— Contd.
744
130
55
602
16
137
105
140
1,308
159
26
96
588
640
214
277
491
730
935
1,690
813
404
169
420
671
160
31
291
1,590
32
492
428
319
30
1,704
3,256
982
344
278
20
881
40
195
120
744
130
55
602
16
137
105
140
1,308
159
26
96
588
640
214
277
491
730
935
1,690
813
404
169
420
671
160
31
291
1,590
32
492
428
319
30
1,704
3,256
982
344
278
20
881
40
195
120
DeSoto
High pine woods.
Pine.
East Baton Rouge. . .
East Carroll
Low pine woods.
Pine woods.
East Feliciana
Evangeline
Prairie, pine.
Pine woods, hilly.
Do.
Franklin
Grant
Iberia
Prairie, marsh.
Pine woods, hilly.
Do.
Lafayette
Lafourche
Agricultural.
La Salle
Pine woods.
Agricultural.
Hardwoods.
Madison
Low pine woods.
Morehouse
Pine woods.
Natchitoches
Do.
Ouachita
Do.
Plaquemines
Prairie, marsh.
Pointe Coupee
Rapides
Ordinary farming, swampy.
Pine woods, agricultural.
Red River
Do.
Richland
Do.
Sabine
Do.
St. Charles
Do.
St. Helena
Pine woods.
St. James
Farming, swampy.
Do.
St. John
St. Landry
Prairie, pine woods.
St. Martin
Prairie, swampy.
Do.
St. Mary
St. Tammany
Tangipahoa
Pine woods.
Pine woods, swampy.
Alluvial.
Tensas
Low, swampy.
Pine woods, farming.
Prairie.
Union
Vermilion
Pine woods.
Washington
Pine woods, farming.
Pine woods.
West Carroll
Pine woods, farming.
Do.
West Feliciana
Winn
Do.
State total
44,804
44, 804
MICHIGAN.
Marquette:
Alcona
1,609
5,836
160
373
251
80
3,180
80
1,772
1,015
10, 355
1,879
2,200
5,792
1,815
611
240
40
640
131
1,044
65
2,530
11,087
1,609
5,836
160
373
251
80
3,180
80
1,772
1,015
10,355
1,879
2,200
5,792
1,815
611
240
40
640
131
1,044
65
2, 530
11,087
Light soil.
Fair farming.
Do.
Alger
Allegan
Alpena
Do.
Antrim
Do.
Arenac
Do.
Baraga
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Timbered, farming.
Fair farming.
Clare
Crawford
DO.
Delta
Do.
Dickenson
Do.
Do.
Gladwin
Do.
Gogebic
Do.
Grand Traverse
Do.
Houghton
Iosco
Do.
Light soil.
Jackson
Wet.
Kalkaska
Light soil.
Do.
Keweenaw
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
263
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
MICHIGAN— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Marquette— Continued.
160
2,436
240
4,164
1,942
40
80
5,491
120
40
2,960
796
40
2,960
140
80
160
640
120
452
200
1,698
1,120
1,480
9,276
720
80
120
160
2,436
240
4,164
1,942
40
80
5,491
120
40
2,960
796
40
2,960
140
80
160
640
120
452
200
1,698
1,120
1,480
9,276
720
80
120
Very light soil.
Fair farming.
Wet. s
Fair farming, some timber.
Fair farming.
Do.
Do.
Timbered, farming.
Fair farming.
Third-rate farming.
Fair farming.
Do.
Do.
Montmorency
Do.
Do.
Do.
Wet.
Oceana
Very sandy.
Sandy, light soil.
Timbered, farming.
Fair farming.
Light soil.
Fair farming.
Do.
Do.
Roscommon
Do.
Saginaw
Do.
Wexford
90, 540
90,540
MINNESOTA.
Cass Lake:
177, 538
2,076
80
3,817
184, 462
177, 538
2,076
80
3,817
184,462
Timbered, agricultural, swampy.
Timber, brush, swamp.
Timbered, agricultural, rough.
Timbered, agricultural, swampy.
Do.
Total
367,973
367, 973
Crookston:
315,545
3,200
29,452
315, 545
3,200
29,452
Swamp, some brush and timber.
Rough, brush, rock, some swamp.
Swamp, some brush and timber.
Total
348, 197
348, 197
Duluth:
Aitkin
360
680
200
100
21,000
80
160
1,280
40
40
17,700
■7,400
74
160
240
80
80
40
32, 800
40
80
360
680
200
100
21,000
80
160
1,280
40
40
17, 700
7,400
74
160
240
80
80
40
32, 800
40
80
Agricultural, wet.
Do.
Cass
Carlton
Do.
Fractional (small) lots.
Cook
Agricultural, timber, iron.
Swampy.
Do.
Itasca
Timber, farming, iron, wet
Jackson
Swampy.
Do.
Kanabec
Koochiching
Agricultural, timber, wet.
Timber, iron, farming.
Lake
Fractional lots.
Otter Tail
Swampy.
Do.
Pine
Pope
Do.
Scott
Do.
Stearns
Do.
St. Louis
Agricultural, timber, iron.
Todd
Swampy.
Fractional lots.
Wadena
Total
82, 634
82, 634
State total
798, 804
798,804
264
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
MISSISSIPPI.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Jackson:
160
841
1,101
160
120
316
280
1,131
600
224
831
160
841
1,101
160
120
316
280
1,131
600
224
831
107
681
1,168
687
2,702
1,020
238
280
174
358
3,370
283
713
159
285
480
40
199
106
437
41
120
362
159
651
1,319
959
40
177
199
39
78
294
557
201
269
386
159
159
80
439
360
1,539
676
865
398
597
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural, timbered.
Agricultural.
Do.
Clarke
Clav
Agricultural, timbered.
Agricultural.
Do.
107
681
Forrest
Pine woods, farming.
Agricultural, timbered.
Franklin
1,168
687
2,702
1,020
238
280
174
358
3,370
283
713
159
285
480
40
199
106
437
41
120
362
159
651
1,319
959
40
177
199
39
78
294
557
201
269
386
159
159
80
439
360
1,539
676
865
398
597
Pine belt, level.
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural.
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Lauderdale
Do.
Timbered, farming.
Agricultural, timbered.
Leake
Leflore
Hilly, farming.
Do.
Lincoln
Madison
Agricultural.
Level, farming, grazing.
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Marion
Monroe
Montgomery
Neshoba
Do.
Newton
Do.
Noxubee
Do.
Oktibbeha
Generally level, farming.
Do.
Panola
Pearl River
Level, pine woods.
Perry
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Pike
Quitman
Do.
Rankin
Do.
Scott
Do.
Smith
Generally level.
Agricultural.
Generally level, farming.
Agricultural, timbered.
Do.
Stone
Tallahatchie
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Do.
Wilkinson
Do.
Winston
Do.
Ya'obusha
Swampy, farming.
State total
30,374
30,374
MISSOURI.
Springfield:
Barry
Butler
Camden. . .
Carroll....
Carter
Holt
Jefferson..
McDonald
Miller
3
114
85
15
40
80
40
55
38
3
114
85
15
40
80
40
55
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
265
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
MISSOURI-Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Springfield— Continued.
211
5
128
40
18
40
40
211
5
128
40
18
40
40
Wright .
State total
952
952
MONTANA.
Billings:
Big Horn.....
63,110
138,179
13,151
106, 082
3,826
23,336
15,360
149,366
78,470
287,545
13,151
106,082
3,826
47,452
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Yellowstone
24,116
Do.
Total
347,684
188, 842
536,526
Bozeman:
15,931
22, 918
14,985
4,000
18, 154
101,253
24,715
26, 685
119, 738
17,026
32,957
22,918
22, 665
4,000
26,877
216,631
34,870
26,685
119, 738
Mostly grazing.
Principally arid, grazing.
Rolling, grazing.
Grazing, small amount farming.
Grazing, mountainous.
Grazing, dry farming.
Do.
7,680
8,723
115,378
10, 155
Park
Do.
Grazing, mountainous, dry farming.
Total
348, 379
158,962
507,341
Glasgow:
Dawson
107, 239
437,700
88, 125
448,085
818,416
228,641
679, 504
103,332
335,880
1,117,204
191,457
448,085
1,516,188
Agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Phillips
Richland.
Do.
Do.
Valley
697,772
Do.
Total
1,899,565
1,709,249
3,608,814
Great Falls:
54,779
129, 747
6,183
15,693
12,836
158, 514
84, 189
63,476
118,255
129, 747
6,183
15, 693
12,996
188, 594
84, 189
Grazing, agricultural.
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Grazing, agricultural.
Mountainous, agricultural.
Grazing, agricultural.
Do.
Hill
Lewis and Clark
Teton
160
30,080
Toole
Total
461,941
93,716
555,657
Havre:
Blaine
218, 280
74, 180
136, 110
162,240
30,720
389,980
117,140
4,320
617, 520
4,160
608,260
191,320
140,430
779,760
34,880
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Chouteau
Hill
Do.
Phillips
Do.
Toole
Do.
Total
621, 530
1, 133, 120
1,754,650
Helena:
Beaverhead
530, 964
156, 899
74,399
72, 106
12, 547
306,959
542,340
7,040
1,073,304
163,939
74,399
72, 106
12.547
319,759
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Broadwater
Do.
Deer Lodge
Do.
Gallatin
Do.
Jefierson
i2,800
Do.
266
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con
MONTANA— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres
Character.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Helena— Continued.
Lewis and Clark
256,091
193,258
282, 339
2,580
72,146
116,492
3,682
32,018
197, 520
215,340
32,080
453,611
408, 598
314,419
2,580
157,086
139,252
3,682
32,018
Mountainous, agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mountainous, timber, agricultural,
ing.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Farming, grazing, timber.
Do.
Farming, grazing.
Agricultural, grazing.
Farming, grazing, broken.
Farming, grazing.
Grazing, agricultural.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Arid, grazing.
Mountainous, timber, mineral.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mountainous, timber, grazing.
Mountainous, timber, mineral.
Park
Powell ..
84,940
22, 760
Silver Bow
Teton ..
Total
2,112,480
1,114,820
3,227,300
Kalispell:
Flathead
77, 400
4,270
36,400
940
77,400
4,270
36, 400
940
grass-
Teton
Total
119,010
119,010
Lewistown:
31,320
220, 748
456, 021
7,300
32,600
10, 980
7,200
31,320
295, 214
732, 991
14,980
51,800
10,980
7,200
74, 466
276, 970
7,680
19, 200
Total
766, 169
378,316
1, 144, 485
Miles City:
Big Horn
105, 120
943, 680
323, 6S0
552, 000
74, 400
25,600
356, 320
27, 840
138, 240
380, 160
1,131,200
741, 280
243, 360
1, 323, 840
1, 454, 880
1, 293, 280
74, 400
25,600
449,920
27,840
Fallon
Richland
Rosebud
93,600
Total
2,408,640
2, 484, 4S0
4,893,120
Missoula:
Beaverhead
18,300
17,000
32,930
57, 048
1,120
3,073
14, 285
5,000
79,000
37,636
23,300
96,000
70, 566
57,048
4,000
3,161
48, 447
Granite
Missoula
Mineral
Powell
2,880
388
34, 162
Ravalli
Total
143, 756
159,066
302, 822
State total
9, 229, 154
7, 420, 571
16,649,725
NEBRASKA.
Alliance:
1,080
2,400
1,480
5,400
3,515
1,660
6,970
5,295
1,080
2,400
1,480
5,640
11,595
1,660
6,970
5,295
High tableland, hilly.
Broken, grazing, sandy.
Very rough, grazing.
Sand hills, grazing.
Do.
Box Butte
240
8,080
Morrill
Scotts Bluff
Prairie, sandy, grazing.
Prairie, sand hills, grazing.
Very broken, rough, sandy.
Total
27, 800
8,320
36, 120
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
267
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 Con
NEBRASKA— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Broken Bow:
2,399
3,129
2,281
8,887
160
6,165
10,978
1,421
2,940
5,798
2,399
3,129
2,281
8,887
160
6,165
10,978
1,421
2,940
5,798
Sandy, rolling, small valleys.
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Total
44,158
44, 158
Lincoln:
Chase
1,000
1,180
200
1,100
656
600
1,000
1,180
200
1,100
656
600
Broken, sandy, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Rough, sandy, grazing.
Broken, grazing.
Hitchcock
Red willow
Total
4,736
4,736
North Platte:
Arthur
1,686
320
70
1,467
358
265
1,127
160
1,244
442
80
1,686
320
70
1,467
358
265
1,127
160
1,244
442
80
Grazing.
Do.
Banner.
Deuel
Do.
Garden
Do.
Keith
Do.
Kimball
Do.
Lincoln
Do.
Logan
Do.
McPherson
Do.
Morrill....
Do.
Perkins
Very sandy.
Total
7,219
7,219
O'Neill:
Antelope
40
134
160
1,440
920
1,400
160
160
40
134
160
1,440
920
1,400
160
160
Sandy grazing.
Do.
Boyd
Brown
Do.
Garfield
Do.
Holt
Do.
Loup
Do.
Rock
Do.
Wheeler
Do.
Total
4,414
4,414
Valentine:
Brown
2,748
44,621
600
1,640
2,748
44,621
600
1,640
Rough, sandy, grazing.
Do.
Cherry
Keyapaha
Do.
Rock
Do.
Total
49,609
49,609
1
State total
137,936
8,320
146,256
NEVADA.
Carson City:
Churchill
1,303,506
3,169,077
178, 364
1,083,647
18,201
2,535,722
86, 208
2,098,214
345, 383
1,208,920
1, 344, 627
1,171,388
14, 340
906, 568
40, 070
3, 788, 250
44,160
3,962,047
229,188
671,906
2,648,133
4, 340, 465
192, 704
1,990,215
58,271
6,323,972
130, 368
6,060,261
574,571
1,880,826
Mountainous, arid, grazing, little timber.
Clark
Do.
Douglas
Do.
Do.
Mountainous, arid, grazing.
Humboldt
Do.
Do.
Lincoln
Do.
Lyon
Do.
Mineral
Mountainous, arid, little timber.
268
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con,
NEVADA— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Carson City— Continued.
3,333,871
25,685
97, 970
5,547,656
19,980
1.272
8,881,527
45, 665
99, 242
2,925,407
19, 300
Mountainous, arid, grazing, little timber.
Mountainous, arid, grazing, second
growth.
Mountainous, arid, grazing.
Mountainous, arid, grazing, second
growth.
Mountainous, arid, grazing, little timber.
Orms by
Storey
2,033,574 |
White Pine
19,300
Total
17,518,342 18,652,585
36,170,927
Elko:
Churchill
128, 510
6,145,148
861,178
1,138,173
932,921
571, 481
405, 698
2, 827, 867
7,000
994, 139
1,286,628
305, 684
1,477,242
188, 740
170, 187
1,763,554
135, 510
7, 139, 287
2, 147, 806
1,443,857
2, 410, 163
760, 221
575, 885
4,591,421
Mountainous, arid, grazing, little timber.
Do.
Elko
Eureka
Mountainous, arid, grazing, no timber.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Nye
Mountainous, arid, grazing, little timber.
Do.
White Pine
Total
13,010,976 ! 6,193,174
19,204,150
State total
30,529,318 1 24.845.759
55, 375, 077
NEW MEXICO.
Clayton:
Colfax
25,860
14,540
6,520
20, 960
239, 360
25,860
14,546
6, 520
20, '.Mil)
239, 360
Arid, broken, grazing.
Mostly grazing, some broken.
Grazing.
Do.
Grazing, broken.
Total
307, 240
307,240
Fort Sumner:
485,760
14,100
388, 240
422, 400
108,000
485,760
14,400
388, 240
422, 400
108.000
Broken, grazing.
Grazing.
Currv
Do
Lincoln
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Total
1,418,800
1,418,800
Las Cruces:
1,484,841
769,668
S22,:.M)
1, 150, 051
1,353,488
2,329,189
246, 543
848, 655
324, 800
470,597
216,300
1,176,373
1,731,384
1,618,323
1,147,380
1,620,648
1,569,788
3,505,562
Grazing, mountainous.
Grant
Do.
Do.
Otero
Do.
Sierra
Do.
Socorro
Do.
Total
7,909,817
3, 283, 268
11,193,085
Roswell:
Chaves
886,502
1,754,797
649,642
194, 043
485,916
951,893
349, 319
696,076
102, 400
1,372,418
2,706,690
998,961
890,119
102, 400
125,383
Grazing, rolling prairie.
Mostly prairie, timber in mountains.
Eddy
Lincoln
Grazing, timber in mountains.
Otero
Grazing.
Socorro
Undulating prairie.
Prairie, grazing.
125,383
Total
3, 610, 367
2,585,604
6,195,971
Santa Fe:
40,182
11,841
378, 640
479, 770
74, 282
421,682
301, 292
765, 679
243, 126
21,700
61,882
11,841
395, 190
634,661
91,746
622, 693
640, 967
1,261,593
345,561
Timber, grazing, agricultural.
Mountainous, grazing, coal.
Grazing, agricultural.
Colfax
Guadalupe
16,550
154, 891
17,464
201,011
339, 675
495, 914
102, 435
McKinley
Mountainous, timber, grazing, coal.
Mountainous, grazing, agricultural.
Mountainous, grazing, agricultural, coal.
Do.
Mora
Rio Arriba
Grazing, agricultural, coal.
Timber, grazing, agricultural.
San Miguel
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
269
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
NEW MEXICO-Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Santa Fe— Continued.
172,549
728,901
238, 118
421,903
702,897
113, 160
58,834
224, 834
147, 840
102, 491
285,709
787, 735
462, 952
569, 743
805,388
Mountainous, grazing, coal.
Taos
Mountainous, timber, grazing, agricul-
tural.
Timber, grazing, agricultural, saline.
Do.
Total
4, 980, 862
1,996,799
6, 977, 661
Tucumcari:
1,140
21,098
135, 484
4,144
48, 436
1,140
21,098
147,051
9,897
66, 436
Very rough, broken.
Broken, grazing, some agricultural.
Grazing, agricultural, mostly broken.
Broken, grazing; some agricultural.
Rolling, sandy, grazing.
11,567
5,753
18,000
Total
210,302
35,320
245, 622
18,437,388
7, 900, 991
26,338,379
NORTH DAKOTA.
Bismarck:
Burleigh
2,080
1,079
1,533
1,741
1,019
5,176
1,140
910
626
522
24, 866
80
81
2,080
1,079
1,533
1,741
1,019
5,176
1,140
910
626
522
24, 866
80
81
Agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Agricultural, rough, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Prairie, farming.
Grazing, farming.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Do.
Do.
Broken, grazing, farming.
Broken, grazing.
Kidder
Mcintosh
Wells
Total
40,853
40, 853
Dickinson:
Billings
59,633
35, 807
33,560
18,520
85,900
23,711
59,633
35, 807
33,560
18,520
85,900
23,711
Dunn
Golden Valley
McKenzie
Slope
Total
257, 131
257, 131
Minot:
Benson
202
57
733
440
1,184
590
7,050
1,044
278
2,196
202
57
733
440
1,184
590
7,050
1,044
278
2,196
Bottineau
Burke •.
Cavalier
McHenry
McLean
Mountrail
Pierce
Renville
Ward
Total
13, 774
13, 774
Williston:
Burke
161
4,053
3,128
49,582
12,517
161
4,053
3, 128
49,582
12,517
Divide
Mountrail
McKenzie
Williams
Total
69,441
69,441
State total
381, 199
381, 199
270
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
OKLAHOMA.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Guthrie:
Alfalfa
1,252
467
4,243
542
579
12,400
452
519
4,461
3,865
33
2,376
1,526
235
2,254
349
4,652
57
5,529
3,561
4,533
1,385
1,252
467
4,243
542
579
12,400
452
519
4,461
3,865
33
2,376
1,526
235
2,234
349
4,652
57
5,529
3,561
4, 533
1,385
Grazing.
Do.
Rough, grazing.
Grazing.
Sandy, grazing.
Grazing.
Sandy, grazing.
Grazing.
Do.
Ellis
Sandy, grazing.
Do.
Grant
Rough, grazing.
Grazing.
Sandy, grazing.
Do.
Rough, grazing.
Sandy, grazing.
Pottawatomie
Roger Mills
Rough, grazing.
Grazing.
Rough, grazing.
Texas
Woods
Grazing.
State total
55,250
55,250
OREGON.
Burns:
74,779
142,633
3,646,845
12,296
74, 779
143, 113
3,684,441
12,296
Grazing, timber, farming.
Do.
480
37,596
Do.
Do.
Total
3,876,553
38,076
3,914,629
La Grande:
302,560
114,480
20,160
65, 400
16, 240
65, 040
4,899
307,459
114,480
20, 160
65, 691
16,240
75,838
Timbered, mountainous, grazing, farm-
ing, fruit, mineral.
Timbered, farming, grazing, mineral.
Timbered, farming, grazing.
Arid, farming, timbered, grazing.
Umatilla
291
Timbered, farming, grazing.
Generally rolling, farming, grazing, fruit,
timbered.
10,798
Total
583,880
15,988
599,868
Lakeview:
Crook
401, 215
877,416
2,272,707
401,215
984,358
2,526,051
Agricultural, grazing, mountainous.
Agricultural, grazing, timber.
Agricultural, grazing, timber, moun-
tainous.
Klamath
106,942
253,344
Total
3,551,338
360,286
3,911,624
Portland:
2,710
9,252
1,118
1,272
12,459
880
526
600
19, 698
320
410
2,710
9,252
1,118
1,272
12,459
880
526
600
19,698
320
410
Hilly, grazing, farming.
Mountainous, timber, grazing, farming.
Clackamas
Broken, grazing, agricultural.
Do.
Do.
Multnomah
Marion
Broken, agricultural, grazing.
Do.
Polk
Tillamook
Hilly, timbered, grazing, farming.
Do.
Washington
Yamhill
Do.
Total
49,245
49,245
Roseburg:
Benton
3,367
15,979
35,993
33,843
3,367
17,239
38, 694
38, 803
Timber, grazing.
Timber, agricultural.
Coos
1,260
2,701
4,960
Curry
Douglas
Mineral, grazing, timber.
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
271
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con.
OREGON— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Roseburg— Continued.
55,885
33,488
638
28, 516
1,038
319
2,240
8,976
58, 125
42,464
638
28,516
1,038
319
Timber, grazing, fruit.
Timber, farming, mineral.
Klamath
Timber, farming, mineral.
Brol.en, grazing.
Hilly, grazing.
Total
209,066
20, 137
229, 203
The Dalles:
Croo\
493,278
45,390
43, 100
40
130,910
4,985
39, 403
117,855
147.651
1,260
1,760
494,538
47,150
43. 100
40
138, 590
4,985
40,043
117,855
147,651
Grazing, broken, hilly, mountainous.
Do.
Gilliam
Do.
Hood River
Do.
Jefferson
7,680
Do.
Morrow
Do.
Sherman
640
Do.
Do.
Wheeler
Do.
Total
1,022,612
11,340
1,033,952
Vale:
Baler
228, 715
15,410
451,480
3,954,049
228, 715
15,410
451,480
4,903,683
Grazing, dry farming, timber.
Grazing, dry farming.
Grazing, dry farming, some timber.
Malheur
949, 634
4,649,654
949, 634
5,599,288
State total
13,.942,348
1,395,461
15,337,809
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Bellefourche:
Butte
355,908
136, 866
960
19, 170
355,908
136, 866
960
19, 170
Prairie, grazing, farming.
Do.
Broken, grazing.
Total
512,904
512,904
Gregory:
82, 125
475
34, 484
82, 125
475
34, 484
Grazing, sand hills.
Very rough, grazing.
Rough, rolling, grazing.
Total
117,084
117,084
Lemmon:
139, 810
89, 280
53, 720
1,440
139, 810
89,280
53, 720
1,440
Prairie, rough, rolling, many buttes,
stony hills.
Do.
Do.
Sioux (N. Dak.)
Do.
Total
284, 250
284, 250
Pierre:
Brule
440
1. 006
157
200
158
33
240
110
49, 735
820
32, 780
51
725
520
440
1,006
157
200
158
33
240
110
49,735
820
32,780
51
725
520
Rough, hilly, grazing.
Do.
Charles Mix
Do.
Clark
Low, wet.
Clay
Low, wet, sand bar.
Day
Low, wet, small tracts.
Low, wet, lake bed.
Faulk
Do.
Rough, hilly, grazing.
Do.
Rough, hilly, bad lands (part).
Low, wet.
Rough, hilly, grazing.
Potter
272
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 17 1916 — Con.
SOUTH DAKOTA— Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Pierre— Continued.
600
137,310
6,860
266
600
137,310
6,860
266
Low, swampy, lake bed.
Rough, hilly, grazing.
Sully
Do.
Total
232,011
232,011
Rapid City:
Custer
91,960
212,140
200
157, 720
194, 850
35,163
127, 123
212,140
18,818
157, 720
194, 850
Partly mountainous, timbered, mineral,
grazing, agricultural.
Prairie, part broken, grazing, agricultural.
Fall River
18,618
grazmg.
Prairie, broken, grazing.
Part mountainous, part prairie, tim-
bered, mineral, grazing.
Pennington
Total
656, 870
53, 781
710,651
Timber Lake:
103, 245
106, 360
316, 083
103, 245
106,360
316, 083
Broken, gra ng, farming.
Do.
Ziebach
Do.
Total
525, 688
525, 688
2,328,807
53, 781
2,382,588
UTAH.
Salt Lake City:
551,381
1,409,218
33,414
637, 029
32, 202
126, 275
683, 036
547, 230
719, 792
1,073,890
628, 814
559,093
1,111,992
46, 267
111,069
267, 562
. . 769, 240
720, 108
549, 982
227,537
82, 126
10,964
63,550
885, 796
1,964,723
1, 180, 740
25,175
1, 086, 527
1, 724, 663
2, 297, 134
62, 246
78, 795
9,967
3,015,578
29,318
38, 691
185, 771
7,557
1,972,210
305, 285
2,500
65, 645
1,078,076
25,211
1,271,489
1,959,200
260,951
719, 155
43, 166
189, 825
1,568,832
2,511,953
1,900,532
1,099,065
1,715,341
2, 283, 756
3, 409, 126
108,513
189, 864
277,529
3, 784, 818
45, 101
318,582
716,242
109, 895
3,564,153
404,319
76, 790
841,096
1, 279, 185
106,600
Generally arid, agricultural, mineral,
grazing, mountainous.
Do.
Do.
Carbon
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Garfield
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Millard
Do.
Do.
Piute
Do.
Rich
Do.
Do.
15,783
279, 891
530, 471
102,338
1,591,943
99,034
74, 290
775,451
201, 103
81,389
Do.
Sanpete
Do.
Sevier
Do.
Summit
Do.
Tooele
Do.
Utah
Do.
Wasatch
Do.
Do.
Wayne
Do.
Weber
Do.
Total
13,059,203
17,695,875
30, 755, 078
Vernal:
Duchesne
287, 125
5,785
1,035,960
47, 786
287, 125
5,785
1,869,323
51,526
Agricultural, grazing.
Summit
Mountainous.
Uinta
833,363
3,740
Arid, mountainous, mineral, agricul-
tural, grazing.
Do.
Wasatch
Total
1,376,656
837, 103
2,213,759
State total
14,435,859
18, 532, 978
32, 968, 837
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
273
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July ly 1916 Con.
WASHINGTON.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
North Yakima:
72,240
34, 480
124,240
91,600
72, 240
34, 480
124,240
92, 560
Do.
Arid, mountainous, timbered.
Do.
Yakima
960
Total
322, 560
900
323,520
Seattle:
80
1,600
200
1,900
300
840
2,800
80
2,200
200
74, 640
300
840
4,600
44, 120
4,500
Mountainous, poor timber.
Clallam
600
Rough.
King
i 72, 740
Rough, timbered.
Timbered.
Skagit
1,800
2 44, 120
1,000
Do.
3,500
Rough.
Total
11, 220
120, 260
131,480
Spokane:
" 1,940
40
1,940
40
16, 426
29, 080
13,055
41,476
1.172
123', 690
938
Arid, scabland.
Ferry
14, 360
2,066
Timber, grazing, mineral.
Agricultural,. grazing, arid.
Farming, mineral, grazing.
Mountainous, grazing, timbered.
Arid, rough.
29, 080
13,055
41,476
1,172
Spokane
Stevens
Whitman
116, 813
938
6,877
Agricultural, grazing, timbered.
Grazing.
Total
218,874
8,943
227,817
Vancouver:
Clarke
4,506
2,432
' 20,656
2,615
54
4,506
5, 632
23, 466
5,870
54
9,281
78
Mountainous, rough, some timber.
Do.
Cowlitz
3,200
2,810
3,255
Klickitat
Rough, grazing, little timber.
Lewis
Rough, some timber, grazing.
Rough.
Pacific
Skamania
9,281
78
Mountainous, some timber.
Wahkiakum
Broken.
Total
39,622 9,265
48,887
Walla Walla:
7,985
30, 847
32,617
4,508
37, 551
609
11,818
4,269
3,177
7,985
30, 847
32,617
4,508
37, 551
609
11,818
4,269
3,177
Grazing, desert, poor farming.
Mountainous, grazing, some farming.
Grazing, desert.
Mountainous, grazing, some timber.
Asotin
Benton
Columbia
Franklin
Garfield
Klickitat
Walla Walla
Grazing, some timber.
Whitman
Grazing, some farming
Total
133, 381
133, 381
Waterville:
Chelan
24, 031
56, 382
78, 460
545
97, 708
8,280
1,920
32, 311
58,302
78, 460
545
97, 868
Mountainous, timber, grazing.
Rough, grazing.
Douglas
Grant
Kittitas
Rough, grazing.
Mountainous, farming, grazing.
Okanogan
160
Total
257,126 10,360
267,486
State total
982, 783
149, 788
1,132,571
1 Including 70,820 acres within odd-section grant to the Northern Pacific Ry. Co.
2 Including 43,880 acres within odd-section grant to the Northern Pacific Ry. Co.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 18
274
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July J. 1916 — Con.
WISCONSIN.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Charactt-
Wausau:
'90
306
1,210
160
394
40
120
97
342
28
40
160
83
47
120
80
40
40
415
28
110
622
124
411
96
117
270
40
41
201
90
306
1,210
160
394
40
120
97
342
28
40
160
83
47
120
80
40
40
415
28
110
622
124
411
96
117
270
40
41
201
Sandy soil.
Do.
Bayfield
Fanning, rolling, somewhai sandy
Agricultural.
Buffalo
Fair agricultural.
Broken.
Clark
Grazing, agricultural.
Agricultural, sandy.
Fair agricultural, some sandy.
Fair agricultural.
Rough hardwood.
Do.
Forest ...
Do.
Rolling, sandy loam.
Hardwood, little rough.
Fair agricultural.
Lincoln
Marinette
Agricultural, some sandy.
Fair agricultural.
Monroe
Oconto
Hardwood, with ledges of rock.
Oneida
Rocky, soil sandy loam.
Farming.
Polk
Price
Rusk
Do.
Sauk
Agricultural.
Rough, broken.
Sandy soil.
Some clay, agricultural lands.
Vilas
State total
5,872
5,872
WYOMING.
Buffalo:
Big Horn
1,008,029
527, 690
10. -Ill
170,999
1,570,242
51,857
356, 006
1,073,078
45, 120
1,053,149
527, 690
10,444
170,999
1,570,242
51,857
378, 846
1,073,078
Grazing, mountainous, agricultural.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Sheridan
22,840
Do.
Do.
Total
4,768,345
67,960
4,836,305
Cheyenne:
Albany
938, 906
2,002,424
151,078
294,859
57, 734
377, 551
537, 740
4,360,292
21,581
10, 701
32,979
960,487
2,013,125
184,057
294,859
57, 734
377,551
537, 740
Carbon
other hall prairie, grazing, farming;
farm land mostly along streams.
Greater portion broken, mountainous,
some timber, agricultural lands along
streams.
Fremont
Goshen
Broken, grazing, dry farming.
Prairie, broken, grazing, dry farming, irri-
gable land along streams.
Prairie, broken, grazing, dry farming.
Mountainous, broken, grazing, alkaline
plains.
Laramie
Platte
Sweetwater
Total
65, 261
4,425,553
Douglas:
Converse
1,652,221
967, 731
2, 755, 191
830,074
43,480
1,695,701
967, 731
2, 755, 191
830, 074
Grazing, mountainous, mineral.
Do.
Fremont
Natrona
Do.
Niobrara
Do.
Total
6, 205, 217
43, 480
6,248,697
COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
275
Statement showing the area of land unappropriated and unreserved on July 1, 1916 — Con,
WYOMING-^Continued.
Land district and
county.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsur-
veyed.
Total.
Character.
Evanston:
552, 807
3, 725, 831
1,514,937
583, 337
217,893
585,921
1,136,144
3,943,724
2, 100, 858
Mountainous, grazing, timber.
Dry farming, grazing, alkaline.
Dry farming, grazing, mountainous.
Uinta-Lincoln
Total
5, 793, 575
1,387,151
7, 180, 726
Lander:
Big Horn
154,278
1,906,149
697, 741
861, 957
31,555
154, 278
1,947,989
745, 187
903, 401
31,555
Mountainous, farming, grazing, timber.
Arid, mountainous, farming, grazing,
some timber.
Broken, farming, grazing.
Do.
41,840
47, 446
41,444
Park
Do.
Total
3,651,680
130, 730
3, 782, 410
Sundance:
1,604,248
35,060
284,658
19, 060
845, 605
1, 604, 248
35,060
550, 828
19,060
845, 605
Broken, grazing.
Prairie, grazing, farming.
Semimountainous, fertile valleys.
Broken, grazing.
Timber, grazing, farming.
266, 170
Total
1,788,631
266, 170
2,054,801
State total
26,567,740 1 1,960,752
1
28, 528, 492
RECAPITULATION BY STATES.
State.
Area in acres.
Surveyed.
Unsurveyed.
Total.
Alabama
42,680
6,566,288
402, 219
15,777,934
12,905,344
135, 237
8,831,490
56,018
44,804
90,540
798,804
30,374
952
9,229,154
137,936
30,529,318
18,437,388
381,199
55,250
13,942,348
2,328,807
14,435,859
982,783
5,872
26,567,740
42,680
Arizona
17,030,931
23, 597, 219
Arkansas
402,219
California
4,248,065
2,002,783
20,025,999
Colorado
14,908,127
135, 237
Florida
Idaho
6, 679, 071
15,510,561
Kansas
56,018
44,804
90,540
798,804
30 374
Louisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
952
Montana
7,420,571
8,320
24, 845, 759
7,900,991
16, 649, 725
Nebraska
146, 256
55,375,077
26,338,379
381, 199
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oklahoma
55, 250
Oregon
1,395,461
53,781
18,532,978
149, 788
15,337,809
2,382,588
32,968,837
1,132,571
5,872
28,528,492
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Wisconsin.
Wyoming
1,960,752
Grand total
162,716,338
92,229,251
254,945,589
The unappropriated lands in Alaska are not included herein. The total area of Alaska is 378,165,760
acres, of which about 15,500,000 acres are reserved. Approximately 740,000 acres have been surveyed
under the rectangular system.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
277
COMMISSIONERS OF PENSIONS SINCE 1833.
Name.
By whom appointed.
Whence appointed.
Date of com-
mission.
Edwards, James L
Heath. James E
Waldo, Loren P
Minot, Josiah
Whiting, George C
Barrett, Joseph H
Cox, Christopher C
Van Aernam, Henry...
Baker, James H
Atkinson, Henry M. . .
Gill, Charles R
Bentley , John A
Dudley, William W . . .
Clarke, Otis P. G
Black, JohnC
Tanner, James
Raum, Green B
Lochren, William
Murphy, Dominic I. . .
Evans, Henry Clay
Ware, Eugene F
Warner, Vespasian
Davenport, James L...
Saltzgaber, Gaylord M.
Jackson
Fillmore
Pierce
do
do
Lincoln
Johnson
Grant
do
do ; Nebraska .
do Wisconsin
do do
Virginia
....do
Connecticut
New Hampshire .
Virginia
Ohio
Maryland
New York
Minnesota
Garfield Indiana
Arthur Rhode Island .
Cleveland ., Illinois
i Harrison New York . . .
do j Illinois
Cleveland ! Minnesota
do
McKinley
Roosevelt
....do
Taft
Wilson
Pennsylvania...
Tennessee
Kansas
Illinois
New Hampshire.
Ohio
Mar.
Nov.
Mar.
Aug.
Jan.
Apr.
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Mar.
June
Nov.
Mar.
Mar.
Oct.
Apr.
May
Apr.
May
Mar.
Nov.
May
3, 1833
27, 1850
17, 1853
1, 1855
19, 1857
15, 1861
28, 1868
1, 1869
20, 1871
26. 1875
10. 1876
28, 1876
27, 1881
15. 1884
19. 1885
27, 1889
19, 1889
13, 1893
28, 1896
1, 1897
10, 1902
4, 1905
26, 1909
20, 1913
278
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS,
Washington, D. C, August 1, 1916.
The operations of the Bureau of Pensions for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916, are fully shown in the detailed statements and tabu-
lations herewith.
FISCAL OPERATIONS.
Amounts paid out in fiscal years 1915 and 1916.
For pensions:
1915 $165, 518, 266
1916 159, 155, 090
Total cost of administration:
1915 1, 779, 860
1916. . ._ 1, 656, 722
To pensioners in foreign countries:
1915 945, 220
1916 910, 848
For field and special examinations:
1915 90, 332
1916 84, 721
For fees and expenses of examining surgeons:
1915 45, 704
1916 47, 866
Appropriation — Salaries, Pension Office, 1916 1, 518, 650
Expenditures— Salaries, Pension Office, 1916 1, 492, 606
INTERESTING FACTS,
The following information regarding matters connected with the
payment of pensions is of general interest :
Total pensioners on the roll June 30 —
1915 748, 147
1916 709, 572
Invalids 403, 120
Widows 296, 089
Dependents 5, 226
Minors 3, 793
Helpless children 1, 092
Nurses 252
Civil War soldiers on the roll June 30 —
1915 396, 370
1916 362, 277
Civil War widows on the roll June 30 —
1915 289, 218
1916 286, 080
279
280 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Number of deaths:
Civil War soldiers —
1915 33, 255
1916 34, 252
Widows, minor children, and dependents—
1915 . 17, 915
1916 19, 957
The largest number of Civil War soldiers on the roll was in 1893 745, 822
The largest number of Civil War widows on the roll was in 1912 304, 373
War of 1812, widows surviving, June 30, 1916 115
War with Mexico— June 30, 1916:
Survivors 513
Widows 3, 785
War with Spain :
Total number of claims allowed by the Pension Bureau 39, 091
Number of pensions granted by special acts 1, 508
Number on rolls June 30, 1916 28, 472
Number on rolls under special acts 1, 164
Changes of post-office addresses of pensioners:
1915 120, 974
1916 120, 796
Employees at the beginning of the fiscal year:
1915 1, 275
1916 1, 182
Volumes in military library:
1915 1,300
1916 1,455
Total pieces of mail handled in 1916:
Incoming 891, 659
Outgoing 3, 527, 032
Inclosures 1, 001, 131
Cases under act Mar. 3, 1899 (division of pension between husband and
wife), 1916 2, 497
Cases under act Aug. 8, 1882 (to wife where husband is insane or im-
prisoned), 1916 101
Cases under guardianship, 1916 8, 058
Amount of fees paid to attorneys, 1916 $89, 169
Total number of certificates issued, 1916 68, 549
Total number of applications received during 1916 65, 559
GENERAL STATEMENT.
Apart from the special acts of Congress granting pensions, the
pension roll was not materially affected by any legislation during the
year.
An act was approved April 27, 1916, to establish a medal of honor
roll and to give to each person on such roll an additional pension of $10
per month for life. There have been received in the Pension Office
121 such certificates, and it is estimated that the total number will
not exceed 200; if so, the added cost for pensions will not be more
than $24,000 annually.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 281
No pensions have been paid on this account because Congress
in later legislation authorized a committee to make inquiry into
certificates issued and to be issued, and the Pension Bureau was
requested by the War Department not to pay such pensions until
that committee shall have made its report.
Extra effort has been made to dispose of claims long pending.
The total of such claims on hand last year was 31,112, while this
year there were 24,156, showing 6,956 less. Likewise there were
of accrued and reimbursement cases, 12,607, and this year there were
on hand at the end of the year 10,881.
REDUCTION OF THE FORCE.
The legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation act for the
fiscal year 1917 made provision for 67 fewer clerks than were on our
rolls June 30, 1916. In order to meet the changed condition, the
services of nine clerks were necessarily terminated by dropping.
Seven clerks resigned, and five effected transfers to other departments
and bureaus.
The appropriation act for 1916 included a provision which limited
appointments in the Pension Bureau to 25 per cent of the vacancies
occurring during that fiscal year. During the fiscal year 1916,
vacancies occurred in the Pension Bureau to the number of 70.
Fifteen appointments were made as follows:
Transfers of clerks who had been temporarily transferred to other offices in the
department with the understanding that they would be taken back, and who
were nearly all stenographers and typewriters whose services were greatly
needed in the Pension Bureau 7
Reinstatement of a clerk at $1,200 who resigned with the same understanding 1
Transfer of an assistant messenger 1
Appointments made in the secretary's office.
Sergeant of the watch '. 1
Watchmen 3
Superintendent of the building at $1 ,400 1
Messenger boy at $400 1
Total 15
No appointments were made in the classified service after February, 1916.
EMPLOYEES IN EACH DIVISION.
The number of employees of each division in the Pension Office
on July 1, 1916, was as follows:
Commissioner 1
Deputy commissioner 1
Army and Navy Division 97
Board of Review 84
Certificate Division 62
282 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Chief clerk's branch 71
Civil War Division 179
Disbursing office 123
Finance Division 105
Law Division 46
Mail and Supplies Division 36
Medical Division 37
Record Division Ill
Special Examination Division 77
Superintendent's branch 61
Watch force 23
Total 1, 114
Vacancy occurring July 1, 1916 1
Total number allowed by law 1, 115
INCOME.
This includes payment for copies furnished as prescribed by law,
refundments to pension appropriations, and a number of other
sources, the whole amount received being reported by the Finance
Division as follows :
For addresses, certified copies, etc. (act Aug. 24, 1912) $10, 720. 47
Refundments to pension appropriations 5, 543. 64
Miscellaneous 242. 42
Total 16, 506. 53
BOUNTY-LAND WARRANTS.
During the fiscal year no original land warrants were issued, but
2 duplicate land warrants were issued, each for 160 acres; 16 appli-
cations were rejected for want of sufficient evidence to show that the
parties were entitled thereto, and 5 applications are now pending
awaiting necessary proof.
REIMBURSEMENT AND ACCRUED.
There were 1,368 claims for reimbursement for expenses of last
sickness and burial of deceased pensioners pending at the beginning
of the fiscal year; 7,319 claims were received and 360 cases were
reopened during the fiscal year; 7,798 claims were disposed of, leaving
1,249 pending at the close of the fiscal year.
Of claims for accrued there were on hand at the beginning of the
fiscal year 11,239; there were received 19,422; and there were dis-
posed of 21,029, leaving on hand at the beginning of the fiscal year
9 632.
METAL BOXES.
A previous report showed the great value of metal boxes which
we had substituted for leather straps for holding the files. Our
experience has proven that in many ways they are more excellent
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PENSIONS. 283
than at first anticipated, There have been installed a total of 9,200
of them. Not only are they superior to the leather straps for this
purpose, but they are cheaper.
DIVISION OF PENSION.
Since the passage of the act of March 3, 1899, providing for the
division of pension of resident pensioners of the United States who
have deserted their wives and children, or who are inmates of sol-
diers' and sailors' homes, 16,189 claims have been filed thereunder,
of which 9,090 have been allowed and 6,921 rejected. One hundred
and seventy-eight cases were pending June 30, 1916.
Of the claims filed under the act of August 8, 1882, of wives and
children of pensioners undergoing imprisonment, or insane without a
guardian, 17 were admitted and 38 rejected.
Of the claims under the act of February 2, 1909, by the dependents
of pensioners confined in St. Elizabeths Hospital, 11 were admitted
and 6 rejected.
FLAT FILING WAR OF 1812 CASES.
The work of "flat filing" the papers in pension and bounty-land
cases based upon service in the War of 1812 has been carried forward
as rapidly as was consistent with the requirements of current work of
the bureau. All pension cases of the 1812 series have been drawn
from the files, leaving a few thousand cases of the "Old War" and
Navy series (claims for disability in service prior to March 4, 1861)
arising out of service in the War of 1812 yet to be identified in the
bundles of cases in the files. The papers in 10,128 cases have been
arranged in logical order, briefed, inclosed in envelopes having on
the face a full index to the contents, and placed in alphabetical order
in the file cases. In addition, some 2,000 cases have been prepared
for filing in the envelopes and 4,000 more are in various stages of
preparation.
Where the records show that a claim for bounty land was filed by
a soldier or his widow who filed also a pension claim, the papers in
the two cases are placed together. Some 32,000 such consolidations
have been made, probably about one- third of the whole number.
CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES.
At the commencement of the fiscal year there were pending 73 cases
in which it was believed there was cause for prosecution for offenses
against the pension laws. During the year 57 cases were presented
to the Department of Justice for prosecution. Indictments were
found in 40 of such cases, and 28 cases were brought to trial, in all of
which convictions were obtained.
284 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Three civil actions for the recovery of pension money fraudu-
lently obtained are pending. One such action was compromised for
$985 by direction of the Solicitor of the Treasury.
FAMILY DATA CIRCULARS.
There were in round numbers 360,000 new family data circulars
received and 178,000 of such circulars formerly received in the bureau,
all of which had not been filed with their cases. A very large number
of clerks were detailed for a few days for that purpose, and all of
these circulars were placed with the files of the particular case to
which they belonged. Now every document or paper of any kind
pertaining to the merits of a particular case is found within the
envelope containing the files of that case. This work necessarily
took much time, but it achieved a result of great value for the
present and for the future.
INDORSEMENTS ON PENSION CHECKS.
Under orders heretofore issued each one of the more than 700,000
pensioners was required to exhibit his or her certificate each time when
the pension check was indorsed. This to most of them meant some
trouble and to many, because of feebleness caused by age and sick-
ness, was a very great hardship.
It was finally decided by those in charge of the Pension Bureau
that this precaution was not necessary to protect the Government.
This requirement was therefore waived, and printed notice was sent
during the current year to each pensioner, reading as follows:
IMPORTANT — READ CAREFULLY.
Desiring to please the pensioners, the Secretary of the Interior, at the request
of the Commissioner of Pensions, has directed that from and after July 1, 1916, there
shall be omitted from the statement signed by witnesses on the back of the check
the following words: "and entitled to payment thereon, and who exhibits to us at
this time the pension certificate of the number given."
This will save much trouble and annoyance both to the pensioners and the bankers
and others who handle pension checks. Hereafter it will not be necessary for you to
exhibit your pension certificate to the witnesses when you sign your check. Notify your
bank.
Guy O. Taylor, Disbursing Clerk.
LOST CHECKS.
Heretofore when the disbursing officer's check for more than
$50 was lost, stolen, or destroyed the owner could not secure a dupli-
cate until after the expiration of six months and within three years
from the date of such check; where the amount was less than $50,
the Secretary of the Treasury might authorize the issuance of a
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 285
duplicate at any time after the expiration of 30 clays and within
three years from the date of such check.
By the act approved March 21, 1916, amending section 3646 of
the Revised Statutes, and the regulations prescribed by the Sec-
retary of the Treasury thereunder, provision is now made for the
issuance of a duplicate after the expiration of 30 days from the date
of issue of the original, without reference to the amount, an indemni-
fying bond being required in each case.
This legislation relieves the necessities of pensioners who suffer
the loss of their checks, and whose pecuniary condition in so many
instances makes timely relief proper, without compelling them to
wait six months.
PHOTOSTAT.
A photostat machine, purchased for the bureau at a cost of $610,
was installed December 4, 1915, and thereafter during the remainder
of the fiscal year copies of documents, aggregating 9,795 photo-
graphic sheets, were made.
This machine is a most valuable aid, assuring an absolutely cor-
rect copy of any document desired, and has demonstrated the
wisdom of its purchase in the saving of time and labor and elimi-
nating errors, all of which were involved prior to its installation
where copying by typewriter was necessary.
A charge of 15 cents is made for each sheet of photographic copies
of documents furnished to others under the act of August 24, 1912,
and from that source $262.90 was received, which represents but
a small portion of the cash value of the work performed by the
photostat.
CONDITION OF BUSINESS.
The business of the bureau is current. There are a large number
of claims pending, but that is because of the delay by the claimants
who filed them in making the necessary proofs. It is not by reason
of any fault of the bureau. Innumerable are the messages of grati-
tude that come to us for the promptness with which the bureau
disposes of the business committed to its care.
Very respectfully,
G. M. Saltzgaber,
Commissioner.
The Secretary of the Interior.
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Exhibit 1. — Pensioners on the roll June 30, 1916, and June 30, 1915.
1916
1915
Gain.
Loss.
Regular Establishment:
Invalids
15,553
2,937
221
1,208
169
6
8
1,727
320, 276
39, 593
252
50, 544
162
452
34
432
593
681
3,240
485
232, 740
2,796
24, 101
1,270
170
2,548
374
3
6
115
513
3,785
676
1,902
15,242
2,923
207
1,176
169
5
8
2,872
347,081
45, 336
275
54, 131
167
627
65
420
610
1,081
3,390
464
231,852
3,235
24,370
1,284
191
2,668
392
3
4
134
680
4,253
786
2,046
311
14
14
32
Minor children
Mothers
Fathers
Brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters
1
Helpless children
Civil War:
Act Feb. 6, 1907—
Survivors
1,145
Act May 11, 1912—
Survivors
26, 805
General law-
5,743
23
Nurses
Widows
3,587
5
Minor children
Mothers
175
Fathers
31
Brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters
12
Helpless children
17
Act June 27, 1890—
Invalids
400
Minor children
150
Helpless children
21
888
Act Apr. 19, 1908—
Widows without children
Widows with children
439
War with Spain:
Invalids
269
Widows
14
Minor children
21
Mothers
120
Fathers
18
Helpless children
2
War of 1812:
Widows
19
War with Mexico:
167
468
Indian wars:
110
144
Total
709,572
748, 147
1,295
39,870
286
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
287
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
289
Exhibit 2 A.— Number of pensioners on the roll, by classes, and disbursements made
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Classes.
Regular Establishment:
Army—
Invalids
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives
Helpless children ,
Navy-
Invalids
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives
Helpless children
Civil War:
Act Feb. 6, 1907—
Army
Navy
Act May 11, 1912—
Army
Navy
General law-
Army—
Invalids ,
Nurses
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives
Helpless children....
Navy— •
Invalids
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives
Helpless children...
Act June 27, 1890—
Army-
Invalids
Minor children
Helpless children...
Navy-
Invalids
Minor children
Helpless children...
Act Apr. 19, 1908—
Army widows
Navy widows
War with Spain:
Army —
Invalids
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives —
Helpless children
Navy —
Invalids
Widows
Minor children
Dependent relatives
War of 1812:
Widows
War with Mexico:
Survivors
Widows
Indian wars:
Survivors
Widows
Total
Number.
709,572
Disbursements.
11,410
1,922
150
839
7
$1,953,070.69
416,816.77
28,203.02
128, 194. 60
852.00
4,143
1,015
71
544
1
758, 875. 40
245, 050. 34
14,796.22
79,883.20
168.00
1,649
78
381,322.79
20,265.87
310,136
10, 140
88,494,479.61
2,787,776.11
39,070
252
49, 796
159
904
590
14,650,571.30
39,937.20
8, 020, 239. 50
40,804.88
168,842.40
76,033.33
523
748
3
14
3
188,695.79
133, 708. 33
528. 00
2,704.00
372.00
638
3,127
477
116,034.52
646,639.14
83,983.62
43
113
8
7,539.33
21,367.93
3,523.80
226, 770
8,766
33,254,914.59
1,291,469.45
23,372
1,165
163
2,795
6
2,972,228.37
223,954.75
36,069.02
417,104.00
889. 93
729
105
7
130
104,505.51
24,544.73
1,327.80
19,601.60
115
18,848.00
513
3,785
213,118.76
590,161.78
676
1,902
173,415.46
301,656.48
159,155,089.92
62G56°— int 1916— vol 1-
-19
290
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 3. — Statement showing the number of pensioners in each class under the general
pension laws and special acts of Congress, together with the annual value of each on
the rolls at the close of the fiscal year ended June ,30, 1916.
General laws.
Special acts.
Number.
Annual value.
Number.
Annual value.
Invalids, Regular Establishment
15. 231
4,109
1,727
320, 276
26,462
208
47,003
681
3,725
235, 536
23. 232
4,076
110
497
3,589
610
1,841
$2,566,884.72
716,976.00
309, 895. 74
88, 089, 968. 16
9,295.964.00
29,952.00
7,112,136.00
89,085.00
664,968.00
33,991,632.00
2,857,681.64
630, 828. 00
15,840.00
176,604.00
516,816.00
143,376.00
265,104.00
322
440
$77,448.00
155,452.00
Survivors, act Feb. 6, 1907
Survivors, act Mav 11, 1912
Invalids, general law, Civil War
13,131
44
5,214
4,608,420.00
8, 220. 00
Widows, etc., general law, Civil War
1,081,840.00
Invalids, act June 27, 1890
Minors, etc., act June 27, 1890
Widows, act Apr. 19, 1908
Invalids, War with Spain
869
295
5
16
196
66
61
173,874.00
Widows, etc., War with Spain
67,128.00
Widows. War of 1812
1,248.00
Survivors, War with Mexico
5.784.00
Widows, War with Mexico
34,228.00
Survivors, Indian wars
11.688.00
Widows, Indian wars
9,888.00
Total
688, 913
147,473,711.26
20, 659
6,235,218.00
Total number of pensioners
Total annual value
Average annual value of each pension:
All classes
Regular Establishment
Act February 6, 1907
Act Mav 11,1912
General law, Civil War
Act June 27, 1890
Act April 19, 1908
War with Spam
Survivors, Civil War
709,572
$153, 708, 929. 26
216.62
174.94
179.44
275. 04
240.45
171.14
144.31
130.99
221.91
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
291
Exhibit 4.— Pensioners and amojints paid, arranged by States, Territories, insular
possessions, Canal Zone, and foreign countries, daring the fiscal year ended Jane SO,
1916.
Number.
Amount.
Number.
Amount.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
2,797
69
775
7,626
25,051
6, 980
8,662
2,252
7,781
' 4,403
2,593
1,947
48, 888
43, 264
24, 089
28, 010
18,487
4,650
12,348
10, 770
29,539
29, 690
10,999
3,472
34,175
2,050
12.438
345
5,680
17,844
1,642
59,094
3,144
2,537
67, 123
9, 868
6, 752
65, 469
3,881
1,467
4,669
14,680
7,275
889
5, 663
7,541
8,621
9,194
17, 123
728
$627,646.32
15,483.28
173,910.00
1,711,274.23
5,621,444.73
1,565,544.20
1,943,752.08
505, 348. 31
1, 746, 056. 40
988, 033. 07
581,539.13
436, 692. 63
10, 970, 467. 02
9,708,441.29
5,405,571.60
6, 292, 176. 00
4, 148, 482. 81
1,043,460.00
2,770,891.26
2,416,788.75
6,628,551.38
6,662,436.12
2,468,175.67
779,116.24
7,668,870.10
459,794.50
2,791,087.22
77,418.00
1,274,592.91
4,002,193.74
368, 464. 68
13,260,693.17
705,013.86
569, 302. 00
15,062,401.38
2,214,379.20
1,515,148.81
14,f91,243.64
870, 896. 53
329, 194. 81
1,047,723.64
3,294,192.21
1,632,510.00
199,491.68
1,270,777.27
1,692,200.43
1,933,604.09
2,063,133.67
3,842,401.22
163, 2S3. 12
foreign countries— con-
tinued.
Azores
5
2
15
1
4
25
1
2,202
1
12
11
2
1
3
46
1
43
2
4
1
1
412
7
59
410
9
2
5
3
10
364
11
52
37
5
2
1
1
46
7
5
18
2
67
4
10
1
3
1
10
1
70
1
6
7
82
59
2
1
11
2
2
25
Alaska
$1,374.00
372.00
3,855.32
Arizona
Barbados
Arkansas
Belgium
California
Bolivia
Colorado
Brazil
896 16
British West Indies
Bulgaria
5,604.28
144 00
Delaware
District of Columbia
Canada
445,916.64
247 90
Florida
Cape de Verde Islands
Chile
Georgia
3,48). 11
1 932 26
Idaho
China
Illinois
Colombia
312 00
Indiana
Comoro Islands
120 00
Iowa
Costa Rica. .
828 00
Kansas
Tuba
9, 900. 84
144 00
Danish West Indies
Denmark
8 717 71
Maine
Dominican Republic
Dutch West Indies
East Africa
348. 00
Maryland
9^4 00
Massachusetts
144 00
Egypt
144. 00
Minnesota
England
89, 397. 07
1 476 23
Finland
Missouri
France
13, 886. 94
82,515.47
1,440.08
Germany
Nebraska
Greece
Nevada
Guatemala
564.00
Honduras . . .
1,320.00
461.88
New Jersey
Hongkong
New Mexico
India
1,788.22
New York
Ireland
77,014.94
2,046.13
15,607 64
North Carolina
Isle of Pines
North Dakota
Italy
Ohio
Japan
7,394.87
1,290.00
Oklahoma
Liberia
Oregon
Luxemburg
300. 00
Malta
144. 00
Rhode Island
Mauretius
144.00
South Carolina
Mexico
8, 724. 43
South Dakota
Morocco
144.00
Tennessee
Netherlands
1,344.17
Texas
Newfoundland
1,008.19
Utah
New Zealand
7, 731. 60
Vermont
Nicaragua
432. 00
Virginia
14,977.88
Washington
Panama
804. 00
West Virginia
Peru
1,860.53
168. 00
Wisconsin
Poland
Wyoming
Portugal
708. 00
144 00
Total
705,064
158,211,294.40
Russia
1,897.74
Canal Zone, total
1
144. 00
Scotland
15,3*6.16
201 00
INSULAR POSSESSIONS.
2
65
51
30
528. 00
14, 308. 45
11,345.67
6,621.00
Seychelles Islands
South Africa
114.00
1,692.43
Guam
1,698.01
Hawaii
144. 00
17, 275. 88
Porto Rico
13,321.92
636 00
Total
148
32, 80?. 12
216. 00
1,753.63
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
1
13
90
35
144.00
2, 706. 39
20, 766. 42
6, 174. 18
Turkey in Europe
Uruguay
264.00
504. 00
Algeria
288.00
Argentina
Wales
4, 872. 15
Total
4,359
910, 848. 40
292
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 4 — Pensioners and amounts paid, arranged by States, Territories, insular
possessions, Canal Zone, and foreign countries, during the fiscal year ended June 30,
1916— Continued.
SUMMARY.
Pensioners.
Payments.
Pensioners residing in States and Territories, and payments to them
Pensioners residing in Canal Zone and insular possessions, and payments to
them
705,064
149
4,359
$158,211,294.40
32,947.12
910,848.40
Pensioners residing in foreign countries, and payments to them
Total
709, 572
159,155,089.92
Exhibit 5.— Pensioners of the different wars on the roll at the dose of each of the last
5 fiscal years.
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
Civil War
654, 007
28, 472
115
4, 298
2,578
20, 102
691,606
28,912
134
4,933
2,832
19,730
728, 129
28,910
170
5,592
3,097
19,341
762,439
29,015
199
6,265
3,396
18,958
801, 998
28,850
238
War of 1812
6,846
3,649
18,713
Total
709,572
748, 147
785, 239
820,272
860,294
Exhibit 6. — Comparative table of disbursements of pensions on account of the different
wars for the last 5 years (cents omitted).
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
Civil War
$150,431,753
3, 800, 226
18, 848
803, 281
475,072
3, 625, 910
$156,668,771
3,851,701
22, 349
925, 847
513, 706
3, 535, 892
$163, 377, 552
3, 907, 510
27, 532
1,060,530
560, 247
3, 475, 147
$164,897,872
4,071,168
32,171
1, 184, 700
527, 664
3,447,142
$143,979,235
3,971,086
37,819
War of 1812
1, 168, 186
521,404
3,3(8,375
Total
159,155,090
165, 518, 266
172,408,518
174, 160, 717
152,986,105
Exhibit 7. — Comparative table of the value of an average pension of the different wars
for the last 5 fiscal years.
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
Civil War
$230. 01
133. 47
163. 89
186. 89
184.27
180. 37
$226. 53
133. 22
166.71
187. 68
181.39
179. 21
$224. 38
135. 16
161.95
189. 65
180. 89
179. 67
$216. 29
140. 31
161.66
189. 09
155. 37
181. 83
$179. 52
137.64
War of 1812
158. 90
170. 63
142. 88
176. 79
224.29
179. 12
178. 62
174. 09
161. 06
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
293
Exhibit 8. — Comparative number of -pensioners on the roll at the close of each of the last
5 fiscal years, classified as to the character of pension received.
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
DISABILITY PENSIONS.
Civil War
39,845
24, 101
15, 553
45,611
24,370
15,242
50,347
24,250
14,919
62, 125
24,160
14, 561
103,599
23,841
14,373
Total
79,499
85,223
89,516
100,846
141,813
AGE AND SERVICE PENSIONS.
Act May 11 1912
320,276
1,727
681
513
676
347,081
2,872
1,081
680
786
369,624
7,158
2,225
893
915
379,064
16,241
5,274
1,142
1,066
13,246
333, 579
47,201
1,313
1,210
Act Feb 6 1907
Act June 2< 1890
Total
323,873
352,500
380,815
402,787
396, 549
DEPENDENTS.
52,217
3,725
235, 536
56,020
3,854
235,087
59,160
4,091
235,524
62,519
4,280
232, 864
66,947
4,479
Act Juno 27, 1890
Act Apr 19, 1908
232,947
Total
291,478
4,371
115
3,785
1,902
4,549
294,961
4,542
134
4,253
2,046
4,488
298, 775
4,660
170
4,699
2,182
4,422
299,663
4,855
199
5, 123
2,330
4,397
304, 373
5,009
238
War of 1812
5,533
2,439
4,340
Total
306,200
310, 424
314,908
316,567
321,932
709,572
748,147
785,239
820, 200
860,294
Exhibit 9. — Comparative disbursements during each of the last five years, classified as to the
character of pension received.
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
DISABILITY PENSIONS.
Civil War
$14,879,204.29
3,076,733.88
2,711,946.09
$16,562,903.96
3,105,807.74
2,631,955.22
$18,714,955.82
3,132,372.53
2,581,190.51
$25, 825, 094. 29
3, 240, 844. 86
2,560,379.27
$29,991,791.62
3,130,991.22
2,433,074.20
Regular Establishment
Total
20,667,884.26
22,300,666.92
24,428,518.86
31,626,318.42
35,555,857.04
AGE AND SERVICE PENSIONS.
Act of May 11, 1912
91,282,255.72
401,588.66
123,573.85
213, 118. 76
173,415.46
94,780,059.68
979, 813. 51
248, 228. 23
277,029.20
199, 772. 96
97, 506, 549. 73
2,000,203.23
512,901.47
354, 799. 79
225, 664. 88
53,306,021.92
36,376,470.53
4,415,947.96
411,416.35
176,292.72
23, 929. 94
Act of Feb. 6, 1907...
61,346,240.53
7, 714, 858. 16
341,756.88
Act of June 27, 1890
148, 853. 04
Total
92,193,952.45
96,484,903.58
100,600,119.10
94, 686, 149. 48
69,575,638.55
DEPENDENTS.
Civil War:
General law
8,443,232.44
755, 514. 49
34, 546, 384. 04
8,965,970.28
776,115.84
34, 355, 679. 93
9,463,517.57
838, 425. 86
34, 340, 997. 85
10,017,900.81
876, 140. 21
34, 080, 296. 76
10,507,286.10
Act of June 27, 1890
Act of Apr. 19,1908
961,807.61
33,433,321.10
Total
43, 745, 130. 97
723,491.83
18, 848. 00
590,161.78
301,656.48
913,964.15
44,097,766.05
745,893.73
22,348.90
648,817.40
313,933.22
903,936.34
44,642,941.28
775,137.00
27, 532. 40
705,729.95
• 334,582.52
893,957.18
44,974,337.78
830, 323. 56
32, 171. 07
773,283.55
351,371.38
886, 762. 61
44,902,414.81
840, 094. 83
37,819.20
War of 1812
War with Mexico
826, 428. 73
372,550.95
875,301.11
Regular Establishment
Total
46,293,253.21
46, 732, 695. 64
47,379.880.33
47,848,249.95
47,854,619.63
fifi**lf1 tnt.al .....,.,
159,155,089.92
165,518,266.14
172,408,518.29
174,160,717.85
152,986,105.22
294
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 10. — Amount paid to pensioners, 1790 to 1916, inclusive.
War of the Revolution (estimated) $70, 000, 000. 00
War of 1812 (service pension) 45, 991, 743. 76
Indian Wars (service pension) 13, 790, 299. 13
War with Mexico (service pension) 50, 422, 229. 22
Civil War 4,765,075,020.92
War with Spain and Philippine insurrection 53, 744, 667. 55
Regular Establishment 39,098,319.01
Unclassified 16,508,447.41
Total 5,054,630,727.00
Exhibit 11.
-Disbursements for pensions and for maintenance of pension system, 1866
to 1916.
Fiscal year.
Paid as pensions.
Cost, mainte-
nance, and ex-
penses.
Total.
Number of
pensioners.
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Total
$15,
20,
23
2s:
29,
28
29,
26
30,
29,
27.
28
26
33,
56
50
54
6o;
57
65
64
73,
78,
88
106,
117
139!
156;
139,
139,
138,
139
144,
138,
138
138,
137,
137
I4i;
141
139
138',
153,
161,
159,
157,
152,
174,
172,
165,
159,
450, 549. 88
784, 789. 69
101,509.36
513, 247. 27
351,488.78
518,792.62
752. 746. 81
982, 063. 89
206, 778. 99
270, 404. 76
936, 209. 53
182,821.72
786,009.44
664, 428. 92
689,229.08
583,405.35
313, 172. 05
427,573.81
912,387.47
171,937.12
091, 142. 90
752, 997. 08
950,501.67
842, 720. 58
093, 850. 39
312, 690. 50
394,147.11
906, 637. 94
986,726.17
812,294.30
220, 704. 46
949,717.35
651,879.80
355,052.95
462, 130. 65
531,483.84
504, 267. 99
759, 653. 71
093,571.49
142,861.33
000, 288. 25
155,412.46
093,086.27
973,703.77
974,056.08
325, 160. 35
986,433.72
171,660.80
417, 546. 26
518,266.14
155,089.92
$407
490
553
564
600
863
951,
1,003
966
982
1,015
1,034
1,032
837
935
1,072
1,466
2,591
2, 835
3,392
3,245
3, 753
3,515
3,466
3,526
4,700
4, 898
4,867
3, 963
4,338
3,991
3,987
4,114
4,147
3,841
3, 868
3,831
3,993
3,849
3,721
3,523
3,309
2,800
2,852
2,657
2,517
2,448
2,543
2,066
1,779
1,656
165.00
977. 35
020. 34
526. 81
997. 86
079. 00
253.00
200.64
794. 13
695. 35
078. 81
459. 33
500. 09
734. 14
027. 28
059.64
236. 01
648.29
181.00
576. 34
016. 61
400. 91
057. 27
968. 40
382. 13
636. 44
665.80
734. 42
976. 31
020. 21
375. 61
783.07
091.46
517. 73
706. 74
795. 44
378. 96
216. 79
366. 25
832. 82
269. 51
110. 44
963. 36
583. 73
673. 86
127. 06
857.31
246. 59
507. 15
860. 30
722. 33
4,958,185,282.77
131,375,055.42
$15, 857,
21,275,
23,654,
29,077,
29,952,
29,381,
30,703,
27,985,
31,173,
30,253,
28,951,
29,217,
27,818,
34,502,
57, 624,
51,655,
55,779,
63,019,
60, 747,
68, 564,
67,336,
77, 506,
82,465,
92, 309,
109, 620,
122,013,
144,292,
161,774,
143,950,
144,150,
142,212,
143,937,
148,765,
142, 502,
142, 303,
142,400,
141,335,
141,752,
144,942,
144, 864,
142,523,
141,464,
155, 894,
164, 826,
162,631,
159,842,
155,435,
176,714,
174,484,
167,298,
160,811,
714. 88
767. 04
529. 70
774. 08
486.64
871. 62
999. 81
264. 53
573. 12
100.11
288. 34
281.05
509. 53
163.06
256. 36
464.99
408. 06
222.10
568. 47
513. 46
159.51
397. 99
558. 94
688. 98
232. 52
326. 94
812.91
372. 36
702. 48
314.51
080.07
500. 42
971.26
570. 68
887. 39
279. 28
646. 95
870. 50
937. 74
694. 15
557. 76
522. 90
049. 63
287. 50
729. 94
287. 41
291.03
907. 39
053. 41
126. 44
812. 25
126, 722
155, 474
169. 643
187,963
198, 686
207, 495
232,229
238,411
236, 241
234, 821
232, 137
232, 104
223,998
242. 755
250, 802
268, 830
285,697
303, 658
322. 756
345, 125
365,783
406,007
452,557
489, 725
537, 944
676, 160
876,068
966,012
969. 544
970,524
970,678
976,014
993,714
991,519
993,592
997, 735
999, 446
996. 545
994,762
998,441
985,971
967, 371
951,687
946, 194
921,083
892,098
860, 294
820, 200
785, 239
748, 147
709, 572
5,089,560,338.19
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PENSIONS. 295
Exhibit 12. — Loss and percentage of loss by death of Civil War soldiers, 1910 to 1916.
Year.
On roll at
beginning
of year.
Loss by
death
during year.
Perce ir-
age of
loss.
1910
593, 961
562, 615
529, 884
497, 263
462, 379
429, 354
396,370
35,312
35,243
33,981
36, 064
33,639
33, 255
34, 252
5.9
1911
6.2
1912
6.3
1913
7.2
1914
7.3
1915 .
7.7
1916
8.6
Exhibit 13. — Comparative table of losses and gains to the roll for the last 5 years classified
by causes.
Losses:
By death
By remarriage
Minors attaining age of 16 years
Failure to claim for 3 years
Other causes
Total
Gains:
By original allowance
Restoration and renewal
Total
Net loss
1916
55,463
740
623
702
266
57, 794
18,929
290
19,219
1915
52, 329
608
715
627
201
54, 480
17,064
324
17,388
38,575 37,092
1914
52,583
751
773
248
226
54,581
19, 198
350
19,548
35,033
1913
57, 459
888
983
202
320
59,852
19,276
482
19. 75S
40, 094
1912
799
929
295
229
55, 115
22, 712
599
23,311
31,804
296
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
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300 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 18. — Report of certificates issued during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Classes.
Origi-
nal.
In-
crease.
Re-
issue.
Resto-
ration.
Re-
newal.
Supple-
mental.
Total.
General law:
Army-
Invalids
7
474
1
79
8
1
518
2
58
4
1,063
1
418
284
13
9
1
31
1
1
4
200
5
990
Navy-
Invalids
21
Widows, etc
8
1
19
1
War with Spain —
Army-
Invalids
108
96
6
7
518
190
486
132
6
467
321
11
5
1
9
472
106
Navy —
19
7
Regular Establishment-
Army —
Invalids
265
123
30
2
34
2
4
i'
819
193
Navy i—
Invalids
19
32
694
132
Act of June 27, 1890:
Army-
2
1
ii"
5
6
......
9
5
22
Widows, etc
498
Navy-
1
18
19
4
15,487
518
322
45
1
18
Act of Feb. 6, 1907:
Army, Civil War
3
41,234
1,393
5
42
2
4,011
140
2
1
2
5
7
1
1
4
34
Navy, Civil War
6
Act of Apr. 19, 1908:
1
2
44
1
23
1
15,536
522
Act of May 11, 1912:
Army, Civil War
45,641
Navy, Civil War
1,581
Survivors, Mexican War
3
War with Mexico, act 1887, etc.:
Survivors
1
75
2
64
1
76
Indian wars:
Survivors
7
9
Widows
64
Total
19, 004
43,924
5,139
60
370
52
68, 549
2,449
Accrued orders
17,92*
Grand total
88,920
J53 concurrent originals.
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
301
Exhibit 19.Stalement showing, hy classes, the different monthly rates vaid to pen-
sioners under the general pension laws and the number at each rale on the rolls June 30
1916.
Regular Estab-
lishment.
Civil War.
War with
Spain.
Rate.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Act
May 11,
1912.
Act
Feb. 6,
1907.
General law.
Act Tune 27,
1890.
Act
Apr. 19,
1908.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Inva-
lids.
Min-
ors,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
ows,
etc.
$2.00
2
7
3
9
4,270
1 1
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
256
40
9, 589
5
33
4.189
33
1
6. 25
7.50.
17
2,202
1
2
2
1,536
1
3
::::::::......
4
140
3
8.00.
93
5
8.50. .
9.00
1
9.50
" 1
10.00
129
72
2,780
10.50
11.00
11.25
2
27
11.50. ...
1
1, 73S
12
1
2
12.00
12. 50 .
3, 380
944
264
1
- 3
6
43, 103
475
3,720
235, 536
2,316
9
42
3,S69
12. 75 . .
13.00
537
1,154
694
489
8,369
14, 196
13.50. .
14.00
661
284
914
1
79
14.50. ..
15.00. .
37
54
237
17
888
24
15.50. ..
15.54. ..
1
1
93
15.68
16.00
8,705
6,755
181
39
1
16.50
16.68
1
1,766
5
1
14
1
2
17.00
117
2,903
2,772
1,347
1,613
56
17.50. .
17.86. .
18.00
17,016
18.18
18.50. ..
1
1
29,998
18.75
1
3
19.00
2
2
1
19.18
19.50
19.68
19.75. .
1
19. 84 J
1
68
1
3
3
20. 00
183
18,916
545
320
1,179
120
73
20. 36 . .
20.50. .
:;::::;:::
20.68. ..
1
21.00
9,928
21.25. ..
16
1
2
21.294
21.50
17, 708
21.68. .
1
62
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
22.00
340
55
22.50
19,995
22.59*
22.68
22.941
23. 00".
11,027
23.14J
23.491
23.68. .
::::::::
23.86
1
979
1
24.00
37, 855
7,997
611
24.18..
24.50. .
1
37, 472
25.00
71
i33
540
28i
23
33
Additional pension to child by former marriage.
302
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 19. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to pen-
sioners under the general pension laws and the number at each rate on the rolls June 30,
191 6— Continued.
Regular Estab-
lishment.
Civil War.
War with
Spain.
Rate.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Act
May 11,
1912.
Act
Feb. 6,
1907.
General law.
Act June 27,
1890.
Act
Apr. 19,
1908.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Inva-
lids.
Min-
ors,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
ows,
etc.
$25.50
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
24
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
25.54
25.69J
25. 75
26.00
1
1
26.24'.
26.36
26. 64
26.994
27.00
9,670
381
19
27. 19
27.36
27.50
1
27.894.
28.00
1
28.18
28.25
28. 29
28.50
28.64.',
28. 68
28. 69^
29.00
1
1
1
29.18
2
1
1
29.36
29.44
29.75
1
29. 84 .J
1
857
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
30.00
242
66, 851
8,222
205
421
20
30. 49
30.50
30.68
31.00
31.04
31.18
31.2.5
1
3
31.50
31.68
1
31.79 ..
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
32.00
32.14
1
32.36
32.50
32. 68
32.944
33.00
1
33. 50 . ..
33.75
34.00
1
34.18
34.25
34.50
1
34.641
34.86
35.00.
4
35.50
2
2
10
2
1
1
1
35.68
36.00
19
36.18.
36.50
1
36.59J
36. 64 J...
37.18
1
37.194
37.36
1
1
9
2
1
37.50
1
37.68
37.86. "...
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
303
Exhibit 19. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to pen-
sioners under the general pension laws and the number at each rate on the rolls June 30,
1916— Continued.
Regular Estab-
lishment.
Civil War.
War with
Spain.
Rate.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Act
May 11,
1912.
Act
Feb. 6,
1907.
General law.
Act June 27,
1890.
Act
Apr. 19,
1908.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Inva-
lids.
Min-
ors,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
ows,
etc.
$37 94
38 00
38.19
38. 36
38. 50
1
2
39.00
39. 25
187
2
39.75
39. 99*
40 00
1,576
92
40.44*
40.50
1
40. 54 J
40.68
40.741
41.00
2
2
41.50...
41. 64^
1
41.68
2
1
1
42.00
42.09|
42.50
1
42.68
1
1
42.89*
43.00
1
1
43.50. .
1
1
3
1
1
1
43.69...
44.00
44.36 ..
44.59
44 86
45.00
1
45. 09i
45. 14 *
1
2
2
97
2
2
1
5
2
45.50
45.59
45.89
46.00
1
823
57
46.18
46.44
46.50
46.79|
46.99
47.00
47. 25
47.50 .
1
47. 54 .
2
3
48.00
48.50
1
48. 78
1
48.86
60
50.00
99
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
629
50.25
50. 35
50.394
51.50
52.00
52. 09i
52. 44 .
52.50
1
52.59*
53.50
2
1
53.54
1
1
1
1
1
34
53.64*
53.89
54.00
54.44
55.00
937
27
304
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 19. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to pen-
sioners under the general pension laws and the number at each rate on the rolls June 30,
1916— Continued.
Regular Estab-
lishment.
Civil War.
War with
Spain.
Rate.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Act
May 11,
1912.
Act
Feb. 6.
1907.
General law.
Act June 30,
1890.
Act
Apr. 19,
1908.
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Inva-
lids.
Min-
ors,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
ows,
etc.
$55.19
4
55.50
1
1
55. 75
55.89
2
2
57.50
57.89
58. 44
58.99
59.00
1
60. 00
60. 44
60. 49$
61. 04 J...
62. 36
62. 69$
62. 86
63.00..
63.44...
63.50..
1
71.14$
71.89$
72.00
77
2
43
309
48
74.01$...
74.09$
80.00
82.50...
100.00...
297
12
108.00 ..
117.14$
Total.
15,231
4, 109
320, 276
1,727
1 '
In addition to the above, there were at the close of the year:
Army nurses, 208 at $12.
War of 1812 widows, 110 at $12.
War with Mexico: Survivors— 1 at $12, 1 at $15, 16 at $20, 479 at $30. Widows
3,589 at $12.
Indian wars: Survivors— 29 at $12, 5 at $16, 576 at $20. Widows— 1,841 at $12.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
305
Exhibit 20. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to pen-
sioners under special acts of Congress and the number at each rate on the rolls June 30
1916.
Regular Es-
tablishment.
Civil War.
War with
Spain.
War
1812.
War with
Mexico.
Indian wars.
Rate.
In-
valids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
In-
valids.
Nurses.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
In-
valids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
Sur-
viv-
ors.
Wid-
ows.
Sur-
viv-
ors.
Wid-
ows.
$6.00
5
9
8
114
iie"
5
15
11
248
18
36
39
410
1
9
27
1
1
8.00
""36"
8
2
2,439
1
12
10.00
12.00
187
1
1
121
1
50
12.50
14.00
5
5
i
3
7
12
1
4
22
1
5
273
13
1
1
5
4,299
11
64
6
60
15.00
3
1
15.50
16.00
9
20
1
5
124
89
12
74
7
51
17.00
5
17.50
18.00
4
29
3
27
6"
36
1,780
5
56
1
19
10
47
20.00
1
2
1
10
21.00
21.50
22.00
1
2
22.50
24.00
46
5
44
6
1
265
128
1
72
3
1
25
3
1
2
1
25.00
27.00
28.00
1
38
30.00
76
5,968
185
1
12
7
20
1
74
18
10
3
1
32.00
35.00
27
'"59*
1
"'"63"
2*
7
6
36.00
2
9
1
2
13
848
757
18
14
474
15
5
2
19
1
40.00
13
2
2
45.00
46.00
4
15
50.00
38
14
1
1
55.00
60.00
1
65.00
67.00
72.00
1
.....
5
1
1
3
6
" "i"
75.00
1
100.00
12
125.00
166. 66§
1
208. 33$
1
416. 66§
1
Total...
322
440
13,131
44
5,214
869
295
5
16
196
66
61
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
20
306 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 21. — Total number of certificates issued on account of all claims allowed since
the establishment of the pension system (to include June SO, 1916).
Original soldiers' and sailors' claims allowed:
Revolutionary War 52, 504
War of 1812 25, 723
Mexican War 20, 666
Indian wars 6, 449
Old war, prior to Mar. 4, 1861 9,486
Army, since Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive of War with Spain) 1, 134, 908
Navy, since Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive of War with Spain) 44, 217
War with Spain —
Army 30, 112
Navy 1,079
31,191
Total 1,325,144
Reissues and increases:
Revolutionary War 2, 992
Mexican War (approximated) 20, 679
Indian wars (approximated) 636
Army (approximated and exclusive of War with Spain).. 3,603,320
Navy (approximated and exclusive of War with Spain) 130, 120
War with Spain —
Army 14, 891
Navy 424
. 15, 315
3,773,062
Total 5, 098, 206
Original widow claims allowed :
Revolutionary War —
Widows 22, 644
Daughters (special acts) 18
War of 1812 35, 520
Mexican War 16, 170
Indian wars 8, 304
Old war, prior to Mar. 4, 1861 ' 8, 038
Army, since Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive of War with Spain) 798,699
Navy, since Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive of War with Spain) 25, 125
War with Spain —
Armv 7,477
Navy 423
7, 900
Total 922, 418
Reissue and increase claims allowed :
Widows —
War with Spain (Navy, 27; Armv, 207) 234
Act Mar. 3, 1901 (approximated) 12, 104
All other acts (approximated) 51, 621
63, 959
Total 986, 377
Approximated number of issues on account of all claims allowed:
Soldiers and sailors 5, 098, 206
Widows 986,377
Total 6,084,583
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
307
Exhibit 22. — Special acts.
Since 1861 there have been allowed by special acts of Congress 49,105 pensions and
increases of pensions, of which 20,659 are now on the roll, with an annual face value
of $6,235,218. Only a part of this is properly chargeable to special acts, as most of the
beneficiaries had been previously pensioned under general laws at lower rates.
From June 30, 1915, and thereafter during the Sixty-fourth Congress, 1,707 persons
were included in the special acts passed at the rates specified in the summary following:
Pensions granted by special act during the Sixty-fourth Congress, subsequent to June 30,
1915.
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
$50. 00
135
202
169
1
372
41
20
126
1
1
5
364
1
1
$15. 00
1
40. 00
14.00
1
36. 00
12.00
226
35.00
30. 00
Inoperative:
$50.00
13
27. 00
40. 00
7
25.00 ..
36.00
4
24.00 .
30. 00
g
22.50 ..
24. 00
3
21. 50
20.00
4
21.00
12.00
1
20.00
Total
18.00
1,707
16.00
Of the above, 236 were granted to persons not in receipt of a pension and 1,471 to
persons then receiving smaller pensions.
The annual value of said special-act pensions is $563,328, and the annual increase
due to the same is $230,310.
The following statement shows the number of pensions and increases of pensions
granted by special acts during each Congress since March 4, 1861:
Number of pensions granted by special acts each Congress since March 4, 1861 .
Thirty-seventh (1861-1863).
Thirty-eighth (1863-1865)..
Thirty-ninth (1865-1867)...
Fortieth (1867-1869)
Forty-first (1869-1871)
Forty-second (1871-1873).. .
Forty-third (1873-1875).. ..
Forty-fourth (1875-1877).. .
Forty-fifth (1877-1879)
Forty-sixth (1879-1881). . ..
Forty-seventh (1881-1883)..
Forty-eighth (1883-1885). . .
Forty-ninth (1885-1887).
12
27
138
275
85
167
182
98
230
96
216
598
856
Fiftieth (1887-1889) 1,015
Fifty-first (1889-1891).
l,:
Fifty-second (1891-1893) 217
Fifty-third (1893-1895) 119
Fifty-fourth (1895-1897) 378
Fifty-fifth (1897-1899) 694
Fifty-sixth (1899-1901) 1,391
Fifty-seventh (1901-1903) 2, 171
Fifty-eighth (1903-1905) 3, 355
Fifty-ninth (1905-1907) » 6,030
Sixtieth (1907-1909) 6,600
Sixty-first (1909-1911) 9,649
Sixty-second (1911-1913) 6, 350
Sixty-third (1913-1915) 5, 061
Sixty-fourth (1915 to June 30, 1916) 1, 707
Total 49,105
308 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 23. — Classification of claims pending June 30, 1916.
Total.
Invalid.
Widows and depend-
ents.
Service pensions.
Origi-
nal.
Re-
issue.
In-
crease.
Origi-
nal.
Re-
issue.
In-
crease.
Origi-
nal.
Re-
issue.
In-
crease.
Civil War:
General law
1912
957
155
50
5,767
6,844
30
25
1,036
801
890
155
10
7
3
3
48
Act June 27, 1890
Act Mar. 3, 1901 .
Act Feb. 6, 1907 .
8
8
40
563
9
579
j
Act May 11, 1912.
Act Apr. 19, 1908
4,625
6,844
Total, Civil
War
15,685
3,647
4,719
51
47
2
5
30
2,494
3,633
25
1,036
706
817
8,690
441
269
50
42
1
10
10
654
6
596
4,634
Regular Establish-
ment
War with Spain
Mexican War
1
5
Indian wars
Old wars
1
Bounty land
5
Grand total...
24, 156
6, 158
25
2,559
9,493
10
10
671
596
4,634
Special acts:
Invalid 11
Widows 13
Minors 4
Act Mar. 3, 1899, deserted wives 223
Act Mar. 2, 1895:
Accrued 9, 632
Reimbursement 1, 249
Cases before Board of Pension Appeals 201
Cases before Pension Committees of Congress 1, 418
Exhibit 24. — Applications received during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Original.
Increase.
Restora-
tion.
Total.
General law:
Civil War-
58
1,956
1,804
349
3,405
740
8
76
25
65
8
10
0
19, 682
16,614
1
562
709
373
16
63
5,222
51
7,598
2,690
239
19
30
2,987
1,975
2,544
War with Spain-
710
349
Regular Establishment-
2,080
30
5,515
740
War with Mexico:
8
76
Indian wars:
25
65
Bounty land:
8
10
Act Feb 6 1907 .
1
1
Act May 11 1912, Civil War
360
20, 042
16, 614
4
Act Apr 19 1908
Act June 27, 1890:
3
2
564
Act Mar 3 1899
709
Acts Mar. 3, 19oi, and Feb. 28, 1903
373
Act Aug. 2, 1892, nurses
16
Act Aug. 8, 1882
63
5,222
51
7,598
Total
59,395
5,840
324
65, 559
EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
309
Exhibit 25. — Revolutionary archives.
Total pension claims on file :
Admitted 72. 284
Rejected. 10,' 319
Bounty land claims 8, 843
Calls at bureau for examination of records, 191 6 688
Certificates of service furnished, 1918 2, 424
Negative replies given, 1916 3, 920
Answers, miscellaneous matters, 1916 1, 147
Claims drawn from riles and considered, 1916 9, 901
Words in copies given, 1916 ' 2,060
Exhibit 26. — Record cards completed to June 30, 1916, in Certificate Division.
[This table shows all the different series of certificate numbers and the highest number given therein.]
Series.
Number of
cards com-
pleted.
Highest cer-
tificate
number
given in
series.
Remarks.
9,486
9,486
8,038
25,723
35,520
6,448
8,304
20,666
16,170
42,035
21,618
1,177,745
810,106
Includes allowances for disabilities incurred
in service prior to Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive
of Revolutionary War).
25,723
35,520
6,448
8,304
20,666
16, 170
19,300
21,618
7,745
48,181
from disabilities incurred in service prior
to Mar. 4, 1861 (exclusive of Revolution-
ary War).
Service pensions.
Do.
1812 widows
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Merged with Army series Aug. 12, 1910.
Merged with Army series Aug. 13, 1910.
Invalids (Army and Navy) '
Widows (Army and Navy) l
Total
219,161
1 There is no separate series of certificate numbers on account of War with Spain and Regular Establish-
ment allowances, which are included in the invalid and widow Army and Navy series.
Revolutionary War soldiers pensioned 52, 504
Revolutionary War widows pensioned 22, 644
Revolutionary War daughters pensioned (Spec. Acts) 18
Old war invalid series of certificate numbers runs from No. 1 to No. 9486.
Civil War invalid series of certificate numbers begins with No. 9487.
Exhibit 27. — Carding of records in Record Division.
Service record cards written 13, 510
Numerical record cards written (completed) 34, 073
Alphabetical record cards written 25, 014
Total 72, 597
Cards canceled through consolidation and correction 33, 463
Net total 39,134
Numerical record cards written (incomplete) 39, 306
Record books carded 11
Grand total cards written to June 30, 1916:
Service record cards 2, 487, 778
Numerical record cards (completed) 452, 222
Alphabetical record cards 2, 712, 051
5, 652, 051
Total cards canceled through consolidation and correction 346, 888
1 The large decrease in this figure from that of last year is due to the fact that typewritten copies of papers
have been superseded by photostat copies.
310
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP PENSIONS.
Grand total completed cards on file 5, 305, 163
Numerical record cards (incomplete) 360, 647
Total number of record books carded 640
Act May 11, 1912:
Cards filed —
Original 3, 501
Increase 41, 026
Cards stamped "Dead " 28, 438
Cards canceled 42, 161
Total on file 424, 637
Exhibit 28. — Examining surgeons for the Bureau of Pensions, showing States in which
they are located, June 30, 1916.
States.
Boards.
Single
surgeons.
Experts.
States.
Boards.
Single
surgeons.
Experts.
9
18
19
18
9
3
3
9
7
5
90
85
79
67
68
3
25
9
22
7
2
8
20
11
7
46
3
12
10
4
60
13
4
89
35
14
73
2
3
19
40
12
2
14
7
14
34
47
2
5
7
2
7
4
6
1
1
New Hampshire. . .
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
2
California
2
7
3
29
8
2
1
4
2
8
District of Columbia
9
7
12
3
31
25
18
19
13
5
12
5
14
5
35
4
4
2
2
2
3
1
3
Oklahoma
14
10
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
24
2
2
7
2
7
4
9
15
Texas
18
Utah
2
1
1
7
9
1
3
16
1
3
4
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
3
1
5
6
7
53
30
7
81
5
20
11
6
29
6
8
13
Wyoming
Total
1,284
134
535
SUMMARY.
1,284 boards (3 members each) 3, 852
134 single surgeons 134
535 expert examining surgeons 535
Total 4,521
Exhibit 29. — Special examinations, number made, cost thereof, etc., during the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1916.
Appropriated by Congress to investigation of pension cases $85, 000. 00
Expenses of special examiners:
Per diem, in lieu of subsistence $52, 404. 00
Transportation and incidentals 29, 835. 77
Miscellaneous 2, 481. 73
Total 84, 721. 50
Unexpended balance
278. 50
Average number of special examiners employed : 49
Number of depositions taken 26, 457
Number of reports submitted 5, 417
Average cost per report $15. 64
Recoveries made by special examiners $1, 477. 73
Review :
Reports reviewed and referred for further examination
Submitted to board of review for final action
Submitted to other divisions
3,288
1,613
873
Total number of reports reviewed in division.
5,774
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. 311
Cases:
In division July 1, 1915 1,110
Received during the year 2, 748
3, 858
Disposed of during the year 2, 608
Number on hand June 30, 1916 1, 250
Exhibit 30. — Table showing the per cent of the claims of widows and dependents in
proportion to the number of soldiers' deaths occurring during the year 1916.
[The first column shows the number of deaths in each class, and the second column shows the number of
applications from widows and dependents in the same class during the year.]
Losses by
death.
Widows'
and de-
pendents'
claims.
Per cent.
Civil War
34,252
343
160
110
583
18,452
497
53
144
60
699
54
119
Exhibit 31. — Appealed cases, year ending June 30, 1916.
Awaiting
action of
board of
review.
Awaiting
action of
Secretary.
Total.
On hand July 1, 1915
9
1,583
919
928
1,583
Referred to Secretary, 1,390; receded, 60; returned, 128
1,592
1,578
919
1,390
2,511
188
Affirmed, 2,044; dismissed, 14; reversed, 64
14
2,309
2,122
2,323
2,122
On hand June 30, 1916
14
187
201
Exhibit 32. — Occupational report.
Character of duties.
Number of
employees.
Range of
salaries.
Male.
Female.
Administrative
2
23
25
$3,600-$5,000
1,400- 4,000
1,200- 2,000
Supervisory
Medical
Legal
15
29
59
228
289
34
28
23
5
21
18
1,400- 2,250
An^mmt.aTit
7
1,200- 2,000
Field examiners
1,200- 1,400
Adjudicating
55
237
1
900- 2,000
400-2,000
720- 1,600
Mechanical .
Messenger force
400- 840
720- 840
Skilled labor
400- 840
Unskilled labor
25
3
240- 660
Detailed to other offices
400- 1,800
Total
, 799 328
1,127
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
313
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Department of the Interior,
United States Patent Office,
Washington, D. C, September 15, 1916.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following report of
the business of the United States Patent Office for the fiscal year
endedJune 30, 1916:
Applications received during fiscal year ended June SO, 1916.
Applications for patents for inventions 67, 348
Applications for patents for designs 2, 710
Applications for reissues of patents 245
Applications for registration of trade-marks. 8, 817
Applications for registration of labels 989
Applications for registration of prints 512
Total applications 80,621
Disclaimers 25
Appeals on the merits 1, 911
Notices of opposition 321
Total applications, disclaimers, appeals, and notices of opposition... 82,878
Applications for patents for inventions.
Year ended June 30 —
1907.... 56,514
1908 58,527
1909 62,800
1910 63,365
1911 65,365
Year ended June 30 —
1912 69,236
1913 67,986
1914 69,311
1915 66,497
1916 67,348
Applications for patents, including reissues, designs, trade-marks, labels, and prints.
Year ended June 30 — Year ended June 30 —
1907 66,795 1912 79,747
1908 68,441 1913 78,411
1909. 73,026 1914 81,539
1910 72,533 1915 79,116
1911 74,677 1916 80,621
Applications awaiting action.
June 30—
1912 21,059
1913 27,328
1914 22,283
June 30—
1915..
1916..
18, 270
16, 559
Patents withheld and patents expired.
1915
1916
Letters patent withheld for nonpayment of final fees
Applications allowed awaiting payment of final fees
Patents expired
Applications in which issue of patent is deferred under Sec. 4885, Revised Statutes.
Applications in process of issue
11,882
17, 798
20,992
11,148
18, 216
21,324
97
3,604
315
316 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF ^PATENTS.
Patents granted and trade-marks, labels, and -prints registered.
Class.
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
34,220
1,148
171
4,635
625
268
35,025
1,579
150
5,166
36,276
1,773
176
S. 795
42, 734
1,489
179
6,919
762
321
44, 155
1,761
217
Trade-marks
6,109
Labels
664 720
254 339
833
402
Total
41,967
42,838
45,080
52,404
53, 477
Receipts from all sources, fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Applications, first fees $1, 004, 761. 65
Designs 40, 776. 00
Reissues 7, 320. 00
Trade-marks 87, 179. 00
Final fees 892, 298. 72
Appeals 25, 369. 85
Disclaimers : 260. 00
Coupons 62, 294. 97
Drawings : 5, 720. 81
Recording assignments 31, 728. 50
Labels 5,571.00
Prints 2, 813. 00
Court costs 65. 90
Copies of records 150, 226. 06
Unapplied 16. 77
Official Gazette and other publications 17, 628. 25
Total 2, 334, 030. 48
Expenditures fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Salaries $1,315,867.39
Scientific library 2, 478. 48
Transportation of patents to foreign countries 517. 20
Postage on foreign mail 1, 088. 00
Stationery 9, 901. 85
Furniture and sundries 14, 142. 18
Ice 303.15
Washing towels 122. 43
Winding clocks 193. 08
Telephones 834. 86
Telegraphing 58. 01
Investigating public use 500. 00
Photolithographing, paid contractor:
Current issue 48, 712. 03
Reproductions 50, 675. 94
Foreign patents 17, 154. 40
Photographic printing, paid contractor 3, 972. 26
Photostat supplies 4, 426. 58
Printing and binding:
Official Gazette 143,454.03
Indexes 5, 870. 02
Specifications 395,970.29
Miscellaneous 27, 057. 12
International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property 508. 86
Fixed charges 7,848.63
Total 2,051,656.79
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
317
Receipts and expenditures.
Receipts from all sources $2, 334, 030. 48
Expenditures 2, 051, 656. 79
Net surplus 282, 373. 69
Total net surplus to date 7, 996, 690. 31
Comparative statement.
June 30—
Receipts.
Expendi-
tures.
1907
$1,859,592.89
1,874,180.75
1, 975, 919. 97
2, 022, 043. 26
1, 987, 778. 58
2,094,059.50
2,082,490.23
2, 169, 988. 95
2, 270, 937. 68
2, 334, 030. 48
$1,584,489.70
1,608,292.01
1,887,443.35
1, 953, 549. 76
1,957,001.85
2,019,236.01
1,924,459.42
1, 929, 132. 52
2,087,581.26
2,051,656.79
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Appellate work.
Interferences declared 1, 677
Interferences disposed of before final hearing 1, 113
Interferences heard 258
Interferences disposed of 254
Interferences awaiting decision 62
Oldest case awaiting action, January 13, 1916.
Appeals to examiners in chief in interference cases 154
Ex parte appeals to examiners in chief 1, 254
Total 1,408
Appeals in interference cases disposed of 127
Ex parte appeals disposed of 1, 111
Total 1. 238
Interference cases awaiting action 62
Ex parte cases awaiting action 441
Total.
503
Oldest interference case awaiting action, February 25, 1916.
Oldest ex parte case awaiting action, March 30, 1916.
Appeals to commissioner in interference cases 88
Appeals to commissioner in opposition cases 33
Appeals to commissioner in cancellations 7
Ex parte appeals to commissioner 213
Interlocutory appeals to commissioner 208
Ex parte appeals in trade-mark cases 92
Total 641
Petitions to commissioner 3, 900
Total 4,541
318 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Cases disposed of by commissioner:
Appeals in interference cases 102
Appeals in opposition cases 34
Appeals in cancellation cases 5
Ex parte appeals 216
Interlocutory appeals 187
Ex parte appeals in trade-mark cases 93
Total 637
Petitions to commissioner 3, 801
Total 4, 438
Appeals to Court of Appeals, District of Columbia:
Ex parte cases 27
Interference cases 53
Opposition cases 18
Cancellation cases 1
Total 99
During the year 70,303 applications for patents, including reissues
and designs, and 214,104 amendments in pending cases were filed.
The number of letters constituting the miscellaneous correspondence
received and indexed was 288,823.
The number of printed copies of specifications of patents sold was
2,757,830, for which a revenue of $127,102.15 was received by the
office. In addition to this 1,147,287 copies were shipped to foreign
countries, and 160,239 were furnished for governmental use.
The office received for record 31,462 deeds of assignment, an
average of 463.4 words per deed.
Typewritten copies of records aggregating 28,077,500 words were
furnished, at 10 cents per hundred words, and for certifying certain
of these copies, $1,223.25 was received.
For 72,517 photostat copies of foreign patents the office received
$14,159.35.
Respectfully submitted.
Thomas Ewing,
Commissioner of Patents.
The Secretary of the Interior.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF
EDUCATION.
319
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Education,
Washington, October 0, 1916.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following statement of the
operations of this office for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916,
together with recommendations for the extension and improvement
of its work :
HIGHER EDUCATION.
A large proportion of the time of this division has been devoted
to university and college surveys. The specialist in higher education
has directed and participated in surveys involving nine State institu-
tions and one private institution. At the request of the administra-
tion of the University of Oregon he made a survey of that institution
during the month of September, 1915. He served as chairman of a
commission of seven persons appointed by the Commissioner of Edu-
cation to make a survey of the State higher institutions of Iowa
(State University of Iowa, Iowa State College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, and Iowa State Teachers' College) at the request of
the Iowa State Board of Education. Together with the specialist
in home economics he made a survey of the College of St. Teresa,
at Winona, Minn. He acted as chairman of a committee of three
appointed by the Commissioner of Education to serve as a body of
experts, to render a report on the State higher institutions of Wash-
ington to the State Commission of Educational Survey appointed by
the legislature of 1915. The institutions examined were the Uni-
versity of Washington, the Washington State College, the Washing-
ton State Normal School at Cheney, the Washington State Normal
School at Ellensburg, and the Washington State Normal School at
Bellingham. The reports of the surveys of the Iowa and Washing-
ton State institutions (both of which are in press as this statement
is written) develop several new measurements for testing the effi-
ciency of the educational and financial administration of higher insti-
tutions. It is believed that these will prove helpful not only to the
officers of the institutions reported on, but also to the authorities of
colleges and universities in other parts of the country. Through the
medium of these surveys the Bureau of Education is slowly estab-
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 21 321
322 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
lishing certain norms and standards which should facilitate both the
management and the rating of higher institutions.
The specialist in higher education has represented the bureau at
the inauguration of the presidents of the University of Washington
and the Washington State College, at the dedication of the new plant
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and at 11 conventions
and association meetings. He has made 12 addresses before asso-
ciations, faculties, and students of colleges and other audiences. He
acted as vice chairman of the section on education of the Second Pan
American Scientific Congress, having charge of the arrangement of
the programs of the sectional and subsectional meetings and repre-
senting the Commissioner of Education on the executive committee
of the congress.
In cooperation with the committee on higher educational statistics,
composed of members of the large National associations directly in-
terested in higher education and already mentioned in my two
previous reports, he prepared a detailed inquiry concerning college
standards and resources, and has supervised the tabulation of the
returns. In addition, the division of higher education is cooperating
with six other committees of National associations in the investiga-
tion of problems relating to higher education.
At the request of the Adjutant General of the War Department,
this division has rendered decisions as to the eligibility of 551 uni-
versities, colleges, and schools for inclusion in the list of institutions
to be accredited by the United States Military Academy.
Four bulletins have been prepared by the division, namely: "Ac-
credited Secondary Schools in the United States " (second revision in
press), " Registration and Student Records for Smaller Colleges"
(in press), "State Higher Educational Institutions of Iowa" (in
press), "A Survey of the Educational Institutions of the State of
Washington " (in press). In addition, the specialist in higher educa-
tion has prepared two higher educational letters and a chapter on
higher education in 1915 for the Commissioner's Annual Report-
His report of the survey of the University of Oregon, submitted
to the board of regents of that institution, has been printed by them
and widely circulated, the bureau aiding in the distribution. His
report on the colleges of North Carolina, mentioned in my statement
of last year, has been published by the North Carolina department
of public instruction and given circulation within the State.
The specialist in land-grant college statistics certified the reports
of expenditures of the Federal appropriations made to land-grant
colleges, collected and tabulated the reports of presidents and treas-
urers, and prepared the material for publication as a chapter of the
Commissioner's Report. He has prepared the answers to numerous
inquiries from the colleges regarding the administration and expendi-
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 323
ture of the funds and revised the pamphlet " Federal Laws, Regula-
tions, and Rulings Affecting the Land-grant Colleges of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts." He has completed a history of the 1862 land
grant in each State, with a brief statement of the founding of each
agricultural college. He has begun a study to be entitled " Financial
Records and Forms for Smaller Colleges," and a study of teaching
by correspondence in higher institutions. He has also assisted in
the preparation of a study of land grants for education in the United
States. He collected statistical information for the Iowa, Wash-
ington, and North Dakota surveys, especially a study of the expendi-
tures of 14 States for higher education by lustrums from 1890 to
1914 and prepared graphic and statistical charts.
The division has conducted a large correspondence, preparing re-
plies to from six to a dozen letters of inquiry daily. The greater
proportion of these letters necessitate some investigation or the ex-
pression of a carefully matured opinion.
SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION.
Within the year one member of the division of school administra-
tion has completed a study of the history of education in the State
of Tennessee begun the year before, and revised his manuscript on
that subject. He has also assembled material for a study of the
history of education in the State of Delaware, and has brought this
study down to the beginning of the present century. Both of these
studies will be transmitted for publication as bulletins of this bureau.
Another member of this division has completed a digest of all
constitutional provisions for education and of all laws pertaining
to public education in all the States and Territories of the United
States up to the beginning of the year 1915, and a digest of legisla-
tion in regard to public education during the year 1915. The first
of these digests has been published as a bulletin of the bureau (1915,
No. 47, 987 pages) , and is the only complete digest of constitutional
provisions and laws relating to public education yet published in this
country. The second will be published as the first of a series of
biennial digests supplementary to the comprehensive digest of con-
stitutional provisions and laws previous to the begining of 1915, men-
tioned above. By this means the digest of constitutional provisions
and laws in regard to public education will be kept constantly up
to date.
A third member of this division has completed manuscript for a
bulletin on reading, English, and literature in the elementary
grades; has written a series of English language lessons after the
Gouin method for the children of natives in the schools of Alaska,
and another series of similar lessons to be recommended for the use
324 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
of Spanish-speaking children in the schools of New Mexico and
Arizona. She has prepared outlines for teachers on the teaching of
reading and arithmetic in the elementary grades, prepared a test
designed to determine the relative value, in some of their phases, of
the phonic and sentence methods of teaching reading; tabulated
material obtained by questionnaire from primary teachers on methods
of teaching reading, and on the use of certain forms of school
activities; and made a comparative study of the contents of readers
intended for use in the primary grades. She gave instruction for
16 weeks in the summer school of the University of Virginia, and in
teachers' institutes in the State of Montana, on the phonic method of
teaching reading in the primary grades and on other phases of
primary instruction.
The chief of this division has about completed a manuscript for a
bulletin of statistical information on school administration and
supervision in cities having a population of more than 25,000, and
has begun the preparation of copy for a " Transfer book " for the use
of children of Government officials and others who move frequently
from one city to another. The purpose of this book is to aid in the
keeping of accurate records of the work and attainments of children
in terms that will be easily understood by officers and teachers in all
schools.
The chief of the division has also begun the preparation of a pro-
fessional reading course for principals of schools in small cities and
towns. He has investigated and made a report on those schools of
Newark, N. J., which continue through the whole of the year, and
prepared and issued an outline of essential features of school surveys
for smaller cities and towns for the purpose of assisting local school
officials in making surveys of their own schools. He has made a re-
port on the cost of textbooks and supplies in larger cities, and has
outlined a plan for determining the comparative standing of pupils
in different schools. He assisted in making, under the direction of
the Commissioner, a survey of the schools of the suburban city of
Webster Groves, Mo., and assisted in a brief survey of the schools of
Jamestown, N. Dak., the results of which were used by him and the
Commissioner in making recommendations for the reorganization of
these schools.
This division has prepared for the Annual Report of the Commis-
sioner chapters on current school legislation and on current prog-
ress in school administration in smaller cities and towns. It has
prepared circular letters on school legislation and on other subjects,
and made a card catalogue containing brief digests of the more im-
portant topics treated in about 150 city school reports. It has pre-
pared, in response to requests from the field, memoranda on schools
for exceptional children, school credit for home work, the study of
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 325
foreign languages in the elementary grades, authorized textbooks
on State history, on legal provisions pertaining to kindergartens, and
on other subjects. Upon request it has criticized courses of study
in the schools of several cities and offered suggestions for their
improvement. The chief of the division addressed educational asso-
ciations and teachers' institutes in many States, and kept up the
correspondence and routine work of the division.
SCHOOL HYGIENE AND SANITATION.
The work of this division has been done by two special agents,
one stationed at the George Peabody College for Teachers at Nash-
ville, Tenn., and the other working in the office at Washington, and
one clerk. The special agent at Nashville gave approximately 100
days of service, the one in Washington 21 days. With the assistance
of the clerk at Washington, they attended to the correspondence of
the bureau regarding schoolhouse construction, school equipment, and
the health of school children. The special agent at Nashville has
given most of his time to assisting school officers and architects in
planning school buildings and grounds. This has been done by cor-
respondence, by conferences with school officers and architects who
have visited him at Nashville for that purpose, and by visits to
cities and towns where new buildings were to be erected. In making
plans for smaller buildings for towns and rural communities he has
made use of the services of the class of graduate students in the
Peabody College. He has continued to send, on request, the much-
used and badly worn models of rural schoolhouses constructed under
his direction several years ago, and has kept these models in repair
until too badly worn for further use. These should be replaced by
other models. He has criticized courses of study on hygiene and
sanitation for various cities and has assisted the joint committee
of the American Medical Association and the National committee
of the Council of Education on the health of school children, and
other national committees and associations interested in the im-
provement of school buildings and grounds and the improvement of
the health of school children. At the request of the Commissioner he
assisted in the survey of the schools of San Francisco, and as director
of the Nashville substation of the bureau he has assisted in planning
for the survey of the schools of the State of Tennessee, which survey
has been begun by Dr. W. T. Eussell, a special collaborator attached
to the Nashville substation. He has continued work on manu-
scripts for a supplementary bulletin on American school architecture
and a bulletin on school baths, and has corrected proof for a bulletin
on open-air schools, in the preparation of which he assisted.
326 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
The specialist in Washington has revised manuscript for a bul-
letin on Medical Inspection in England, continued the selection of
material for a bulletin on health-teaching agencies, prepared the
chapter on educational hygiene for the report of the commissioner,
and represented the bureau at the annual meeting of the New Jersey
Association of Medical Inspectors.
Besides assisting in the correspondence of the division the clerk has
brought the card catalogue of school hygiene and medical inspection
up to date, and has prepared bibliographies on this subject.
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION AND EDUCATION FOR HOME
MAKING.
The division of industrial education and education for home
making consists of one specialist in industrial education and two
specialists in home economics, assisted by one clerk.
Since the last report the specialist in industrial education has
spent nearly one-half of his time in the field and away from the
bureau. In response to numerous requests he arranged a schedule by
which he gave courses of lectures on vocational education in sum-
mer schools in 1915. During July and August one week was spent at
each of five important summer schools, and one day at each of three
others. He organized and presided at seven conferences of special
teachers and directors of industrial education and the manual arts,
called by the Commissioner of Education in the leading cities of
Illinois, Minnesota, Washington, Oregon, California, and Utah.
During the winter approximately 30 days were spent in field work
in North Dakota, as a member of the commission organized by the
bureau to make a survey of the institutions of higher education in
that State. In the spring 55 days were spent in assisting in the San
Francisco educational survey, in which the specialist in industrial
education served as personal representative of the Commissioner of
Education, in charge of the field work. Eight days were spent in the
State educational survey in Delaware, and in addition four days were
given to conferences with the commissions in charge of the Iowa
State educational survey and the Minneapolis vocational education
survey.
During these absences from the bureau he made 93 addresses on
various phases of vocational education to audiences of teachers,
school patrons, members of boards of education, labor unions, com-
mercial organizations, and others, attended sessions of five educa-
tional conventions, and visited schools in 36 cities, in 14 States, as
follows: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Da-
kota, Washington, Oregon, California, Utah, Kansas, New York,
New Jersey, Delaware. He also served as chairman of the subsec-
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 327
tion on industrial education of the Second Pan American Scientific
Congress, and chairman of the committee which drafted the pro-
gram for its sessions. He served as representative of the Bureau of
Education in a special conference of State officials for vocational
education in New York City, called by the National Society for the
Promotion of Industrial Education.
While in the office he prepared for the Eeport of the Commissioner
of Education a chapter on vocational education. He also prepared
for distribution a list of institutions offering special courses for the
training of teachers for industrial education and the manual arts,
a list of schools in which trades are taught, seven letters in the " voca-
tional education letters" series, and a special summer-school letter-
on the training of teachers. In addition, nearly two months have
been spent in the office in the study of data and composition of the
reports of the educational surveys in Delaware, North Dakota, and
San Francisco. Notwithstanding protracted absences from the
office, the correspondence in industrial education has increased more
than one-third over that of last year: 1915, letters received, 1,351;
sent, 1,052; total, 2,403; 1916, received, 1,717; sent, 1,511; total, 3,228.
In addition, a large volume of printed and multigraphed matter
emanates from this division.
One of the specialists in home economics spent approximately
three months in educational surveys made under the direction of the
Commissioner of Education in San Francisco and in the State of
Iowa. She attended the sessions of 9 educational conventions, visited
65 schools and colleges and studied the work in home economics, and
made 47 addresses before audiences of teachers, women's clubs, and
others in 23 cities in 14 States, as follows: North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kansas,
Iowa, Wyoming, Utah, California, Arizona. She also organized and
directed a conference of home-economics teachers in land-grant col-
leges, called by the Commissioner of Education, which met at the
University of California. While in the office she spent about eight
weeks in the study of data collected in the Iowa survey and the San
Francisco survey, and in the preparation of home- economics sections
of the reports of these surveys. She also cooperated with the Bureau
of Standards by reading the proof of a bulletin on " Measurements
for the Home," with a committee of the American Home Economics
Association in the preparation of a report on terminology, with the
faculty of the McKinley Manual Training High School, Washington,
D. C, in grading the papers in a home-economics competition, and
with the department of home economics in the Washington, D. C,
public schools. She also served as a member of the council of the
American Home Economics Association and a committee member
of the National Association of Farmers' Institutes.
328 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
The second specialist in home economics spent approximately two
weeks in a study of home economics in schools for Negroes. For
this purpose 22 schools in five States — Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee,
North Carolina, and Virginia — and the District of Columbia were
visited. The special study of courses for the training of teachers
and supervisors of home economics in State normal schools and other
institutions has been continued. In the prosecution of this work
56 institutions were visited in 17 States and the District of Colum-
bia, as follows: North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Ala-
bama, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, North Dakota,
Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, District of Columbia. She organized and directed five
conferences of teachers of home economics in normal schools, called
by the Commissioner of Education in Tennessee, Missouri, Minne-
sota, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. Sessions of nine educational con-
ventions were attended, and 49 addresses were made at various
places on important phases of home-economics work in the schools.
These studies have resulted in the formulation of courses of study
in home economics for rural teachers, home makers' classes, and
schools for Negroes.
The two specialists in home economics have collaborated in the
preparation of a chapter on home economics for the Annual Report
of the Commissioner of Education, in the drafting of a special sum-
mer-school letter, and 10 letters in the " home-economics letters "
series relating to the organization and administration of home
economics departments in the schools, and in the compilation of a
mailing list of special teachers of home economics in universities, col-
leges, State normal schools, and other institutions. The correspond-
ence in home economics has increased materially as compared with
the previous year: 1915, 4 months, letters received, 83; sent, 141 —
total, 224; 1916, received, 605; sent, 1,233— total, 1,838.
Two sets of lantern slides have been prepared and are now avail-
able for use.
RURAL EDUCATION.
The work of the division of rural education was divided during
the year among three subdivisions — namely, rural-school practice,
rural-school extension, and agricultural education and rural-school
administration.
Rural-school practice. — The specialist in rural-school practice or-
ganized and promoted during the year the National Rural Teachers'
Reading Circle with definitely outlined courses of reading prepared
especially for persons engaged in rural-school teaching and super-
vision. The work has been accepted by 42 States, and 3 of them,
Alabama, Nebraska, and Washington, have taken steps to substitute
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 329
the National Eural Teachers' Reading Circle for their State reading
circles. This specialist devoted considerable attention to the work
in connection with the reorganization of the rural-school curriculum,
prepared bulletins on agricultural and rural education at the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition and teacher training in secondary
schools. He prepared also the section on normal schools and public
schools of the report of the Washington educational survey, and as-
sisted in the preparation of a chapter on rural education for the
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education. The field work of
the specialist in rural-school practice included educational studies
and addresses in 64 different places ; he delivered 234 addresses.
The specialist in rural education, in addition to his routine duties,
prepared a report on rural-school conditions in Porto Rico, a lecture
to accompany lantern slides on illiteracy, and assisted in the survey
of the schools of Nassau County, N. Y. His field work included
addresses on educational subjects in the States of Vermont, Arizona,
Texas, Maryland, Virginia, and Oklahoma. For four months he
was in charge of the bureau's exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition at San Francisco, Cal.
The assistants in rural education assisted in the preparation of a
course of study for rural schools, compiled a list of readings suitable
for rural schools, a list of books on reading, a list of stories, and a
list of general reading books. Studies were made of the present
methods of teaching English in the rural schools and of rural-school
supervision in the United States by means of letters and question-
naires sent to State superintendents of public instruction, rural-
school supervisors, and rural-school teachers. Considerable time has
been given to a study of hygiene for the rural schools preliminary to
the preparation of a bulletin on the course of study in rural sanitation
and hygiene, and to the outlining of a plan of teaching in tfce public
schools the means of prevention of malaria. Both assistants par-
ticipated in the survey of the schools of Nassau County, N. Y., and
in the survey of the schools of Wyoming. One of the assistants in
rural education spent five days in lecture work at the summer school
of the State University of Iowa and one month in making a study of
rural conditions in the State of Delaware, besides attending educa-
tional meetings in Michigan, Virginia, and West Virginia. The other
assistant attended educational meetings in Maine, Minnesota, Vir-
ginia, Wyoming, Nebraska, New York, Missouri, and Illinois.
Rural-school extension. — The school-extension agent devoted prac-
tically all of his efforts to a campaign for better rural schools, about
one-half of the time being spent in the field addressing educational
gatherings in the States of Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Mis-
souri, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, New York, Maine, Texas, Penn-
330 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
sylvania, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kentucky, Florida, Alabama,
Louisiana, the other half in correspondence and in preparing
material on rural schools for the press.
Agricultural education and rural-school supervision. — The special-
ist in charge of this subdivision completed a bulletin on Free text-
books and State uniformity; prepared a bulletin on Agricultural
education and rural-extension teaching in Ireland; assisted in the
preparation of chapters on rural education and agricultural educa-
tion for the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, and
of bulletins on rural-school supervision and agricultural instruction
in the United States. Under his supervision a revision was made of
the pamphlet entitled " Federal Laws, Regulations, and Rulings
Affecting the Land-grant Colleges of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts"; he examined the reports of the treasurers of land-grant
institutions regarding the disbursement of funds granted to them by
Congress and conducted the correspondence relating thereto.
With the aid of the assistants in rural education and at the request
of the State school-code committee, he made a survey of educational
conditions in the State of Wyoming, prepared a report thereon, and
submitted recommendations for the improvement of the system. About
three months of his time was given to this work, and about two
months to the survey of the schools of Nassau County, N. Y., in
which he was assisted by the specialist and two assistants in rural
education. The specialist in agricultural education and rural-school
administration attended meetings of various educational associa-
tions and visited a considerable number of educational institutions,
including agricultural and mechanical colleges. He delivered ap-
proximately 100 addresses during the year.
SCHOOL AND HOME GARDENING.
The work of the past year has been continued along the same lines
as that of the preceding year. A large portion of the time of the
three members of the division has been spent in direct consultation
with school officials. Although many initial visits have been made
during the year, a special effort has been made to follow up the work
previously started. The three specialists, to a large extent, have
worked independently, a definite territory being assigned to each.
With a view to harmonizing the work of this division with the
boys' and girls' agricultural club movement, many of the State agri-
cultural colleges have been visited. The aims of this movement, as
promoted by the Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the
agricultural colleges, are fundamentally the same as those of the
school and home garden movement. One aims to do for the country
child what the other aims to do for the city child. Both movements
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 331
are educational and were instituted in the interests of boys and girls
rather than to benefit directly any special industry.
The greatest demand on the schools at the present time is for some-
thing that will offer greater opportunity for an active experience —
something that will vitalize the curricula and facilitate sense train-
ing. Before the days of intense concentration of population and
when a large proportion of the children had the opportunity of
sharing in the general occupations in and about the home, the great-
est need was for an education that would enable the young people to
read, write, and cipher, and that would prepare a few for the so-
called higher professions. A general elementary training served this
purpose, but under present conditions there is need for something
that will, in a measure at least, take the place of the industrial
experience formerly supplied by farm and home activities.
City school superintendents to-day feel this need keenly. From
an investigation of the present status of gardening in the United
States it was found that many educational leaders are seeking a
way of introducing gardening in their school systems. Of 1,572
superintendents who reported, 1,220, or 78 per cent, state that they
are encouraging gardening. This encouragement has often meant
little, as tradition has dictated that the greater part of the school
funds be used for the older or academic subjects. Also, because of
the newness of the work, many plans of organization and methods
of conducting children's gardens have been employed, some of
which were not educationally sound and thus have failed. The
school and home garden division of the bureau has been instrumental
in organizing or reorganizing many garden departments on a per-
manent basis. Many more requests for personal assistance from the
garden specialists have been received than it has been possible to
grant, because of the lack of time and travel expense funds. During
the year, 1,026 individual letters of information have been written
and 67,799 bulletins and circulars on gardening have been sent out.
Within the year the following cities and towns have undertaken
in at least one school the organization of a system of home garden-
ing conforming in some degree to the recommendations of this
bureau: Brockton, Milton, and Waltham, Mass.; Hartford, Conn.;
New Kochelle, North Tarrytown, Ossining, and Tarrytown, N. Y.;
Dover, Newark, Georgetown, and Wilmington, Del.; Richmond and
Valley Forge, Va. ; Asheville, Charlotte, Goldsboro, Hickory, Mon-
roe, and Raleigh, N. C. ; Rock Hill and Sumter, S. C. ; Rome, Ga.;
Charleston and Huntington, W. Va. ; Frankfort and Lexington, Ky. ;
Chattanooga, Clarksville, Johnson City, Memphis, and Murfreesboro,
Tenn. ; Gadsden, Ala.; Cicero, 111.; Grand Rapids, and Kalamazoo,
Mich.; Hot Springs, Ark.; Los Angeles, Cal., and Chester, Pa.
332 STATEMENT . OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
In some places two or three teachers have been employed for spe-
cial garden instruction. As a result of this movement at least 35,000
children of the upper grades are now in schools where special gar-
dening teachers have been engaged for 12 months, and where garden
instruction is available.
Twenty-four Southern cities have adopted the " school-directed
home garden plan " of the bureau and are working under the super-
vision of the bureau's specialists ; 20 of these cities have special gar-
den teachers, the number of such teachers in each ranging from 1
to 10, with a total of 53. Approximately 15,000 city children are
taught to manage gardens averaging 20 by 30 feet in size. Three
cities are utilizing vacant lots to supply garden space for children
who have no back yards.
In order to train teachers for garden work and also to have the
garden specialists come in touch with as many educators as possible
at the least cost, the three workers of the division were stationed at
three of the largest summer schools of the country: Columbia Uni-
versity, New York ; George Peabody College for Teachers, Tennessee ;
and Cornell University, New York. In this way many people have
heard definitely of school-directed gardening and a number of
teachers have been prepared to do the work in a practical way.
San Francisco, Cal., and Richmond, Ind., have been surveyed to
determine the economic and educational possibilities of school-
directed home gardening in these cities. The results of the survey
of the first will be published as a report of the educational survey
of that city.
EDUCATION OF RACIAL GROUPS (FORMERLY NEGRO
EDUCATION).
The work of this division has included two distinct lines of activ-
ity: The compilation of figures and preparation of manuscript
necessary to complete the survey of private and higher schools
for Negroes, and constructive efforts to improve the work of these
schools.
A study of the colored high-schools of Texas and Mississippi, and
of institutions located in Maryland and the District of Columbia
has been made; also, a compilation of private school statistics
arranged according to the denominations maintaining the schools
and classified according to the States in which the schools are located.
Maps have been prepared showing the per capita expenditure for
each white and colored child of school age for all the counties in the
Southern States, and also showing the location and income of the
private schools. Tables have been made showing the per cent of the
total population represented by the Negroes in each State, and other
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 333
facts necessary to a complete summary of the educational facilities
for colored children in each of the Southern States.
County summaries have been prepared for all counties in which
one or more private schools are located. In these summaries, the
work of each school has been discussed with special reference to the
local situation. Volume II of the report includes 19 State sum-
maries, about 180 county and city summaries, and individual reports
on 767 schools.
The constructive work done by this division may be divided as
follows :
(1) Encouraging private schools to make gardening a part of
their required course. Upon the recommendation of the division,
appropriations were made by the trustees of the Phelps-Stokes fund
to 10 private schools for equipment necessary to offer a course in
gardening, or to pay part of a teacher's salary. An appropriation
was also made to a city public school. The private schools included
institutions of the literary type as well as industrial schools.
(2) Efforts to have private schools make educational use of their
dormitories, by adopting certain regulations and having frequent
inspections at regular intervals. Prizes offered by the Phelps- Stokes
fund through the division and under uniform rules as to care of
rooms and method of inspection have been successful in stimulating
interest in the care of dormitories.
(3) Furnishing confidential information to donors as to the merits
of schools appealing to them for aid. Many letters have been re-
ceived requesting information about private schools. In most cases,
the institutions in regard to which information was sought were
worthy of aid, though some of them were in need of reorganization.
Some inquiries, however, were received concerning so-called schools
which are utterly unworthy, and have been known for years to be
frauds, but which are still appealing for money.
(4) Assisting schools to plan their new buildings. Two impor-
tant institutions, both maintained by colored denominations, have
had expert advice from the advisory architect connected with this
division. In both cases the plans suggested by this division were
adopted in preference to the ones which the schools originally
intended to follow.
After the publication of the report referred to above three mem-
bers of the division will probably devote their time to constructive
work along the lines here indicated.
CIVIC EDUCATION.
The most important single piece of work of the specialist in civic
education during the year has been done in cooperation with the
State and local school officers of Delaware in introducing and organ-
334 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
izing instruction in civics in city, town, and country schools. For
this purpose he spent fully half the time from October 1 to May 1
in that State. This gave him an opportunity for investigation as to
needs and opportunities for such instruction and for experiments in
adapting instruction to local conditions, for many conferences with
teachers, and for frequent demonstrations of methods of teaching.
For the purpose of making a definite beginning in the work of
adapting general processes to local conditions and of developing cen-
ters for observation and for the preparation of teachers a few typical
places were chosen. This work was begun in the schools of Wilming-
ton and extended to Newark, New Castle, and Yorklyn, in New
Castle County; Harrington, in Kent County; and Seaford and
Georgetown, in Sussex County. In each of these places it was at-
tempted to work out effective courses in community civics, and the
results were satisfactory in all except two. At one of these two the
work was begun very late in the school year, and in the other the
teacher had to give up the work because of ill health.
In Wilmington a course in community civics was introduced in all
eighth grade classes and in the classes of the first year of the high
school. In the high school the civics course takes into consideration
the vocational interests of the boys and girls. In this study of the
vocational interests of the children every pupil in the first year of
the high school was examined. Steps were taken for the reorganiza-
tion and vitalization of other social studies in the elementary and
secondary schools of Wilmington, and their coordination with in-
struction in civics.
The assistance given by the bureau's specialist consisted in :
1. Outlining the general character of the work.
2. Preparing a syllabus for the teachers, suggesting methods of work, source
materials, and how to adapt the work to local conditions and needs.
3. Direct help to the teachers by class visitation, conferences, and demon-
stration lessons.
4. Setting agencies at work to gather and organize materials appropriate
for teachers and pupils' use.
5. Meetings with parent-teacher organizations and other bodies of adults to
explain what was being attempted and to solicit cooperation between the school
and the community in behalf of effective civic education.
Through this cooperation of the bureau the State has become to
some extent a laboratory for the study of problems of general interest.
One such problem is that of the extent to which there should be
a differentiation between the civics instruction given in cities and
that given in rural districts and small towns, and the methods by
which civics instruction in rural communities may be tied up to the
life interests and community experience of the country boy and girl.
Courses of study and textbooks have as a rule been prepared from
the standpoint of the urban school, and have been transplanted
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 335
bodily to rural schools. A change is taking place in this respect.
But it is particularly true of community civics, which deals with the
actual community relations of the pupil, that to be effective it must
be organized around the actual interests and experience of the pupil,
and must meet the particular needs of the communities of which the
pupils are members. How to make the adjustment of civic educa-
tion to the needs of both urban and rural communities, as well
as to the particular needs of the entire State, has been one of the
chief points of attention in the work in Delaware.
Another problem which the Delaware cooperation has helped solve,
to some extent at least, is that of starting work of this kind in schools
in which the teachers have had little or no preparation for the work.
The Delaware experiment seems to warrant the following con-
clusions :
1. Even where the great body of teachers have had a minimum of academic
and professional training there may be found, here and there, individual
teachers of marked teaching ability, who also have, or may readily acquire,
the social viewpoint indispensable for effective work in the field of civic
education.
2. A considerable number of other teachers can be found who, while lack-
ing the exceptional qualifications of the group just referred to, can be suc-
cessfully trained to the work in the course of a year or two while continuing
in active service.
3. The exceptional teachers of the first group should be given very special
attention in order that this class may attain to the character of " model,"
or " type," or " demonstration " classes in their several localities. These
exceptional teachers should also be utilized to the fullest extent possible in
the training of the next group of teachers. They should become leaders in
institutes and local group conferences devoted to the discussion of civics work.
4. Special attention should be given to the subject in teachers' institutes
and local conferences for the purpose of developing a general appreciation of
the value of this kind of instruction.
5. Schools for the training of teachers should give more attention to methods
oi instruction in civics than they now do.
6. For the largest measure of success in this work instruction in a State
or large city should be placed under the direction of a trained supervisor.
The specialist in civic education has assisted by correspondence
and by personal visitations and conferences in the organization and
reorganization of courses in civics in a number of cities, towns, and
States, has continued his cooperation with the committee on social
studies appointed by the National Education Association Commission
on Reorganization of Secondary Education, and has acted as secre-
tary of the committee, assisting in its investigations and in preparing
its report for publication as a bulletin of this bureau. The report
embodies a comprehensive and analytical discussion of the subject
matter and methods of instruction for the entire range of social
studies in the secondary period (grades VII-XII).
336 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
IMMIGRANT EDUCATION.
Interest in the better preparation of immigrants for American life
and citizenship is rapidly increasing. The work of this division has
been much enlarged and extended during the year. About the time
of the opening of the schools last fall the division began the dis-
tribution of an "America first " poster printed in English and seven
foreign languages, inviting foreigners to learn English by attending
night schools, and to write to this bureau if there was no night school
for them in their city or town. This poster was sent to all city and
county superintendents of schools, to the principal post offices, indus-
trial establishments, educational periodicals and magazines, and to
organizations and individuals interested in this subject. More than
150,000 were distributed.
After the distribution of the poster many letters from superin-
tendents, principals, teachers, private organizations, industrial plants,
and individuals were received, asking for suggestions in organizing
and conducting classes, for suitable subject matter and methods of
instruction, textbooks, and the like, to such an extent that the
"America first " campaign formed the basis for the work of the
entire year.
Petitions, signed by large numbers of foreigners, for the establish-
ment of evening school facilities have been received and referred to
the respective school officials. The bureau has been successful in
several instances in having these requests granted.
During the year a questionnaire on immigrant education was sent
out in three parts. Part I covers organization and administration,
maintenance, supervision, teachers, teachers' institutes, special train-
ing classes, terms and sessions, publicity and cooperation, classifica-
tion of pupils, number of schools, classes, teachers, attendance, na-
tionalities, civics classes, and special features. Part II deals with
special information, subject matter of instruction, and method of
instruction, while Part III deals with the education of immigrant
children. The information collected in Part I has been organized
into a bulletin on " public facilities for educating the alien " and is
now in the hands of the printer.
A follow-up letter was sent to the industrial establishments re-
questing additional posters and asking for a statement of the educa-
tional, safety-first training, and welfare work for the benefit of their
non-English-speaking employees. From the data thus obtained a
report on this subject has been prepared.
A survey of Wilmington, Del., was made by this division with a
view to having night schools for foreigners established. The board
of education was unable %o assume the expense of such classes, but
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 337
an Americanization committee was organized, money appropriated,
and classes opened on January 3, 1916.
Ten circular letters have been prepared and distributed. Copies
of a professional training course for service among immigrants, pre-
pared by this division, were sent to 155 colleges and universities mak-
ing the request for them, 34 of which expressed deep interest and
the possibility of adopting the course in whole or in part. This
course is now being revised on a basis of 15 lectures given at Yale
University by the chief of the division during the past semester, and
a bibliography to accompany this revision is in preparation. At the
suggestion of the bureau a course of eight lectures on immigration
and Americanization was given in the Catholic University of Amer-
ica, and three of the lectures were given by the specialists in this
division.
Seven articles on various phases of the subject of the education of
immigrants have been prepared for associations, papers, and maga-
zines. The division has prepared a list of textbooks for foreigners
learning English.
Approximately 75 charts, diagrams, and photographs in regard to
inability to speak English, total illiteracy, school attendance, and
factory classes, have been prepared and displayed at various national
and local conferences, and a set of 75 lantern slides has been pre-
pared, showing sample letters from immigrants, diagrams, and sta-
tistics. Other charts and diagrams have been prepared, showing the
character of immigration to the United States from 1820 to 1915,
and other matter pertaining to immigration and education. The
division is now preparing, at the request of superintendents of
schools and private organizations, a syllabus on civics teaching for
immigrants.
The division has cooperated with many organizations interested in
this subject by formulating programs and sending printed matter,
by correspondence and personal interviews. Among these are the
California Commission of Immigration and Housing, Erie County
Civic Education Association, National Americanization Committee,
United States Chamber of Commerce, National Safety Council, Na-
tional Education Association, New York State Teachers' Association,
American Library Association, Council of Jewish Women, Civic Club
of Allegheny County, Daughters of the American Revolution, Fed-
eration of Women's Clubs, League of Library Commissions, Polish
National Alliance, Sons of the American Revolution, Washington
State Teachers' Association, and other civic, patriotic, and religious
organizations.
A conference committee on safety education of the National Safety
Council and the Bureau of Education has been organized and has
held four meetings, at which plans were discussed for the introduc-
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 22
338 STATEMENT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
tion of safety instruction in the public schools and other educational
institutions, especially the evening and night schools for foreigners.
The chief of the division is chairman of this committee. More than
50 addresses have been made and conferences have been attended In
18 cities in the States of New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Massa-
chusetts, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Delaware, and the District of Columbia.
The correspondence of the division for the year includes 6,037
letters received and 6,399 letters sent out.
Work has been begun on a schedule of standards and methods in
the education of immigrants, covering legislation, organization, ad-
ministration, and instruction.
KINDERGARTEN EDUCATION.
The division of kindergarten education, maintained through the
cooperation of the National Kindergarten Association and the In-
ternational Kindergarten Union and having offices both at Wash-
ington and New York City, through the addition of a statistician and
a writer for the press has been able to extend and intensify its work.
The work of the division includes statistics of kindergartens and
kindergarten work, the promotion of kindergarten legislation and
the establishment of new kindergarten schools, and constructive
studies of the problems of kindergarten theory and practice.
Bulletins prepared last year have been distributed and manu-
scripts have been prepared for new bulletins on the following sub-
jects: Kindergarten buildings and equipment; Problems of kinder-
garten supervision; An annotated list of 100 books on the education
of young children; and The extending and improving of kinder-
gartens through legislation.
A study has been made of open-air kindergartens and out-door
kindergarten work. To the office comes evidence that schools for
the training of kindergartners are making sincere efforts to bring
their work into conformity with the standard set by the bureau's
bulletin on kindergarten training schools.
The annual statistical survey made by this division shows that
there are now in the United States approximately 10,000 kinder-
garten schools, with an enrollment of nearly 500,000 children. The
number of children reported for this year is 20,932 more than for
the previous year. An investigation as to the cause of the discon-
tinuance of kindergarten schools in many places shows the need
of bringing to the people of all communities in which kindergartens
are established for the first time information as to the purpose and
value of the kindergarten and as to its place in the education of
the child.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 339
A kindergarten registration booth has been maintained at the
Panama-California Exposition for the purpose of giving general and
specific information about kindergartens and kindergarten work.
This division made an exhibit in the safety-first exposition held in
Washington last winter. The exhibit was designed to show the broad
and fundamental way in which the kindergarten provides for spir-
itual, mental, and economic as well as physical welfare. In connec-
tion with this exhibit an illustrated lecture on the kindergarten was
given. A letter describing the participation of the division in the
safety-first exposition was sent to 13,000 kindergartners.
A paper on the kindergarten in America was prepared and sent
to be read at the First American Congress on the Child convened in
Buenos Aires in July, and an exhibit of six charts in Spanish was
contributed to the exposition held in connection with the congress.
Three sets of charts were prepared for the kindergarten exhibit at
New York in July, 1916, in connection with the meeting of the
National Education Association.
A list of about 100 speakers on kindergarten subjects has been
compiled for the use of associations and individuals interested in the
kindergarten and its extension. As an aid to societies and indi-
viduals working for the introduction of kindergartens in local school
systems, the typewritten lecture, motion pictures, and lantern slides
on kindergartens have been sent to a score of cities in all parts of
the country. Nearly 100,000 copies of leaflets, bulletins, and other
publications in regard to the kindergarten have been distributed.
This division has constantly cooperated with committees of the
National Kindergarten Association, the International Kindergarten
Union, and the National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher
Associations, and many addresses have been made at meetings of
these and other organizations by members of the division and by
others selected by the division for this purpose.
Through the constant efforts of one of the special collaborators
of the bureau connected with this division, many new kindergartens
have been established in the State of California.
The division prepared the chapter on kindergartens for the annual
report of the commissioner, revised the list of kindergarten schools
for the Educational Directory, prepared an addressograph mailing
list of 8,000 names of kindergarten training schools, supervisors, and
public school kindergarten teachers, and kept up the correspondence
of the division both in the • Washington office and in the office at
New York.
HOME EDUCATION.
The increasing demand upon the home education division, main-
tained through the cooperation of the National Congress of Mothers
and Parent-Teacher Associations, for bulletins on the care and train-
340 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
ing of children, for reading courses, and for help in forming parent-
teacher associations and similar organizations is evidence of the
growing interest in home education, the cooperation of home and
school, and the work of this division. This demand has been much
stimulated by the publicity given this work through newspapers and
periodicals, and by teachers and local and State librarians. Requests
for reading courses have averaged 10,000 per month for the year.
In one month 26,000 requests were received.
The correspondence of the division has amounted to 13,743 letters
received and 14,976 letters sent out; 107,182 reading courses, 7,356
bulletins on the care of babies, and 870 pamphlets on the methods
of organizing parent-teacher associations have been mailed. A sur-
vey of parent-teacher associations, mothers' clubs, and kindred organ-
izations has been begun, as has also a handbook of parent-teacher
associations. With the assistance of a committee of teachers of
United States history in universities and high schools, the division
is preparing a course of reading in the history of the United States.
Three special collaborators have done field work in eight Southern
States. The division arranged and participated in the annual tour
of officers of the National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher
Associations in the interest of home education and child welfare.
This tour included 42 towns and cities in 7 States. Other States
have been visited and special collaborators have reached a larger
number of people and enlisted their cooperation more than during
any previous year. The meetings have been largely attended and
through them many men and women have been interested in the
cause of child welfare and home education and many centers have
been organized for the promulgation and the further extension of
this work.
Five thousand men and women, boys and girls are enrolled in
the National Reading Circle and thousands have been stimulated
to read who have not been enrolled. This is evidenced by the reports
of librarians, who state that never before has the demand for the
classics been so great as during the past year. Over 100,000 homes
have been reached with reading courses during the year, and more
than 150.000 homes have been reached with some kind of helpful
material from this division.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION.
On the 1st of January there was added to the bureau a specialist
in community organization, who has since given his time to the
promotion of community organization with the schoolhouse as the
center of educational, industrial, social, and civic interest. He has
about completed the manuscript for a bulletin on The Schoolhouse
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 341
as the Community Forum, to follow the bureau's bulletin on The
Schoolhouse as the Polling Place, written by him before he became
connected with the bureau. He has delivered addresses on com-
munity organization in the District of Columbia and vicinity,
assisted in forming a community organization in one of the schools
of the District and in preparing a bill providing for community
forums in the schools of the District. He has answered a large
number of inquiries from all parts of the country relating to com-
munity organization.
THE LIBRARY.
During the year the number of volumes and pamphlets added to
the library by gift, exchange, and purchase has been 1,456; by trans-
fer from the Library of Congress, 416; 8,871 numbers of serial
publications, and 8,589 numbers of periodicals have been accessioned ;
1,055 volumes have been sent to the bindery. The division has cat-
alogued and classified 7,367 volumes. The card index of articles
on education in current periodicals and serial publications, both
domestic and foreign, has been systematically kept up to date; 267
bibliographies on special topics have been compiled, and biblio-
graphies already on file have been revised and brought up to date.
The library has continued to provide for the use of school officers,
teachers, and students of education, typewritten, mimeographed, and
printed bibliographies on a great variety of subjects in education
and school administration. Many hundred copies of these have
been sent out during the year in answer to special requests. Nine
numbers of the Monthly Record of Current Educational Publica-
tions have been prepared, and an index to the series for 1915
compiled. The division compiled 39 pages for the Educational
Directory, 1915-16. Loans from the library to institutions and indi-
viduals outside of the office amounted to 2,237 volumes; 4,609 letters
asking for books or information have been answered.
The school library exhibit belonging to the bureau was sent to
several cities in Texas and to Spokane, Wash., during the year. A
set of lantern slides of high-school libraries, prepared by this divi-
sion, illustrated a lecture given before the library department of the
National Education Association at Oakland, Cal., in 1915, and sub-
sequently was used at various other educational and library meetings.
EDITORIAL.
Summary of publications. — Publications issued during the year in-
cluded Volume I of the 1915 report; 48 numbers of the bulletin series
and 9 reprint editions ; 122 miscellaneous printed documents, includ-
ing circulars and reprints of chapters from the annual report; and
478 multigraphed and mimeographed letters and circulars. The
342 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
bureau's edition of the Annual Report was 20,000, of the bulletins
355,420, of the printed leaflets and circulars 337,700, and of the
duplicated letters 1,127,000. These figures do not take into account
the editions printed for congressional distribution and the large
sales editions of bureau documents printed for the superintendent of
documents. Despite rigid economies in distribution, the bureau's
edition was soon exhausted ; of the 50 bulletins issued in the calendar
year 1915, 17 were no longer available for distribution by the bureau
on June 30, 1916.
Because of the new law affecting annual reports, Volume I of the
Commissioner's Report for 1915 was issued less than six months from
the time the 1914 volumes came from the press, and the material that
would normally be printed as Volume II of the 1915 Report was
ordered printed as Volume II for 1916.
The bulletin series. — Forty-eight numbers were added to the bul-
letin series during the year, making a total of 218 for the past five
years. The Monthly Record of Current Educational Publications
appeared as Bulletins 1914, Nos. 34, 40, 46, 49, and 1915 Nos. 4, 7,
9, 11, 13. Bulletin 1915, No. 43, was the Educational Directory for
1915-16, this issue containing for the first time a list of superin-
tendents of schools in cities and towns of 2,500 to 4,000 population,
assistant superintendents in the larger cities, and librarians of public
and society libraries. Bulletin 1915, No. 30, Bibliography of edu-
cation for 1911-12, filled the remaining gap in an important series,
and Bulletin 1915, No. 48, contained a report of the work of the
Bureau of Education for natives of Alaska. The remaining num-
bers of the bulletin were as follows:
1915.
No. 11. A statistical study of the public-school systems of the southern Appa-
lachian Mountains. (Completed edition.)
No. 13. The schoolhouse as the polling place.
No. 17. Civic education in elementary schools as illustrated in Indianapolis.
No. 18. Legal education in Great Britain.
No. 19. Statistics of certain manual training, agricultural, and industrial
schools.
No. 20. The rural-school system of Minnesota.
No. 21. Schoolhouse sanitation.
No. 22. State versus local control of elementary education.
No. 23. The teaching of community civics.
No. 24. Adjustment between kindergarten and first grade.
No. 25. Public, society, and school libraries.
No. 26. Secondary schools in the States of Central America, South America,
and the West Indies.
No. 27. Opportunities for foreign students at colleges and universities in the
United States.
No. 28. The extension of public education.
No. 29. The truant problem and the parental school.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 43
No. 31. A comparative study of the salaries of teachers and school officers.
No. 32. The school system of Ontario.
No. 33. Problems of vocational education in Germany.
No. 35. Mathematics in the lower and middle commercial and industrial schools.
No. 36. Free textbooks and State uniformity.
No. 37. Some foreign educational surveys.
No. 38. The university and the municipality.
No. 39. The training of elementary-school teachers in mathematics.
No. 41. Significant school-extension records.
No. 42. Advancement of the teacher with the class.
No. 44. School administration in the smaller cities.
No. 45. The Danish people's high school.
No. 47. Digest of State laws relating to public education.
No. 50. Health of school children.
1916.
No. 1. Education exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.
No. 3. Placement of children in the elementary grades.
No. 5. Kindergarten training schools.
No. 6. Statistics of State universities and State colleges.
No. 8. Reorganization of the public-school system.
No. 10. Needed changes in secondary education.
No. 12. Problems involved in standardizing State normal schools.
Bulletins in the hands of the printer at the close of the year were :
Higher Educational Institutions of Iowa; Survey of the Educational System
of the State of Washington; Registration and Student Records in Smaller
Colleges; Accredited Secondary Schools in the United States (revised edition) ;
Open-air Schools ; Public Facilities for Educating the Alien ; Rural and Agri-
cultural Education at the Panama-Pacific Exposition; Vocational Secondary
Education; Gardening in City Elementary Schools; Negro Education; State
Pension Systems for Public School Teachers; Wisconsin County Training
School for Teachers; Agricultural and Rural Extension Schools in Ireland;
Medical Inspection of Schools in Great Britain ; University Training for Public
Service ; Agriculture in Minnesota High Schools ; Adult Illiteracy in the United
States ; Reorganizing a County System of Rural Schools.
-Miscellaneous. — In cooperation with a committee of the National
Education Association an examination was made of the laws cover-
ing State systems of teachers' pensions and the results published.
A comprehensive bibliography of the vocational guidance movement
was compiled in the division. Several chapters of the annual report
were prepared by members of the editorial staff. The editor was de-
tailed to make a study of the education exhibits at the Panama-
Pacific Exposition and his report was published as Bulletin 1916,
No. 1.
STATISTICS.
The Statistical Division has collected, tabulated, and summarized
statistics for over 500 pages of the second volume of the Report of
the Commissioner of Education for 1916. This includes statistical
344 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
reports from approximately 21,000 schools and school systems as
follows :
48 State school systems.
1,079 city school systems.
56E universities and colleges.
524 professional schools.
1,509 training schools for nurses.
273 normal schools.
674 summer schools.
11,674 public high schools.
2,248 private high schools and academies.
843 commercial schools.
384 schools for Negroes.
112 State industrial schools and reformatories,
62 institutions for the blind.
150 schools for the deaf.
137 schools for the feeble-minded.
This division has prepared about 100 pages of the educational direc-
tory for 1915-16 and compiled a bulletin giving statistics of 57 public
manual training schools, 379 technical and industrial training schools,
and 3,235 public high schools having courses in agriculture, domestic
economy, and other similar courses, and also a bulletin of statistics
of State universities and State colleges. It has assisted the divisions
of higher education, rural education, school administration, civic
education, and kindergarten education in statistical work; has fur-
nished summaries for the statistical abstract published by the
Department of Commerce ; and has prepared summaries and abstracts
for publications and for several hundred school officers, teachers,
and students of education.
Because of lack of proper means of collecting statistics, much other-
wise useless correspondence is necessary ; more than 60,000 schedules
must be sent to obtain the 21,000 returns. There is much annoying
and costly delay, and the final results are much less satisfactory than
they should be.
CORRESPONDENCE.
The report of the correspondence division shows for the year:
Letters received 120, 078
Forms received 75, 924
Library publications received 40, 269
Total 236, 271
Bureau publications sent out 506, 525
Multigraph letters sent out 682, 544
Addressed cards, etc., sent out 58, 815
Miscellaneous publications mailed by Bureau (see separate
list for items) 1,035,031
Total . 2, 282, 915
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 345
The first-class mail has increased from 86,817 pieces received in the
year ending June 30, 1915, to 120,078 pieces received in the year end-
ing June 30, 1916. In 1910 it was 18,463, an increase of 550 per
cent in six years. This count does not include letters received by
field agents, special collaborators at substations and branches, and by
the offices of the Alaska division at Seattle, Wash., and Nome, Alaska.
Miscellaneous publications distributed by the Bureau of Education.
"America First " Posters 102, 754
Shakespeare Tercentenary 23, 556
Report on Industrial Education 4, 787
Neighborhood Play 69, 440
Teachers' Cottages 8, 771
Academic Freedom 2,214
Minimum Health Requirements . 738, 678
Education for Life 4, 108
Institutional Budget 885
Contribucion de los departments de educacion y economia
social de la Exposicion International " Pan-Pacific " a los
interes Panamericanos 1, 163
The Unit Schoolhouse 5, 500
National Rural Teachers' Reading Circle 6, 731
Home Garden Circulars 40,530
Daily Record Book (School and Home Garden) 1,594
Not itemized 24, 320
Total 1, 035, 031
ALASKA.
During the year the field force of the Bureau of Education in
Alaska consisted of 4 superintendents, 1 assistant superintendent,
102 teachers, 6 physicians, and 7 nurses. Seventy schools were main-
tained with an enrollment of about 3,600. Complete reports have
not yet been received from the remote schools in the interior and
in the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean regions.
Conspicuous among the activities of the Bureau of Education in
Alaska during the year has been the endeavor to aid the unique
colony at Metlakahtla, on Annette Island.
During recent years the cannery and sawmill in Metlakahtla have
not been operated. Since these industries closed the Indians have
no means of making a living on the island and have had to go else-
where for employment and the colony was rapidly deteriorating.
In order to give the Metlakahtlans an opportunity for self-support
on the island, the Secretary of the Interior decided last winter to
put the cannery and the sawmill again in operation. To this end
the cannery building was leased for a term of five years, beginning
April 1, 1916, to a cannery operator of Seattle, Wash., on terms
which it was estimated would produce an annual income of $7,500
346 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
for the village, give employment to a large percentage of the in-
habitants, and enable the natives at the end of the period of the
lease to purchase all of the lessee's interests and to operate the can-
nery themselves under the direction of the Federal Government.
On May 17, while necessary repairs on the building were being
made by the lessee and while he was awaiting the arrival of new
machinery, the cannery building was completely destroyed by fire,
as were also the warehouse and a portion of the wharf. The lease
was thus rendered inoperative during the season of 1916. Action is
being taken with a view to placing the cannery and sawmill in opera-
tion during 1917.
In order to protect the natives from those traders who charge ex-
orbitant prices for food and clothing and pay as little as possible
for native products, the bureau fosters cooperative stores owned and
managed by the natives, under the supervision of the teachers. The
most successful of these stores is the one at Hydaburg; other stores
are in operation at Klawock and Klukwan, in southeastern Alaska;
on Atka Island, in the Aleutian chain ; and on St. Lawrence Island,
in Bering Sea. These enterprises have been aided by the policy of
securing by executive order reservation for the exclusive use of the
natives of tracts of land within which they are conducted.
As the result of efforts continued during several years, Congress
granted $25,000 to provide for the medical relief of the natives of
Alaska during the fiscal year 1915-16; in addition, $18,733.98 of the
appropriation for the education of natives of Alaska was used for
that purpose, making a total of $43,733.98 for medical relief during
the year. A hospital in which indigent natives receive free treatment
was established in Juneau at a cost of $14,215 for erection and equip-
ment ; the small hospitals at Nulato, Kotzebue, and Kanakanak were
continued ; six physicians and seven nurses were employed ; payments
were made for the treatment of natives in hospitals and by physicians
in several of the Alaskan towns upon the request of superintendents
or teachers; as heretofore, all teachers were supplied with medicines
for use in relieving minor ailments.
The reports from the reindeer stations for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1915, the latest complete information received, show a total
of 70,243 reindeer distributed among 76 herds. Of the 70,243 rein-
deer, 46,683, or 66 per cent, were owned by 1,140 natives; 3,408, or
5 per cent, were owned by the United States; 6,890, or 10 per cent,
were owned by missions; and 13,262, or 19 per cent, were owned by
Lapps. The total income of the natives from the reindeer industry
during the fiscal year, exclusive of the meat and hides used by the
natives themselves, was $81,997. The total number reindeer; 70,243,
is a net increase of 21 per cent during the year, notwithstanding the
fact that about 8,500 reindeer were killed for meat and skins.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 347
Within less than a generation the Eskimos throughout northern
and western Alaska have been advanced through one entire stage of
civilization, from making their living by the precarious method of
hunting and fishing to the pastoral stage in which by their own in-
dustry they provide against want. However, there is still need for
the extension of the industry on the Aleutian Islands and especially
in the delta country between the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers,
where hundreds of natives are living in abject poverty, unreached by
civilizing influences.
A recent feature of the reindeer enterprise is the holding of fairs
or conventions, the object of which is, by the interchange of ex-
periences and by competition, to increase the interest and efficiency
of those engaged in the industry. Great enthusiasm was shown by
the large delegations attending the four conventions which were held
during the past winter. Activities in connection with the reindeer
industry, such as lassoing, driving, herding, pasturing, and butcher-
ing, were discussed. There were also races of various descriptions
and target contests. Prizes were given for the best exhibits of har-
ness, sleds, fur clothing, snow shoes, and other paraphernalia con-
nected with the industry.
COMMISSIONER.
Within the year the Commissioner has attended and addressed
meetings of National, sectional, State, and local associations and
meetings of citizens interested in education in 25 States, and has
visited important places in the southeastern district of Alaska. He
has called National and sectional conferences on rural schools, indus-
trial education, home economics and education for home making,
the education of immigrants and higher education, and a national
conference of the chief school officers of the States. Several of these
conferences the commissioner has attended in person, to others he
has sent members of the bureau interested in the subjects of the con-
ference. Much of the commissioner's time has been given to plan-
ning and directing educational surveys mentioned later in this
statement. Far too much of his time he has been compelled to give
to routine work and details of the office that might better have been
done and looked after by an assistant commissioner or a private
secretary, neither of which is provided.
SURVEYS.
In September the specialist in higher education made a careful
internal survey of the University of Oregon. This survey was made
at the request of the president and the board of regents of the uni-
348 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
versity, and a report with conclusions and recommendations was
submitted to them.
In October, November, and December the bureau conducted a sur-
vey of the State University of Iowa, the Iowa State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and the Iowa State Teachers Col-
lege. This survey was made at the request of the Iowa State Board
of Education, and a report with conclusions and recommendations
was submitted to this board early in March.
In November the specialist in higher education and one of the
specialists in home economics made an internal survey of the Col-
lege of St. Teresa. This survey was made at the request of the presi-
dent and faculty of the college, and a report with conclusions and
recommendations was submitted to them in December.
In March and April the bureau made a survey of the University
of Washington, State College of Washington, and the Washington
State normal schools at Ellensburg, Cheney, and Bellingham, and
such a general survey of the public-school system of the State as was
thought necessary to an understanding of the relation of the institu-
tions of higher education to the public-school system. This survey
was made at the request of the State Commission of Educational Sur-
vey created by an act of the legislature, and a report with conclusions
and recommendations was submitted to this commission in April.
Through the winter and spring the bureau conducted a survey of
the University of North Dakota; the North Dakota Agricultural
College; the normal schools at Mayville, Minot, and Valley City;
the State Normal and Industrial School at Ellendale; the North
Dakota School of Science and Technology at Wahpeton; the School
of Forestry at Bottineau; and the State Library Commission; and
made such a general survey of the public-school system as was
thought necessary for an understanding of the relation of the public
schools to the institutions of higher education. The survey was made
at the request of the State board of regents, who were required by
law to have the survey made, and a report with conclusions and
recommendations was submitted to this board in July.
In the fall and winter a partial survey was made of the public
schools of Jamestown, N. Dak., for the purpose of advising the
board of education of that city as to the possible reorganization
of its school system, and a report recommending a reorganization of
the 12 years of elementary and high schools on the basis of 6 years
elementary and 6 years high school, with a division of the high school
into junior and senior periods, was submitted to the board early in
the spring.
In February the bureau began a comprehensive survey of the public
school system of the city of San Francisco. A good part of the work
necessary to be done on the grounds was done in February and
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 349
March ; the remainder had to be postponed until the opening of the
schools in August. This survey was undertaken at the request of
the board of education and of the chamber of commerce of the city
of San Francisco, and a report with conclusions and recommenda-
tions will be made to them.
In February and March the bureau conducted a survey of the
schools of Webster Groves, Mo., at the request of the superintendent
and board of education of that city, and a report with conclusions
and recommendations is being submitted to them.
By agreement with the secretary of the Nassau County Association
and a representative of the New York State Department of Educa-
tion, the bureau assisted in February, March, and April in a survey
of the public schools of Nassau County, N. Y., made for the pur-
pose of recommending improvements in the schools of the county,
and a report of the portion of this survey made by this bureau has
been submitted to the State Department of Education of New York.
In April and May one of the specialists in school and home gar-
dening made a school and home garden survey of the city of Rich-
mond, Ind., as a part of a general industrial education survey of
that city. A report of the part of the work done by the bureau, with
conclusions and recommendations, has been submitted to the Rich-
mond Vocational Education Survey Committee.
During the winter and spring the bureau made a survey of the
system of public education of the State of Wyoming. This survey
included a study of the administration of the public schools, an
inspection of the schools of several counties, and a consideration of
certain phases of the work of the State university. The survey was
undertaken at the request of the Wyoming State School Code Com-
mittee, and a report, with conclusions and recommendations, was
submitted to this committee in Tuly.
The survey of private and higher schools for Negroes in the United
States, which has been in progress for three years, has been completed
and the results are being prepared for publication as bulletins of this
bureau.
The educational survey of the Southern Appalachian Mountain
counties in the States of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, begun a year ago
by Mr. C. G. Burkitt, employed especially for this purpose, has been
continued. It is expected that this work will be completed and a
report of it prepared within the current fiscal year.
Progress has been made on the educational survey of the State of
Delaware. During the year investigations were made of opportuni-
ties of education for adult immigrants in the city of Wilmington, of
opportunities for home gardens under the direction of the schools in
Wilmington and several of the smaller towns, of industrial education
350 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
in Wilmington, of the teaching of civics in the schools of Wilmington
and certain other rural towns and communities as set forth elsewhere
in this statement, and of the teaching of home economics and domestic
science in certain parts of the State. The Children's Bureau and
the United States Public Health Service cooperate with the
Bureau of Education in this survey. Plans have been made for the
completion of a large part of the survey of the State during the
current fiscal year. The survey of the rural schools will be finished
within the first half of the year. In connection with the survey
constructive work is going on, some of which has already been begun,
as set forth elsewhere in this statement. This survey is made at the
request of the governor of the State, the State commissioner of edu-
cation, the president and faculty of Delaware College, the superin-
tendent of schools at Wilmington, and representatives of various
organizations interested in the welfare of the State. The results of
the survey will be published in sections from time to time as they are
completed and will be submitted to the State board of education.
The work on the educational survey of the State of Tennessee to be
made at the request of the State board of education of that State has
been begun. One of the special collaborators attached to the sub-
station of the bureau at the George Peabody College for Teachers
has made a partial study of the high schools of the State. The work
of the survey will be continued throughout the year.
In all these surveys of cities, counties, States, and institutions the
bureau has had the hearty cooperation of school officials and teachers.
In most instances the expenses of the members of the bureau and the
expenses and honorariums of persons employed in the survey but not
connected directly with the bureau have been paid by the city, county,
State, or institution, for which the survey has been made. The re-
ports of all the surveys (except that of Nassua County, New York,
which will be published by the State Department of Education of
New York, that of the University of Oregon, which has been pub-
lished by that university, and the surveys of the College of St.
Teresa and the schools of Jamestown, N. Dak., the reports of which
are not of such a nature as to justify their publication as bulletins
of this bureau) with conclusions and recommendations based on
them, will be published as bulletins of this bureau. In this way the
bureau will be able gradually to establish policies and standards of
education throughout the whole country more effectively than could
be accomplished in any other way.
Other surveys promised for the current fiscal year include a survey
of the administration of the public school system of the State of
Colorado, which is now being made at the request of the Colorado
Survey Committee of State Affairs; a survey of the entire educa-
tional system of the State of Arizona, which is now being made
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 351
at the request of the State superintendent of public instruction,
the president of the State university, and the State Teachers' Asso-
ciation; a survey of the entire educational system of the State of
New Mexico (promised conditionally) ; surveys of the public school
systems of the cities of Canton and Elyria, Ohio; surveys of the
public schools of Falls and Walker counties, Tex.; an internal
survey of the University of Nevada, now being made at the request
of the governor of Nevada, the board of regents, and the president
of the university; an internal survey of the University of South
Carolina; a survey of the Bradley Polytechnic Institute of Peoria,
111., which is now being made at the request of the trustees, president,
and faculty of the institute.
Many requests for other surveys have been made to this office, but
with the bureau's meager equipment no others can be undertaken
now.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The number of special collaborators serving the bureau at the
nominal sum of $1 a year has increased from 122 to 137. These
special collaborators are attached to various divisions of the bureau,
assigned to special substations, or work under the immediate direc-
tion of the commissioner. Sixteen have desks in the office at Wash-
ington and work here a part or all of the year. Two are in the
New York office of the kindergarten division, and one in the office
of the home education division at Philadelphia. They all assist in
making investigations, preparing reports, conducting correspond-
ence, holding conferences, making educational surveys, conducting
special studies, gathering information, compiling bulletins and
reports, formulating expert opinion and giving advice, and in repre-
senting the bureau at important meetings.
Special collaborators connected with the substation of the bureau
at the University of Chicago have completed a study of the normal
schools of the United States, the results of which have been pub-
lished as a bulletin of the bureau under the title " Problems involved
in standardizing State normal schools." The study of higher educa-
tion in the British Isles has been continued by a representative of
the bureau, who within the year has made a report on the universities
of England and Scotland, and a report on legal education in Great
Britain; and has almost finished a report on the universities of
Ireland and Wales.
Cooperation with the Department of Agriculture for the study
and promotion of agricultural education has been continued.
A member of the bureau remained with the bureau's exhibit at the
Panama-Pacific Exposition until its close, and then remained to pack
352 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
the exhibit for shipment. A portion of it was shipped' to the
Panama-California Exposition at San Diego and the remainder to
Washington. The bureau's school-library exhibit has been shown at
several important places during the year as has also its traveling
exhibit of school drawing.
DIFFICULTIES AND NEEDS.
The work of the bureau has been much impeded through lack of
room, clerical help, and funds for the payment of traveling expenses.
In several instances three or four specialists and their stenographers
and typewriters are compelled to work in one room, studying, writ-
ing, making investigations, dictating, and receiving there those who
come to consult them. The small rooms used for the library and
never suited for its proper arrangement no longer afford shelf room
for all the books, many thousands of which have had to be stored and
can not therefore be used. The correspondence of the bureau, as
elsewhere shown, is now five and a half times as large as it was six
years ago, and other clerical work made necessary by new and
extended activities of the bureau and by the greater general interest
in its work has increased still more, but there has been very little
increase in the clerical force ; therefore correspondence and the copy-
ing of papers of various kinds are frequently much delayed and
specialists at comparatively high salaries must neglect their own
legitimate work in order to do purely clerical work which might
be done by clerks much better and at much less cost. Because of
the smallness of the amount of funds available for the payment
of traveling expenses, it has been necessary in most cases to
require societies, communities, and institutions to which the bureau
renders services involving expenses for traveling to pay these
expenses. As an inevitable result a larger amount of such serv-
ices is given to those societies, communities, and institutions most
able to pay, while those less able but more in need of them must
be denied. For the library and for the force of specialists and
clerks now employed the bureau needs immediately 50 per cent more
room than it has. The number of clerks, including stenographers,
copyists, and tabulators, should be increased by at least 75 per ceut,
and there should be a larger number of clerks of the higher classes
so that the bureau may not constantly lose its best and most promis-
ing clerks of the lower classes by transfer to other bureaus and de-
partments in which the chances of promotion and larger pay are
much better. The appropriation for traveling expenses should be
live times as large as it is, so that the bureau may give its services
where they are most needed and can be most effective rather than
where there is most ability to pay the necessary expenses.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 353
In many of the most important phases of education the bureau
is able to render little or no service because it has in its employ no
persons with special knowledge of them. In none can it serve fully
and effectively, because in no division of the bureau dealing with
the principles of education and their practical application is there
a sufficient number of specialists to enable the division to respond to
more than a very small number of the demands made upon it. If
the bureau is to render the service which the country expects of it,
and which it should render for the promotion of the cause of edu-
cation throughout the country, not only must it have on its stall
a much larger number of experts in various lines of educational
work, but it must be able to pay them larger salaries. The salaries
now paid for expert service in the bureau are lower than are paid
corresponding grades of service in other Government bureaus, and
much less than is paid for work of a lower grade in State, county,
and city school systems.
Attention is called to the large number of manuscripts for bulle-
tins accumulated at the end of the year, and which could not be
printed earlier because of lack of funds. Several of these manu-
scripts have been waiting for many months and some of them for
more than a year. Many of them will have lost much of their value
before they can be printed and distributed. Because of this lack of
funds for printing, the publication of many valuable manuscripts is
delayed, and others that would be of much service to the country
can not be printed at all.
In my introduction to the Annual Report of the Commissioner for
1915 I called attention to the fact that it is not now and probably
never will be possible for the bureau to have the statistical volume
of the Annual Eeport of the Commissioner ready for publication at
the time now required by law. The manuscript for this volume of
the report for the year ended June 30, 1915, which might have been
published early in February had the law permitted, could not be
ready for the printer in October, and has therefore had to be car-
ried over for publication a year late as the statistical volume of the
report for 1916. I am recommending elsewhere that Congress again
be requested to amend the law in regard to the printing of reports
so that the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education may be
printed in January or February. Under present conditions the man-
uscript for the two volumes of this report can not be ready for the
printer before the first of January.
All the needs of the bureau set forth in the statement of the com-
missioner for the year ended June 30, 1915, still exist, and the rapid
movement of events within the year has created or brought to light
others equally important. I therefore beg leave to submit again,
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 13
354 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
with slight modifications and with some additions, the recommenda-
tions submitted in that statement.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
(1) An increase in the salaries of chief clerk, editor, statistician,
specialist in land-grant college statistics, specialist in higher educa-
tion, and other specialists, and the removal of the limit on amount
of salaries which may be paid from the lump-sum appropriation
for rural education and industrial education. The duties of these
positions require the services of men and women of such kind and
degree of ability as demand salaries considerably higher than are
now paid in this bureau. I can only repeat what I said in my state-
ments for 1913, for 1914, and for 1915, that work of this kind had
better not be attempted than not done well.
(2) An assistant commissioner, who should also be a specialist in
secondary education and should serve as chief of a high-school divi-
sion of the bureau. The duties of the office make it necessary for the
commissioner to visit distant parts of the country and to be absent
from the office frequently many days at a time. There should be an
assistant commissioner to carry on the work in the office during his
absence, and to relieve him of much of the routine work of the office
so that he may be able to give more time and attention to the larger
problems of education and to direct more effectively the more im-
portant work of the bureau. Probably the most important phase in
public education in the United States at present is that of the sec-
ondary schools. The high school is, or should be, the heart and
center of our school system. The problems of the high school are
more difficult and their solution more urgent than those of any other
part of the school system. The head of the high-school division of
the bureau should therefore be a man of great ability. By combin-
ing the offices of assistant commissioner and of specialist in sec-
ondary education, it should be possible to pay a salary sufficiently
large to obtain the services of such a man.
(3) Additional specialists in higher education, including educa-
tion in universities, colleges, schools of technology, schools of profes-
sional education, and normal schools. The constant and increasing
demands from these schools for the help of the bureau in making
surveys and for advice as to their reconstruction and better coordina-
tion are larger and far more numerous than it can meet with its
present force. There is special need of an able man, familiar with
agricultural education and the problems of Negro education in the
South, to devote his entire time and attention to the colleges of
agriculture for Negroes in the Southern States.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 355
(4) Additional specialists in school and home gardening. The
proper education of many millions of children, and even the possi-
bility of their attending school at all during the years in which
attendance at school is most valuable, depend to a very large extent
upon the general adoption of the work which the bureau is promot-
ing through this division. It is very important that there should be
in the bureau a sufficient number of specialists in this subject to
visit all cities, towns, and manufacturing villages in the country,
advise with their school officials and teachers, and assist in direct-
ing the work of teachers until the plan is well enough understood, and
there are enough trained teachers that work in any city or town who
may go on without outside direction, or until the several States have
made provision for the direction of the work from their offices of
education. The enactment of the National child-labor law prohibit-
ing the employment of children under 14 years of age in mills, mines,
and quarries must result in enforced idleness of hundreds of thou-
sands of boys and girls and in unnecessary hardships to them and
their parents unless there is found for them some form or forms of
suitable employment economically profitable and at the same time
educational. Kesults obtained thiough home and school gardening
confirm the belief that both economically and educationally this is
one of the very best forms of employment for children between the
ages of 8 and 14 years.
(5) An increase in the number of specialists and assistants in
rural education and industrial education. The few specialists now
employed in these subjects are wholly unable to do more than a small
part of the work needed. States are asking for expert advice in
regard to school legislation and the improvement of their school
systems. States, counties, and local communities want comprehensive
and detailed school surveys. There is need and demand for such
general and authoritative studies of school administration, courses
of study, methods of teaching, and adaptation of the work of the
schools to the life and needs of the communities which they serve as
can be made effectively only by a large group of men and women of
the best ability working under the direction of the Federal Gov-
ernment.
(6) The formation of a division of commercial education, with
specialists and assistants, for the investigation of problems of com-
mercial education and to assist in making plans and finding means
for the preparation of our young people for participation in the
larger commercial life upon which the country is now entering. The
rapid expansion of the foreign commerce of the United States be-
cause of the war in Europe, and for other reasons more permanent,
makes the need for this division more pressing than when it was first
recommended some years ago.
356 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
(7) More adequate provision for the investigation and promotion
of school sanitation and hygiene and the physical culture and de-
velopment of pupils. Nearly 20,000,000 children spend a good part
of their time each year in public and private schools in the United
States. They come to these schools that they may gain preparation
and strength for life. In many of the schools the heating, lighting,
ventilation, and other means of sanitation are so poor that instead of
gaining strength for life they have the seeds of disease and death
sown in their systems. In many other schools the daily regimen is
such as to cause the children to lose a very large per cent of that
which they might gain with a better regimen. From State, county,
and city school officers, in all parts of the country, thousands of re-
quests come to the bureau for information and advice in regard to
these matters. The bureau should be able to give accurate informa-
tion and sound advice regarding various phases of this subject. The
establishment of health and right health habits must be considered a
most important and vital principle in any education that is to fit for
life. Provision for such games, plays, drills, and other exercises as
will develop physical strength, bodily control, and endurance is es-
sential to the schools of any nation that would maintain for all its
citizens a high degree of preparedness for the duties both of peace
and of war.
(8) The formation of a division, with a group of able specialists
and assistants, for the investigation of problems of education and
school administration in cities and towns. The drift of population
to the cities and towns continues, and the proportion of urban popu-
lation to rural population is increasing rapidly. Almost one-half of
the children in the United States now live in cities, towns, and
densely populated suburban communities. In some sections of the
country a very large proportion of these children are the children
of foreign-born parents. All this adds to the complexity and diffi-
culty of the problems of city-school administration, especially in
the larger cities. Many hundreds of requests for advice and infor-
mation in regard to these problems come to the bureau every year.
At present there is no one in the bureau whose special duty it is to
respond to them. Within the past year requests have come to the
bureau for comprehensive educational surveys in 18 cities, and many
other cities have appealed to other agencies for work of this kind
because their superintendents and boards of education knew that
this bureau was not equipped as it should be to do this work. If the
right education of the 12,000,000 children who live in cities is a mat- I
ter of interest to the Nation as a whole, then this bureau should be I
enabled to do effectively those things which no other agency can do
to assist the school officers and teachers of these cities in making the
work of their schools more effective.
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 357
(9) The establishment of a division, with specialists and assist-
ants, for the investigation of the education of exceptional children.
There are in the United States more than 2,000,000 children whose
education requires means varying widely from those in common use
for the education of normal children. These children are to be
found in cities, towns, and rural communities alike, and all school
officers and teachers have to deal with them. The Bureau of Educa-
tion can not be considered as performing its duties to all the popu-
lation with impartiality until it has in its service men and women
who can give accurate information and helpful advice in regard to
the education of these children.
(10) Provision for the investigation of the education of adult
illiterates and the dissemination of information as to the best
methods of teaching illiterate men and women to read and write,
and of extending the meager education of those who were denied
the advantages of the schools in their childhood and youth. Accord-
ing to the census of 1910, there were in the United States more than
5,500,000 illiterate men and women and children over the age when
they may be expected to make a beginning in the public schools,
and there were many millions more barely able to read and write.
This illiteracy is a burden to society and a menace to State and
Nation. Within the past few years much interest in the removal
of this burden has developed. The response to the little attention
which this bureau has been able to give to this subject indicates
that States, local communities, individuals, and benevolent societies
are ready to cooperate heartily with the Federal Government in
any reasonable plans which may be devised and presented by this
bureau for this purpose. Within the past two years the people of
the country have become conscious of the special need for more
adequate provision for preparing for American life and possible
citizenship the large number of persons who come to this country
from southern and eastern European countries. It is especially
important that they be given opportunity for learning the language
of the country and that they be induced to take advantage of this
opportunity. States and cities must provide the means for this, but
the task of working out effective plans and of assisting States and
cities in putting them into operation belongs to the Nation as a whole
and this bureau is the Nation's logical agent for this work.
(11) A careful and thorough investigation as to the means of
better education of children in their homes, and the dissemination
of information as to the best methods for the early physical, mental,
and moral education of children in the home, and for the better
cooperation of home and school in the education of children of
school age. Children of the United States are in school less than
4 per cent of their time from birth to 21. The home is the primary
358 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
and fundamental educational institution. Schools and other agen-
cies are only secondary. If education in the home fails, no other
agency can make good the failure. With our changing civilization
and social and industrial life, there is need for more careful study
of education in the home. The bureau has already made a beginning
in this work, but there is need of far more than it can hope to do
without much larger equipment for it.
(12) A specialist in educational theory and practice, to serve as a
director of investigations in education, assisting National, State, and
local committees and commissions and making available for them the
large collections of material in the library of the bureau and else-
where in Washington. National, State, and local associations ap-
point many committees, and States and cities appoint many commis-
sions to investigate and report on various problems of education.
Many of these committees and commissions fail more or less com-
pletely for want of material and intelligent assistance and direction.
The library of this bureau, one of the most complete of its kind in
the world, contains a large collection of material for most of these
investigations. The specialist here recommended could put this col-
lection at the service of these committees and commissions and at
the same time give much -needed assistance and direction. His serv-
ices would also be valuable to other specialists in the bureau and to
hundreds of individual students of education upon whose investiga-
tions the country depends for most of its knowledge of education.
This recommendation has been repeated each year for five years.
The need of such a person in the bureau becomes greater and more
pressing each year. Most of the work of the bureau suffers from
want of the assistance such a person could give.
(13) An assistant editor. The editorial work of the office has
increased more than sixfold within the past five years, and it must
increase still more within the next few years. It is now impossible
for one editor to perform satisfactorily all the required editorial
work. The more careful editing of the reports and bulletins of the
bureau which this addition to the editorial staff would make possible
would save each year in the cost of printing more than the salary of
an assistant editor.
(14) A specialist in foreign and domestic systems of education and
an assistant in foreign systems of education. This bureau is under-
taking to keep the people of the United States informed as to all
important progress in education and in methods of teaching in all
countries of the world. It must have, in order to accomplish this
work with any degree of satisfaction, the additional assistance here
indicated.
(15) Two additional collectors and compilers of statistics. Ma-
terial for prompt and reliable statistical reports can not be had by
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 359
this bureau without occasional visits to State and city education of-
fices and the first-hand study of their returns. This is not possible
with the force the bureau now has for this work.
(16) A comparatively large increase in the number of clerks, ste-
nographers, copyists, laborers, and messengers to do the work of the
bureau as it is now organized, and a still larger increase to do such
additional work of this nature as may be made necessary by any en-
largement that may be made in the staff of specialists.
(17) An increase of appropriation for traveling expenses for the
commissioner and emplo3Tees acting under his direction. This is
necessary to enable them to make original investigations in educa-
tion in different parts of the country and to disseminate information
by meeting with educational associations and other societies inter-
ested in education in different parts of the country. Without funds
sufficient to pay necessary traveling expenses, the bureau can not do
its work effectively, and must constantly be open to the charge of
giving help where expenses can be paid rather than where help is
most needed.
(18) Means to enable the bureau to cooperate with schools of edu-
cation in colleges and universities, with normal schools, and with
city and county school systems in making important investigations
and definite experiments in elementary and secondary school educa-
tion under scientific control. There is as much need for scientific
experiments in education as there is for such experiments in agri-
culture or engineering. Although we are spending annually many
hundreds of millions of dollars on public education, we have little
accurate and definite knowledge about the value of various forms of
education and methods of teaching, and we can have little more
until provision is made for such scientific experiments as are here
indicated. With a comparatively small amount of money the bureau
might obtain the cooperation of individuals, institutions, and boards
of education in making important investigations and experiments in
education not otherwise possible without much larger expenditures.
(19) A larger appropriation to enable the Secretary of the In-
terior, in his discretion and under his direction, and with the advice
and cooperation of the Public Health Service, to provide for the
medical and sanitary relief of the Eskimos, Aleuts, Indians, and other
natives of Alaska. Careful investigations made with the cooperation
of the Public Health Service have shown the necessity of immediate
provision for the care of the health of the natives of this Territory
and for the eradication of communicable diseases now prevalent in
different sections of the Territory which, if not put under immediate
control, will soon destroy the lives of many of these people and spread
among the white settlers. The addition of $25,000 to the appropria-
tion for this purpose for the current fiscal year, making the total of
360 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
$50,000 for this purpose, has enabled the bureau to do more for the
health of these people than ever before, but much still remains to be
done. To do what is needed will require an annual appropriation of
at least $100,000. An appropriation of $62,500 will be asked for the
next fiscal year.
(20) The bureau should be authorized to sell some of the 4,000
reindeer belonging to the Government and use the proceeds in dis-
tributing the remainder to those sections of northwest Alaska where
they can be herded profitably, but where there are none now. The
Alaska reindeer service, which was begun in a small way a little more
than 20 years ago, has now reached large proportions, and has accom-
plished much for the support and for the education and civilization
of the natives in the northwestern part of the Territory. The bureau
wishes to extend at once the distribution of reindeer in the sections
in which reindeer may be herded profitably, to give all the natives of
this section the advantage which has already come to those living in
settlements to which reindeer have been sent, and to complete this
work so there may not be need for a continuation of the appropria-
tion for this purpose. The annual appropriation of $5,000, much of
which must be used for other purposes than distribution of reindeer,
is not sufficient to enable the bureau to proceed with this distribution
as rapidly as it should. Authority to sell male deer and use the pro-
ceeds for this purpose would hasten the distribution without addi-
tional cost to the Government.
(21) The time has come when the natives in all parts of Alaska
should be assisted and directed in the establishment and development
of industries of their own, which will give them remunerative em-
ployment through much of the time in which they are now more or
less idle and by which they may make for themselves a better support
and gradually take over the larger part of the cost of their own
schools and medical attendance. The success of the reindeer indus-
try in the northwestern part of the Territory and of experiments in
other industries, on a smaller scale, in other parts of the Territory
would seem to justify the use of a few thousand dollars a year for
this purpose for the next ten or fifteen years. The sooner these
people are made wholly self-supporting, the less will be the final
cost of their support and education to the Government. A few thou-
sand dollars judiciously expended for this purpose now will save
hundreds of thousands of dollars later.
(22) The annual estimates for appropriations for " education of
natives in Alaska," for "reindeer in Alaska," and for "medical
attendance of natives in Alaska" are usually put in the sundry civil
bill, which on alternate years, in which the long session of Congress
meets, is not considered until near the end of the fiscal year and
sometimes until after the beginning of the next, but supplies for
STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 361
certain parts of Alaska must be shipped from Seattle in June or
early in July in order to reach their destination. Buildings for
schools or hospitals can be erected much better and at less cost in
the summer than in the winter, and materials for such buildings
should be shipped as early in the year as possible. Contracts with
teachers should be made when possible in May and June. It is,
therefore, recommended that these estimates be considered sepa-
rately or in some other bill which is likely to receive final considera-
tion earlier in the year.
(23) For the printing of the Annual Eeport of the Commissioner
and the bulletins and circulars which should issue from the bureau
e^ch year there should be available not less than $100,000. The grow-
ing importance of education in our national life, the large expendi-
tures for schools and other agencies of education, the increasing
extension and differentiation of education to meet the new and
increasing needs of industrial and civic life have created a demand
for such information as is contained in these publications in many
and widely varied fields of education. From no other source can this
demand be supplied than from this bureau, and from this bureau it
should be met as fully as possible. This will require the printing of
I large number of bulletins each year, and manj^ of these should be
printed in much larger editions. The limit of 12,500 copies for any
edition of a bulletin should be removed, so that it may be printed in
such numbers as in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior may
be necessary. Fifty thousand school officers can not be supplied from
an edition of 12,500 copies of a bulletin on a subject in which they
are all equally interested.
(24) Congress should again be requested to except the Annual
Eeport of the Commissioner of Education from the law in regard to
the time of submitting copy of annual reports and accompanying
documents, so as to permit the copy for the Annual Report of the
Commissioner of Education to be submitted for printing not later
than January 15. The nature of this report is such that it can not
under any circumstances be completed as early as the middle of
October. Under present conditions it can hardly be completed
earlier than January 15.
(25) When the vocational education bill which passed the Senate
at the last session of Congress becomes a law, the vocational educa-
tion commission provided for in the bill and of which the Commis-
sioner of Education will, according to the terms of the bill, be the
adviser and executive agent, and the employees of the commission
should be housed in the same building with the Bureau of Educa-
tion and have easy access to its library, its mailing lists, and other
conveniences. For the effective work of the commission it must bring
362 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
together at its office courses of study, plans of buildings and equip-
ment for trade schools, schools of agriculture and commercial schools,
and other schools in which the commission is interested, and samples
of school work in trades and industries. For the work of the bureau
which it now does more room is needed and still more will be needed
as its staff of experts and clerks is increased. There is now need
for more and better arranged space for the bureau's library, which
is increasing from year to year. The Nation needs an educational
museum, a land of perpetual educational exhibit in which there may
be found at any time, properly arranged and catalogued, typical
courses of study, samples of school furniture and equipment of all
kinds, specimens of school work, plans and photographs of buildings,
grounds, and whatever else will be helpful in enabling students of
education and school officers and teachers to gain an accurate and
comprehensive knowledge of purposes, methods, and results of edu-
cation in this and other countries, and assist them in forming ideas
for the improvement of their own schools and school work. This
museum should, of course, be under the direction of the Bureau of
Education and constitute an essential part of its equipment. I there-
fore renew the recommendation contained in the commissioner's state-
ment for 1915 that plans be considered at once for the erection of a
building that will afford ample room for the work of the bureau
and allied activities of the Government, house the bureau's library,
and furnish ample room for such collections of materials as those
mentioned above.
Respectfully submitted.
P. P. Claxton,
Commissioner,
The Secretary of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED
STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
363
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
George Otis Smith, Director,
The appropriations for the work of the United States Geological
Survey for the fiscal year 1915-16 comprised items amounting to
$1,570,520. The plan of operations was approved by the Secretary
of the Interior, and detailed statements of the work performed are
given in this report.
SPECIAL FEATURES.
ECONOMY IN SCIENCE.
The increased extent to which the large industrial corporations
of the country now support their own departments of scientific
research is a gratifying development of the times. Science is re-
garded as a necessity rather than a luxury. And this coming of
science into its own as a large factor in the industrial life of the
Nation is necessarily followed by a certain reaction of business upon
science. Never before, perhaps, has the demand been so keen for
research that is no less than ever scientific in spirit and in method
but that has a definite purpose and yields definite results. The idea
of making science useful is not new, but the utility of science has
become more universally the test of its value.
In the scientific work done under the Federal Government this
demand for results is abundantly justified by the public need. If
the strongest corporations are making large use of chemists, physic-
ists, and geologists, the general public has similar need in its service
for applied science.
The business policy of organizing scientific investigation for effec-
tive work, however, is far from novel, for in 1878, in the report to
Congress advocating the creation of the United States Geological
Survey, the National Academy of Sciences described the ideal plan
for a scientific bureau as that which would yield the " best results
at the least possible cost." Since that day, moreover, economy in
science has become a more pressing issue.
365
366 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
At the centennial exercises of the United States Coast and Geo-
detic Survey, in April, 1916, the Director of the Geological Survey
called attention to the gratifying fact that for nearly four decades
the two Surveys had worked side by side in the cause of American
science coordinately rather than competitively. The result has been
economy instead of waste. With this record in mind the appeal
was then made for the application to the business of the two score
Federal scientific bureaus of the same rules that the legislatures and
courts now enforce for the control of corporations. Unrestrained
competition in the public service is no less wasteful than unregu-
lated competition in private business. The ideal of the best service
at the lowest cost leads to the recognition of the idea of natural
monopolies in the Government scientific service, for this recognition
will insure the same real saving to society that has come with the
recent growth of public-utility monopolies. It does not follow that
because the scientific bureau offers a special service to the public
without direct price the public official is any less vitally interested
in actual costs.
If the scientific work of the Government is to be organized on the
basis of specialization rather than of competition the correlative
idea of adequate regulation must be adopted. A large share of this
duty of insuring a proper coordination of the public scientific work
must be accepted directly by the bureau chiefs and their immediate
advisers in the work of administration. Moreover, to this group of
Government scientists the obligation is double — they are constrained
as public servants to avoid wasteful use of public money and as
scientists to conserve scientific effort by preventing duplication in
research and in publication. Faith in the effectiveness of highly
specialized science must carry with it the belief that some one bureau,
by reason of its organization, personnel, and experience, can conduct
scientific investigations of a certain kind better than any other bu-
reau. This is practical logic of the type that is recognized in private
business, for under the public regulation of natural monopoly the
public-utility company that first enters the local field is recognized
and even protected by the public-service commission as long as the
service it renders is at all adequate. The attempt of an overzealous
bureau chief to seek preferment for his bureau on other grounds is
not in harmony with the public-service idea that the Federal scientific
bureau is only an agency to get results that are of largest value to
the public it serves.
STATISTICS THAT HAVE VALUE AS NEWS.
A leading trade journal in a recent editorial commented upon the
United States Geological Survey's " enviable reputation for accuracy
and preciseness throughout all its different branches " but added that
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 367
in maintaining this accuracy the Survey had "in the past shown
a tendency to ignore the necessity for promptness in placing its
vast store of statistical data before the public." This editorial,
which was headed "Geological Survey speeding up on statistics,"
was prompted by the innovation in publishing statistics of coal pro-
duction referred to below.
The obvious difficulty of giving to the public statistical data that
are accurate and yet not somewhat out of date has been met since
1910 by supplementing the complete detailed reports with the publi-
cation in the first week of January of preliminary estimates of min-
eral production for the year just ended. These new-year statements
have now attained a degree of accuracy that not only meets the prac-
tical needs of most users of this information but also robs the later
complete reports of their news value. Thus the Survey's estimate of
the gold output of Alaska for 1915, published January 1, 1916, was
less than 1.2 per cent in excess of the final figures made public about
four months later, and Alaska's exceptionally large yield of copper
was estimated within 3 per cent. For the last two years the pre-
liminary estimates of the coal output of the United States were only
four-tenths of 1 per cent and 2.6 per cent in error; for the more er-
ratic petroleum industry the estimates of marketed output published
January 1 have been within one-half of 1 per cent and 5 per cent of
the final figures; the preliminary estimates of cement were within
three-tenths of 1 per cent and four-tenths of 1 per cent of the actual
output. The Survey geologist who made an estimate of the output
of iron ore for 1914, in a statement issued January 1, 1915, " approxi-
mated" the final figures with an error of only 239 tons, and his
preliminary figures for the output in 1915, published January 1,
1916, were within nine-tenths of 1 per cent of the complete final
figures.
It is, of course, through the collection of detailed statistics from
individual producers that the specialist is able to keep so closely in
touch with his subject that his preliminary estimates have high
value for approximate accuracy. Some advances have been made in
the date of publication of the final statistical reports, but here the
compiler encounters the difficulty of obtaining full and prompt co-
operation from a very small minority of the producers, so that it is
the last 1 or 2 per cent of the returns that cost the most time and
effort. A gain of weeks in the date of publication of the statistics
of some products might be made, but only at a sacrifice in the quality
of the results. The standard of accuracy maintained by the man of
scientific training shows itself in his aversion to round figures. The
Survey will continue to seek improvement in the promptness of issue
of the final reports, but the public need for authoritative mineral
statistics possessing full news value will be met by estimates pub-
368 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
lished January 1 and at other times in the year. The Survey's new-
year and mid-year statements have already won a place in the public
press because they furnish the business interests with impartial esti-
mates of the rate of production of the raw materials and fuels that
are so essential to the Xation's industry and commerce.
As information to be valuable must be timely, the Geological
Survey regards the preparation and issue of its quarterly and
monthly statements as representing the ideal plan for statistics of all
the principal metals and mineral fuels. Already a further step in
the same direction has been planned: commencing August 15. the
Survey will issue every month a comparative statement of railroad
movement of coal and coke for the preceding month. It is believed
that these authoritative figures will furnish the public a valuable
index of the general industrial conditions as well as of the current
rate of utilization of the country's mineral reserves.
THE GEOLOGY OF PETROLEUM.
The far-reaching importance to the United States of an adequate
supply of petroleum and gasoline has long been recognized by the
Survey, which during the last two years has made greater efforts
than ever before to assist in discovering and in developing new oil
reserves. Brief accounts of the work accomplished, with titles of
reports published or in preparation this year, describing the struc-
ture and oil prospects in many new and undeveloped areas, espe-
cially in the Western States, in the Southwest, and in the Midcon
tinent region, will be found in the record of the geologic work car-
ried on in the several States (pp. 409-449). Even with all the funds
which, with justice to other mineral interests, could be devoted to
investigations of oil and gas. it has not been found possible to extend
these researches at all in proportion to the increase in public demand
for information both as to old and to new fields. A recent editorial
in the Standard Oil Bulletin states: "Time was when oil oper-
ators were strongly inclined to give little or no heed to the
opinions of geologists, but that time is past." The value of the
studies of geologic structure in the search for oil is not only thus
recognized by the great oil companies, but most of these corpora-
tions are now recruiting corps of geologists, if they had not already
had trained geologists in their employ. Naturally, the information
thus acquired by these corporations for their guidance in leasing
lands and in locating exploratory drill holes is not available
to the public — a fact which makes more pressing the need of the
landowner and of the small independent driller for all the informa-
tion which the Federal or State surveys can give.
One function that is especially appropriate for the national serv-
ice is the prosecution of field studies seeking a better understanding
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 369
of the principles and conditions governing the origin, movement, and
segregation of oil and gas, thus extending direct aid in the discovery
of new pools and new fields. With this object in view, attention
is given not only to the geologic structure in the pools already de-
veloped and to the mutual relations of the oil, gas, and water as re-
vealed by the drill, but to the problems of discontinuity, tightness,
cementation by chemical reaction, porosity, and the more difficult
questions of capillarity. In the investigations of such subjects, con-
cerning which some misinformation seems to exist, the physicists of
the division of chemistry and physics are cooperating with the
geologists.
Estimates of the reserves of petroleum remaining in the ground
in the different States were compiled in February by the Survey
geologists for the use of the Secretary of the Interior in reply (Sen-
ate Doc. 310) to Senate resolution No. 40, Sixty-fourth Congress.
Further, in anticipation of the day when, on account of the advanc-
ing cost of gasoline and other products obtained from petroleum,
it might be found commercially profitable to utilize some of the
enormous supply of petroleum to be derived from the distillation of
the vast deposits of so-called hydrocarbon shales of the Green River
formation of northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, the
Survey has for three years been making field investigations of these
deposits. The examinations have been accompanied by mapping
of the areas of hydrocarbon shales and by such field measurements
of the thickness of the shales in workable beds and such rude field
distillation tests as will afford primary information concerning the
amount and richness of the shales in different parts of the region.
Very rough but cautious calculations of the contents of the shale
in parts of the area examined indicate that the distillation of shale
from beds over 3 feet thick in Colorado alone will yield more than
20,000,000,000 barrels of crude oil, from which more than 2,000,-
000,000 barrels of gasoline can be extracted by ordinary methods.
A report giving the results of these explorations and tests and an ac-
count of experiments as to possible gasoline production, both by the
ordinary commercial processes and by the Eittman process, is now
in press.
THE SEARCH FOR POTASH.
The search for potash has continued with unabated zeal. The
project of drilling in Smoke Creek Desert, Nev., outlined in last
year's annual report, was completed, four deep wells having been
put down at selected points in that locality. No potash of com-
mercial importance was found. However, the fact has from the first
been clearly recognized that the chances of success in this search must
necessarily be small at most places, for the area in the western
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 21
370 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
United States to be explored is large and the funds available for
tests by deep drilling must limit these tests to a few places each year.
The surface indications that may help in determining places for
drilling are only of the most general nature, yet these have been util-
ized with skill and judgment in the location of the tests made, and it
is not questioned that the possibilities fully justified those tests.
In view of the character of the deposits encountered in the tests
of the Quaternary lake beds of the Great Basin region it was con-
cluded that probably there were better prospects of discovering
deposits of potash and other salts in the Permo-Triassic " Eed Beds "
of the Southwest and of the Rocky Mountain region. The field
examinations of the "Red Beds," to which reference was made in
the last report, clearly indicated the occurrence of several periods of
dry climate while this series of beds was being laid down, with conse-
quent evaporation of continental water bodies, and these field studies
have also disclosed interesting evidence of the deposition by evapo-
ration of enormous deposits of rock salt, gypsum, and anhydrite in
parts of the " Red Beds " country, especially in eastern New Mexico,
northwestern Texas, and western Oklahoma.
Most of the drilling for water or for oil in this region has been
confined to a few localities, so that in large areas the drill has never
penetrated the deeper strata and the interbedded saline deposits.
However, the drilling already done shows the presence of as much as
600 or 700 feet of buried rock salt in parts of the great " Red Beds"
region. Potash, if present in stratified precipitate, should be associated
with some of these saline deposits. Furthermore, the strata of this
region, which consist largely of red sandstones and shales, thin dolo-
mites, and gypsum, are similar in composition and general character
to those that contain the great potash deposits of Germany, where
also large deposits of gypsum and rock salt lie between the rock
beds. It should also be noted that the periods of aridity and of
saline deposition in the southwestern part of this country were essen-
tially contemporaneous with the periods of evaporation and precipi-
tation in the Stassfurt district. Finally, crystals of potash salts
were found in the waste from a bore hole near Boden, not far from
Amarillo, Tex., by Dr. J. A. Udden, of the Bureau of Economic
Geology and Technology of the University of Texas, and he also
found traces of potash in muds or brines from several other wells,
the earliest discovery — that in the brines of the well at Spurr, in
Dickens County — having been made by Dr. Udden while he was
examining drill samples and studying drill logs from western Texas
under the auspices of the Federal Survey.
The facts cited justify the hope that beds of potash salts, possibly
of commercial importance, may lie buried somewhere in the great
" Red Beds " region of the Southwest. Such deposits were perhaps
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 371
precipitated only in very small areas in much reduced remnants of
the shallow seas of the period. If they exist, they are likely to be
lenticular, and, though their areal extent is problematic, they are
doubtless of very slight extent in comparison with the great area of
the " Red Beds." It therefore follows that if lenses of commercial
importance exist in these beds a large number of holes may be drilled
in different areas, even under the best geologic guidance, before such
a lens is penetrated by the drill. On the other hand, it is possible
that drillers may already have penetrated such lenses in their search
for oil or water without recognizing the fact, for generally no analy-
ses of the " brines " or the " salt beds " so encountered are made by
owners or drillers. At the present rate of the Geological Survey's
drilling tests in this region, it must be expected that many years may
pass before the drill shall penetrate a single lens. Nevertheless, the
need of getting adequate supplies of cheap potash in this country —
and none are likely to be so cheap or so adequate as those that lie
buried in the earth — is obviously so great and so imperative as to
leave little doubt of the wisdom or, possibly, the necessity of incur-
ring the expense of discovering them or proving that they do not
exist.
There are indications that a great basin of salt water was evap-
orated in the Panhandle region of northern Texas, and as potash-
bearing crystals of salt were found near Boden, and traces of
potash are said to have been found in brines or muds from wells at
two or three other localities in this general region, a place at Cliff-
side, 7 miles northwest of Amarillo, was chosen for the first test
to be made by the Survey in the " Red Beds " country. Accordingly,
after the tests in the Smoke Creek Desert, Nev., were completed, the
drill was shipped to Cliffside, where the owners of certain lands
generously permitted the Survey to use them for like tests under
terms of option by the Government. Work was begun in the au-
tumn, and, in spite of such accidents as are usually incidental to
boring in the "Red Beds," the hole was carried to a depth of 361
feet before the balance of the funds available for potash exploration
was exhausted.
It is hoped that with the funds provided in the appropriation
for the fiscal year 1917 it will be possible to continue this well
to a depth of at least 1,800 feet, which should be sufficient to deter-
mine the stratigraphic position and the character of the deposits
that furnish the red potash-salt crystals near Boden, if not to carry
it to the base of the lowest salt bed, which is probably at a depth
of nearly 2,300 feet. This drill hole, which should afford a thorough
test of the questions raised by the indications found near Boden,
will, however, be conclusive only for this area and, if unsuccessful,
372 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
can not be regarded as condemning other areas in the "Red Beds"
region.
Meanwhile, efforts are being made to enlist the cooperation of
drillers for oil and water at all points in the "Red Beds" country
at which beds of rock salt are known or suspected to lie buried, in
order that samples of brines and salt and of the rocks adjacent to
the salt beds may be sent to the Survey for rough tests as to their
possible content of potash salts in commercial amounts. In passing,
it may be noted that the studies in this region point to the presence
in western Texas, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, and south-
ern Kansas of one of the greatest rock-salt reserves of this continnent,
if not of the world.
In this year, as in previous years, field examinations were made
of all reported deposits of potash salts or nitrates that the samples
or other information showed were worthy of field investigation and
tests. The alunite deposits near Marysvale, Utah, were reexamined,
and a report was published giving rough quantitative estimates of
the quantity of potash they contain. Further, to supply a growing
demand by chemical engineers for information as to the possibility
of extracting potash and other products from various potash silicate
rocks, field examinations, with adequate sampling for chemical analy-
sis in the Survey laboratory, have been made of the greensands of
New jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and western Tennessee and of the
sericite deposits in North Carolina and Georgia. During the year
a paper calling attention to the potash content of tailings of certain
copper and gold ores was published.
THE MINING-DEBRIS PROBLEM.
A notable contribution to geologic literature in its broadest rela-
tions has during this year been completed for publication. The
report, which will be issued during the coming year, is entitled
" Hydraulic mining debris in the Sierra Nevada " and represents an
extremely thorough investigation by Grove Karl Gilbert. To illus-
trate the scope of the investigation and of the report now com-
pleted, the circumstances under which this work was begun should be
mentioned. In a memorial presented to the President of the United
States in 1905, the California Miners' Association, after emphasiz-
ing the contribution of placer and hydraulic mining to California
and to the Nation, expressed the conviction that a rational applica-
tion of the natural laws governing the deposition of sediment from
torrential streams would permit both hydraulic mining and agricul-
ture to be carried on in this region, not only without prejudice to
each other, but to their mutual advantage. In the belief that the
question was primarily geologic, as it involves the study of erosion
and of sedimentation in the mining districts as well as in the lower
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 373
valley regions, the association requested that the Director of the
United States Geological Survey should be instructed " to undertake
a particular study of those portions of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys affected by the detritus from torrential streams."
The investigation then begun by Mr. Gilbert was planned to in-
clude a field study of the natural phenomena connected with the
problem and a laboratory study of the laws of transportation of
detritus by running water. The results of this laboratory study
have already been published in the Survey's Professional Paper 86 —
" The transportation of debris by running water " — and the report
just prepared, which deals with the geologic and physiographic
phases of the problem, presents the results of the completed investi-
gation and contains conclusions much broader than the answers to
the specific questions raised by the California Miners' Association.
This report, which will be published as Professional Paper 105,
will rank as one of the largest contributions of the United States
Geological Survey to geologic and engineering science and will also
assist materially in solving this problem, which involves mining,
agriculture, and navigation. To make such an investigation emi-
nently successful, it has been necessary that the investigator should
unite an aptitude for close observation and for logical interpretation
with a habit of determining quantitatively as many as possible of the
factors of the problem in hand. To his task Mr. Gilbert has brought
these qualities in a marked degree, with the result that his report is a
masterpiece wherein geology and engineering both contribute to the
solution of a practical problem of the first rank. Especially impor-
tant has it been that this subject should be viewed with the broad
outlook of the geologist who appreciates the time factor that enters
to so large a degree into any reaction of crustal change, erosion, and
sedimentation. The studies cover every phase of the subject, from
the original source of the detritus in the Sierra Nevada to the possi-
bility of its transportation through the Golden Gate to the Golden
Gate Bar, and in his broad treatment Mr. Gilbert has not only esti-
mated the waste due to agriculture, grazing, roads and trails, and
mining and studied its movement seaward, but he has supple-
mented his observations and estimates with instrumental surveys of
impounded detritus as well as with measurements of tidal currents
in the Golden Gate. This investigation utilizes the results of the
earlier work by the Army engineers and has also had the benefit of
generous cooperation by the officials of the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, the United States Weather Bureau, the Lighthouse
Service, and the United States Board of Engineers for Rivers and
Harbors.
The investigator appreciated the fact that the problem intrusted
to him was complex, involving many factors other than those directly
374 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
connected with mining, and recognized that the beneficial use of
these rivers, now overburdened with debris, must be effected by co-
operative endeavor on the part of several interests. The public inter-
est in agricultural reclamation, as well as in placer mining, must now
be harmonized with the public interest in navigation. In its conclu-
sions, therefore, this scientific study, which had its origin in the
antagonism of mining and agriculture, is found to involve a question
of relative values between commerce and agriculture, as well as be-
tween mining and irrigation and power development. Mr. Gilbert
therefore concludes that the great users of the Sierra's water must
cooperate in the control of these rivers, to the end that the largest
possible benefits may be gained without too great injury to naviga-
tion. This report, in which scientific conclusions based on highly
technical data are presented in plain and simple terms, serves to
illustrate how high a public service can be rendered by the geologist
in connection with economic questions of large civic importance.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAPS.
The project of covering the 3,000,000 square miles of the United
States with accurate topographic surveys was definitely adopted by
the Federal Government in 1882, and the work is even now less than
half completed. The standards of accuracy and refinement in topo-
graphic surveying have been constantly raised by the topographic
engineers, with the view of meeting adequately every use to which
the resulting maps can be put. The law provides for the sale of
the United States Geological Survey maps at the cost of printing, a
charge that must be considered merely nominal when it is realized
that the cost of an edition of the printed map may be only a small
percentage of the cost of surveying the area it represents. The Gov-
ernment itself is making a large and increasing use of these topo-
graphic maps, but the expenditure of public funds for these surveys
is otherwise fully warranted only as the public uses the maps. To
promote this use, the Survey has recently given more attention to
the wider distribution of the maps.
The distribution of a Government map is largely a problem of
publicity, though the necessity of adopting commercial business meth-
ods in handling orders for the maps when once a demand is created
must not be overlooked. In informing the public of the existence of
authoritative maps published by the Federal Government a special
effort is now made to reach the communities in each area covered by
a map, and to this end every map as issued is brought to the attention
of the local and State press, as well as of postmasters and school-
teachers. Other methods of promoting wider distribution involve
the cooperation of boy-scout masters, schoolboys, and hotel man-
agers, as well as of a large number of bookstores as local agents.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
375
Within the last year the most helpful publicity has been gained
through the voluntary cooperation of several press services and
magazines of large circulation, in connection with their policy of
bringing the people into . closer touch with the work and publi-
cations of the Federal Government. The publication in one magazine
JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV.
DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
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Figure 1. — Diagram showing maps sold during the fiscal years 1915 and 1916.
of a brief statement regarding the Geological Survey's maps resulted
within a month in orders for 550 maps and thousands of inquiries
for the State indexes that show the areas already mapped.
Figure 1 shows a large increase in the number of maps sold in
1915-16 over the number sold in 1914-15. This increase amounted to
about 17 per cent. The two curves also bring out the fact that the
376 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
periods of maximum demand for these Government maps are the
beginning of the vacation period and the beginning of the school
year. The larger use of topographic maps in 1915-16, both in the
open and in the classroom, is a gratifying index of the popular
benefit already resulting from the increase in the work of publicity.
It may be noted here that the sales of Survey publications by the
Superintendent of Documents have increased from 10,841 books,
amounting to $3,689.55, in 1914^-15, to 16,348 books, amounting to
$8,620.35, in 1915-16.
SCOPE OF THE WORK.
In this administrative report the activities of each branch of the
Survey are set forth in detail; the following paragraph is a brief
summary of the whole. Geologic investigations were made in 47
States, Alaska, the Canal Zone, and the West Indies; topographic
surveys were made in 29 States, Alaska, and Hawaii; and stream
measurements were made in 39 States, Alaska, and Hawaii. The
total area covered by the geologists in reconnaissance and detailed
surveys was more than 54,000 square miles, and the area topographi-
cally mapped by the topographers was more than 33,000 square miles.
The land-classification work of the Geological Survey last year
resulted in the classification of about 32,000,000 acres in the public-
land States. In the collection of statistics of mineral production the
Geological Survey cooperated with the State geologists of 14 States
and carried on correspondence with 92,000 producers.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the year consisted of 1 annual report, 1 mono-
graph, 2 professional papers, 15 separate chapters from 2 profes-
sional papers, 35 bulletins, 45 separate chapters from six bulletins, 24
water-supply papers, 9 separate chapters from 5 water-supply papers,
1 annual report on mineral resources for 1914 (published also in
61 advance chapters, 5 delivered in 1914-15 and 56 in 1915-16),
13 advance chapters from the annual report on mineral resources for
1915, 6 geologic folios, 1 list of publications, pamphlets entitled
" Service Bulletin, 1915," and " Extracts from the Style Book of the
Government Printing Office," leaflets entitled " The production of
copper in 1915," " The production of lead in 1915," and " The produc-
tion of spelter in 1915," text for back of map entitled " Origin of
Delaware Water Gap and of the surrounding features," 3 circulars
concerning maps and folios, 33 index map circulars, 81 press bul-
letins, and 13 circular lists of new publications. The total num-
ber of pages in these publications was 19,722.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 377
Brief notes on the publications of the year are given below :
Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Director of the United States Geological
Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1915. 1915. 186 pages, 2 plates.
A detailed account of the work of the Geological Survey during the fiscal
year 1915, with a statement of the total appropriation made by Congress
for the Survey and the allotments for each kind of work. Under the head-
ing " Special features " the Director discusses the larger public service that
is every year being rendered by the Survey and the increasing demand
for such service and describes briefly the Survey's exhibit at the Panama-
Pacific Exposition, San Francisco. The book also includes abstracts of
the publications of the year and maps of the United States showing areas
covered by topographic and geologic surveys.
Monograph 54. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States,
by W. B. Clark and M. W. Twitchell. 1915. 341 pages, 108 plates.
This contribution to American paleontology contains descriptions and
halftone illustrations of many species and varieties of echinoderms found
in the United States. The senior author of the work was the first Ameri-
can to attempt a general systematic study of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic
representatives of this group, his first important paper on this subject
being " The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States," published in
1893 as Bulletin 97 of the United States Geological Survey. Some of the
forms of the Echinodermata are very numerous and because of their wide
geographic and restricted geologic range are valuable in determing ques-
tions of correlation. The revision presented in this contribution should
therefore be of some value in stratigraphic geology. Monograph 54 also
contains tables showing the stratigraphic positions of the more important
American Mesozoic formations, the geologic distribution of the Mesozoic
Echinodermata of the United States, and the stratigraphic distribution of
the Cretaceous Echinodermata of Texas.
Professional Paper 89. The fauna of the Chapman sandstone of Maine, includ-
ing descriptions of some related species from the Moose River sandstone,
by H. S. Williams, assisted by C. L. Breger. 1916. 347 pages, 27 plates,
2 text figures.
A study of the fossils of the Chapman' sandstone of Maine with a view to
correlating this formation with certain others of New York, New England,
and Europe, which appear to be of the same horizon. The species are
discussed and illustrated in detail.
Professional Paper 95. Shorter contributions to general geology, 1915; David
White, chief geologist. 1916. 120 pages, 7 plates, 35 text figures.
A consolidation of nine short papers issued first as parts A to I, inclusive,
forming the third annual volume bearing this title. The papers of this
series relate to any phase of geology that possesses general interest, and
only their brevity prevents the separate publication of each as a bulletin or
professional paper. Professional Paper 95 contains the following contribu-
tions: The composition of muds from Columbus Marsh, Nev., by W. B.
Hicks ; Eocene glacial deposits in southwestern Colorado, by W. W. Atwood ;
Relation of the Cretaceous formations to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado
and New Mexico, by W. T. Lee ; An ancient volcanic eruption in the upper
Yukon basin, by S. R. Capps; Evaporation of potash brines, by W. B.
Hicks; Erosion intervals in the Eocene of the Mississippi embayment, by
E. W. Berry-; Preliminary report on the diffusion of solids, by C. E. Van
Orstrand and F. P. Dewey ; Notes on the geology of Gravina Island, Alaska,
by P. S. Smith ; The age of the Ocala limestone, by C. W. Cooke.
378 THIRTY- SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Professional Paper 98-A. Evaporation of brine from Searles Lake, Cal., by
W. B. Hicks. 1916. Pp. 1-8, figs. 1-2.
Part of Professional Paper 98, " Shorter contributions to general geology,
1916." Discusses the effect of evaporation on the brine from a bed of
crystalline salts in southeastern California known as Searles Lake. This
is the most valuable potash-bearing brine known in the United States, so
that economical methods for extracting potash and other commercial salts
from it are now eagerly sought. The experiments described in this paper
were made in continuation of those on artificial brines described in Profes-
sional Paper 95-E, " Evaporation of potash brines," by the same author.
Professional Paper 98-B. Relation of the Wissahickon mica gneiss to the
Shenandoah limestone and Octoraro schist of the Doe Run and Avondale re-
gion, Chester County, Pa., by E. P. Bliss and A. I. Jonas. 1916. Pp. 9-34,
Pis. I-III, figs. 3-5.
Describes briefly the geology of a part of the Coatesville quadrangle, in
Chester County, Pa., giving special attention to the age of the different
rocks. The authors conclude that the Wissahickon mica gneiss, one of the
formations occurring in this area, is of pre-Cambrian age and that it is
separated from the Shenandoah limestone and Octoraro schist, which are
of Cambrian and Ordovician age, by a thrust fault that has been obscured
by post-Ordovician metamorphism.
Professional Paper 98-C. Retreat of Barry Glacier, Port Wells, Prince William
Sound, Alaska, between 1910 and 1914, by B. L. Johnson. 1916. Pp. 35-36,
Pis. IV-V, figs. 6-7.
A brief account of the recession of an Alaskan glacier which in 1899
nearly closed Doran Strait, the connecting waterway between Harriman
Fiord and Port Wells. The total retreat of Barry Glacier in the four years
between 1910 and 1914 was about 8,200 feet along its eastern edge and 2,500
feet along its western edge.
Professional Paper 98-D. Experiments on the extraction of potash from wyo-
mingite, by R. C. Wells. 1916. Pp. 37-40.
Describes laboratory experiments with the rock wyomingite, made to de-
termine its value as a source of potash. Wyomingite is a lava which occurs
extensively in the Leucite Hills, in Sweetwater County, Wyo. It is com-
posed largely of the mineral leucite, a silicate of alumina and potash which
is richer in potash than feldspar, long regarded as one of the most prom-
ising prospective sources of potash.
Professional Paper 98-E. The physical conditions and age indicated by the
flora of the Alum Bluff formation, by E. W. Berry. 1916. Pp. 41-59, Pis.
VII-X, fig. 8.
This paper describes a small flora collected from the Alum Bluff forma-
tion, which occurs at a horizon hitherto unrepresented paleobotanically in
southeastern North America, and discusses the bearing of this flora on the
physical conditions of deposition and the probable age of the deposits.
Professional Paper 98-F. The physical conditions indicated by the flora of the
Calvert formation, by E. W. Berry. 1916. Pp. 61-73, Pis. XI-XII.
Gives a summary of the small flora preserved in the Miocene diatoma-
ceous beds of the Calvert formation in the District of Columbia and Virginia
and discusses its bearing on the physical conditions of the Calvert epoch.
Professional Paper 98-G. Revision of the Beckwith and Bear River forma-
tions of southeastern Idaho, by G. R. Mansfield and P. V. Roundy. 1916.
pp. 75-84, Pis. XIII-XIV.
Gives a statement of the stratigraphic problems involved in attempting
to correlate certain strata of the Wayan and Montpelier quadrangles, Idaho,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 379
with the Beckwith and Bear River formations as now defined. The lack
of agreement, both lithologically and faunally, between these formations
as exposed in the quadrangles named and in the region of their type locali-
ties has caused doubt as to whether they have been properly classified.
Professional Paper 98-H. The flora of the Fox Hills sandstone, by F. H.
Knowlton. 1916. Pp. 85-93, Pis. XV-XVIII.
Brief descriptions of the known fossil flora of the Fox Hills sandstone
in the Rocky Mountain region. Although only 13 forms have thus far
been recognized, a discussion of the affinities and relations of this flora
should arouse considerable interest, because the Fox Hills sandstone lies
between formations that have furnished abundant plant remains, and
knowledge of its flora has long been desired.
Bulletin 565. Results of spirit leveling in Colorado, 1896 to 1914, inclusive;
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1915. 192 pages, 1 plate.
Bulletin 568. Results of spirit leveling in Missouri, 1896 to 1914, inclusive;
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1915. 219 pages, 1 plate.
Bulletin 573. Results of spirit leveling in Arizona, 1899 to 1915, inclusive;
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1915. 123 pages, 1 plate.
Reports on precise and primary leveling in the States mentioned, showing
the exact altitude above sea level of a great number of places. The work
in Missouri since 1906 was done in cooperation with the State. Some of
these elevations have been adjusted by the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey from precise leveling. Others (in Missouri) are elevations of
stone-line bench marks established by the Mississippi River Commission
and by the Missouri River Commission from primary leveling. Each
book contains a plate showing Geological Survey designs for bench marks.
Bulletin 587. Geology and mineral resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, by
G. C. Martin, B. L. Johnson, and U. S. Grant. 1915. 243 pages, 38 plates,
43 text figures.
A concise summary of what is known of the geography, geology, and
mineral resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, based on investigations made
at different times by many observers. Kenai Peninsula contains auriferous
lodes of some promise, though deep mining has so far been done on only a
small scale. The future of placer mining in this part of Alaska depends on
the exploitation of many large bodies of gravel carrying too little gold to
permit development by the simple methods thus far chiefly used. The book
contains numerous illustrations, which include a map of central Alaska,
topographic and geologic reconnaissance maps of Kenai Peninsula, a map
showing distribution of timber, and sketches and photographs showing
features of geologic interest.
Bulletin 591. Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the
United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1914, tabulated by F. W. Clarke,
chief chemist. 1915. 376 pages.
A compilation of chemical analyses of rocks, clays, and soils, arranged by
States, and of meteorites and minerals.
Bulletin 593. The fauna of the Batesville sandstone of northern Arkansas,
by G. H. Girty. 1915. 170 pages, 11 plates.
Descriptions of invertebrate fossils of a section of upper Mississippian
rocks in northern Arkansas, lying just above the Moorefield shale, whose
fauna has been described in Bulletin 439 by the same author.
Bulletin 595. Fauna of the so-called Boone chert near Batesville, Ark., by
G. H. Girty. 1915. 45 pages, 2 plates.
The fossils that form the subject of this account are poorly preserved
and as a fauna comprise little that is new. They occur in rocks of Missis-
380 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
sippian age whose outcrops were studied in the vicinity of Batesville, Ark.
The noteworthy thing about this fauna is that practically all the species
occur also In the Moorefield shale, which lies just above the chert, and
practically none of them occur in the typical Boone limestone. This would
indicate that the cherty limestone is younger than the true Boone and
should really be classed as a distinct formation.
Bulletin 598. Faunas of the Boone limestone at St. Joe, Ark., by G. H.
Girty. 1915. 50 pages, 3 plates.
This bulletin consists of two distinct parts — one describing the fauna
of the St. Joe limestone member of the Boone limestone, the other describ-
ing a small fauna obtained in the Boone not far above the St. Joe. These
rocks are of lower Mississippian age. The collections of fossils described
in both papers were obtained near the town of St. Joe, in northern
Arkansas. Many of the forms are illustrated in the halftone plates which
accompany the report.
Bulletin 601. Geology and mineral deposits of the National mining district,
Nev., by Waldemar Lindgren. 1915. 58 pages, 8 plates, 8 text figures.
Discusses briefly the geology of the Santa Rosa Range, a narrow desert
mountain range of northwestern Nevada, in general, and of the National
mining district, on the western slope of this range, in particular. Gives
detailed descriptions of developments in the district. Special interest
attaches to the description of the extraordinary shoot of rich gold ore
which brought the district into prominence in 1909 and to the conclusion
that the high-grade ores of National, like those of Goldfield, were deposited
within a comparatively short distance from the surface. The illustra-
tions include a geologic map of the National district, a map of the National
mine, diagrams and sections of the National vein, and photomicrographs of
gold quartz.
Bulletin 602. Anticlinal structure in parts of Cotton and Jefferson counties,
Okla., by C. H. Wegemann. 1915. 108 pages, 5 plates.
A reconnaissance report whose object is to offer first aid to the pros-
pector for oil in the region discussed. The anticlines and domes pointed
out are believed to be the most promising areas of the region for testing,
for nearly everywhere in Oklahoma accumulations of oil and gas are asso-
ciated with such features of structure, though their exact relations to
these features vary from area to area and even from pool to pool. In-
complete as the results necessarily are, on account of the difficulties en-
countered, the work of the State and Federal surveys will have been many
times repaid if the use of this report will prevent a large part of the
fruitless drilling that usually attends the geologically unaided search for
oil and gas in undeveloped areas. The illustrations of the bulletin include
a geologic sketch map of Oklahoma and northern Texas, showing the loca-
tion of oil and gas fields, and a geologic map of parts of Cotton and
Jefferson counties, Okla., showing structure. The report was prepared in
cooperation with the Oklahoma Geological Survey.
Bulletin 603. Geology and oil resources of the west border of the San
Joaquin Valley north of Coalinga, Cal., by Robert Anderson and R. W.
Pack. 1915. 219 pages, 14 plates, 5 text figures.
The main purpose of this report is to present the geologic evidences of
the existence of petroleum in the rocks along the foothills that form the
western border of San Joaquin Valley, Cal., between the Coalinga oil
district and Livermore Pass, and to discuss the chances of finding oil in
commercial quantity in this region. With this end in view, a general de-
scription of the physical features of the region is given, with special ref-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 381
erence to the geologic features which have a bearing on the presence or
absence of petroleum in the several areas considered. The writers take
this opportunity of presenting also some additional geologic information,
which may be of interest to the geologist if not to the oil prospector. The
illustrations show many interesting geologic features and include a geo-
logic map, with sections, of the valley between the Coalinga oil field
and Livermore Pass.
Bulletin 604. The phosphate deposits of Florida, by G. C. Matson. 1915. 101
pages, 17 plates, 2 text figures.
A brief summary of the geology of the northern part of the Florida
Peninsula, followed by a discussion of the mode of occurrence, geologic
relations, and origin of the phosphates which occur there and methods of
mining them. Numerous halftone plates give views of the deposits and
of fossils found in them.
Bulletin 605. The Ellamar district, Alaska, by S. R. Capps and B. L. Johnson.
1915. 125 pages, 10 plates, 10 text figures.
This report gives the results of a detailed study of the geology and ores
of the Ellamar district, which lies at the northeast border of Prince William
Sound and includes part of the mainland, about half of Bligh Island, and
a number of smaller islands. The Prince William Sound region is now one
of the larger copper producers of Alaska and promises to hold that position,
so that any information as to its very complex geology is of considerable
importance. Bulletin 605 discusses the mines and prospects of the Ellamar
district and contains detailed topographic and geologic maps of the area.
Bulletin 606. Origin of the zinc and lead deposits of the Joplin region, Mis-
souri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, by C. E. Siebenthal. 1915. 283 pages, 11
plates.
A valuable contribution to the study of the lead and zinc deposits of the
Mississippi Valley, which are not only of great economic importance but
have long been intensely interesting to students of ore deposits because
they constitute a conspicuous example of the occurrence of sulphide ores
in a region where plutonic or volcanic activities can have had no part
in their genesis. The author holds that the Joplin ores were segregated
from disseminated zinc and lead minerals in the Cambrian and Ordovician
rocks of the Ozark uplift by circulating artesian alkaline-saline sul-
phureted waters, and his careful observations and cogent reasoning have
gone far to establish the general conclusion that ordinary cold artesian
water may under some circumstances be a very efficient agent in the
solution, transportation, and deposition of the constituents of certain
sulphide ores. The illustrations include topographic and geologic maps
and cross sections of the Ozark uplift, diagrams showing early and late
stages in Ozark artesian circulation, and halftone plates showing the
manner of occurrence of the ores in certain of the mines.
Bulletin 607. The Willow Creek district, Alaska, by S. R. Capps. 1915. 86
pages, 15 plates, 5 text figures.
Describes the geography and geology of the Willow Creek district, which
lies in south-central Alaska, about 10 miles north of the head of Knik Arm,
and includes not only the basin of Willow Creek, but all the mountainous
portion of the Little Susitna River basin. The author points out that the
geology of this area is favorable to the occurrence of gold deposits, so that
the outlook for a permanent lode district here is hopeful. Each mine and
prospect is treated in detail, and the book contains many halftone plates, as
well as topographic and geologic maps, showing features of interest to the
miner and geologist.
382 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bulletin 608. The Broad Pass region, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit, with sections on
Quaternary deposits, igneous rocks, and glaciation by J. E. Pogue. 1915.
80 pages, 8 plates, 3 text figures.
Describes briefly the geography and geology of the Broad Pass region,
Alaska, which includes the headwater tributaries of Chulitna and Nenana
rivers and the heads of some streams flowing into Susitna River. Broad
Pass, a wide glaciated valley between the head of Chulitna River and Jack
River, a tributary of the Nenana, was discovered in 1898 by members of
the United States Geological Survey and has recently been chosen as the
route of the proposed Government railroad from Seward to Fairbanks. Al-
though no commercial mineral deposits have yet been found in this region,
what is known of the geology gives hope that such deposits may be found.
The book is illustrated by topographic and geologic reconnaissance maps
and views showing geologic conditions in the area described.
Bulletin 609. The fractional precipitation of some ore-forming compounds at
moderate temperatures, by R. G. Wells. 1915. 46 pages, 2 text figures.
The experiments described in this bulletin were made to aid in elucidating
the chemistry of ore deposition. As the solubility of a compound in water is
the factor that most affects the separation and deposition of its ore-forming
constituents, these experiments were confined to aqueous solutions at mod-
erate temperatures, and they have shown the order of solubility of the com-
pounds of each of the classes investigated — sulphides, hydroxides, car-
bonates, and silicates. For the sake of comparison the results obtained are
assembled in tabular form at the end of the book.
Bulletin 610. Mineralogic notes, series 3, by W. T. Schaller. 1916. 164 pp.,
5 plates, 99 text figures.
Gives results of the author's mineralogic research work in the chemical
laboratory of the United States Geological Survey from July, 1911, to
December, 1913. Describes and shows the crystal forms of several new
minerals, the most interesting of which is probably koechlinite, a bismuth
molybdate found first at Schneeberg, Germany. Series 1 and 2 of these
notes were published as Bulletins 490 and 509.
Bulletin 611. Guidebook of the western United States, Part A, The Northern
Pacific Route, with a side trip to Yellowstone Park, by M. R. Campbell and
others. 1915. 212 pages, 27 route maps, 27 plates, 39 text figures.
The first of a series of handbooks for railway travelers in the Western
States, describing the geography, geology, history, and natural resources of
the region traversed by the principal transcontinental routes. The present
volume deals with the country along the Northern Pacific Railway from
St. Paul to Seattle and along the branch line to Yellowstone Park.
He is a very unobservant traveler who can cross the Great Plains, the
Rocky Mountains, the lava plateau of the Columbia, and the Cascade Range
without noting some of the diversities in the color and character of the
rocks and the striking differences in the landscape. It is the purpose of
this volume to answer some of the questions which these views from the
car windows evoke, to tell what the rocks are and how they got there, to
explain the effects of earth movements upon them, to show how that con-
spicuous element in scenery which we call topography is the result of a long
succession of geologic events — in brief, to tell the story of the mountains,
valleys, and plains. It does not stop there, however. It connects this
record of the prehistoric past with the present march of western progress
and development by showing the relation of geologic processes to natural
resources of various kinds; it describes the utilization of these resources
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 383
and tells how man has turned them to account since Lewis and Clark toiled
over the route that is now so quickly traversed in luxurious comfort.
Every effort has been made to make the volume interesting as well as
accurate. Matter slightly more detailed or technical than that in the body
of the text has been separated as footnotes, and a glossary has been pro-
vided for such geologic terms as it was necessary to use. The more impor-
tant sources of geologic information on the region are listed in the back of
the book, and a table showing the principal divisions of geologic time
appears on the back of the title-page. Each map unfolds so that it can be
consulted conveniently without turning the page which the traveler may
be reading. The halftone views and text figures have been chosen with
care to convey definite information.
Bulletin 613. Guidebook of the western United States, Part C, The Santa Fe
Route, with a side trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, by N. H.
Darton and others. 1915. 194 pages, 25 route maps, 42 plates, 40 text
figures.
This guide describes the country along the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway from Kansas City to Los Angeles. It presents the facts in an
itinerary from station to station, and although the description of the rocks
and their relations and of the scenic features forms a large proportion of the
matter, nearly* every page gives information as to notable historic events,
industrial resources, plants, and animals. The story of the Indians, past
and present, especially the characteristic Pueblo tribes, is told in some
detail. The treatment is popular, and many interesting facts are presented,
making the book easy reading. Some of the more technical data are given
in footnotes and diagrams. The 25 maps covering the route not only show
the main features of mountains and valleys, plains and rivers within sight
from the railway, but give figures of elevation and distance, and the dis-
tribution of the rocks is indicated by a separate color. Many of the facts
regarding the rocks are here presented for the first time. The book con-
tains numerous views of prominent scenic features and pictures of resto-
rations of some of the very remarkable animals whose bones are found in
the clays. A glossary of geologic terms and a table of the larger divisions
of geologic time are included. A list of recent geologic literature relating
to the region serves as a guide to more detailed reading.
Bulletin 614. Guidebook of the western United States, Part D, The Shasta
Route and Coast Line, by J. S. Diller and others. 1915. 142 pages, 19
route maps, 33 plates, 15 text figures.
A manual for the traveler between Seattle or Los Angeles and San
Francisco, which describes in clear, simple language the geography, geology,
history, and natural resources of the region visible from the car windows.
Geology is made interesting to the reader by an avoidance of details and
by the selection for treatment of the features that are likely to attract the
eye. Care is taken also to point out the connection between the story of
the earth and the present human activity in the region.
The book is divided into two parts, one dealing with the route from
Seattle to San Francisco and one with the route from Los Angeles to San
Francisco. Both routes go through regions that present great diversity
in geology, scenery, climate, and resources. For the northern route the
history of civilized settlement goes back to the early fur traders and trap-
pers, and for the southern route to the Spanish padres and their Indian
converts. As in the other guidebooks in this series the route is covered by
convenient maps and the text is well illustrated by views and diagrams.
384 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bulletin 615. Rhode Island coal, by G. H. Ashley. 1915. 62 pages, 5 plates,
3 text figures.
A brief discussion of the character and attempted utilization of Rhode
Island coal, which has always had a certain interest to the people of that
State as a source of local supply in competition with Pennsylvania coal.
The author concludes that, as this coal is a high-ash, high-moisture, graph-
itic anthracite which requires peculiar handling, the best prospect for its
present use is in producing electric power at the mines, either in steam
engines or by means of specially devised producer-gas or water-gas plants.
He adds that this can probably not be done until Rhode Island coal can
be mined and delivered at the furnace for less than one-half the wholesale
price of competing coals in Providence and Boston. The illustrations con-
sist of a sketch map of the Rhode Island coal field, views at several of the
mines, and charts showing the composition and theoretical heating power of
Rhode Island coal as compared to its competitors and the relation of its
carbon content to its fuel value.
Bulletin 616. The data of geochemistry (third edition), by F. W. Clarke.
1915. 821 pages.
A manual of geologic chemistry, including chapters on the nature, dis-
tribution, and relative abundance of the chemical elements, the composi-
tion of the atmosphere and of volcanic gases and sublimates, the mineral
content of surface and underground waters, the nature of saline residues,
the molten magma of the earth's interior, the rock-forming minerals, the
composition of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, the decompo-
sition of rocks, the metallic ores, the natural hydrocarbons, and coal.
Bulletin 617. Bibliography of North American geology for 1914, with subject
index, by J. M. Nickles. 1915. 167 pages.
A list, arranged alphabetically by authors' names, of publications on the
geology of the continent of North America and adjacent islands, also
Panama and the Hawaiian Islands, issued in 1914. The work is indexed
and contains lists of chemical analyses reported and minerals, rocks, and
formations described.
Bulletin 618. Geology and underground waters of Luna County, N. Mex., by
N. H. Darton. 1916. 188 pages, 13 plates, 15 text figures.
Describes the geologic structure of Luna County, in southwestern New
Mexico, with the especial purpose of showing the extent of the area under-
lain by water-bearing deposits, the depth of these deposits, and the amount
of water available. This information was much needed because of the
arrival in the desert valleys of this region of new settlers who had come
with the expectation of using underground water for irrigation. A list of
the wells in each township is given and some of them are briefly described.
The illustrations include a geologic map of Luna County, geologic sections
across certain of the mountains, and halftone plates showing methods of
irrigation.
Bulletin 619. The Caddo oil and gas field, La. and Tex., by G. C. Matson.
1916. 62 pages, 8 plates, 5 text figures.
Describes the stratigraphic and structural geology of the Caddo oil and
gas field, which lies mainly in Caddo Parish, northwestern Louisiana, with
especial reference to the occurrence, accumulation, and source of the oil
and gas. The illustrations include a map of the Caddo field, sections show-
ing simple types of structure in this district, and logs of the wells.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 385
Bulletin 620. Contributions to economic geology (short papers and prelimi-
nary reports), 1915, Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels; F. L. Ran-
some and H. S. Gale, geologists in charge. 1915. 361 pages, 12 plates, 22
text figures.
This bulletin includes sixteen brief reports of two classes — (1) short
papers giving comparatively detailed descriptions of occurrences that have
economic interest but are not of sufficient importance to warrant a more ex-
tended description; (2) preliminary reports on economic investigations the
results of which are to be published later in more detailed form. These
papers are such only as have a direct economic bearing, all topics of purely
scientific interest being excluded. Each paper has been issued as an ad-
vance chapter as soon as it was ready. A list of the papers, arranged
according to subjects, is given below.
Gold and silver.
»
A gold-platinum-palladium lode in southern Nevada, by Adolph Knopf.
Gold deposits near Quartzsite, Ariz., by E. L. Jones, jr.
A reconnaissance in the Kofa Mountains, Ariz., by E. L. Jones, jr.
A reconnaissance of the Cottonwood-American Fork mining region, Utah,
by B. S. Butler and G. F. Loughlin.
Notes on the fine gold of Snake River, Idaho, by J. M. Hill.
Preliminary report on the economic geology of Gilpin County, Colo., by
E. S. Bastin and J. M. Hill.
The Aztec gold mine, Baldy, N. Mex., by W. T. Lee.
Iron.
Iron ore in Cass, Marion, Morris, and Cherokee counties, Tex., by E. F.
Burchard.
Iron-bearing deposits in Bossier, Caddo, and Webster parishes, La., by
E. F. Burchard.
Quicksilver.
Some cinnabar deposits in western Nevada, by Adolph Knopf.
Quicksilver deposits of the Mazatzal Range, Ariz., by F. L. Ransome.
Potash.
Potash in certain copper and gold ores, compiled by B. S. Butler.
Recent alunite developments near Marysvale and Beaver, Utah, by G. F.
Loughlin.
Miscellaneous.
Nitrate deposits in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon, by G. R. Mans-
field.
A reconnaisance for phosphate in the Salt River Range, Wyo., by G. R.
Mansfield.
Cassiterite in San Diego County, Cal., by W. T. Schaller.
Bulletin 621. Contributions to economic geology, 191J, Part II; advance
chapters as follows :
Bulletin 621-A. Field apparatus for determining ash in coal, by C. E.
Lesher. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 1-12, Pis. I-II, figs. 1-2.
Bulletin 621-B. The Healdton oil field, Carter County, Okla., by C. H.
Wegemann and K. C. Heald. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 13-30, Pis. III-V, fig. 3.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 25
386 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bulletin 621-C. The Loco gas field, Stephens and Jefferson counties, Okla.,
by C. H. Wegemann. 1915. Pp. i-iv, 31-42, Pis. VI-VII, fig. 3.
Bulletin 621-D. The Duncan gas field, Stephens County, Okla., by C. H.
Wegemann. 1915. Pp. i-iv, 43-50, Pis. VIII-IX, fig. 3.
Bulletin 621-E. A reconnaissance in Palo Pinto County, Tex., with special
reference to oil and gas, by C. H. Wegemann. 1916. Pp. i-ii, 51-59,
figs. 4-5.
Bulletin 621-F. Possibilities of oil in the Porcupine dome, Rosebud County,
Mont, by C. F. Bowen. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 61-70, PI. X, fig. 6.
Bulletin 621-G. The Lawton oil and gas field, Okla., by C. H. Wegemann
and R. W. Howell. 1915. Pp. i-iv, 71-85, Pis. XI-XII, fig. 3.
Bulletin 621-H. Anticlines in the Clinton sand near Wooster, WTayne County,
Ohio, by C. A. Bonine. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 87-98, PL XIII.
Bulletin 621-1. The Orofino coal field, Clearwater, Lewis, and Idaho coun-
ties, Idaho, by C. T. Lupton. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 99-108, figs. 7-8.
Bulletin 621-T. A reconnaissance for oil near Quanah, Hardeman County,
Tex., by C. H. Wegemann. 1915. Pp. i-ii, 109-115, PI. XIV, fig. 9.
Bulletin 621-K. Geology and coal resources of northern Teton County, Mont.,
by Eugene Stebinger. 1916. Pp. i-iii, 117-156, Pis. XV-XVI, fig. 10.
Bulletin 621-L. Oil and gas near Basin, Big Horn County, Wyo., by C. T.
Lupton. 1916. Pp. i-ii, 157-190, Pis. XVII-XVIII, fig. 11.
Bulletin 621-M. Geology and oil prospects of Cuyama Valley, Cal., by W. A.
English. 1916. Pp. i-iii, 191-215, Pis. XIX-XXI, fig. 12.
Bulletin 621-N. Structure of the Berea oil sand in the Summerfield quad-
rangle, Guernsey, Noble, and Monroe counties, Ohio, by D. D. Condit.
1916. Pp. i-ii, 217-231, Pis. XXII-XXIII, figs. 13-15.
Bulletin 621-0. Structure of the Berea oil sand in the Woodsfield quad-
rangle, Belmont, Monroe, Noble, and Guernsey counties, Ohio, by D. D.
Condit. 1916. Pp. i-iv, 233-249, Pis. XXIV-XXV, figs. 13, 16-17.
Bulletin 621-P. Analyses of coal samples from various parts of the United
States, by M. R. Campbell and F. R. Clark. 1916. Pp. i-iv, 251-370.
Bulletin 622. Mineral resources of Alaska — report on progress of investiga-
tions in 1914, by A. H. Brooks and others. 1915. 380+xi pages, 11 plates,
8 text figures.
This volume contains a condensed summary both of the results of the
investigations of Alaskan mineral resources during 1914 and of the status
of the mining industry of the Territory. It is the eleventh of a series
of annual bulletins devoted to this subject and is made up of eighteen
papers by eight authors. These papers were published separately, but
the editions were small.
The arrangement and manner of treatment in this volume are the same
as in those previously issued. First, papers of a general character are
presented, followed by those treating of special districts, arranged geo-
graphically from south to north. One of these papers deals with adminis-
trative matters, one is a general summary of the mining industry, one
treats of the future of the placer-mining industry, and the remainder deal
more specifically with the mineral resources of certain districts. In the
geologic papers emphasis is laid on the conclusions having immediate in-
terest to the miner. The titles of the papers are given below:
Preface, by A. H. Brooks.
Administrative report, by A. H. Brooks.
The Alaskan mining industry in 1914, by A. H. Brooks.
The future of gold placer mining in Alaska, by A. H. Brooks.
Tin mining in Alaska, by H. M. Eakin.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 387
Mining in the Juneau region, by H. M. Eakin.
Mineral deposits of the Kotsina-Kuskulana district, with notes on mining
in Chitina Valley, by F. H. Moffit.
Auriferous gravels of the Nelchina-Susitna region, by Theodore Chapin.
Mining on Prince William Sound, by B. L. Johnson.
The gold and copper deposits of the Port Valdez district, by B. L.
Johnson.
Mineral resources of the Chisana-White River district, by S. R. Capps.
Mining in the Fairbanks district, by H. M. Eakin.
Mining in the Hot Springs district, by H. M. Eakin.
Mineral resources of the Lake Clark-Iditarod region, by P. S. Smith.
Quicksilver deposits of the Kuskokwim region, by P. S. Smith and A. G.
Maddren.
Gold placers of the lower Kuskokwim, with a note on copper in the Rus-
sian Mountains, by A. G. Maddren.
Iron-ore deposits near Nome, by H. M. Eakin.
Placer mining in Seward Peninsula, by H. M. Eakin.
Bulletin 623. Petroleum withdrawals and restorations affecting the public
domain, by M. W. Ball; compilation by L. W. Stockbridge. 1916. 427
pages, 9 plates.
This bulletin gives true and accurate copies of orders of withdrawal,
restoration, modification, and classification of public lands supposed to
contain oil. It includes also a short statement of the purpose of the
withdrawal policy, a brief review of the history of oil withdrawals, and
a chapter on oil-land law, giving the statutes and judicial decisions of
interest to the oil operator on the public domain. Maps which accompany
the bulletin show the areas withdrawn in each State where oil withdrawals
were outstanding January 15, 1916.
Bulletin 626. The Atlantic gold district and the North Laramie Mountains,
Fremont, Converse, and Albany counties, Wyo., papers by A. C. Spencer.
1916. 85 pages, 5 plates, 6 text figures.
These papers describe the geology and ore deposits 'of two areas in
Wyoming lying about 125 miles apart. Although no large mine has been
developed in the Atlantic district, gold to the value of $1,500,000 has been
produced there, and the district gives promise of further profitable develop-
ment. Mining in the North Laramie Mountains is still in the prospecting
stage, but this district also is worthy of development. Most of the pros-
pecting has been done in the search for copper, but at one locality lead
ores have been found, at another chromic iron ore, and at another magnetic
iron ore. The illustrations include geologic maps of the districts described
and sketch maps showing the location of claims and principal mineral pros-
pects.
Bulletin 628. Geology and coal resources of Castle Valley, in Carbon, Emery,
and Sevier counties, Utah, by C. T. Lupton. 1915. 88 pages, 12 plates, 1
text figure.
Describes briefly the geography and geology of Castle Valley, in east-
central Utah, studied in connection with an investigation made to deter-
mine the quality and quantity of the coal resources of the valley. The
age and thickness of the coal-bearing formations and their relations to the
underlying and overlying rocks are discussed, as well as the character of
the coal and the development of the valley with respect to mines, prospects,
and transportation routes. The illustrations* include a geologic map of
Castle Valley, sections of several of the coal beds, and halftone plates
showing geologic features of the coal-bearing formations.
388 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Bulletin 629. Natural gas resources of parts of north Texas — Gas in the area
north and west of Fort Worth, by E. W. Shaw; Gas prospects south and
southeast of Dallas, by G. C. Matson — with notes on the gas fields of
central and southern Oklahoma, by C. H. Wegemann. 1916. 126 pages, 7
plates, 13 text figures.
The investigations resulting in this report were made in order to deter-
mine the extent of the gas reserve within reach of the cities of Dallas and
Fort Worth. The Survey's examination was purely geologic, dealing exclu-
sively with the structure of the areas, the amount of gas already produced,
the probable amounts still remaining in the old fields, and the probabilities
of discovering new pools sufficient to maintain an adequate supply of gas
for these cities for the next decade or more. The bulletin is illustrated by
maps of the two principal gas fields in this part of Texas — the Petrolia
and the Mexia-Groesbeck — maps showing the geologic structure of the
area, and diagrams showing features of the wells of importance to the
driller and prospector.
Bulletin 632. Spirit leveling in West Virginia, 1896 to 1915, inclusive; R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. 1916. 168 pages, 1 plate.
Bulletin 633. Spirit leveling in Maine, 1899-1915; R. B. Marshall, chief,
geographer. 1916. 64 pages, 1 plate.
Bulletin 636. Spirit leveling in Louisiana, 1903 to 1915, inclusive; R. B. Mar-
shall, chief geographer. 1916. 101 pages, 1 plate.
Reports on precise and primary leveling in the States named, showing
the exact altitude above sea level of a great many places. Some of these
elevations have been adjusted Dy the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey from precise leveling. The work in Louisiana during 1906 and
1909 was done in cooperation with the State. Each bulletin contains a
halftone plate showing Geological Survey designs for bench marks.
Bulletin 640-A. Notes on the Promontory district, Utah, by B. S. Butler and
V. C. Heikes. 1916. Pp. 1-10, figs. 1-2.
Part of Bulletin 640, " Contributions to economic geology, 1916. Part I."
A brief sketch of the geography and geology of the Promontory mining
district, in Boxelder County, Utah, with a discussion of the ore deposits,
chiefly lead and zinc.
Bulletin 640-C. Some manganese mines in Virginia and Maryland, by D. F.
Hewett. 1916. Pp. 37-71, figs. 4-10.
Discusses the manganese deposits of Virginia and Maryland, which have
become important since the introduction of the Bessemer process of making
steel, because they are accessible to the iron and steel producing centers of
the East. Describes half a dozen of the mines in detail and gives sketch
maps of their workings.
Bulletin 641-A. Ozokerite in central Utah, by H. M. Robinson. 1916. Pp.
1-16, PI. I.
Part of Bulletin 641, " Contributions to economic geology, 1916, Part 11."
Gives results of an examination of the ozokerite field of Utah, the largest
district in the United States in which ozokerite has been mined and pros-
pected. The European war has seriously affected the importation of this
material from Austria, so that at present the domestic product can com-
pete favorably with the foreign in American markets. Ozokerite, or
mineral wax, is a nonconductor of electricity and is extensively used for
insulating. Much of it is converted into ceresin, a highly purified product
used to replace or adulterate beeswax, as well as for a variety of other
purposes.
Bulletin 644-A. Primary traverse in Alabama and North Carolina, 1913-1915;
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1916. Pp. i-vii, 1-12, PI. II.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 389
Bulletin 644-B. Triangulation in Arizona and New Mexico, 1913-1915 ; R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. 1916. Pp. i-vii, 13-24, PI. II.
Parts of Bulletin 644, " Triangulation and primary traverse, 1913-1915."
Water-Supply Paper 332. Surface water supply of the United States, 1912,
Part VII, North Pacific drainage basins ; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic en-
gineer ; F. F. Henshaw, G. C. Baldwin, and W. A. Lamb, district engineers.
1916. 748 pages, 2 plates.
Presents briefly the results of measurements of stream flow made in the
North Pacific drainage basins during the year ending September 30, 1912.
Data for each gaging station are given under the following heads : Loca-
tion, Records available, Drainage area, Gage, Channel, Discharge measure-
ments, Artificial control, Winter flow, Accuracy, and Cooperation. Con-
tains also tables giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at
each station and halftone plates representing typical gaging stations and
current meters. The report was prepared in cooperation with the States
of Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon and was issued first in three
separate chapters, each covering the drainage basins mentioned in its
title, namely :
A. Pacific drainage basins in Washington and upper Columbia River
basin, by F. F. Henshaw and W. A. Lamb.
B. Snake River basin, by G. C. Baldwin and F. F. Henshaw.
C. Lower Columbia River and Rogue, Umpqua, and Siletz rivers, by
F. F. Henshaw and E. S. Fuller.
Water-Supply Paper 340. Stream-gaging stations and publications relating to
water resources, 1885-1913, compiled by B. D. Wood. 1916. 195 pages.
A directory of Survey stream-gaging stations and publications relating
to water resourc.es of the United States. This report was published in
twelve separate parts, each of which contains a list of all gaging stations
maintained in the section named in its title and an annotated list of publi-
cations issued by the United States Geological Survey relating specifically
to that section, as well as a similar list of reports that are of general
interest, covering a wide range of hydrologic subjects, and brief references
to reports published by State and other organizations. The section of the
country covered by each part of Water-Supply Paper 340 is shown below.
I. North Atlantic coast drainage basins.
II. South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico drainage basins.
III. Ohio River basin.
IV. St. Lawrence River basin.
V. Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River drainage basins.
VI. Missouri River basin.
VII. Lower Mississippi River basin.
VIII. Western Gulf of Mexico drainage basins.
IX. Colorado River basin.
X. The Great Basin.
XL Pacific coast basins in California.
XII. North Pacific slope drainage basins.
Water-Supply Paper 345. Contributions to the hydrology of the United States,
1914; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer. 1915. 225 pages, 17 plates,
24 text figures.
Made Up of nine short papers and preliminary reports on the water sup-
ply of various sections of the country. Issued first, as received, in the form
of separate chapters, in order that the interested public may have early
information of the results of investigations made by the hydraulic engineers
390 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and geologists of the Geological Survey. A list of the papers included in
the volume follows :
Preliminary report on ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of
Wichita, Kans., by O. E. Meinzer.
Ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of Enid, Okla., by A. T.
Schvvennesen, with a note on ground water for irrigation on the Great
Plains, by O. E, Meinzer.
Underground water of Luna County, N. Mex., by N. H. Darton, with
results of pumping tests, by A. T. Schwennesen.
Ground water for irrigation in the valley of North Fork of Canadian
River near Oklahoma City, Okla., by A. T. Schwennesen.
A method of determining the daily discharge of rivers of variable slope,
by M. R. Hall, W. E. Hall, and C. H. Pierce
The discharge of Yukon River at Eagle, Alaska, by E. A. Porter^and R. W.
Davenport.
The water resources of Butte, Mont., by O. E. Meinzer.
Ground-water resources of the Niles cone and adjacent areas, Cal., by
W. O. Clark.
Gazetteer of surface waters of Iowa, by W. G. Hoyt and H. J. Ryan.
Water-Supply Paper 351. Surface water supply of the United States, 1913,
Part I, North Atlantic coast basins; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer;
C. C. Covert and G. C. Stevens, district engineers. 1915. 189 pages,
2 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 352. Surface water supply of the United States, 1913,
Part II, South Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins; N. C. Grover,
chief hydraulic engineer ; G. C. Stevens and W. E. Hall, district engineers.
1915. 84 pages, 3 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 355. Surface water supply of the United States for the
year ending September 30. 1913, Part V, Hudson Bay basins and upper
- Mississippi River ; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer ; W. A. Lamb and
W. G. Hoyt, district engineers. 1915. 181 pages, 2 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 359. Surface water supply of the United States, 1913,
Part IX, Colorado River basin; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer;
Robert Follansbee, E. A. Porter, and G. A. Gray, district engineers. 1915.
260 pages, 2 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 362-C. Surface water supply of lower Columbia River
and Rogue, Umpqua, Wilson, and Nehalem rivers, 1913 ; N. C. Grover, chief
hydraulic engineer ; F. F. Henshaw, district engineer. 1915. 246 pages.
These papers present briefly the results of measurements of stream
flow made in the drainage basins in the titles. Data for each gaging station
are given under the following heads : Location, Records available, Drainage
area, Gage, Channel, Discharge measurements, Artificial control, Winter
flow, Accuracy, and Cooperation. The books contain also tables giving
gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at each station.
Water-Supply Paper 369. Water powers of the Cascade Range, Part III,
Yakima River basin, by G. L. Parker and F. B. Storey. 1916. 169 pages,
20 plates, 12 text figures.
The third of a series of reports dealing with the water powers on rivers
flowing from the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon. Descriptions
of the geologic history, physical characteristics, economic conditions, and
industrial development of the region are given, together with a map of the
basin, plans and profiles of the streams, stream-flow records, and short dis-
cussions of the developed water powers and undeveloped possible sites.
The report was prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Board
of Geological Survey.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 391
Watek-Supply Paper 370. Surface water supply of Oregon, 1878-1910, by
F. F. Henshaw and H. J. Dean. 1915. 829 pages, 1 plate.
Presents briefly the results of measurements of stream flow made in
Oregon from 1878 to 1910, inclusive. As an introduction to the report the
natural features of Oregon are discussed. Then follow data for each
gaging station under the following heads: Location, Records presented,
Drainage area, Gage, Channel, Discharge measurements, Winter flow,
Diversions, Rating curves, Extreme stages, Accuracy, and Cooperation.
Contains also tables giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges
at each station and a map of Oregon showing the principal rivers.
Water-Supply Paper 371. Equipment for current-meter gaging stations, by
G. J. Lyon. 1915. 64 pages, 37 plates, 10 text figures.
A technical description, accompanied by numerous precisely drawn plans,
of the types of equipment for current-meter gaging stations that have
been found most effective in facilitating observations and insuring accu-
rate results. Includes many tables giving bills of material for certain
parts of the equipment. The book is designed especially for the use of
hydraulic engineers and others interested in stream-flow measurement.
Water-Supply Paper 372. A water-power reconnaissance in south-central
Alaska, by C. E. Ellsworth and R. W. Davenport, with a section on south-
eastern Alaska, by J. C. Hoyt. 173 pages, 22 plates, 6 text figures.
This paper presents the results of the first systematic study of the
water powers of south-central Alaska, which includes the region tributary
to Copper River, Prince William Sound, and the lower Susitna. This
general province contains valuable mineral deposits, chiefly gold, copper,
and coal, as well as good farming lands, and its rapid development led to
the search for water powers, which had been supposed to exist in abundance
in this region. Water-Supply Paper 372 shows, however, that water
powers available throughout the year are not so abundant in this part of
Alaska as had been assumed. Appended to the main report is a reprint
of an article on the water powers of southeastern Alaska which appeared
in 1910 as part of Bulletin 442, " Mineral resources of Alaska, 1909." The
illustrations include maps of parts of the region discussed, showing the
location of rainfall stations, gaging stations, and measuring points, dia-
grams showing monthly and annual precipitation, and halftone plates
showing hydrographic features.
Water-Supply Paper 373. Water resources of Hawaii, 1913, by G. K. Larrison.
1915. 190 pages.
Contains results of measurements of the flow of certain streams and
ditches and rainfall records in the Territory of Hawaii made during the
calendar year 1913. Data for each gaging station are given under the
following heads: Location, Records available, Drainage area, Gage, Con-
trol, Discharge measurements, Diversion, Accuracy, and Cooperation.
Tables giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at each sta-
tion are included in the report.
Water-Supply Paper 374. Ground water in the Hartford, Stamford, Salisbury,
Willimantic, and Saybrook areas, Conn., by H. E. Gregory and A. J. Ellis.
1916. 150 pages, 13 plates, 10 text figures.
Gives the results of a study of the ground-water supply of certain areas
in Connecticut — a study which is so planned as to cover eventually all
the towns of the State and to include investigations of stream flow as well
as ground water. The work on which this paper is based consisted in
gathering information concerning municipal water supplies, measuring the
392 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
dug wells used in rural districts, obtaining data concerning drilled wells,
driven wells, and springs, collecting and analyzing samples of water from
wells, springs, and brooks, and studying the character and relations of
bedrock and of surficial deposits with reference to their influence upon the
ground-water supply. An individual description of each town is given,
accompanied by a map of the area in which it is situated.
Water-Supply Paper 375. Contributions to the hydrology of the United States,
1915; Nathan C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer. 1916. 181 pages, 9
plates, 31 text figures.
This report is made up of seven short papers on ground water in certain
arid sections of the United States and on methods of gaging river dis-
charge. Issued first in the form of separate chapters, so as to furnish
promptly information of the results of investigations made by the hydraulic
engineers of the Geological Survey. A list of the papers included in the
volume follows:
Ground water for irrigation in the Sacramento Valley, Cal., by Kirk
Bryan.
Ground water in Paradise Valley, Ariz., by O. E. Meinzer and A. J.
Ellis.
The relation of stream gaging to the science of hydraulics, by C. H.
Pierce and R. W. Davenport.
Ground water in Big Smoky Valley, Nev., by O. E. Meinzer.
A method of correcting river discharge for a changing stage, by B. E.
Jones.
Conditions requiring the use of automatic gages in obtaining records of
stream flow, by C. H. Pierce.
Ground water in Lasalle and McMullen counties, Tex., by Alexander
Deussen and R. B. Dole.
Water-Supply Paper 376. Profile surveys in Chelan and Methow river basins,
Wash., prepared under the direction of R. B. Marshall, chief geographer.
1915. 8 pages, 5 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 377. Profile surveys in Spokane River basin, Wash., and
John Day River basin, Oreg., prepared under the direction of R. B. Mar-
shall, chief geographer. 1915. 7 pages, 9 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 378. Profile surveys in 1914 on Middle Fork of Willam-
ette River and White River, Oreg., prepared under the direction of R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. 1915. 8 pages, 6 plates.
Water-Supply Paper 379. Profile surveys in 1914 in Umpqua River basin,
Oreg., prepared under the direction of R. B. Marshall, chief geographer.
1915. 7 pages, 13 plates.
These reports describe briefly the general features of the river basins
mentioned in their titles and give a list of the gaging stations maintained
by the Geological Survey on the main streams and their tributaries. The
illustrations consist of plans and profiles of certain of the streams described
or parts of them.
Water-Supply Paper 383. Surface water supply of the United States, 1914,
Part III, Ohio River basin; N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer; A. H.
Horton and W. E. Hall, district engineers. 1916. 121+xxxii pages, 2
plates.
Water-Supply Paper 385. Surface water supply of the United States, 1914.
Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins; N. C. Grover,
chief hydraulic engineer ; W. G. Hoyt and A. H. Horton, district engineers.
1915. 246+xxix pages, 2 plates.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 393
Watek-Supply Paper 388. Surface water supply of the United States, 1914,
Part VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico basins; N. O. Grover, chief hydraulic
engineer; G. A. Gray, district engineer. 1915. 124+xxi pages, 2 plates.
These papers present briefly the results of measurements of stream flow
in the basins named in the titles during the calendar year 1914. Data for
each gaging station are given under the following heads : Location, Records
available, Drainage area, Gage, Channel, Discharge measurements, Artifi-
cial control, Winter flow, Accuracy, and Cooperation. Contain also tables
giving gage heights and daily and monthly discharges at each station and
halftone plates representing typical gaging stations and current meters.
At the end of each book is a list of all gaging stations maintained in the
region covered and an annotated list of publications issued by the United
States Geological Survey relating specifically to the region, as well as a
similar list of reports that are of general interest, covering a wide range of
hydrologic subjects, and brief references to reports published by State and
other organizations.
Water-Supply Paper 397. Ground water in the Waterbury area, Conn., by A. J.
Ellis, under the direction of H. E. Gregory. 1916. 73 pages, 4 plates, 10
text figures.
Discusses the source, occurrence, use, and methods of developing the
ground-water supplies of an area of about 171 square miles in Connecticut,
including Waterbury and several other manufacturing towns, whose indus-
tries are largely dependent upon water power. An individual description
of each town in the area is given, and especial stress is laid on its water
supply. The illustrations include a map of the area discussed, and dia-
grams, sections, and halftone plates showing hydrographic features.
Water-Supply Paper 398. Ground water in San Joaquin Valley, Cal., by W. C.
Mendenhall, R. B. Dole, and Herman Stabler. 1916. 310 pages, 5 plates,
4 text figures.
Discusses the occurrence, quality, accessibility, character, and proper use
of the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, an area destined to become
one of the chief agricultural districts of the West. The development of
this valley is controlled by the distribution of rainfall, the character of
the soils, and the possibility of applying other water than that which
reaches the valley as a direct result of precipitation upon its surface, so
that it behooves the inhabitants to avail themselves of every opportunity
to increase the acreage of the lands under irrigation. An individual dis-
cussion of the water supply of each county in the valley is given, accom-
panied by tables of field assays and mineral analyses of its ground waters.
The illustrations include maps of the valley showing artesian areas, ground-
water levels, pumping plants, and location and depth of wells in relation
to sulphate content of ground waters and cross sections and diagrams
showing content of sulphate and total mineral matter of ground waters
in certain parts of the valley.
Water-Supply Paper 399. Geology and ground waters of northeastern Arkansas,
by L. W. Stephenson and A. F. Crider, with a discussion of the chemical
character of the waters, by R. B. Dole. 1916. 315 pages, 11 plates, 4
tex!; figures.
Discusses the physiography, geology, and ground waters of the region
mentioned in its title, embracing about 13,250 square miles and forming part
of that great arm of the Gulf Coastal Plain known as the Mississippi em-
bayment. Although this region is abundantly supplied with surface streams
the water from them is unfit for domestic use without filtration, but the
394 THIRTY- SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
underground supplies require no purification and are therefore less ex-
pensive. The paper gives a detailed description of the water resources of
each county in the region discussed and includes a chapter on the chemical
character of these waters and methods of purification of water in general.
The illustrations include a geologic map and a map of the ground-water
resources of eastern and northeastern Arkansas, geologic sections, and
halftone plates showing some of the water-bearing formations.
Water-Supply Paper 400-A. The people's interest in water-power resources,
by G. O. Smith. 1916. Pp. 1-8.
Part of Water-Supply Paper 400, " Contributions to the hydrology of
the United States, 1916." This paper was read before the Second Pan-
American Scientific Congress, Washington, December, 1915. It shows that
in the vast potential hydroelectric energy available in the United States,
estimated now at over 60,000,000 horsepower, lies this country's largest
asset in the future industrial rivalry among nations, and advocates such
Government regulation — Federal, State, and municipal — of the development
of water power that both the public and the private owner and operator
may participate in the benefits.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1914. 1916. Part I, Metals ; H. D.
McCaslvey, geologist in charge; iv+*73+995 pages, 1 plate, 8 text figures.
Part II, Nonmetals; E. F. Burchard, geologist in charge; iv+1,122 pages,
5 plates, 11 text figures.
Statistics of the production, importation, and exportation of mineral sub-
stances in the United States, including accounts of the chief features of
mining progress, comparisons of past and present production and condi-
tions, and the application of the products in the useful arts. Contains
inserts showing mineral products of the United States, 1905-1914, and
production of coal in the United States, 1807-1914. Issued first, as received,
in 61 advance chapters, each covering a single mineral product or group
of allied products.
Mineral Resources of the United States, 1915. Thirteen advance chapters, as
follows :
The public interest in mineral resources, by G. O. Smith. 1915. Pp.
la-9a. Part I : A.
Chromic iron ore in 1915, by J. S. Diller. 1916. Pp. 1-6. Part 1 : 1.
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the Eastern States in 1915 (mines,
report), by J. M. Hill. 1916. Pp. i-v, 7-20. Part 1:2.
Fuel briquetting in 1915, by C. E. Lesher. 1916. Pp. i-ii, 1-6, figs. 1-4.
Part 11:1.
Sand-lime brick in 1915, by Jefferson Middleton. 1916. Pp. 7-8. Part
11:2.
Fuller's earth in 1915, by Jefferson Middleton. 1916. Pp. 9-12. Part
11:3.
Asbestos in 1915, by J. S. Diller. 1916. Pp. i-ii, 13-18, fig. 5. Part 11:4.
Slate in 1915, by G. F. Loughlin. 1916. Pp. 19-31. Part II : 5.
Fluorspar in 1915, with a note on cryolite, by E. F. Burchard. 1916. Pp.
i-ii, 33-41, fig. 6. Part II : 6.
Feldspar in 1915, by F. J. Katz. 1916. Pp. 43-53. Part II : 7.
Silica in 1915, by F. J. Katz. 1916. Pp. 55-60. Part II : 8.
Abrasive materials in 1915, by F. J. Katz. 1916. Pp. 65-80. Part II : 10.
Graphite in 1915, by E. S. Bastin. 1916. Pp. 81-93. Pa^ II : 11.
Geologic Folio 196. Philipsburg (Mont.) folio, by F. C. Calkins and W. H.
Emmons. 1915. 25 folio pages of text, 3 maps, 1 columnar-section sheet,
12 plates, 9 text figures.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
395
Description and maps of the Philipsburg quadrangle, comprising about
827 square miles in Deer Lodge, Granite, and Powell counties, Mont.
Geologic Folio 197. Columbus (Ohio) folio, by G. D. Hubbard, C. R. Stauffer,
J. A. Bownocker, C. S. Prosser, and E. R. Cumings. 1915. 15 folio pages
of text, 3 maps, 2 sheets of half-tone illustrations, 10 text figures. Pub-
lished also in octavo form, 111 pp.
Description and maps of the Columbus quadrangle, comprising about
915 square miles in Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Licking, Madison, Pick-
away, and Union counties, Ohio.
Geologic Folio 198. Castle Rock (Colo.) folio, by G. B. Richardson. 1915.
13 folio pages of text, 3 maps, 1 columnar-section sheet, 20 plates, 6 text
figures.
Description and maps of the Castle Rock quadrangle, comprising about
925 square miles in Douglas, El Paso, and Elbert counties, Colo.
Geologic Folio 199. Silver City (N. Mex.) folio, by Sidney Paige. 1916. 19
folio pages of text, 2 maps, 1 structure-section sheet, 13 plates, 17 text
figures.
Description and maps of the Silver City quadrangle, comprising about
1,003 square miles in Grant and Luna counties, N. Mex.
Geologic Folio 200. Galena-Elizabeth (111. -Iowa) folio, by E. W. Shaw and
A. C. Trowbridge. 1916. 13 folio pages of text, 4 maps, 13 plates, 9 text
figures.
Description and maps of the Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles, compris-
ing about 442 square miles in Jo Daviess County, 111., and Dubuque and
Jackson counties, Iowa.
Geologic Folio 201. Minneapolis-St. Paul folio, by F. W. Sardeson. 1916.
14 folio pages of text, 8 maps, 22 plates, 14 text figures.
Description and maps of the Anoka, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and White
Bear quadrangles, comprising about 846 square miles in Anoka, South
Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington counties, Minn.
Topographic and other maps as follows :
Aitkin, Minn.
Alabama (State).1
Alaska (1: 12,000,000).
Albany, Oreg.
Alger, Ohio.
Arlington, Oreg.-Wash.
Avon, 111.
Babel Slough, Cal.
Bachelor Valley, Cal.
Belhaven, N. C.
Bellefontaine, Ohio.
Bering River coal field,
Alaska.2
Big Bar and vicinity, Cal.
Bluefield, W. Va.3
Blue Mesa, Wyo.
Boone, Iowa.
Brilliant, N. Mex.-Colo.
Brinkhaven, Ohio.
Bucu, Va.
Bucyrus, Ohio.
Buffalo Creek, Cal.3
Byron, Cal.
Byron Hot Springs, Cal.
Cache Slough, Cal.
Casco Bay, Me.*
Chateaugay, N. Y.
Concord, Cal.5
Cooperstown, Cal.
CornettsviLle, Ky.
Craig, Colo.
Crestline, Ohio.
Cuyuna, Minn.
Deming, N. Mex.5
Dixon, Cal.
Eagle Rock, Va.
Bast Liberty, Ohio.
Edgington, Ill.-Iowa.
Ely, Nev.5
Esparto, Cal.3
Estacada, Oreg.
Fairfax, Va.
Falls City, Nebr.
Foraker, Okla.-Kans.
Frazer, Mont.
Freedom, Idaho-Wyo.
Gastonia, N. C.
Georgia (State).1
Gouverneur, N. Y.
Grass Creek Basin, Wyo
Grays Bend, Cal.
Greenup, Ohio-Ky.3
Hacker Valley, W. Va.
Hamakua, Hawaii.
Harold, Ky.
Harrington, Cal.3
Haywards, Cal.5
Hershey, Cal.
Honomu, Hawaii.
Howe, Nebr.
Iaeger, W. Va.-Ky.8
Illinois (State).1
Kenton, Ohio.
1 Photolithograph, 1 : 1,000,000.
2 Plate V, Bull. 335, issued separately.
3 Preliminary edition showing part of quadrangle.
4 Resurveyed and reengiaved.
5 New edition, revised in field.
8 Sheet completed ; part engraved in 1912.
396
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Kentucky (State).1
Kinston, N. C.
Kohala, Hawaii.
Lake Bonaparte, N. Y.
Larue, Ohio.
Lone Tree Valley, Cal.2
Lovdal, Cal.
Maine Prairie, Cal.
Manhattan and vicinity, Nev.
Mare Island, Cal.
Maricopa, Ariz.
Marseilles, 111.3
Martinsburg,W.Va.-Va.-Md.
Maryland and Delaware
(States).1
Maryland and Delaware
(States).*
Massachusetts and Rhode
Island contour map.5
Michigan (State).1
Midway, Cal.2
Millersburg, Ohio.
Mission, Tex.
Mojave, Cal.
Montpellier, Cal.
Mount Gilead, Ohio.
Murfeesboro, Tenn.
Neosho, Mo.
New York (State).1
Northeast, Pa.-N. Y.
Norwalk, Ohio.
Oakdale, Cal.
Ocosta, Wash.
Ohio (State).1
Oregon (State).1
Oswego, Mont.
Patterson, Cal.2
Paulsell, Cal.
Pearce, Aria.
Pennsylvania and New Jer-
sey (States).1
Peterstown, W. Va.-Va.2
Pickins, W. Va.
Point Conception (sheet
I— 10 of world map).
Portland, Me.3
Regina, Va.-Ky.2
Richwood, Ohio.
Ripon, Cal.
Romain, Cal.2
St. Albans, Vt.
St. Paris, Ohio.
Salida, Cal.
San Francisco, Cal.6
San Juan, Tex.
San Mateo, Cal.6
Saxon, Cal.
Searles Lake, Cal.
Shauck, Ohio.
Shawneetown, Ill.-Ky.
Siam, Ohio.
Soledad, Cal.
Stryker, Mont.
Somerset, Pa.
South Carolina ( State). -
Spearflsh, S. Dak.6
Spenceville, Cal.*
Sturgis, S. Dak.6
Summersville, W. Va.
Summitville, Colo.-N. Mex.
Tennessee (Staie).1
Thalheim, Cal.
Three Tree Flat, Cal.
Tracy, Cal.2
Trigo, Cal.
Tualatin, Oreg.
United States contour map,
18 by 28 inches.5
Virginia (State).1
Vorden, Cal.
Waipio, Hawaii.
Waldoboro, Me.
Washington (State).*
Waynesville, Ohio.
Wealthwood, Minn.
Wellington, Utah.
Wenatchee, Wash.
Westley, Cal.
Westport, Cal.
West Virginia (State).*
Whitesburg, Ky.-Va.
Windber, Pa.
Winona, W. Va.
Winters, Cal.
Wolf Point, Mont,
Yosemite National Park,
Cal.6
Zamora, Cal.2
GEOLOGIC BRANCH.
SCOPE OF WORK.
The geologic branch is responsible for the strictly geologic work
of the Survey, which was originally established for " the classifica-
tion of the public lands and the examination of the geological struc-
ture, mineral resources, and products of the national domain" and
was later authorized " to continue the preparation of a geological
map of the United States." In pursuance of these objects the Survey
has been obliged to extend its operations to every part of the country
and to nearly every field of geology. Its growth, however, has not
kept pace with the growth of the mineral development which it has
promoted. The calls for service made on it by the public were never
before so numerous nor so varied.
The Survey has not only performed this fundamental and prin-
cipal work but has gradually come to be regarded, in effect, as a
national bureau of public information on geologic matters, touching
1 Photolithograph, 1 : 1,000,000.
2 Preliminary edition showing part of quadrangle.
3 Resurveyed and reengraved.
* Photolithograph, 1 : 500,000.
6 New edition, office revision.
•New edition, revised in field.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 397
not only all parts of the United States and Alaska but other countries
as well. The marked increase in the number of inquiries received by
the Survey is due not merely to the present abnormal activity in
the mineral industries, but largely also to the growing tendency
of the American people to apply to the Federal Survey for geologic
information of every sort, whether this information is to be gained
by new field work or by examination of the Survey's accumulated
records and its great library. The geologic branch therefore has
a double task, embracing on the one hand geologic surveying —
including the investigation, description, and mapping of the geology
and mineral deposits of all parts of the country and the classifica-
tion of the public lands — and the publication of the results of its
work, and on the other hand the furnishing to the public of miscel-
laneous geologic information derived from all available sources.
ORGANIZATION.
For the systematic and efficient accomplishment of its work the
geologic branch is organized in four divisions — geology, David
White, chief geologist, in charge ; Alaskan mineral resources, Alf reel
H. Brooks, geologist, in charge ; mineral resources, H. D. McCaskey,
geologist, in charge ; chemical and physical researches, G. F. Becker,
geologist, in charge. These divisions, though largely autonomous,
are conducted in the closest cooperation, with resultant effectiveness
as well as economy. Most of the statistical reports of the division
of mineral resources are prepared by members of the division of
geology who are specialists in the geology of the respective mineral
deposits and whose field investigations give opportunities for close
contact with and observation of the mineral industries. Between
the division of Alaskan mineral resources and the division of geology
there is free exchange of assistance in paleontologic and other labo-
ratory investigations. The division of chemistry and physics cooper-
ates with the members of the scientific staffs of all the other divisions
in the solution of the chemical problems under investigation and
performs the chemical determinations necessary to the routine work
of the Survey. In the distribution and use of field equipment the
geologic branch cooperates with the topographic and water-resources
branches.
The geologic investigations to be carried on by the Survey in the
United States are planned by the chiefs of sections in the division
of geology in council with the chief geologist, who has general
supervision of the work. The chief geologist has given particular
attention to cooperation in geology with State surveys and devotes
such time as is available to him for field work to field inspections
and conferences with chiefs of sections and geologists and to the
direction and inspection of the work of the section of eastern fuels.
398 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the fiscal year 1916 prepared wholly or partly
in the geologic branch embrace 1 monograph, 31 professional papers,
bulletins, etc., 127 chapters of reports later published as annual vol-
umes, and 6 geologic folios. Titles and brief abstracts of these
publications are given on pages 376-395. Besides the official publica-
tions, 61 papers were, with the permission of the Director, published
in scientific journals and in the publications of scientific societies.
Nine reports based on work done in cooperation with State geo-
logical surveys have, in accordance with the cooperative agreements,
been transmitted to the States for publication. On the other hand,
two somewhat extensive geologic reports, prepared by the State or-
ganizations under the same agreements, have been submitted for
publication by the Federal Survey, and others are in preparation
by the States. In the preparation of the reports of mineral produc-
tion considerable material relating to certain of the industries in the
different States is compiled by the State geologists.
PROGRESS OF GEOLOGIC MAPPING.
The areas in the United States covered by geologic maps published
by the Survey and the general nature of the work in each area are
shown on Plate I. This map does not, however, indicate areas for
which reports, prepared by this Survey, have been submitted for
publication to cooperating State organizations or to other bureaus
and departments of the Federal Government.
The progress of geologic surveying in Alaska is described in the
section on the division of Alaskan mineral resources (pp. 449-457).
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY.
ORGANIZATION.
The scientific force of the division of geology at the beginning of
the year consisted of 70 geologists, 28 associate geologists, 33 assist-
ant geologists, 9 junior geologists, and 24 geologic aids. During the
year 10 members of the scientific staff resigned to take positions in
private life at higher salaries, one new member was appointed, and
one was transferred 'from another division. The total number of
geologists of various grades on the staff at the end of the year was
156. Of this number, 80 were employed continuously, 33 gave only
part of their time to Survey work, and 43 were not employed.
The division of geology was organized in nine sections, the scope
of whose work is outlined on pages 44-48. Near the end of the year
the division was reorganized, and beginning July 1, 1916, its work
will be distributed among ten sections, as stated on pages 48-49.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 399
The geologic work of the division, both in the field and in the office,
is under the immediate supervision of the chiefs of the respective
sections, who are directly responsible for maintaining efficiency and
a high scientific standard. Exceptions are made of the studies of
detrital deposition in California, just completed by G. K. Gilbert, the
general descriptions by Mr. Gilbert of the structure in the Great
Basin region, and the general monographic treatment of the geology
of the Yellowstone National Park, in preparation by Arnold Hague.
The work of these distinguished senior geologists of the Survey is
reported directly to the chief geologist.
ALLOTMENTS.
The total funds available for the geologic work of the Survey in
the United States for the year 1915-16 were as follows :
Geologic surveys $350, 000
Statutory salaries 13, 700
Search for potash deposits (part of the appropriation for
chemical and physical researches) 16,150
379, 850
The allotments of the appropriations were as follows :
Section of eastern areal geology $20, 025
Section of western areal geology 28, 520
Section of Coastal Plain investigations 13, 525
Section of stratigraphy and paleontology 20, 040
Section of metalliferous deposits 42,245
Section of nonmetalliferous deposits (including potash) 36, 640
Section of glacial geology 6, 015
Section of eastern fuels 29, 175
Section of western fuels 50, 000
Geologic-map editing 7, 020
Debris investigation and inspection 3, 900
Supervision, administration, salaries of clerical, technical,
and skilled-labor forces, instruments, supplies, and
contingent fund 93, 025
350, 130
Land-classification board 29, 720
379, 850
Of the amounts allotted to this division, approximately $263,700
was expended directly for geologic work, including the search for
potash. Of this amount, about $165,800, or 62.8 per cent, was ex-
pended west of the one hundredth meridian, and $97,900, or 37.2 per
cent, east of the one hundredth meridian. If, however, the $29,720
for the operations of the land-classification board is included, 66.6
per cent of a total approximating $293,420 was spent for investiga-
400 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
tions west of the one hundredth meridian — that is, essentially in the
public-land States. The allotment for supervision, etc., is divisible
in very nearly the same proportion between the eastern and western
work.
COOPERATION WITH FEDERAL BUREAUS AND STATE SURVEYS.
In strictly geologic field investigations or paleontologic studies
the Survey cooperated through the division of geology with 19
States — Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland,
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vir-
ginia, and Wisconsin. Informal cooperation, without specific finan-
cial obligations, exists between most of the other States having
geological surveys.
The Survey cooperated with the Bureau of Mines in the metallo-
graphic study of ores, in the investigation of the invasion of Cali-
fornia oil wells by salt water, in studies of the application of geology
to engineering problems of mining and construction, and in the ex-
amination of placers and placer mining in the United States. Tech-
nologic papers prepared by Survey geologists in the course of their
detailed investigations of mineral deposits have been submitted to
the Bureau of Mines for publication. The Survey is also engaged
with the Bureau of Standards, the Bureau of Mines, and the Office
of Public Roads in a thorough and systematic study of the building
stones of the United States. Through the division of geology it
cooperated informally with the Smithsonian Institution, the Bureau
of Fisheries, the Forest Service, the Navy Department, the War De-
partment, and the Lighthouse Service, as well as with a number
of institutions of learning, including, in particular, the Geophysical
Laboratory and Marine Biological Station of the Carnegie Institu-
tion. Services varying in extent have been rendered during the
year to the Department of Agriculture in the examination of lands
in the national forests and monuments ; to the Department of Justice
in connection with its suits regarding public lands; to the Navy
Department in regard to oil and water supplies; to the Office of
Indian Affairs in the classification of Indian lands; to the War
Department with reference to nitrate deposits and to water supplies
in its reservations; and, most important of all, to the General Land
Office in the classification of withdrawn coal, oil, and phosphate
lands.
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WORK OF THE YEAR.
The highly diverse services rendered by the geologic branch were
fully outlined in the reports for the last two years.1 All phases of
i U. S. Geol. Survey Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept., pp. 34-36, 71-74, 1914 ; Thirty-sixth A
Kept., pp. 42-50, 1915.
. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. SHOWING AREAS COVERED BY GEOLOGIC MAPS PUBLISHED PRIOR TO JULY 1. 1916
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 401
the work have been continued, though on account of a reduction of
$50,000 in the appropriation it has been necessary to refuse requests
for field examinations in greater number than ever before. To some
extent, however, the lack of money for the expenses of field investi-
gations and for pay of young assistants has been compensated by
the greater capacity and scientific productivity developed in the staff
with growing experience, knowledge, and maturity. Nevertheless,
an increase in the funds sufficient to provide salaries and field ex-
penses of geologic aids to serve under the direction of the older geolo-
gists would yield more than proportionate benefits in the extension
of the work, the fuller response to the public demands, and the more
economical utilization of the directive knowledge and experience of
the older and higher-salaried men.
As usual, greater attention has been given to the geologic examina-
tion and classification of the lands and to special study of the mineral
deposits in the public-land States than to any other investigation or
region. Accounts of this work are given under the respective State
headings (pp. 409-449).
In the last annual report reference was made to studies by the
Survey of the chemical character of the waters at different depths
in the California oil fields, and of the change in these waters near
accumulations of oil. The results of these studies, a preliminary
report on which will soon be issued as Bulletin 653, give reason for
the expectation that, in this region at least, great assistance in the
search for oil may be derived from observations of the chemical
characteristics of the waters. These observations will be checked
by field work and tests in areas that present different climatic and
other physical conditions.
A large map showing the coal fields of the United States and
indicating the general rank of the coals, prepared to accompany a
general summary description of the coals of the country and their
qualities, is now in press for publication as the first part of Pro-
fessional Paper 100, "The coal fields of the United States." More
detailed reports covering the coal fields of several States are now
prepared, and others are in preparation or planned, to be in due time
issued as parts of this professional paper.
Some lesults of the studies of the ores from certain of the western
metal-mining districts by use of the metallographic microscope, to
which reference was made last year, are now being prepared for
publication in a paper entitled " Studies of the genesis of some
ores at Tonopah, Nev." The joint geologic and chemical studies of
silver enrichment are continuing, with promise of still more results
of high value.
The economic geologic investigations of broad geographic scope
now in progress include examinations of the marbles in the Appa-
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 26
402 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
lachian States and the limestones in the Central States, the ac-
cumulation of data for a descriptive catalogue of the building stones
of the United States, and studies of the phosphate resources of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee and of the tungsten, mica, graphite, and gyp-
sum deposits of the United States. Papers on the conservation of
the phosphate deposits, giving new estimates of the phosphate
resources of the country, have been published through unofficial
channels.
The deciphering of the later chapters in the geologic history of
the Gulf region of the United States, and in particular an under-
standing of the mutual relations of the Antillean region of the Gulf
coast of Central America and South America, have been very much
furthered by a number of contributions made by members and asso-
ciates of the section of Coastal Plain investigations in several publi-
cations, both official and unofficial, which are noted in the detailed
account of the work of the division by States. A general report by
Mr. MacDonald on the geology of the Canal Zone region is near
completion.
Among the reports completed that should be of unusual interest
to the mining public may be mentioned the comprehensive descrip-
tion of the Tintic district, Utah, with maps, by Messrs. Lindgren
and Loughlin, and a general report on the mining districts of Utah,
by Mr. Butler.
So great was the demand for the first edition of the bulletin on
the useful minerals of the United States that a revised and much
enlarged edition has been prepared. This is now in press as Bulle-
tin 624.
Three guidebooks to the western United States, Bulletins 611, 613,
and 614, prepared mainly during the preceding year, were pub-
lished. Another one, descriptive of the country along the Denver &
Rio Grande Route from Denver to Salt Lake, is now in preparation.
These books, which are designed for the use of travelers and are writ-
ten in popular and educational style, deal not only with the geology
but with the natural resources, history, and development of the coun-
try traversed.
SCOPE OF THE WORK OF THE SECTIONS.
The work of the several sections of the division of geology is
briefly outlined in the following synopsis:
1. The section of eastern areal geology — Arthur Keith, geologist,
in charge — conducts reconnaissance and detailed work in areal or
general geology in regions east of the one hundredth meridian, the
primary object of which is to make known, mainly through folios of
the Geologic Atlas, the general geology of the regions studied, or to
prepare scientific and educational descriptions of them. Papers de-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 403
scribing the more important of the mineral deposits of the areas
thus examined may be prepared for publication in advance in the
economic bulletins. The work of this section is carried on in close
cooperation with several State surveys and university departments
of geology, an effort being made to coordinate the work of all par-
ticipants. During the year the operations of the section have cov-
ered areas in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Caro-
lina, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia.
2. The work of the section of western areal geology (west of the
one-hundredth meridian) — F. L. Ransome, geologist, in charge —
corresponds to that of the section of eastern areal geology and is
similar in scope, these sections being especially charged with the
preparation of the folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States.
The work of this section has included areal mapping and descrip-
tions of areal geology in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and
Wyoming.
3. The section of Coastal Plain investigations — T. W. Vaughan,
geologist, in charge — is occupied with the study of the geology of
the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States in the
broadest practicable way. Special attention is given to studies
that will aid in understanding the geologic history of the province,
including investigations of the physiology, stratigraphy, geologic
structure, paleontology, and origin of the different kinds of sedi-
ments. Knowledge thus acquired furnishes a scientific foundation
for the investigation of geologic resources of many kinds. In the
study of economic resources particular consideration is given to
ground waters, which are of inestimable value in the conservation of
public health, and a preliminary survey of this resource has now
been almost completed for the entire province.
The paleontologic work of the section is of fundamental impor-
tance, as only by detailed and accurate knowledge of the organisms
occurring in and characterizing the geologic formations and their
subordinate members can the time equivalents of beds in one area
be recognized in another. This knowledge also aids in recognizing
beds that are penetrated by well borings if fossils should occur in
the material brought up by the drill.
During the year a preliminary geologic map of the Coastal Plain
was drawn on a scale of 1 : 1,000,000, embracing an area of 450,000
square miles. The reconnaissance mapping of the area, except the
State of South Carolina and about 13,000 square miles adjacent to
the Rio Grande in Texas, has been completed. The two deficiencies
404 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
mentioned will be filled as soon as possible — it is hoped within the,
coming fiscal year.
Much attention has been paid by members of the section to sedi-
ments now being laid down in the sea, because of their bearing on
the interpretation of the conditions under which sediments exposed
on the land surface and encountered in well borings were deposited.
The National Museum, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Carnegie Insti-
tution, the Bureau of Soils, the Bureau of Lighthouses, the Bureau of
Plant Industry, and a number of specialists in biology or paleon-
tology, as well as the division of underground waters of the water-
resources branch, have cooperated with or contributed to the work of
this section.
Investigations have been carried on by this section during the year
in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Mississippi, North Carolina, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
4. The section of glacial geology — W. C. Alden, geologist, in
charge — is engaged in the study of the work of glaciers, the glacial
and interglacial deposits and the contemporary deposits of the border-
ing regions, and the geologic history of the continent during the
Quaternary period. The geologists occupied with these varied and
specialized problems are charged with the classification and mapping
of the Quaternary deposits of the glaciated regions. The work of this
section during the year has comprised field studies and mapping and
the preparation of reports covering areas in California, Illinois, Iowa,
Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York,
New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin.
5. The section of paleontology and stratigraphy — T. W. Stanton,
geologist, in charge — is responsible for the determination of the rela-
tive age and equivalence of the strata in different areas and for the
reference of the formations to a geologic time scale. The collections
of fossils sent in by field geologists for examination and those ob-
tained by the paleontologists themselves in the course of special field
investigations have equaled those of previous years in size and im-
portance. Their identification and the preparation of preliminary
reports on them form a considerable part of the paleontologists'
work, the results of which are embodied in many of the economic and
strati graphic reports of the Survey and add greatly to their accuracy
and value. Reports on current collections of vertebrate fossils have
been furnished by the United States National Museum.
The work of this section is practically coextensive with that of the
divisions of geology and of Alaskan mineral resources and is indis-
pensable to the geologic mapping of the areas surveyed and the satis-
factory determination of the structure. It touches nearly all the
States.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 405
6. The section of the geology of metalliferous deposits — F. L.
Ransome, geologist, in charge — not only studies metalliferous de-
posits and mines and investigates the conditions and modes of ore
deposition but also carries on reconnaissance geologic examinations
of many new districts and makes complete detailed areal surveys,
for folio publication, of quadrangles in which metalliferous deposits
are of especial importance, the folios being subject to the inspection
and approval of the geologists in charge of areal geology. Several
geologists in this section have prepared, for publication in Mineral
Resources of the United States, statistical reports on the production
of metals or minerals with which they are specially conversant and
statements on the industrial conditions relating to them. The work
of the section has embraced the investigation of metalliferous depos-
its in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho,
Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia,
Washington, and Wyoming.
7. The section of the geology of nonmetalliferous deposits — H. S.
Gale, geologist, in charge — is concerned with the study of the de-
posits of nonmetallic ores and minerals, exclusive of fuels, and with
the geologic investigation and mapping of regions in which such
minerals or deposits are of paramount importance. During the year
the greater part of the work of the section has consisted in large part
of the search for potash in commercial quantities in the salts of old
evaporation basins or dried-up ancient lakes of the Great Basin re-
gion and in the Permo-Triassic " Red Beds " of New Mexico and
Texas. These investigations are more fully described on pages
369-372. With them has been combined a diligent search for nitrates.
The classification of the phosphate-bearing lands in Idaho, Mon-
tana, and Wyoming withdrawn from entry has also been carried
forward. Special investigations relating to clays, building stones,
and the eastern phosphate fields have been made, and field and
office work in the preparation of general bulletins on the graphite,
mica, and gypsum deposits of the United States have been in prog-
ress. The work in the section has involved field investigations or
laboratory studies relating to nearly every State.
8. The section of eastern fuels — David White, chief geologist, in
charge — conducts examinations of areas east of the one-hundredth
meridian that contain coal, oil, or gas. It not only investigates and
describes the economic geology but in some regions also works out
the detailed areal geology for folio publication, the folios being
subject to the inspection and approval of the geologist in charge of
the section of eastern areal geology. In this section special attention
has been given to the discovery and mapping of structure favorable
to the occurrence of oil and gas in undeveloped regions which may
later produce oil.
406 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The work of the section during the year has been done in cooper-
ation with the State surveys of Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Okla-
homa, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. Noncooperative work
has been done in Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Texas, and
West Virginia.
9. The section of western fuels — M. R. Campbell, geologist, in
charge — conducts examinations and surveys in the fuel-bearing re-
gions west of the one-hundredth meridian, similar to those made by
the section of eastern fuels. The greater part of the work of the
western section has consisted in classifying and mapping coal or
oil bearing lands of the public domain in California, Colorado, Mon-
tana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, but the section has also car-
ried on detailed mapping of the geology in quadrangle units for folio
publication, subject to the approval of the geologist in charge of the
section of western areal geology. Several members, including the
chief of this section, serve as members of the coal and oil committees
in the land-classification board.
Broad researches of general interest in progress in this section
include studies of the mutual chemical relations of water and oil
in oil fields and of the utilization of the hydrocarbon shales of
Colorado and Utah as sources of petroleum and other distillation
products, also the preparation of a general report on the coal fields
of the United States.
The section of geologic-map editing — G. W. Stose, geologist, in
charge — is a part of the publication branch, but its work is so inti-
mately associated with the work of the individual geologists in the
division of geology that it is administered as a part of the geologic
branch, in which the chief of the section is an active geologist. The
geologic field investigations made by Mr. Stose are reported in the
sections to which they pertain. The office work of this section is
described on pages 524^525.
To lessen the administrative work of the geologist in charge of
western areal geology and the geology of metalliferous deposits and
of the geologist in charge of western fuels, and thereby to increase
their opportunities for scientific work, the sections of the division of
geology were, in June, 1916, reorganized as follows, to take effect
July 1:
1. Section of eastern areal geology. Arthur Keith, geologist, in charge.
2. Section of western areal geology. Sidney Paige, geologist, in charge.
3. Section of the geology of metalliferous deposits. F. L. Ransome, geologist,
in charge.
4. Section of the geology of nonmetalliferous deposits. H. S. Gale, geologist,
in charge.
5. Section of Coastal Plain investigations. T. W. Vaughan, geologist, in
charge.
6. Section of glacial geology. W. C. Alden, geologist, in charge.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 407
7. Section of paleontology and stratigraphy. T. W. Stanton, geologist, in
charge.
8. Section of the geology of western coal fields. M. R. Campbell, geologist,
in charge.
9. Section of the geology of eastern coal fields. G. H. Ashley, geologist, in
charge.
10. Section of the geology of oil and gas fields. David White, chief geologist,
in charge.
The subsection of investigations in petrology, in charge of E. S.
Larsen, jr., is to be attached to the section of the geology of metal-
liferous deposits.
ASSISTANCE TO OTHER DIVISIONS.
In addition to performing work in their respective sections, a con-
siderable number of the geologists in the sections of metalliferous
and nonmetalliferous deposits and several geologists in the sections
of eastern and western areal geology have prepared for publication,
in the annual volumes of Mineral Resources, reports on the produc-
tion and statements of the industrial conditions relating to a large
number of mineral resources with which they are especially familiar.
Parts of the salaries of some of these geologists are paid from the
funds of the division of mineral resources, and the traveling and field
expenses incurred by others in the collection of data are also paid
from the funds of that division.
A number of economic geologists of this division serve as members
of the special committees of the land-classification board. The
paleontologists of the division report on fossils collected for the divi-
sion of Alaskan mineral resources and are called upon to classify
fossils for the National Museum and, through courtesy, occasionally
for foreign Governments and other scientific institutions.
Close cooperation, with constant interchange of information, exists
between the geologic branch and the water-resources branch in the
investigation of underground-water movements and supplies and of
sedimentary deposition. Members of the land-classification board
serve in the geologic field parties.
COMMITTEE ON GEOLOGIC NAMES.
The committee on geologic names, a standing committee of the
geologic branch, was reorganized on December 1, 1915, and now
consists of T. W. Stanton (chairman), G. W. Stose, W. T. Lee,
Sidney Paige, and L. W. Stephenson. The chiefs of section in the
division of geology and the chief of the division of Alaskan min-
eral resources also serve as associate members, each of whom is
invited to attend meetings at which matters pertaining to his sec-
tion or division are under consideration. Authors of manuscripts
408 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
under discussion are expected to be present or to select someone to
submit their views. On each question the individual opinions of
the persons present are recorded and forwarded to the chief geolo-
gist, who makes the decision, subject to appeal to the Director.
The records are kept by the secretary, Miss M. G. Wilmarth, who
also examines all manuscripts submitted for publication and com-
pares the geologic nomenclature and classification used in them with
the standards in current use by the Geological Survey. During the
year 153 manuscripts, comprising 15,200 pages and involving about
3,150 geologic names, have been examined. Good progress has been
made in preparing the manuscript of a stratigraphic lexicon of
geologic formations, mentioned in the report for last year, and some
preliminary work has been done toward compiling general correla-
tion charts.
COMMITTEE ON PHYSIOGRAPHY.
The committee on physiography was, or March 1, 1916 reorgan-
ized, with changes both in the scope of its work and in its personnel.
The reorganized committee consisted of M. R. Campbell (chairman),
Laurence LaForge, F. E. Matthes, E. W. Shaw, and P. S. Smith.
At his request Mr. LaForge was relieved from service with the
committee, and in June, by arrangement with the chief hydraulic
engineer, O. E. Meinzer, of the water-resources branch, was appointed
in his place.
The duties of this committee are as follows :
1. To read critically and give advice as to physiographic papers
or physiographic chapters or sections in other papers submitted
for publication by the Survey.
2. To consider the classification and nomenclature of physiographic
provinces.
3. To prepare or make recommendations as to the preparation of
physiographic descriptions in popular language, to be printed on the
backs of topographic sheets.
4. To consult with geologists regarding the solution of physio-
graphic problems.
5. To formulate the usage of physiographic terms, in continuance
of the work of the old committee.
6. To confer with the chiefs of sections and with the chief geologist
regarding physiographic work to be undertaken by the Geological
Survey.
After considering for some time certain general principles of
physiography, the committee entered upon a joint consideration,
with a committee appointed by the Association of American Geog-
raphers, of a standard scheme of physiographic divisions in the
United States. The work previously in progress in the committee
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. SHOWING AH^COgKEDJWTOI^R^IC SURVEYS PRIOR TO JULY L 1916
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 409
of the association was completed in cooperative conferences, and the
joint findings were approved and arranged for publication.
The committee has taken up the question of more exact definition
of physiographic terms and, through conferential discussion with
the leading physiographers of the country, it aims at greater uni-
formity and cooperation among American physiographers, both in
the use of terms and in physiographic classification.
GENERAL SUMMARY OF GEOLOGIC WORK.
Geologic investigations were continued in 47 States, the Canal
Zone, and the West Indies. Systematic detailed surveys in metal-
mining districts were carried on in California, Minnesota, Nevada,
New Mexico, and Utah, and reconnaissance studies of metal-mining
districts were made in Alabama, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Utah, and Virginia. Potash and nitrate prospects
were investigated in the States containing semiarid regions, in the
" Red Beds " region of the Southwest, and through the analytical test-
ing of brines coming from many oil, water, and salt wells in other
portions of the country. Other nonmetalliferous deposits of one
kind or another were examined in nearly every State. Coal fields
were investigated in Colorado, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, New
Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and Wyom-
ing; and studies with mapping of oil and gas structures were made
in California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mis-
sissippi, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. Reports describing mineral deposits
previously examined in other States and not mentioned above are
now in preparation. General and detailed geologic and paleontologic
work was continued in all parts of the country, including a large
amount of geologic wo?k in connection with the examination of the
economic resources just mentioned. Work in classifying lands of
the public domain and of Indian reservations was carried on in Ari-
zona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, North
Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
WORK OF THE DIVISION BY STATES.
ALABAMA.
The important graphite deposits in Clay County, Ala., were ex-
amined by E. S. Bastin in June, and a brief description was imme-
diately given to the press. The detailed description of the deposits
will appear in Mr. Bastin's general report on the graphite deposits
of the country.
A report on the red iron-ore beds in northeastern Alabama has
been completed by Mr. Burchard and will be included in a bulletin
410 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
on the red iron ores of northeastern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and
northwestern Georgia.
The texts for the Bessemer- Vandiver and Montevallo-Columbi-
ana folios, by Charles Butts, have been completed and are in prepara-
tion for publication.
Collections of Tertiary fossils from the State were identified
and the preparation of a report on the stratigraphy and correlation
of the Jackson and Vicksburg groups was begun by C. W. Cooke.
Reports on the fossil floras of the Jackson and Claiborne groups,
by E. W. Berry, and on the orbitoid and nummulitid Foraminifera,
by J. A. Cushman, have been almost completed. Brief examinations
of the terraces near Tuscaloosa and Mobile were made by E. W.
Shaw and G. C. Matson. The age of the Ocala limestone is dis-
cussed in Professional Paper 95-1 by C. W. Cooke ; and the geologic
history of a part of the Coastal Plain of the State is considered by
E. W. Berry in Professional Paper 95-F. The older Tertiary Bry-
ozoa are described in a paper by F. Canu and R. S. Bassler, almost
completed.
Two reports by G. C. Matson and E. W. Berry, entitled "The
Pliocene Citronelle formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain and its
flora" (Professional Paper 98-L) and "The Catahoula sandstone
and its flora " (Professional Paper 98-M) , are in press.
ARIZONA.
The preparation of a professional paper on the copper deposits
of the Ray and Miami districts has been continued, when other duties
permitted, by F. L. Ransome. The work done contributes to some ex-
tent toward the preparation of the Ray folio, which Mr. Ransome
also has in hand.
The geology and geography of the Navajo country are described
by H. E. Gregory in a paper to be published as Professional Paper 93.
This paper is based on an extended reconnaissance of parts of Ari-
zona, New Mexico, and Utah.
Some Paleozoic sections in Arizona and their correlation are dis-
cussed in a paper by F. L. Ransome for publication as Professional
Paper 98-K.
A report entitled "A reconnaissance of the Archean complex of
the Grand Canyon," by L. F. Noble and J. F. Hunter, jr., is in press
as Professional Paper 98-L The field work on which this report
was based was done in 1914 by Mr. Noble, partly at his own expense ;
the petrographic studies were made in 1915 by Mr. Hunter.
Progress was made by C. H. Clapp during the summer of 1915 in
the mapping of the Winkelman quadrangle, although no funds could
be allotted to him.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 411
Reports on the production of asbestos, talc and soapstone, and
chromic iron ore in the United States during 1915 have been pre-
pared by J. 8. Diller. Arizona now stands first in the production of
high-grade asbestos.
§ ARKANSAS.
The coal fields of Arkansas are described in summary form, with
analyses, by A. J. Collier in a manuscript which will appear as a
chapter in Professional Paper 100, " The coal fields of the United
States."
The geology of the Hot Springs quadrangle was briefly reviewed
by H. D. Miser, in connection with the examination of the area
covering Hot Springs and vicinity, for which a folio will soon be
submitted for publication.
The geology and mineral deposits of the Caddo Gap quadrangle
were further examined by Mr. Miser. The folio covering the
Caddo Gap and De Queen quadrangles is near completion. A col-
lection of plants from the Bingen sand in this region proved to be
the first identifiable fossil plant material procured from the Upper
Cretaceous of Arkansas.
A detailed geologic and topographic map of the principal area of
diamond -bearing peridotite in Arkansas was also made by Mr. Miser.
In the northeastern part of the State additional investigations of
the sunken lands were made for the Department of Justice by E. W.
Shaw, and some valuable geologic results were obtained in the course
of the work. A report on the floras of the Jackson and Claiborne
groups has been nearly completed by E. W. Berry.
A report on the geology and ground waters of northeastern Ar-
kansas, by L. W. Stephenson and A. F. Crider, has been published
as Water-Supply Paper 399. Eocene erosion intervals are described
by E. W. Berry in Professional Paper 95-F, and descriptive reports
on the Chester and Pottsville faunas of Arkansas and Oklahoma are
in preparation by G. H. Girty.
Papers by Mr. Girty on the invertebrate faunas of the Batesville
sandstone, of the so-called Boone chert at Batesville, and of the Boone
limestone at St. Joe have been printed as Bulletins 593, 595, and 598,
respectively.
The greensands of Hempstead County were examined by G. H.
Ashley and sampled for chemical analysis and study with special
reference to their potash content. A report of the results of the
analyses will soon be published.
CALIFORNIA.
The studies of hydraulic mining debris in the Sierra Nevada, Cal.,
carried on by G. K. Gilbert under the joint auspices of the geologic
and water-resources branches, were continued and practically com-
412 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
pleted. Additional field work in the measurement of tidal currents
in the summer and autumn of 1914 was supplemented by research in
the archives of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and information
gained from these and from various other sources led not only to
revision but to expansion, so that the report is now much more
voluminous than it was originally, and three-fifths of it embodies
either new material or old material with new treatment.
The investigation of the petroleum resources of California was
continued by R. W. Pack, assisted by W. A. English. Mr. Pack, on
account of the necessity for completing a report at an early date, was
unable to take the field ; but Mr. English, under Mr. Pack's direction,
spent 3J months in an examination of certain withdrawn lands in the
Cholame and San Miguel quadrangles, for the purpose of classifying
them as oil or nonoil lands and also of obtaining data for a report
on the possibilities of finding oil. The area examined contains 970
square miles, 490 square miles of which was examined in detail and
480 square miles in a fairly detailed reconnaissance. The land has
been classified, and Mr. English has submitted a report on the oil
possibilities of the region.
Mr. Pack, in addition to supervising the work of Mr. English, has
prepared a detailed report on the Sunset-Midway oil field, for the
use of the experts of the Bureau of Mines, and has nearly completed
a report on the same field for publication. Mr. Pack spent the last
half of May and all of June in the field, gathering data for the com-
pletion of this report.
The study of the water problem in the Sunset-Midway and Coal-
inga oil fields, begun by G. S. Rogers in 1914, was continued by him
in the summer of 1915. Mr. Rogers spent 3J months in collecting
well logs and in gathering data for a general study of the encroach-
ment of water upon the productive territory in each of the fields and
in a study of the effect of petroleum upon water and conversely of
different waters upon petroleum. The results of the chemical studies
are given in a manuscript submitted by Mr. Rogers for publication
as Bulletin 653 of the Survey. The chemical examination of the
water promises to be of great value in " wild-cat " operations, at least
in regions of dry climate, as it seems to enable the driller to judge
of the proximity of oil by the change in composition of the water, or
of the probable absence of oil by the uniformity of composition of
the water encountered in drilling.
A report on the geology and oil resources of the west border of
the San Joaquin Valley, by Robert Anderson and R. W. Pack, has
been published as Bulletin 603, and a short paper by W. A. English
on the geology and oil prospects of Cuyama Valley as Bulletin 621~M.
A special survey of the work of the recent volcanic eruptions
in the Lassen Peak region, embracing about 200 square miles, was
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 413
made in 1915 by J. S, Diller, who is preparing an educational
bulletin on this interesting field. During the last two years two
papers by Mr. Diller, " Lassen Peak, our most active volcano," and
"The geological history of Lassen Peak," have been published un-
officially.
Brief examinations of a nickel prospect and a molybdenum pros-
pect, both in San Diego County, were made by F. C. Calkins, and
notes on them have been issued as Bulletin 640-D. A paper de-
scribing the occurrence of tin in this county was prepared by W. T.
Schaller and issued as Bulletin 620-P. Progress has been made by
Mr. Schaller in a study of the pegmatite intrusions of the county,
which, in addition to containing gem minerals, present features of
exceptional petrologic interest.
Field work in the Yosemite National Park was continued during
the summer of 1915 by F. C. Calkins. Mr. Calkins and F. E.
Matthes, who has been engaged in studying and mapping the glacial
deposits, have nearly completed the writing of a geologic guidebook
to the Yosemite, which is to be followed by the presentation of their
scientific results in more complete and detailed form.
A detailed study of the mining geology of the northern portion
of the Mother Lode district was made by Adolph Knopf, with the
assistance of J. F. Hunter, jr., during a part of the field season.
A report, based on field work of previous seasons, entitled "A geo-
logic reconnaissance of the southern Sierra escarpment," by Mr.
Knopf, with a section on the stratigraphy of the Inyo Range by
Edwin Kirk, has been transmitted for publication.
Notes on the petrology and economic geology of the Weaverville
quadrangle are in preparation by H. G. Ferguson as contributions
to the detailed study of the geology of the quadrangle, made by J. S.
Diller, for folio publication.
With a view to revision of portions of the long-delayed report
on the copper deposits of Shasta County, two weeks were spent in
the summer of 1915 by L. C. Graton and B. S. Butler in that county.
The report is awaiting final revision by Prof. Graton.
Some recently opened deposits of tungsten ore near Bishop were
examined late in June, 1916, by Adolph Knopf.
The Eock Creek quadrangle is gradually being mapped in detail
for folio publication by L. F. Noble, mainly at his own expense.
A large area in southern California has been covered by a recon-
naissance examination, with mapping, by It. T. Hill, and a rough
manuscript draft of the important results has been submitted for
examination.
A traverse on the Duck Lake and Surprise Valley basin, in Nevada
and California, was made by H. S. Gale in the course of his investi-
gations of saline deposits that may contain potash salts or nitrates.
414 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The results of experiments by W. B. Hicks in the evaporation of the
brines from Searles Lake, with special reference to the recovery of
the potash, have been printed in Professional Paper 98- A.
A remarkable Pliocene reef -coral fauna from Carrizo Creek, Im-
perial County, has been described in a report by T. W. Vaughan.
All the species in this fauna are closely related to species at present
living in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and most of
them have near relatives in the Pliocene Caloosahatchee marl of Flor-
ida, strongly suggesting if not actually proving marine connection
of the Gulf of California with the Gulf of Mexico in Pliocene time.
Progress has been made on a report describing the late Tertiary
invertebrate faunas of California and other Pacific Coast States, by
W. H. Dall.
A brief paper entitled " Faunal correlation of the Pacific coast Cre-
taceous," by T. W. Stanton, was read at the Berkeley meeting of the
Paleontological Society, and two papers entitled " Notes on two coni-
fers from the Pleistocene Rancho La Brea asphalt deposits, near
Los Angeles, Cal.," and "The present status of knowledge concern-
ing the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous floras of the Pacific coast"
have been prepared by F. H. Knowlton for unofficial publication.
Sections of Mesozoic and later rocks near Oroville, along Cache
Creek near Rumsey, in the neighborhood of San Francisco, along the
west side of San Joaquin Valley from El Puerto Creek to Little
Panoche Creek, in the Ventura quadrangle, and at La Jolla were
examined by T. W. Stanton for purposes of correlation.
COLORADO.
The survey of the eastern part of the San Juan Mountains, Colo.,
was continued by Whitman Cross, E. S. Larsen, jr., and J. F. Hunter,
jr. The work comprised detailed reconnaissance mapping of parts
of the Creede, Summitville, and Del Norte quadrangles. The geo-
logic mapping of the Creede quadrangle was completed, the part cov-
ered during the season being about 600 square miles, as also was that
part of the Summitville quadrangle in which the volcanic formations
are present, embracing about 700 square miles. Messrs. Larsen and
Hunter continued work in the Summitville quadrangle and also made
a rapid reconnaissance of a small part of the Conejos quadrangle, on
the east, for which no adequate topographic base is yet available.
Preparation of material for the final general report on the geology of
the San Juan area and the assembling of data resulting from the
season's field work occupied Mr. Cross during a part of the winter.
The collections from the Creede and Summitville quadrangles have
been under study by Mr. Hunter. Field work in the Del Norte quad-
rangle was resumed by Mr. Larsen in June. Progress in the prepa-
ration of the San Cristobal folio has been made by Mr. Larsen.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 415
The report on the geology and ore deposits of the Creede district,
by W. H. Emmons and E. S. Larsen, jr., has been completed but
has been sent to Mr. Emmons for final revision. The occurrence
of unusual minerals at Wagon Wheel Gap, including the new min-
eral creedite, has been described by Mr. Larsen and R. C. W^ells in
unofficial publications.
The Pleistocene deposits in the southern portion of the Uncom-
pahgre quadrangle and in the Needle Mountains quadrangle, in the
San Juan Mountain region, were mapped in detail by W. W. Atwood,
assisted by Kirtley Mather. The area thus surveyed included 700
square miles. Similar deposits in the Silverton,Telluride, and Engineer
Mountain quadrangles, which A. D. Hole mapped some years ago,
were studied and the necessary revision accomplished to make the
work in this region conform with the more recent studies. This
semidetailed mapping covered 650 square miles. In connection with
the mapping of the Pleistocene deposits, Mr. Atwood and Mr.
Mather have continued their study of the physiographic history of
the San Juan Mountains. During the later part of the season special
attention was given to the study of geologic conditions in the vicinity
of reservoirs and reservoir sites in the San Juan Mountains, with a
view to the preparation of a report that will be of service to engi-
neers. To this report Mr. Hunter has contributed an account of the
Mosca reservoir, in Beaver Creek Park, in the drainage basin of the
South Fork of the Rio Grande, Rio Grande County.
A summary report on the economic geology of Gilpin County and
adjacent portions of Clear Creek and Boulder counties, embracing
the Central City district, by E. S. Bastin and J. M. Hill, was issued
as Bulletin 620-M. The detailed report is in press as Professional
Paper 94.
The oxidized zinc ores of Leadville are described by G. F. Loughlin
in a chapter transmitted for inclusion in the monograph on the Lead-
ville district, in preparation by J. D. Irving.
The field investigations of the deposits of oil shale in northwestern
Colorado were vigorously continued by the party in charge of D. E.
Winchester. Dry distillations and rough determinations of ammo-
nium sulphate were made on the spot, in connection with measure-
ments of the beds and mapping of the extent of the deposits. The
report of tests and geologic examinations of these shales made in
the summer of 1914 was revised and enlarged to include the results
of the work of 1915. This report, which is now in press as Bulletin
641-F, will be a valuable addition to the knowledge of this oil shale
as a future source of oil, fertilizer, and other distillation products.
The large importance of these deposits, their petroleum content, and
their gasoline possibilities have been noted in advance statements.
416 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
How near the country may be to the successful commercial develop-
ment of these vast reserves no one can tell.
The preparation of a guidebook for the Mesa Verde National Park,
by A. J. Collier, is in progress but has been interrupted by other
more pressing matters.
On account of the great public demand for additional guides to
the mineral resources, geology, and scenery in the Western States
the preparation of a guidebook for the Denver & Rio Grande Rail-
road, from Denver, Colo., to Salt Lake City, Utah, was begun, and
in August, 1915, M. R. Campbell, who was assigned to the task, vis-
ited all the points of interest to tourists along the main line of this
road, examining the route from Florence to Grand Junction on foot
and in great detail. The manuscript for this part has been prepared
and will be ready for publication as soon as the work through to
Salt Lake City is completed in 1916.
The detailed geology of the Castle Rock quadrangle, situated north
of the Colorado Springs quadrangle, is described and mapped by
G. B. Richardson in Folio 198 of the Geologic Atlas.
The stratigraphy of the rocks including the Scranton coal bed was
examined in detail by W. T. Lee, whose correlations of these beds
have been incorporated by Mr. Richardson in a short paper for
unofficial publication.
Detailed examination of the coal resources of the Yampa field was
continued in the summer of 1915 by the survey of the Pagoda quad-
rangle, by E. T. Hancock. This quadrangle embraces an area of
228 square miles, mainly southwest of the town of Hayden. During
the winter Mr. Hancock has practically completed the preparation
of the Meeker folio and the Axial and Monument Butte folio and
has nearly finished an economic report on the Pagoda quadrangle.
The Grand Mesa and Book Cliffs coal fields will be treated by
W. T. Lee in Professional Paper 100, " The coal fields of the United
States."
In the South Platte Valley above Greeley the exposures of the
Fox Hills sandstone were reviewed by T. W. Stanton, and the addi-
tional land plants obtained from this marine formation, with those
previously collected by T. E. Williard from the same neighborhood,
furnished the material for F. H. Knowlton's paper " Flora of the
Fox Hills sandstone" (Professional Paper 98-H).
A report on the flora of the Tertiary lake beds at Florissant, Colo.,
was submitted for publication by F. H. Knowlton, and his paper on
the flora of the Laramie of the Denver Basin is practically finished.
Phosphate beds in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah were examined
by A. R. Schultz, who also made a preliminary examination of the
geology and structure of the Uinta Range.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 417
DELAWARE.
The folio for the Elkton and Wilmington quadrangles, Del., in-
cluding parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland, has been revised by
Florence Bascom and B. L. Miller and is ready for publication.
The greensands of the State were examined by W. C. Phalen and
G. H. Ashley, who collected samples for chemical analysis and study
with special reference to their possible utilization for their potash
and phosphate contents.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Incidentally and largely as by-products of unofficial activities data
have been gathered by E. W. Shaw, Arthur Keith, and others for
use in mapping the geology of the area including the city of Wash-
ington on the new topographic map for the District, now nearly
completed.
The Miocene flora from the Benning Road near the District line
is described by E. W. Berry in Professional Paper 98-F.
FLORIDA.
The geologic work of the Survey in Florida was directed mainly
toward the differentiation and definition of the Tertiary formations
and the unraveling of the geologic history of the region, which is
closely bound in its later history to the Central American province.
Investigations of the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Eocene
and lower Oligocene formations were continued by C. W. Cooke.
Miss J. A. Gardner devoted most of the year to monographing
the fossil Mollusca of the Chipola, Oak Grove, and Shoal River
members of the upper Oligocene Alum Bluff formation. J. A.
Cushman is describing the orbitoid and nummulitid Foraminifera.
The molluscan faunas of the Choctawhatchee marl of Red Bay and
the Pliocene Mollusca of Deland were studied and reports on them
prepared by W. C. Mansfield. The older Tertiary Bryozoa of the
State are described in a manuscript by F. Canu and R. S. Bassler.
In cooperation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, investi-
gations of the Florida living corals, the coral reefs, and the keys
were continued by T. W. Vaughan and E. W. Shaw. Special atten-
tion was paid to the physiography, including detailed investigations
of the agencies determining the shapes of the keys, and to bottom
deposits that are now being formed off the south coast of Florida.
Papers on the geology of the State or on geologic processes op
erative there were published or submitted for publication during the
year as follows: The phosphate deposits of Florida are described in
Bulletin 604, by G. C. Matson ; the age of the Ocala limestone is the
subject of a paper by C. W. Cooke (Professional Paper 95-1) ; the
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 27
418 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
physical conditions and age indicated by the flora of the Alum Bluff
formation are discussed in Professional Paper 98-E by E. W. Berry ;
the extension of the Citronelle formation into western Florida is
considered by Mr. Matson in Professional Paper 98-L (in press) ;
several papers on the living corals and coral reefs and geology of
southern Florida were published outside of the Survey by T. W.
Vaughan and E. W. Shaw ; a report on the salinity of the ocean water
at Fowey Rocks was written by R. B. Dole and A. A. Chambers ; and
a paper on the temperature of the Florida coral-reef tract was pre-
pared by Mr. Vaughan.
In order to procure data for the use of chemical engineers as to the
practicability of utilizing the sericite deposits of Georgia for the pro-
duction of potash the principal sericite districts in the State were
investigated by P. S. Smith with reference both to the quantities of
the material at certain points and to the potash contents of the veins
that are of workable thickness. Samples were collected at many
places in the vicinity of Jasper and Blue Ridge for chemical analysis,
the results of which will be published at an early date.
The water supply of Savannah was investigated by R. B. Dole and
L. W. Stephenson, and the municipal authorities were advised as to
the best means of remedying the defects that were causing pollution
and of increasing and maintaining the supply to meet future de-
mands.
Progress was made in the preparation of a report on the upper
Eocene and lower Oligocene formations of the State, and field work
on the Claiborne and Jackson groups in a number of counties was
done by C. W. Cooke.
Collections of Cretaceous and Tertiary plants were studied by
E. W. Berry, who has nearly completed a report on the fossil floras of
Claiborne and Jackson age. The orbitoid and nummulitid Forami-
nifera of the State are being studied by J. A. Cushman, and the upper
Oligocene Mollusca from Bainbridge have been described by W. H.
Dall. The older Tertiary Bryozoa of the State are described in a
manuscript by F. Canu and R. S. Bassler. Notes on the upper
Eocene and lower Oligocene formations of the State are contained
in C. W. Cooke's paper on the age of the Ocala limestone (Profes-
sional Paper 95-1).
A molluscan fauna of Oligocene age collected on Flint River has
been described by W. H. Dall in a paper to be published by the United
States National Museum.
A bulletin on the red iron ores of northwestern Georgia, northeast-
ern Alabama, and eastern Tennessee, by E. F. Burchard, based
on field work done in previous seasons, is near completion.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 419
IDAHO.
Field work for a comprehensive summary report on the geology
and ore deposits of Idaho was continued during the year by J. B.
Umpleby and E. L. Jones, jr. The deposits of Washington, Adams,
and Canyon counties were examined by Mr. Umpleby; those of
Boise, Elmore, Ada, Owyhee, and Gem counties by Mr. Jones, whose
reconnaissance covered approximately 850 square miles. A short
report on lode mining in the Quartzburg and Grimes Pass porphyry
belt, Boise Basin, was prepared by Mr. Jones and submitted for
publication as Bulletin 640-E. In May, 1916, Mr. Umpleby, with
Mr. Jones, began the study of the deposits in the Coeur d'Alene dis-
trict as opened by mining operations since the detailed examination
by F. L. Ransome and F. C. Calkins in 1904. In connection with
this work a reconnaissance examination was made of the Pine Creek
district, south of Kellogg.
The economic section of the Hailey folio was completed by Mr.
Umpleby and is now awaiting the completion of the part on general
geology by L. G. Westgate, to whom no allotment could be made
but who has continued office work on his manuscript.
Bulletin 620-L, "Notes on the fine gold of Snake River, Idaho,"
by J. M. Hill, based on field work done in a previous season, was
issued during the year.
Investigations of the fuel resources of the State are reported in
Bulletin 621-1, "The Orofino coal field, Clearwater, Lewis, and
Idaho counties, Idaho," by C. T. Lupton.
Data for a report on the building stones of the State are being
gathered by G. F. Loughlin.
A detailed report on the ore deposits of the Mackay region, by
J. B. Umpleby, is now in press as Professional Paper 97.
Detailed geologic mapping of the Slug Creek, Lanes Creek, and
Freedom quadrangles, done in previous seasons by G. R. Mansfield
and assistants, was reviewed by Mr. Mansfield during two weeks in
July, 1915, the scattered areas reexamined aggregating about 100
square miles. A paper entitled "A revision of the Beckwith and
Bear River formations of southeastern Idaho," written incidentally
to the preparation of the folios covering the quadrangles mentioned,
was published as Professional Paper 98-Gr.
The geologic investigations in and about the Illinois coal field
were, as in preceding years, continued in cooperation with the State
Geological Survey. The work of the year was characterized not so
much by its extension into new areas as by the completion of manu-
scripts and maps for areas that had been already investigated or were
under examination.
420 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In the Shawneetown and Equality quadrangles the stratigraphy
and structure were studied by Wallace Lee, who mapped the
Mississippian portion of the Shawneetown quadrangle, in which
the determination of the structure is complicated by the mantle of
loess and by faults. To unravel the stratigraphy in this area it was
found necessary to make reconnaissance studies in company with
Stuart Weller in the Golconda quadrangle and in the Elizabethtown
region. Field work in the Shawneetown quadrangle, about one-
third of which lies in Kentucky, was nearly completed, and the
report by Mr. Lee on the Kentucky area, mapped in cooperation with
the Kentucky Geological Survey, was transmitted to that State for
publication. A reconnaissance was made of the coal measures in
portions of the Pennsylvanian area in the Equality quadrangle.
The manuscript and maps for a folio to cover the Gillespie and
Mount Olive quadrangles, examined by Mr. Lee in 1914, were finished
and submitted for critical review. The folds in these quadrangles,
contoured in the report earlier submitted to the State for publica-
tion, have in part been tested with favorable results. The geologic
examination and mapping of the Birds quadrangle, in which the
State Survey had previously investigated the structure and oil and
gas resources, was completed by T. E. Savage, under agreement, and
the folio, to include the descriptions and maps of the Birds and
Hardinville quadrangles, was nearly finished by Mr. Savage, who
has also, under agreement, concluded the field investigations neces-
sary for the preparation of a report on the Vincennes quadrangle, a
portion of which lies in Indiana.
Manuscripts and maps for two folios covering the Canton and
Avon quadrangles, by Mr. Savage, and the La Salle and Hennepin
quadrangles, by U. S. Grant and H. D. Cady, have»been transmitted
by the State Survey to the Federal Survey for publication. These
folios represent State work exclusively and were transmitted as a
part of its cooperation.
Several problems of the Pleistocene in this State received consid-
erable attention. An account of the extinct lakes in southern and
western Illinois, based on field examinations made by E. W. Shaw,
were transmitted to the State Geological Survey for publication. Mr.
Shaw's study of the surficial geology of the Gulf embayment in the
southernmost counties of Illinois was continued.
Critical comparison and differentiation of the Illinoian drift and
associated deposits from the post-Kansan drift of northeastern Iowa
were made by W. C. Alden in the Edgington and Milan quadrangles
and in Henry County.
The upper Mississippian rocks in southern Illinois, western Ken-
tucky, and eastern Missouri were examined in conference by G. H.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 421
Girty, Stuart Weller, and Charles Butts with the object of bettering
the classification and determining the equivalents of the strata in
different regions of the Mississippi Valley. This is a part of a gen-
eral investigation in which the State geological surveys of Illinois,
Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, and Oklahoma are cooperating
with the Federal Survey. The correlation of the Chester formations
in Illinois and adjacent States was discussed by E. O. Ulrich in a
paper read before the Paleontological Society.
IOWA.
The cooperative investigation of the evidence of an Iowan stage of
glaciation was continued by W. C. Alden for the Federal Survey,
assisted by M. M. Leighton, of the Iowa Geological Survey. Consid-
erable progress has been made on the report of this work, some pre-
liminary results of which have already been made public by Mr.
Alden.
KANSAS.
A comprehensive report on the origin of the zinc and lead deposits
of the Joplin region, by C. E. Siebenthal, field studies in connection
with which extended into southeastern Kansas, was issued during the
year as Bulletin 606.
The stratigraphy and structure of small areas in southeastern Caw-
ley and southwestern Chautauqua counties, bordering the Foraker
quadrangle (Oklahoma), were examined by K. C. Heald in connec-
tion with the study of the structure and oil prospects in the quad-
rangle.
The Syracuse-Lakin folio, by N. H. Darton, has been submitted
for publication.
KENTUCKY.
Nearly all the geologic work done by this Survey in Kentucky
was carried on in efficient cooperation with the State Geological
Survey.
The Kentucky portion (about one-third) of the Shawneetown quad-
rangle was examined and mapped in detail by Wallace Lee, and a
report by Mr. Lee on the economic geology of the quadrangle was
transmitted for publication by the Kentucky Geological Survey, in
cooperation with which the work was done.
A report on the general geology and mineral resources of Jefferson
County was completed early in the year by Charles Butts and has
been published by the Kentucky Geological Survey. This work is
contributory to a geologic folio to cover the Louisville and Kosmos-
dale quadrangles, after more data on certain problems are procured
and some small areas outside of the county are mapped.
422 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
A detailed reconnaissance of the stratigraphy for purposes of for-
mational definition and correlation of the Mississippian formations
in west-central Kentucky was begun by Mr. Butts. The results of
this work, one-half of the cost of which was borne by the State,
will be submitted to the State for publication.
A reconnaissance field study of formations of late Trenton age
in central Kentucky was made by E. O. Ulrich.
The later Tertiary and Pleistocene history of the western part of
the State is being specially studied by E. W. Shaw. The erosion
intervals during Eocene time are considered by E. W/ Berry in
Professional Paper 95-F, and a paper on the old Eocene floras, by
Mr. Berry (Professional Paper 91), is almost ready for distribution.
LOUISIANA.
Investigations of the oil fields and oil and gas indications in
Louisiana were continued during the fiscal year, and field work was
.completed for a report on the oil fields of De Soto and Red River
parishes. The results will be embodied in a report by G. C. Matson
and O. B. Hopkins, to be published during the coming year. The
report on the Caddo oil and gas field, by Mr. Matson, has been pub-
lished as Bulletin 619.
Special investigations were made in Natchitoches Parish near
Campti and Natchitoches, in Sabine Parish near Pelican, in Tensas
Parish near Point Pleasant, and in Cameron Parish near Cameron.
The results of these studies will not appear in special reports but will
be incorporated in a bulletin containing descriptions of the oil and
gas fields and oil and gas indications in Louisiana that is now being
prepared by Messrs. Matson and Hopkins. Samples of the oil and
gas in the Caddo, De Soto, Shreveport, and Pelican districts were
collected and submitted to the Bureau of Mines lor examination.
The results of these examinations will probably be published in the
report on the fields in De Soto and Red River parishes.
Two reports by G. C. Matson and E. W. Berry, "The Pliocene
Citronelle formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain and its flora " (Pro-
fessional Paper 98-L) and " The Catahoula sandstone and its
flora" (Professional Paper 98-M), were submitted for publication,
and collections of fossils, both from surface outcrops and from deep
wells in Louisiana, were studied and reported on by the Survey
paleontologists. A report on the flora of the Jackson and Claiborne
groups has been almost completed by E. W. Berry, and a mono-
graphic account of the old Eocene floras is almost ready for distri-
bution as Professional Paper 91. The orbitoid Foraminifera are
being studied by J. A. Cushman.
A report on iron-bearing deposits in Bossier, Caddo, and Web-
ster parishes, by E. F. Burchard, was published as Bulletin 620-G.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 428
The detailed mapping of the Portland and Casco Bay quadrangles,
Maine, was reviewed by F. J. Katz, principally to adjust previous
mapping to fit the new topographic base. An area of about 350
square miles in the Biddeford, Kennebunk, Buxton, and Berwick
quadrangles was covered in reconnaissance by Mr. Katz.
A study of the coastal marshes and peat bogs in the quadrangles
above mentioned was made by Mr. Katz, with the late Prof. C. A.
Davis, special attention being given to the evidence showing very
recent subsidence of the coast.
The Dover and York quadrangles were covered in reconnaissance
by Mr. Katz, and the broader structural features as well as the for-
mations to be mapped were roughly determined. About 55 square
miles in the center of the district was surveyed in detail.
As a result of field examinations and conferences between Arthur
Keith, Laurence LaForge, and Mr. Katz in the area embracing
parts of the Kennebunk, Biddeford, Portland, Casco Bay, Dover,
and York quadrangles, conclusions were reached as to the stratig-
raphy of the rocks in these quadrangles and their correlation with
areas being geologically mapped in Massachusetts. Some of these
conclusions have been incorporated in the Portland-Casco Bay folio,
which is approaching completion.
A report on the fauna of the Chapman sandstone, by H. S. Wil-
liams, assisted by C. L. Breger, has been published as Professional
Paper 89.
MAEYLAND.
A brief reconnaissance of the Baltimore and Parkton quadrangles,
Md., and an investigation of the Baltimore gneiss were made by
Eleanora F. Bliss.
The maps and descriptions of the Williamsport quadrangle, which
will be covered by the Williamsport-Hagerstown folio, have been
well advanced by G. W. Stose. This folio will be published in co-
operation with the Maryland Geological Survey, but the area mapped
includes parts of West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
The folio for the Elkton and Wilmington quadrangles, which was
prepared by Miss Florence Bascom and B. L. Miller, in cooperation
with the Maryland Geological Survey, has been revised and is ready
for publication. These quadrangles include parts of Pennsylvania
and Delaware.
The Tolchester folio, also prepared under cooperative auspices
by B. L. Miller, E. B. Mathews, Arthur Bibbins, and H. P. Little,
has been revised and is in course of publication.
424 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The results of the examinations of manganese mines and deposits
in Maryland and Virginia by D. F. Hewett are included in a pre-
liminary paper published as Bulletin 640-C.
Extensive prospecting recently accomplished in the gold-quartz
veins in the vicinity of Great Falls was inspected by Arthur Keith,
F. L. Ransome, and J. M. Hill.
The Frostburg-Flintstone folio awaits the completion by the State
Geological Survey of its part of the text and maps.
Data for use in mapping in detail the geology of the area to be
covered by the new large-scale topographic map including the Dis-
trict of Columbia, now in preparation by the topographic branch, are
being assembled by Arthur Keith, E. W. Shaw, N. H. Darton, and
others.
At the request of the municipal authorities the water supply of
Hyattsville was examined, and suggstions were made in regard to
increasing the supply to meet the demands of the community.
The greensands on Severn River and about Marlboro were exam-
ined by G. H. Ashley, and samples were collected for analysis and
study with special reference to their potash content.
MASSACHUSETTS.
A description of the topography of Massachusetts was prepared
by Arthur Keith for publication in a paper on the surface waters
of that State, to be issued as Water-Supply Paper 415.
Recconnaissance examinations in the Haverhill, Lowell, Lawrence,
Newbury port, Salem, and Groton quardrangles, Mass., and in the
Milford and Manchester quadrangles, N. H., and adjacent territory
were made by Laurence LaForge, who, in much of this area, as well
as in critical localities in the Worcester area, was accompanied by
Arthur Keith. The western margin of the Lowell quadrangle and
the eastern margin of the Groton quadrangle were mapped in detail
by Mr. LaForge.
Detailed mapping of the Newbury Basin by Mr. LaForge was
inspected by Mr. Keith, who discovered late Silurian or early De-
vonian fossils in one of the volcanic formations in the Rowley
quadrangle, from which a collection was later made by Mr. LaForge
in company with R. D. Mesler. A description of the geology of
northeastern Massachusetts based on this and a previous reconnais-
sance was prepared by Mr. LaForge and is incorporated in the report
on the geology of Massachusetts and Rhode Island by Prof. B. K.
Emerson, which has been revised and is now in press as Bulletin 597.
A brief reconnaissance of the Barre quadrangle was made by
Arthur Keith, who also examined the Devonian rocks in the Green-
field quadrangle.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 425
The areal and economic survey of the Greylock quadrangle was
continued by L. M. Prindle, about 65 square miles being covered in
detail.
The Devonian formations in the Greenfield (Mass.), Brattleboro
(Vt.), and Keene (N. H.) quadrangles were critically examined, and
a brief inspection of the area south of Williamstown was made by
Mr. Keith.
Geologically important points in the Sheffield, Sandisfield, and
Becket quadrangles were inspected by Mr. Keith in connection with
the criticism of the folios for these areas, which have been submitted
for publication.
The mapping of the surface geology of the Warwick, Winchendon,
Fitchburg, and Groton quadrangles was continued during the field
season by Prof. B. K. Emerson. Work on the text and maps for the
two folios covering these quadrangles is well advanced.
In the Boston and Boston Bay quadrangles some additional field
work was done by Mr. LaForge. The descriptions and maps of these
quadrangles for the Boston folio are well advanced. In the Fram-
ingham quadrangle further revisions of the geologic and topographic
maps were made by Mr. LaForge for incorporation in the Boston
folio.
Field work has been done on the islands south of Rhode Island and
the mainland of Massachusetts and on Cape Cod by J. B. Wood-
worth. The office work preliminary to writing a report on the results
of the investigations is well advanced. Collections of fossil plants
from Marthas Vineyard have been reported on by E. W. Berry.
In connection with the study of the glacial and older deposits of
this region by Mr. Woodworth, a field conference of several days in
June was held with W. C. Alden.
The manuscript, maps, and illustrations for the Pleistocene por-
tion of the folio covering the Berlin and Greylock quadrangles, in New
York and Massachusetts, were submited for publication by F. B.
Taylor, who also transmitted the illustrations for the Pittsfield-Becket
and Sheffield- Sandisfield folios, covering quadrangles in New York
and Massachusetts.
MICHIGAN.
The gypsum deposits of Michigan are described in a general re-
port on the gypsum deposits of the United States, in preparation by
R, W. Stone.
The fauna of the Marshall group is in process of description by
G. H. Girty, who is making this study in cooperation with the Michi-
gan Geological Survey.
The geology of the Detroit quadrangle is described and mapped
in a folio by W. H. Sherzer now in press. This folio was prepared
in cooperation with the State Geological Survey.
426 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
MINNESOTA.
The cooperative studies begun last year by this Survey and the
Minnesota State Survey, leading to reports on the economic geology
of the Cuyuna iron range, were continued. The rock outcrops over
an area of about 30 townships in central Minnesota were mapped in
detail, and detailed topographic and geologic maps of open pits were
made. Numerous drill samples were examined in areas in which no
outcrops occur. The cores of 265 drill holes, aggregating 53,270
feet, were examined. The resulting reports are about to be sub-
mitted by E. C. Harder. One relates to the geology of east-central
Minnesota, including the Cuyuna range. The other report discusses
the physiology, morphology, and activity of iron-depositing bac-
teria and the formation of certain iron-ore deposits ; it also contains
a statement of the relative importance of chemical and biologic proc-
esses in iron-ore deposition.
The mapping and study of the glacial and associated deposits of
Minnesota, which has been carried on under cooperative agreement
between the Federal and Minnesota geological surveys, was com-
pleted by Frank Leverett, assisted by F. W. Sardeson, of the Minne-
sota Survey. A report on the surface formations and agricultural
conditions of northeastern Minnesota was completed and transmitted
for publication by the State in December. The map and manuscript
for the report on the southern half of Minnesota, describing the
several classes of drift and their soils, was transmitted by Mr. Lev-
erett for publication. A general report on the Quaternary formations
of Minnesota is in preparation by Mr. Leverett for publication by
the Federal Survey.
Two reports, one on the building stones of Minnesota, by Oliver
Bowles, and the other on the clays of the State, by F. F. Grout,
prepared under cooperative agreement, have been submitted for
publication as bulletins of this Survey.
Folio 201, describing in detail the geology of the four 15-minute
quadrangles of the Minneapolis and St. Paul area, by F. W. Sarde-
son, has been issued. This publication is of more than ordinary edu-
cational value.
MISSISSIPPI.
Reports on the physiography and the stratigraphy of the Creta-
ceous and Tertiary deposits of Mississippi and on the ground waters
of the State are being prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi
Geological Survey and are about half completed.
The orbitoid and nummulitid Foraminifera are being investigated
by J. A. Cushman. A report on the floras of the Jackson and
Claiborne groups has been almost completed by E. W. Berry; and
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 427
the older Tertiary Bryozoa are described in a manuscript by F. Canu
and R. S. Bassler.
The following publications relating to the Coastal Plain forma-
tions have been published or submitted for publication during the
year : " Erosion intervals in the Eocene of the Mississippi embay-
ment " (Professional Paper 95-F) and " The physical conditions and
age indicated by the flora of the Alum Bluff formation" (Profes-
sional Paper 98-E), by E. W. Berry; "The Pliocene Citronelle for-
mation and its flora " (Professional Paper 98-L) and " The Cata-
houla sandstone and its flora" (Professional Paper 98-M), by G. C.
Matson and E. W. Berry; "The age of the Ocala limestone" (Pro-
fessional Paper 95-1), by C. W. Cooke. A paper on the lower
Eocene floras by Mr. Berry (Professional Paper 91) was in press
at the close of the year.
In view of the importance, both to the State and to the Nation, of
the discovery of petroleum in the Coastal Plain east of Mississippi
River, work was begun late in 1914 in the search for areas of struc-
ture favorable for the occurrence of petroleum in that region, for
while the presence of such structure is but one important factor in
the occurrence of oil pools it was believed that the discovery of the
structure would not only encourage oil operators to make tests, but,
by leading them to more favorable localities, would tend to eliminate
the losses and discouragement that would arise from necessarily
fruitless drilling in places where the structure is not favorable.
Structural investigations begun near Vicksburg, Warren County,
during the last fiscal year, were this year continued across parts of
Hinds and Rankin counties. The results of these investigations,
which were in part announced in a press notice last year, are being
published as Bulletin 641-D, " Structure of the Vicksburg- Jackson
area, Mississippi, with special reference to oil and gas," by O. B.
Hopkins. A brief examination of reported oil indications in Jack-
son County, near Pascagoula, was made by Mr. Hopkins.
MISSOURI.
In Missouri the cooperation of the State has been continued in
areal and paleontologic work. In the mapping of the general geol-
ogy and mineral resources of Ste. Genevieve County, which em-
braces portions of several quadrangles, the State Bureau of Economic
Geology and Mines has performed by far the greater part of the work,
and the mapping of the county for State publication is completed.
Field examinations necessary to the mapping of the portions of the
Farmington and Weingarten quadrangles lying outside of Ste.
Genevieve County were completed under Federal auspices by Stuart
St. Clair and F. C. Greene.
428 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SlTKVEY.
In connection with the joint cooperation of the surveys in the
States bordering Mississippi River and containing geologic forma-
tions of Mississippian age, paleontologic studies have been syste-
matically organized for purposes of classification and correlation,
and field conferences between State and Survey geologists and paleon-
tologists were held at a number of critical points.
The folio by F. C. Greene and Henry Hinds, covering the Leaven-
worth and Smithville quadrangles, including a portion of Kansas,
is now in press. The text of the Green City folio is in the hands
of Mr. Greene for final revision.
Bulletin 606, on the origin of the Joplin lead and zinc ores, by
C. E. Siebenthal, the result of a long-continued and thorough inves-
tigation of the geology and ore deposits of the Joplin region, was
issued during the year.
The formations in southeastern Missouri included in the proposed
" Ozarkian " system were reviewed by E. O. Ulrich in association
with State Geologist H. A. Buehler.
MONTANA.
The lignite field in the northeast corner of Montana, north of the
Fort Peck Indian Reservation, was examined by A. J. Collier,
assisted by W. T. Thorn, jr., and Raymond Baker. An area of
about 1,900 square miles was examined in a detailed reconnaissance,
in order that the land might be classified and the coal land thrown
open to purchase. The data for the classification of the land have
been submitted to the land-classification board, and an account of
the geology and lignite resources of the region has also been pre-
pared by Mr. Collier, but the submission of this report has been
delayed in order that it might be extended to include the description
of adjacent areas, the examination of which was begun in June.
The economic report on the Ekalaka coal field of southeastern
Montana was completed by C. M. Bauer and will be submitted for
publication in " Contributions to economic geology."
An examination of that part of the Milk River coal field which
lies north of the area already examined by L. J. Pepperberg, ex-
tending from R. 8 E. to R. 24 E. and embracing about 1,590 square
miles, was made by Eugene Stebinger, assisted by W. P. Woodring
and J. D. Sears. The data regarding the land in this field have
been submitted to the land-classification board, and some progress
has been made in the preparation of a report. A rapid reconnais-
sance of 250 square miles southeast of the mouth of Judith River
was also made by Mr. Stebinger and his party, and the land has
been classified and appraised.
Reports on the oil possibilities of north-central Montana, includ-
ing an account of the large gas well near Havre (Bulletin 641-C),
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 429
and on anticlines in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, treating
mainly of the belt of disturbed rocks just east of the Rocky Moun-
tain front (Bulletin 641-J), have been prepared and submitted by
Mr. Stebinger.
Considerable progress has been made by Mr. Stebinger in the
preparation of the Blackfeet-Cut Bank folio.
The report on the geology and coal resources of northern Teton
County, by Mr. Stebinger, has been published as Bulletin 621-K;
and Folio 196, covering the Philipsburg quadrangle, by F. C. Calkins
and W. H. Emmons, has been issued.
The examination of an area in Yellowstone Valley west of Billings
for the purpose of locating and mapping anticlines and procuring
evidence as to whether or not they contain oil was begun in June,
1916, by E. T. Hancock, assisted by W. T. Thorn, jr., and J. D. Sears.
Similar investigations in the Mussellshell Valley west of Roundup
were begun at the same time by C. F. Bowen, assisted by W. P.
Woodring. A paper entitled " Gradation from continental to marine
conditions of deposition in central Montana during the Eagle and
Judith River epochs," based on studies in Montana in 1914, was
offered by Mr. Bowen for Survey publication.
At the close of his work in the Bighorn Basin, Wyo., C. J. Hares
made a hurried examination of the Hailstone Basin, about 40 miles
northwest of Billings. This basin is eroded in an anticline, and Mr.
Hares examined it for the purpose of determining whether or not the
stratigraphy and structure are favorable for the occurrence of oil.
His report has been prepared and submitted for publication.
In connection with an examination of certain outlying phosphate
lands in Granite County and of the Pioneer gold placer district in
Powell County, begun early in June, 1916, by J. T. Pardee, an area
of approximately 75 square miles was geologically surveyed in semi-
detail. The withdrawn phosphate lands in the vicinity of Helena
were examined in May and June by A. R, Schultz.
A bulletin on the phosphate deposits of the Garrison and Philips-
burg areas was completed by J. T. Pardee and transmitted for publi-
cation as Bulletin 640-K.
A paper on the Jefferson limestone was prepared by Edwin Kirk
for unofficial publication. Some work was done by W. C. Alden on a
paper discussing the glaciation in Glacier National Park.
NEVADA.
In pursuance of an investigation of the enrichment of silver ores,
which has been in progress for some time, E. S. Bastin spent a week
at Virginia City, Nev., in the summer of 1915. A report prepared
by Mr. Bastin, in collaboration with F. B. Laney, on the genesis of
the ores of Tonopah, as interpreted from detailed microscopic studies
of polished surfaces of the ores, was transmitted for publication.
430 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Four months of field work, mostly in the Manhattan district but
including reconnaissance work in the Round Mountain, Jefferson,
Belmont, and Golden Arrow districts, was done by H. G. Ferguson ;
and a report on the Golden Arrow and Clifford districts has been
transmitted for publication as Bulletin 640-F. Mr. Ferguson has in
preparation a report on the geology and ore deposits of the Toquina
Range, including the Manhattan district.
A report on the copper deposits of the Yerington district is in
preparation by Adolph Knopf. Late in June, 1916, Mr. Knopf
investigated reported discoveries of tin ore in the region north of
Elko.
„ A detailed report on the geology and ore deposits of the Ely dis-
trict, by A. C. Spencer, to be issued as Professional Paper 96, is now
in press.
A report on the geology and mineral deposits of the National
mining district, by Waldemar Lindgren, has been issued as Bulletin
601.
A reconnaissance report by J. M. Hill on some mining districts in
eastern Nevada, mostly in Elko, White Pine, Lincoln, and Clark
counties, and on the Ravenswood district, in Lander County, is in
press as Bulletin 648. A short report on the ore deposits at Eureka
is in hand by G. F. Loughlin.
In pursuance of the plan announced in last year's report for con-
tinuing the search for potash, four wells were drilled in the Smoke
Creek Desert. Well No. 1, in approximate sec. 14, T. 32 N., R. 21 E.
(unsurveyed), was begun July 25, 1915, and drilled to a depth of
310 feet the first day. This well was completed to a depth of 1,200
feet on August 4. Well No. 2, in approximate sec. 8, T. 31 N., R.
21 E. (unsurveyed), was begun August 14 and drilled 145 feet the
first day. This hole reached a depth of 680 feet and was then
abandoned. Well No. 3, in the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 31 N.,
R. 20 E., was begun September 2 and reached a depth of 233 feet the
same day and 563 feet the second day. In the night of September 9,
when the well was at a depth of 957 feet, an artesian flow of salty
water broke out, measuring about 425 gallons a minute. On the flat
mud surface, where access was made possible only by the unusual dry-
ness of the season, this flow quickly made further work at this site im-
possible, and the hole was abandoned. Well No. 4, in approximate
sec. 16, T. 29 N., R. 20 E. (unsurveyed), was begun September 23
and reached a depth of 173 feet the same day. This well was com-
pleted at a depth of 1,360.7 feet on October 6, the immediate cause
of stoppage at this particular depth being a breakage of the hydraulic
pumps. These wells give an interesting geologic record concerning
these basins and serve as a practical basis for judgment, especially
as regards artesian conditions, with regard to a large area of public
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 431
lands for which as yet little use has been found, although a com-
mercial amount of potash, the principal object of the search, was not
discovered. The logs and samples from these wells will be studied
and made a matter of record.
A brief examination with sampling of the Washeim niter claims,
near White Plains, was made by H. S. Gale, who, in the course of
his investigation for potash and niter salts, visited the Desert Crystal
Works, now operating at Huxley, and made traverses of the Duck
Lake and Surprise Valley basin, in Nevada and California, and
of the upper Quinn Kiver valley.
A very large deposit in the Muddy River valley, near St. Thomas,
which had previously been known and exploited as kaolin was rec-
ognized as magnesite by Mr. Gale. An examination was made of
the deposit and a press announcement was made by the Survey,
calling attention to the availability of this material as a source of
magnesia, which is one of the materials urgently needed because of
the war stoppage of imports.
The alunite deposits 22 miles southwest of Las Vegas were ex-
amined and sampled by Mr. Gale, and the great natural cliffs of rock
salt exposed along the lower part of Virgin River, in southern
Nevada, were examined and sampled by him with reference to a
possible potash content.
The study of the sedimentary record in the Black Rock Basin was
continued by M. I. Goldman, but this work has not yet been brought
to a definite conclusion.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Mapping of the surface geology of the Keene and Monadnock
quadrangles, N. H., was carried forward by Prof. B. K. Emerson,
who made considerable progress on the texts and maps for these
areas. A brief reconnaissance of the bedrock geology of the Keene
quadrangle was made by Arthur Keith.
A paper describing the Newington moraine, in southeastern New
Hampshire, and its extensions into Maine and Massachusetts (Profes-
sional Paper 108-B) was prepared for publication by F. J. Katz, in
association with Arthur Keith.
Detailed geologic studies and areal mapping of the Dover and
York quadrangles, which include parts of Maine, were continued by
Mr. Katz. A study of the peat deposits and phenomena of the
coastal subsidence in these quadrangles was made by Mr. Katz in
company with the late Prof. C. A. Davis, and reconnaissance studies
were made by Mr. Keith. Office work by Mr. Katz on the maps and
collections for the Dover- York folio is progressing.
A general investigation of the plateaus of the northern Piedmont
region was begun by Mr. Keith for the purpose of correlating the
local features.
432 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
NEW JERSEY.
A critical comparison of the morainal and extramorainal drift in
the Easton quadrangle, N. J., was made the subject of a field con-
ference between the State geologist and W. C. Alden in June.
The greensand belt was examined by W. C. Phalen and sampled
for chemical analysis with special, reference to the availability of the
sands as a source of potash. The results of the analyses are in part
cited in the report on the production of potash in 1915, published as a
chapter of Mineral Resources.
A description of the origin of the salient topographic and scenic
features in the Delaware Water Gap quadrangle, which includes also
a part of Pennsylvania, was prepared by G. W. Stose and printed
on the back of the topographic map of the area.
NEW MEXICO.
The examination of the Raton coal field, N. Mex., which has been
in progress for several field seasons, was continued during July, 1915,
by W. T. Lee, who made a detailed survey of about 32 square miles
of coal land in the Koehler quadrangle.
A folio covering the Raton and Brilliant quadrangles has been sub-
mitted for publication by Mr. Lee, with a section on petrography by
J. B. Mertie, jr.
To procure data for the more satisfactory settlement of certain
questions relating to geologic structure and the correlation of for-
mations, as wTell as to the classification and valuation of land in the
San Juan Basin, in northwestern New Mexico, accurate area! work
in this basin was begun in June, 1915, by C. M. Bauer, assisted by
J. B. Reeside, jr., and H. R. Bennett. A large area extending south
of San Juan River and up Chaco River to Meyers Creek, embracing
about 1,300 square miles, was examined and mapped by plane-table
methods. The results of this work are in part embodied in a paper
entitled " Stratigraphy of a part of the Chaco River valley." This
paper, wThich describes the later Cretaceous formations, serves as a
general geologic introduction to three paleontologic papers on the
fossils collected by this party. The four papers have been submit-
ted for publication in " Shorter contributions to general geology,
1916" (Professional Papers 98-P to 98-S) under the general title
u Contributions to the geology and paleontology of San Juan County,
IS . Mex." The vertebrate fossils are described by C. W. Gilmore. the
invertebrate fossils by T. W. Stanton, and the fossil plants by F. H.
Knowlton. Another paper on the coals of the Fruitland formation
wTas completed and submitted by Mr. Bauer prior to his resignation
in May to enter the service oi one of the large oil companies.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 433
A general report on the Datil Mountain coal field, by D. E. Win-
chester, is now about half completed, and another on the geology of
the Zuni Indian Reservation is in progress, but both papers have
been set aside temporarily on account of Mr. Winchester's investiga-
tions of oil shales in Colorado and Utah.
Field examinations of the " Red Beds " and their included saline
and gypsum deposits were continued by N. H. Darton. These
investigations, which have for their object the interpretation of the
history of the deposition of this series of beds and especially the
determination of the centers of greatest saline precipitation and con-
sequently the areas in which beds of potash salts are more likely to
be present, covered a large part of New Mexico and indicated that
the principal saline deposits were in the eastern part of the State.
The nitrate claims in the vicinity of Rodeo were examined and
sampled by H. S. Gale.
The copper deposits of the Burro Mountains (Tyrone district),
in the southern part of the State, were studied by Sidney Paige, who
geologically mapped 35 square miles in detail. His report on this
district will be submitted early in the coming fiscal year.
The geology and copper deposits of the Santa Rita district, which
A. C. Spencer and his associates have studied for portions of two
field seasons, form the subject of a report now in preparation by
Mr. Spencer.
Two weeks were spent at Magdalena in the summer of 1915 by
G. F. Loughlin preparatory to making a detailed survey of the dis-
trict during the summer of 1916. Mr. Loughlin's work wTas primarily
underground, though it included about 5 square miles of recon-
naissance surveying.
The Silver City folio (No. 199), prepared by Sidney Paige, and
Bulletin 618, " Geology and underground waters of Luna County,
N. Mex.," by N. H. Darton, were published in April. The folio for
the Deming quadrangle, by Mr. Darton, is now in process of
engraving and printing.
A report on the Navajo country, a reconnaissance of parts of Ari-
zona, New Mexico, and Utah, by H. E. Gregory, has been submitted
for publication as Professional Paper 93.
NEW YOKK.
The areal and economic survey of the Berlin quadrangle, N. Y.,
including a small area in Massachusetts, was continued by L. M.
Prindle, who mapped in detail about 10 square miles. Office work
on the Berlin-Greylock folio text and maps is well advanced toward
completion. The manuscript, maps, and illustrations describing the
Pleistocene formations were submitted by F. B. Taylor for inclusion
in this folio. •
62656°— int 1916— vol 1— 28
434 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The glacial phenomena of the Cambridge, Equinox, and adjacent
quadrangles were reviewed by Mr. Taylor and W. C. Alden in
June.
The illustrations for the Pleistocene portions of the Pittsfield-
Becket and Sheffield-Sandisfield folios, covering quadrangles in New
York and Massachusetts, were submitted by Mr. Taylor, who also
completed the corresponding portion of the Hoosic-Bennington folio,
covering quadrangles in New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts.
NORTH CAROLINA.
The text and maps for the Kings Mountain and GafTney quad-
rangles, partly in North Carolina but mostly in South Carolina,
were practically completed by D. B. Sterrett, and the folio covering
them is nearly ready to be submitted for publication. The maps
and descriptions of the Lincolnton quadrangle are also nearly com-
pleted b}' Mr. Sterrett, but it is planned that this quadrangle will be
described in a folio together with the Gastonia quadrangle, in which
work will be undertaken later.
A report by L. W. Stephenson on the Cretaceous Coelenterata,
Vermes, and Mollusca of North Carolina has been completed and
transmitted for publication. This report is cooperative and is to
be published by the State as part of a monograph on the Cretaceous
faunas and floras.
A report on the Tertiary invertebrates of the State is nearly ready
for submission. The older Tertiary Bryozoa are described in a re-
port, now almost completed, by F. Canu and R. S. Bassler.
The sericite rocks in the vicinity of Gold Hill and Kings Mountain
were examined by P. S. Smith with the object of determining their
potash content and the purity and thickness of sericite that may be
available in the best localities known. Samples were collected at
many places for chemical analysis in the Survey laboratory. The re-
sults will be published at an early date.
In order to gain both chemical and quantitative information as
to the rocks in the Eastern States that may be used for potash ex-
traction or potash fertilizers, the greensands on Contentnea Creek
were examined by G. H. Ashley and sampled for analysis and study.
NORTH DAKOTA.
The lignite resources of the New Salem lignite fields are de-
scribed in detail by E. T. Hancock in a paper submitted for bulletin
publication.
A general description of the lignite fields of North Dakota, to be
published as a part of Professional Paper 100, " The coal fields of the
United States," was prepared by C. J. Hares and CM. Bauer.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 435
A report on the Edgeley and Lamoure quadrangles for folio pub-
lication was submitted by H. A. Hard, a local geologist, who had done
the field work and prepared the report under agreement with the
Survey.
OHIO.
In the Woodsfield and Summerfield quadrangles, Ohio, final field
investigations of the structure of the oil sands in the Mississippian
and Devonian strata have been made. A special effort has been made
to procure logs and to ascertain the locations and elevations of wells
in a number of pools, as the more accurate delineation of the struc-
ture of the deeper sands, made possible thereby, is proving to be of
the greatest importance. The thorough study of the structure in
these lower sands by R. V. A. Mills promises to show that in this
region the segregation of the oil and gas in pools is strictly in accord-
ance with the anticlinal theory. The contrary belief among many oil
operators and many geologists is found to be due to an unusual lack
of parallelism between the Pennsylvanian rocks, which crop out at
the surface, and the underlying Mississippian and Devonian sands,
on account of which the structure of the deep sands is imperfectly or
even erroneously indicated by the structure of the exposed forma-
tions. Preliminary reports on the structure of the Berea oil sand in
the Summerfield quadrangle (Bulletin 621-N) and in the Woodsfield
quadrangle (Bulletin 621-0), both by D. D. Condit, have been
published. In this work Mr. Condit has been assisted by Mr. Mills.
The structure of the Clinton sand in the vicinity of Wooster, in
Wayne County, is described in a paper by C. A. Bonine, published
as Bulletin 621-H.
The geology of the Columbus quadrangle is described and mapped
in detail in Folio 197, which has been published during the year. In
this folio, prepared by Profs. G. D. Hubbard, C. R. Stauffer, J. A.
Bownocker (State geologist), and C. S. Prosser, through the courtesy
of the State Geological Survey, unusual attention is given to the
educational function of the Geologic Atlas.
In June the gas and oil developments in the vicinity of Cleveland
were revisited by G. S. Rogers, and a report by him on the geologic
structure of that area has been submitted for publication in " Contri-
butions to economic geology."
Revised estimates of the original coal tonnage of Ohio have been
carefully compiled by F. R. Clark for inclusion in the professional
paper on the coal fields of the United States, in preparation under
the direction of M. R. Campbell.
A report on the geology of the Steubenville and Cadiz quadrangles,
by D. D. Condit, has been submitted for publication as a folio.
436 THIRTY1SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The field relation of the Cleveland and Huron shales to the
Chagrin formation in the vicinity of Cleveland were studied by
E. O. Ulrich and H. P. Cushing. The Cleveland folio, by Mr. dish-
ing and F. B. Van Horn, is now in process of revision by the authors.
The Hamilton and Mason quadrangles have been mapped in detail
in previous years, and R. S. Bassler has practically completed his
manuscript and maps for a folio covering this area, in association
with Dr. N. M. Fenneman. The folio can not be finished, however,
until certain features in the Cincinnati quadrangle are worked out
by E. O. Ulrich.
OKLAHOMA.
In continuance of the investigations of the geologic structure and
oil possibilities of different areas in Oklahoma both reconnaissance
and detailed studies have been conducted, though on account of the
reduced appropriation made by the State to its Geological Survey
the cooperation of that organization consisted in courtesies and gen-
erously given information instead of the allotment of funds as in
previous years.
The Foraker 15-minute quadrangle, lying in the Osage Nation
along the Kansas line west of the Pawhuska quadrangle, was exam-
ined by K. C. Heald, and a report describing the structure and oil
prospects of the area that has not yet been leased is now in press as
Bulletin 641-B. Inspections of the outcropping formations and sur-
face indications of structure in portions of the Osage Nation not yet
topographically mapped were made by C. H. Wegemann and Mr.
Heald.
The northern half of the Bristow quadrangle, which lies a few
miles to the east of the Cushing pool, was examined in detail by
A. E. Fath, who, notwithstanding the great difficulty of determining
the geologic structure in the area, caused by local conditions, made
very successful progress. A report on the area studied is now in
preparation.
In connection with the investigation of the gas resources of the
region potentially tributary to Fort Worth and Dallas, Tex., inspec-
tions and preliminary examinations were made by C. H. Wegemann
of recent gas discoveries and of prospects along the southern border
of the Oklahoma oil field, the prospects southwest of Muskogee, near
Ada, being given special attention. Notes on this work by Mr.
Wegemann were published in Bulletin 629.
The study of the structure, the areal geology, and the oil and gas
developments in the Hominy 30-minute quadrangle was continued by
R. H. Wood. The preparation of Mr. Wood's bulletin on the oil
and gas structure of the quadrangle and of his report on the general
geology is unfortunately delayed on account of errors in the eleva-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 437
tions recorded in a part of the Hominy topographic sheet, and it is
therefore probable that Mr. Wood's manuscript covering this quad-
rangle will not be completed before October.
The Healdton oil field, the Loco gas field, the Duncan gas field, and
the Lawton oil and gas field, of which all except the first were ex-
amined with the cooperation of the State Geological Survey during
the previous year, have been described in papers published, respect-
ively, as parts B, C, D, and G of Bulletin 621. A report on the area
lying between Beggs, Okmulgee, and Okemah, cooperatively ex-
amined in the same year, is nowT in preparation.
A manuscript for a bulletin by D. W. Ohern on the geology and
economic deposits of the Nowata and Vinita quadrangles has been
critically reviewed and is now in the hands of the author for final
revision prior to publication.
The zinc and lead developments in the vicinity of Miami and Qua-
paw, in the Wyandotte quadrangle, were examined by C. E. Sieben-
thal, who procured data for inclusion in his reports on the Joplin
district and in the folio for the Wyandotte quadrangle.
OREGON.
Maps and manuscripts for the geologic folio covering the Sumpter
quadrangle, Oreg., the areal surveys for which were completed last
year, were completed in part by J. T. Pardee. Reconnaissance exami-
nations along the valleys of the South Fork of John Day River above
Dayville and the Middle Fork of John Day River above Ritter were
made by D. F. Hewett in June, 1915, and the results of these exami-
nations will be included in the same folio. The principal routes of
travel in an area 600 miles square were traversed. In July, 1915, a
reconnaissance examination of deposits of volcanic ash along Uma-
tilla River near Pendleton was made by Mr. Hewett.
About 50 square miles of the Riddles quadrangle, including the de-
velopments in copper and gold mining, were reviewed by J. S. Diller,
who, with G. F. Kay, completed and submitted in January, 1916, the
Riddles folio for publication.
A report on the Howard mining district, examined by G. F. Lough-
lin in a previous season, is in preparation.
Alkali Lake was visited and sampled by H. S. Gale with reference
to the somewhat unusual potash content and the borax reported to
occur in the brines which it contains.
Nitrate claims in the vicinity of Burns and near Placidia Butte and
Wagontire Mountain, 40 to 60 miles southwest of Burns, were inves-
tigated by Mr. Gale and samples collected for analysis. A reported
deposit near McDermitt, on the Oregon-Nevada State line, was also
visited.
438 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Abert Lake was examined and sampled by Mr. Gale with reference
to the potash content of its waters, and he made a single traverse
across the Malheur Lake basin and a traverse of the basins of the
Mann and Alvord lakes, in the southern part of the State.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Some revisory study was accomplished by Miss Florence Bascom
and E. T. Wherry in the Reading and Boyertown quadrangles, the
text and maps for which are almost completed for transmission.
Mapping of the McCalls Ferry and Quarryville quadrangles was
continued by Miss E. F. Bliss, who covered about 288 square miles in
considerable detail. Some progress was made on the text and maps
for the folio covering these quadrangles, which was begun by Prof.
E. B. Mathews.
No further field work has been done in the Quakertown and Doyles-
town quadrangles. Prof. Bascom, the senior geologist on this project,
has completed her field work, and some progress has been made on
the text and maps for her portion of the folio covering these quad-
rangles.
In the Coatesville and West Chester quadrangles Prof. Bascom
has been engaged in a revisory study of the gneisses. Work on the
text and maps for the folio embracing these quadrangles is progress-
ing well.
The mapping of the Paleozoic limestone formations in the New
Cumberland, Harrisburg, Hummelstown, Middletown, and Lebanon
quadrangles occupied G. W. Stose for a part of the field season, and
the Paleozoic formations of central and southern Pennsylvania were
reviewed by E. O. Ulrich and Charles Butts for the purpose of corre-
lating the formations in several areas covered by folios recently pub-
lished and in preparation.
Points in the Hollidaysburg, Huntingdon, and Bellefonte quad-
rangles and areas between and farther northeast were reexamined
by Mr. Butts, who, in the Bellefonte quadrangle, conferred with
Prof. E. S. Moore. The text and maps for the Huntingdon-Holli-
daysburg folio are nearly completed by Mr. Butts.
Considerable progress on the text and maps for a folio covering
the Fairfield and Gettysburg quadrangles, surveyed in previous years,
was made by Mr. Stose and Prof. Bascom. The text for the historical
geology and a section across the Triassic area were prepared by Mr.
Stose.
The folio covering the Elkton and Wilmington quadrangles, by
Prof. Bascom and B. L. Miller, has been transmitted for publication.
These quadrangles include areas in Maryland and Delaware, and the
folio was prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Geological
Survey.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 439
The Butler quadrangle was examined and mapped by G. B. Rich-
ardson, who covered the north half, and E. V. A. Mills, who studied
the south half; and a report describing the structure and coal and
oil resources is in preparation. Work was begun in June in the
Zelienople quadrangle, in which Mr. Eichardson was assisted by
Prof. T. C. Brown.
Brief examinations in conference on the extramorainal drift in
eastern Pennsylvania were held by W. C. Alden with Prof. Bascom
and E. T. Wherry in the Reading quadrangle, with B. L. Miller in
the Allentown quadrangle, with H. B. Klimmel in the Easton quad-
rangle. In western Pennsylvania Mr. Alden reviewed with G. B.
Eichardson Pleistocene deposits in the Zelienople and Warren quad-
rangles.
A paper on the relations of the Wissahickon gneiss to the Shenan-
doah limestone and Octoraro schist of the Doe Eun and Avondale
region, Chester County, by Misses E. F. Bliss and A. I. Jonas, was
published as Professional Paper 98-B.
RHODE ISLAND.
The geology of the islands off the south coast of Ehode Island was
studied by J. B. Woodworth, and a report on them is in prepara-
tion.
A bulletin on Ehode Island coal, by G. H. Ashley, was published
as Bulletin 615.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
The maps and manuscript for the folio covering the Kings Moun-
tain and Gaffney quadrangles, which are mainly in South Carolina
but include small areas in North Carolina, have been practically
completed, and the material has been submitted for publication by
D. B. Sterrett.
Some of the sericite rocks in North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia were examined by P. S. Smith, with the object of determining
their potash content, purity, thickness, and accessibility. Samples
for analysis were collected at many places in the vicinity of Blacks-
burg, S. C. A report of the investigation is in preparation by Mr.
Smith.
Several weeks were spent by C. W. Cooke in field work on the
Claiborne and Jackson formations of South Carolina, for the pur-
pose of determining the age of the deposits of fuller's earth in
Georgia and of establishing their correlation with formations in
South Carolina.
Descriptions of the older Tertiary Bryozoa of the State are in-
cluded in a general report, now almost completed, by F. Canu and
E. S. Bassler.
440 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
Maps and descriptions of the geology of the Deadwood, Harney
Peak, Rapid, and Hermosa quadrangles, covering the greater part
of the Black Hills, mapped on a scale of 1 : 125,000, were trans-
mitted by N. H. Darton and Sidney Paige, Mr. Darton describing
the Paleozoic and bordering younger sedimentary formations and
Mr. Paige mapping and describing the pre-Cambrian geology and
the mineral resources of the Black Hills. In response to a request
from the Secretary of the Interior, a report was made on certain
mining claims in the Harney National Forest by Mr. Paige.
Field studies of the Newell quadrangle were completed by Mr.
Darton for the Newell folio, which is now in press.
Having accumulated new data regarding artesian prospects in
western South Dakota, Mr. Darton prepared a report on artesian
waters in the region adjoining the Black Hills, which will be pub-
lished as a water-supply paper.
A report on the coal fields of northwestern South Dakota, by E.
R. Lloyd, E. M. Parks, C. J. Hares, and D. E. Winchester, is in
press as Bulletin 627.
TENNESSEE.
A geologic map of the Waynesboro quadrangle, Tenn., prepared
by H. D. Miser, was transmitted for use in differentiating the forma-
tions in an adjoining area by the State Survey. The results of the
studies by Mr. Miser will be embodied in the Waynesboro folio.
The areal mapping and structural determinations of parts of the
Crossville quadrangle were revised by Charles Butts. A paper on
the geologic structure with reference to oil and gas was prepared by
Mr. Butts for publication by the State Survey, and a report on
the coals of a portion of the quadrangle has been submitted by Mr.
Butts, who also inspected the Mississippian and Silurian sections in
the vicinity of Sparta and Nashville. During a part of the field
work Mr. Butts was joined for conference by G. H. Ashley. These
investigations were conducted in cooperation with the State.
The stratigraphic section of the Murfreesboro quadrangle was re-
viewed by E. O. Ulrich, for the purpose of determining the units
to be mapped, and collections of early Paleozoic invertebrates for
correlation were obtained by R. D. Mesler near Chattanooga, Wau-
hatchie, Carthage, Friendsville, White Pine, Dandridge, Whites-
burg, and Midway.
The greensands in southern McNairy County were examined by
G. H. Ashley, with special reference to their possible use in the pro-
duction of potash, large percentages of which had been reported in
earlier analyses. The beds were sampled and studied with reference
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 441
to their extent, accessibility, and origin, as well as their potash con-
tent. A report by Mr. Ashley giving the results of the examination is
now in preparation.
A report on the marble deposits of the State, based on work done
in cooperation by the Bureau of Mines, the Bureau of Standards, the
Office of Public Koads and Eural Engineering, the State Geological
Survey, and the United States Geological Survey, is nearly complete.
T. N. Dale, who for this Survey has sampled and examined the
marbles mineralogically and petrologically, has finished his part of
the work, which is ready to transmit for publication by the State
Geological Survey. A summary of the work of Mr. Dale and of
the areal geology by C. H. Gordon, assistant State geologist, will
be included in a general report on the southern Appalachian marble
deposits.
A report on the later Tertiary and Pleistocene history of the
western part of the State is in preparation by E. W. Shaw. The
erosion intervals in the Eocene of the Mississippi embayment are
described in Professional Paper 95-F by E. W. Berry, and his
monographic account of the old Eocene floras of the Coastal Plain
is in press as Professional Paper 91.
Slight progress was made on a cooperative report describing the
red iron ores of eastern Tennessee, northeastern Alabama, and
northwestern Georgia, in preparation by E. F. Burchard, most of
Mr. Burchard's time being demanded by other duties.
Chemical analyses made from samples collected by F. R. Clark at
all the shipping coal mines of the State are published, with descrip-
tive notes and sections, in Bulletin 621-P.
TEXAS.
At the request of the municipalities of Dallas and Fort Worth,
Tex., that the Survey investigate the gas resources in the region
tributary to these cities with special reference to the prospects for
an adequate gas supply for the future, examinations were made in
the autumn of 1915 of as large an area as could be studied, mapped,
and described in a report to be published by January, the cost of the
field work being cooperatively contributed by the two cities. The
results of the work were, for the most part, issued in Bulletin 629.
In the Coastal Plain region the gas and oil fields of Limestone and
Navarro counties were examined, and a report on the gas field in
Limestone County by G. C. Matson was included in Bulletin 629.
The oil and gas fields of this county will be more fully described in
a report by Mr. Matson and O. B. Hopkins, which is now in prepara-
tion. The results of chemical examinations of the oils of Navarro
County, based on samples submitted to the Bureau of Mines for
442 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
examination, will also be incorporated in this publication. The oil
and gas indications near Wortham, Currie, Richland, and Angus, in
northern Limestone and southern Navarro counties, and at Mabank,
Kaufman County, and Cash, Hunt County, were examined by Mr.
Matson and described by him in Bulletin 629.
In the Paleozoic area the Strawn and Moran pools were studied
and the structure of an area in the vicinity of Weatherford, Parker
County, was mapped by H. M. Robinson and C. W. Hamman under
the direction of E. W. Shaw. The Petrolia-Henrietta region was ex-
amined and mapped by Mr. Shaw, assisted by Mr. Robinson. Mr.
Shaw made exploratory structural examinations in a large area north
and west of Fort Worth. The results of these investigations are in-
cluded in Mr. Shaw's contribution to Bulletin 629.
The reported oil and gas indications at Watauga, Tarrant County,
and Baileyville, Milam County, were visited by O. B. Hopkins, and
the area near Wolfe City, Hunt County, was examined by Mr. Hop-
kins and C. W. Hamman.
After a full test of the possibilities of discovering buried deposits
of potash in the Smoke Creek Desert of western Nevada, the Survey
drill outfit was shipped to the Panhandle of Texas as a region
offering great promise in the Permo-Triassic " Red Beds " country of
the Southwest. The studies by N. H. Darton of the stratigraphy, of
the history of " Red Beds " deposition, and of the evidence of massive
beds of gypsum, salt, and anhydrite in these rocks in New Mexico,
Colorado, and Texas indicated a region of great precipitation of
saline deposits in " Red Beds " time. A site near Cliffside, 7 miles
northwest of Amarillo, Tex., was chosen by Mr. Darton and H. S.
Gale in order to procure fuller and exact data as to the position,
thickness, and richness of the beds that furnished crystals of potash
salt and potash brines. The drilling at Cliffside was started late
in the autumn; and on account of the exhaustion of the balance
of the very small appropriation, already largely used in the work
that had been carried on in Nevada, the work was stopped February
28, 1916, when the hole had reached a depth of 362 feet and before
the salt beds, which should be found at intervals between 750 and
2,300 feet, had been encountered. The work will be continued in the
next fiscal year.
Supplementary field studies along the zone of an uplift, includ-
ing Denison and extending eastward in northeastern Texas, were
made by L. W. Stephenson to correct errors in the previous geologic
mapping of the Cretaceous formations of the area and to ascertain
with greater accuracy the age relations of these formations. The
geologic structure in Grayson County near Sherman and Fannin
County near Bonham was examined by Mr. Stephenson and will be
made the subject of a bulletin. Several reports were made by Survey
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 443
paleontologists on small referred collections from Texas, and the
floras of Jackson and Claiborne age have been described in a paper
in preparation by E. W. Berry.
A report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Texas west of
Brazos River, by Alexander Deussen, has been completed and sub-
mitted for publication. The ground waters of Lasalle and Mc-
Mullen counties have been described by Mr. Deussen and R. B. Dole
in Water-Supply Paper 375-G.
The iron ores in Cass, Marion, Morris, and Cherokee counties are
discussed in Bulletin 620-E by E. F. Burchard.
A report on the geography and geology of the trans-Pecos region,
by R. T. Hill, is under revision by the author with special reference
to recent progress in the definition of physiographic provinces in the
United States.
The results of examinations of the geologic structure and oil and
gas prospects in a part of Palo Pinto County and near Quanah in
Hardeman County, by C. H. Wegemann, have been printed in parts
E and J, respectively, of Bulletin 621.
The general summary report on the ore deposits of Utah, by B. S.
Butler and G. F. Loughlin, field studies for which have been in
progress for two or more seasons, was submitted for publication in
May, 1916.
Newly discovered zinc deposits in the Promontory Range, exam-
ined in September, 1915, by Mr. Butler and V. C. Heikes, are de-
scribed in a brief report issued as Bulletin 640-A and entitled
" Notes on the Promontory district, Utah."
A reconnaissance report on the Cottonwood-American Fork min-
ing region, by Messrs. Butler, Loughlin, and Heikes, was pub-
lished late in 1915 as Bulletin 620-1. A thorough study of this region
is now in progress.
The report on the geology and ore deposits of the Tintic district,
revisited by Waldemar Lindgren and Mr. Loughlin in 1914, has been
transmitted for publication.
A reexamination of the alunite deposits at Marysvale, made by Mr.
Loughlin and H. S. Gale in response to a special request from
mining men, resulted in the publication of Bulletin 620-K, "Recent
alunite developments near Marysvale and Beaver, Utah," by Mr.
Loughlin.
The reconnaissance report on the Navajo country, covering parts
of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, by H. E. Gregory, has been trans-
mitted for publication as Professional Paper 93.
The deposits of ozokerite in central Utah are described in Bulletin
641-A by H. M. Robinson.
444 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Geologic folios and economic reports for the Sunnyside, Wellington,
and Castlegate quadrangles, which embrace the most important part
of the Book Cliffs coal field, are in preparation by F. R. Clark, who
has also made some progress in the preparation of an economic report
on the Lost Creek coal field.
Further examinations of the deposits of oil shale in northeastern
Utah were made by D. E. Winchester, who made more exact as well
as more numerous field tests than had been possible with the apparatus
used by Messrs. Day and Woodruff. Advance notices of the richness
of some of these extensive deposits and of the enormous reserve of
oil, gasoline, and other hydrocarbon products which they contain
were issued during the winter. A preliminary report of the results
of the investigations by Mr. Winchester is in press as Bulletin 641-F.
A report on the geology and coal resources of Castle Valley, Car-
bon, Emery, and Sevier counties, by C. T. Lupton, has been pub-
lished as Bulletin 628.
Data for a report on the building stones of Utah are being accumu-
lated by G. F. Loughlin.
A statement concerning potash in the Salduro Marsh was pre-
pared by H. S. Gale and submitted to the Engineering and Mining
Journal for publication.
An examination of the Mississippian phosphate deposits and of the
stratigraphy in the Logan quadrangle was made by E. H. Finch, and
township reports were submitted to the land-classification board.
Phosphate beds in northern Utah were mapped by A. R. Schultz,
who also made a preliminary examination of the geology and struc-
ture of the Uinta Range.
VERMONT.
The areal survey of the Bennington quadrangle, Vermont, was con-
tinued by L. M. Prindle, about 40 square miles being covered, princi-
pally in the pre-Cambrian rocks. This quadrangle, together with the
Hoosick quadrangle, N. Y., will be described in a folio, the text and
maps for which are nearing completion.
In the field Prof. T. N. Dale continued his traverse of the area be-
tween the pre-Cambrian gneiss and the Cambrian schist and quartzite
in the Londonderry, Wallingford, Ludlow, Townshend, and Rutland
quadrangles, about 40 square miles being studied. The results of
this work were embodied in a paper, " Notes and map of the pre-
Cambrian boundary east of the Green Mountain axis," which was
submitted for publication. Prof. Dale also completed his catalogue
of 2,626 thin sections made in connection with his work in Vermont
quadrangles during past field seasons.
The special investigation of the stratigraphy and faulted struc-
ture of the Taconic Mountains in the Castleton and Pawlet quad-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 445
rangles was continued by Arthur Keith for the purpose of solving
certain intricate problems there before the western Vermont folios
can be published.
The study of the pre-Cambrian formations and structure and the
detailed areal mapping in the Kutland quadrangle was continued by
Mr. Keith, who made a detailed survey of the West Rutland marble
district, in the Castleton quadrangle.
Detailed geologic mapping along the south border of the Roches-
ter quadrangle was begun by Mr. Keith, and he also made reconnais-
sance examinations of the Devonian rocks in the Brattleboro quad-
rangle and of the pre-Cambrian rocks in the Ludlow, Wallingford,
Woodstock, and Rochester quadrangles.
A manuscript describing the Quaternary geology of the Hoosic
and Bennington quadrangles was completed by F. B. Taylor.
A brief study of the glacial phenomena in the Cambridge, Equi-
nox, and adjacent quadrangles was made in June by W. C. Alden
and Mr. Taylor.
VIRGINIA.
As the result of brief visits to manganese mines in Virginia and
Maryland during 1913, 1914, and 1915, a report entitled " Some
manganese deposits of Virginia and Maryland " was prepared by
D. F. Hewett for publication as Bulletin 640-C. In this report
Mr. Hewett shows a probable relation between the deposition of
the ores and the physiographic history of the region.
The detailed mapping and description of the southwestern Vir-
ginia coal field, which have for two years been in progress under
the immediate direction of Henry Hinds, were carried on during
the season by Mr. Hinds, assisted by T. K. Harnsberger. The
mapping of the quadrangles was completed, and in June, 1916, field
work in Buchanan County was resumed and nearly completed.
During the office season a report on the coal resources of the Clint-
wood and Bucu quadrangles was prepared by Mr. Hinds and trans-
mitted to the State, and it is now in press.
A report on the salt and gypsum of southwestern Virginia, for
publication by the State Survey, was prepared by G. W. Stose and
submitted to the* State geologist. The folio on the Abingdon quad-
rangle is to be prepared by Mr. Stose in association with Arthur
Keith.
A paper on the gypsum deposits in southwestern Virginia by Mr.
Stose was revised and transmitted for publication by the Survey.
The greensands on Potomac River at Aquia Creek were examined
by G. H. Ashley and sampled for analysis and study with special
reference to their potash content.
446 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The Silurian and Devonian formations near Big Stone Gap were
studied and paleontologic collections obtained from them by E. O.
Ulrich, assisted by T. E. Williard. Paleozoic invertebrate fossils
were collected near Wytheville and Mount Sidney by R. D. Mesler.
A report on the Tertiary invertebrates of the State is almost com-
plete. The Miocene flora at Richmond is described by E. W. Berry
in Professional Paper 98-F.
WASHINGTON.
A reconnaissance report on the Conconully and Ruby mining dis-
tricts, Wash., by E. L. Jones, jr., has been issued as Bulletin 640-B.
Mr. Jones also prepared and submitted classification reports on lands
in contest between homestead and mining claimants in T. 40 N.,
Rs. 29 and 30 E. Willamette meridian.
The manuscript for a bulletin entitled "The mineral deposits of
the Colville Indian Reservation," begun in the preceding year, was
completed by J. T. Pardee.
Text to accompany the map of Mount Rainier National Park was
submitted by F. E. Matthes.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Office work on the maps and description of the Williamsport
quadrangle, in West Virgina, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, has been
advanced by G. W. Stose for the Williamsport-Hagerstown folio.
The work is being done in cooperation with the State of Maryland.
WISCONSIN.
A folio for the Wausau and Marathon quadrangles, Wis., is now
being prepared by Dr. Samuel Weidman under agreement, the field
examinations of these quadrangles having been made, in cooperation,
by the State Geological and Natural History Survey.
WYOMING.
Field work in the Bighorn Basin, Wyo., which was begun in June,
1914, was continued by C. T. Lupton in 1915. Mr. Lupton was as-
sisted, in part or all of the field work, by M. W. Ball, R. H. Wood,
E. M. Parks, W. B. Emery, and C. J. Hares. The work consisted in
the examination of all the anticlines in the basin, in order to deter-
mine which have most promise of containing oil or gas. The terri-
tory surveyed embraced an area of about 680 square miles. This
work, together with that done by Mr. Lupton the previous year and
by D. F. Hewett, covered the entire southern two-thirds of the Big-
horn Basin. Upon Mr. Lupton's return to the office it was decided
to combine all the reports on anticlines in the basin into one paper,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 447
of which he is principal author. This report, in which the descrip-
tions of the anticlines in the Oregon Basin and the Ilo and Meeteetse
quadrangles are contributed by Mr. Hewett, has been submitted and
is undergoing critical examination.
Areal geologic work in the Hanna coal field was continued by
C. F. Bowen, who, with the assistance of H. M. Robinson and C. J.
Hares, mapped in great detail the Saddleback Hills quadrangle and
a part of the Hanna quadrangle, an area of about 500 square miles.
In addition, Mr. Bowen made a special examintion of T. 19 N., R.
77 W., to classify the land. In the office Mr. Bowen has been engaged
in preparing geologic folios and economic reports on the Walcott,
ilanna, and Saddleback Hills quadrangles and in preparing data for
the classification and valuation of the lands.
Mr. Hares prepared a preliminary report on anticlines in central
Wyoming, which is now in press as Bulletin 641-1. A general re-
port on the same region, which will describe fully the formations
and discuss their probable correlations with formations in adjacent
fields, will be ready for publication early in the following year.
A report on prospects for oil and gas near Basin, Big Horn
County, by Mr. Lupton, has been published as Bulletin 621-L.
The examination of the Powder River coal field, which was begun
in June, 1915, was continued by C. H. Wegemann, assisted by R. W.
Howell, and extended to include the Salt Creek oil field. Mr. Howell
assumed general charge of the coal work, and Mr. Wegemann of the
oil work. The area of the coal field examined is 1,900 square miles.
The parts where coal beds were found were examined in great detail,
but other parts were surveyed only in reconnaissance. Mr. Howell
spent the winter in preparing data for land classification and valua-
tion and in writing an economic report for publication. This work
is well advanced. Mr. Wegemann made a very detailed reexamina-
tion of the Salt Creek oil field, and his report on it is now nearly
ready for critical review.
Phosphate beds at several localities in Wyoming, Colorado, and
Utah were examined by A. R. Schultz, who made a preliminary
study of the geology and structure of the Uinta Range.
Fourteen township reports and a general report on the phosphate
of the Owl Creek Mountains region have been completed by D. D.
Condit and transmitted to the land-classification board.
A report on the flora of the Frontier formation by F. H. Knowl-
ton has been submitted for publication, and a "Note on the discovery
of fossil plants in the Morrison formation" of the Bighorn Basin,
by the same paleontologist, has been published unofficially. A study
of the Bighorn limestone and its fauna was continued by Edwin
Kirk both in the field and in the laboratory.
448 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The Cretaceous and Tertiary section of the Hanna and Saddleback
Hills quadrangles was reviewed by T. W. Stanton under the guid-
ance of C. F. Bowen.
Reports on reconnaissance examinations of ore deposits in the
Atlantic gold district and the North Laramie Mountains, by A. C.
Spencer, were published during the year as Bulletin 626. To this
bulletin N. H. Darton contributed a chapter on the sedimentary for-
mations and a geologic map of part of central Wyoming.
Some progress was made by Arnold Hague in the description of
the geology of the Yellowstone National Park.
Office work was continued by G. R. Mansfield on the Montpelier,
Slug Creek- Crow Creek, and Lanes Creek-Freedom folios, covering
quadrangles in Wyoming and Idaho.
The results of chemical experiments by R. C. Wells relating to the
extraction of potash from the wyomingite of the Leucite Hills are
described in Professional Paper 98-D.
CANAL ZONE.
A bulletin entitled " Some engineering problems of the Panama
Canal," by D. F. MacDonald, was completed and published as Bulle-
tin 86 of the Bureau of Mines. Progress was made in the prepara-
tion of a report on the geography and geology of Panama by Mr.
MacDonald, who also cooperated with the committee from the
National Academy of Sciences appointed at the request of the Presi-
dent to study and report on the Panama Canal slide problem. Whit-
man Cross and G. F. Becker, geologists, were members of this
committee. Mr. Becker submitted a short paper entitled "Mechanics
of the Panama Canal slides," to be published as Professional
Paper 98-N.
A report upon the Foraminifera of the Canal Zone, exclusive of
the orbitoids and nummulitids, was completed and submitted by J.
A. Cushman, who is now making a special study of the larger
orbitoid species and genera from that area.
WEST INDIES.
A report on some Cenozoic Mollusca of the West Indies was com-
pleted by C. W. Cooke. This paper will be published by the Car-
negie Institution. Other reports on Antillean paleontology com-
pleted during the year discuss the calcareous algae, by M. A. Howe ;
the Bryozoa, by R. S. Bassler and F. Canu; and the Crustacea, by
Miss M. J. Rathbun. Reports on the geology and geologic history
of Cuba, by T. W. Vaughan, O. E. Meinzer, and others, and on the
geology and geologic history of the Windward Islands, by R. T.
Hill and Mr. Vaughan, are almost complete. The Survey has been
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 449
at no expense for the work of Messrs. Howe, Bassler, Canu, and
Hill and Miss Rathbun. Papers on the shore-line features and the
corals and coral reefs by T. W. Vaughan were published unofficially
during the year.
DIVISION OF ALASKAN MINERAL RESOURCES.
APPROPRIATION AND CLASSES OF WORK.
Under the appropriation of $100,000 made for the continuation
of the investigation of the mineral resources of Alaska, as in pre-
vious years, work of the following classes was carried on: Recon-
naissance and detailed geologic surveys, special investigations of
mineral resources, reconnaissance and detailed topographic sur-
veys, investigations of water resources, and collection of statistics on
mineral production.
PERSONNEL.
On July 1, 1915, the personnel of the division consisted of 1
geologist in charge, 11 geologists, 4 topographers, 1 engineer, 3
clerks, and 1 draftsman on annual salaries, 1 clerk on monthly
salary, 2 geologists on per diem salary, 1 field assistant, and 28
camp hands and recorders. On June 30, 1916, the personnel included
1 geologist in charge, 11 geologists, 4 topographic engineers, 1 hy-
draulic engineer, 3 clerks, and 1 draftsman on annual salaries. The
field force also included 1 assistant and 31 camp hands and recorders.
FIELD WORK DURING THE SEASON OF 1915.
Areas covered and allotments. — Twelve parties were engaged in
surveys and investigations during 1915. The area covered by recon-
naissance geologic surveys, on a scale of 1 : 250,000 (4 miles to the
inch), amounts to 10,700 square miles; by detailed geologic surveys,
on a scale of 1 : 62,500 (1 mile to the inch), 200 square miles. Much
of the time of the geologists was devoted to the investigation of
special field problems in the important mining districts, the results
of which can not be presented in terms of area. About 10,400 square
miles was covered by reconnaissance topographic surveys on a scale
of 1 : 250,000, and 12.5 square miles on a scale of 1 : 24,000 (2.64 inches
to 1 mile).
The following table shows the allotment, including both field and
office expenses, of the total appropriation to the districts investi-
gated. In addition to this, a balance of about $11,000 from last year's
appropriation was expended in equipping the parties for the season's
field work. In preparing this table the general office expenses were
divided among the districts in a proportion determined by the cost
of the surveys in each district, allowance being made for variations
m the character of the work. The results are expressed in round
62656°— INT 1916— vol 1 29
450 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
numbers. The " general investigations " include the cost of special
studies of geology and mineral resources which were not of an areal
character. The balance has been used for equipment of field parties
and expenses of the season of 1916.
Approximate geographic distribution of appropriation for Alaska investigations,
1915-16.
Southeastern Alaska , $16, 300
Copper River 10,400
Prince William Sound 5, 000
Cook Inlet region 13, 500
Yukon and Kuskokwim basins 40,500
General investigations 8, 300
Allotted to field work, 1916 6, 000
100, 000
In the following table the approximate amount of money devoted
to each class of investigations and surveys is indicated. It is not pos-
sible to give the exact figures, as the same party or even the same men
may have carried on different kinds of work, but this statement will
serve to elucidate a later table, which will summarize the complete
areal surveys.
Approximate allotments to different kinds of surveys and investigations, 1915-16.
Reconnaissance geologic surveys $28, 000
Detailed geologic surveys 3,800
Special geologic investigations 9, 600
Reconnaissance topographic surveys 26, 000
Detailed topographic surveys 3, 000
Investigations of water resources 5, 000
Collection of mineral statistics 1, 300
Miscellaneous, including administration, inspection, cleri-
cal salaries, office supplies and equipment, and map com-
pilation 17, 300
Allotted to field work, 1916 6, 000
100, 000
Allotments for salaries and field expenses.
Scientific and technical salaries $35, 918
Field expenses 42, 332
Clerical and other office and miscellaneous expenses 15, 750
Allotted to field work, 1916 6, 000
100, 000
The following table exhibits the progress of investigations in
Alaska and the annual appropriations since systematic surveys were
begun in 1898. It should be noted that a varying amount is spent
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
451
each year on special investigations yielding results which can not
be expressed in terms of area :
Progress of surveys in Alaska, 1898-1915.
I
£
Pi
ft
<
Areas covered by geo-
logic surveys.
Areas covered by topographic
surveys.a
»H .5 ©
Field season.
est
ft
0
If
tO O
03§
a*
a> to
©
03
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03'-'
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ft
© «->
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ft- ••
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ger; 25, 50, or 100
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1898
$46, 189
25,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
90,000
90, 000
100, 000
90, 000
100, 000
100, 000
100, 000
Sty. m.
9,500
6,000
3,300
6,200
6,950
5,000
4,050
4,000
5,000
2,600
2,000
6,100
"s,'666"
" "3,566
1,000
/St?. TO.
Sq. to.
S?. TO.
12,840
8,690
630
10, 200
8,330
""866'
"6,'i90"
5(7. m.
2,070
Sq. to.
Miles.
1899
1900
6,700
5.800
10,050
8,000
3,500
4,100
4,000
1,400
2,850
5,500
8,635
10, 550
2,000
2,950
7, 700
10, 700
96*
""536"
421
442
604
450
321
496
525
180
325
200
11, 150
5,450
11,970
15,000
6,480
4,880
13,500
6,120
3,980
5,170
13,815
14, 460
1901
I__
1902
96
1903
1904
480
787
40
501
427
444
36
248
298
287
10
12
86
202
19
28
1905.
1906.
14
1907
95
76
16
9
48
1908
53
1909
81
1910
69
1911
68
1912
69
1913.
3,400
600
2, 535
10,300
10, 400
1914. .
1915
3
2
9
1,361,189
73, 200
94,435
4,596
51,680
137,280
3,664
462
74
Percentage of total
area of Alaska
12.48
16.10
.78
8.81
23.41
.62
a The Coast and Geodetic and International Boundary surveys and the General Land Office have also
made topographic surveys in Alaska. The areas covered by these surveys are of course not included in
the totals given here.
General work. — Alfred H. Brooks, geologist in charge, was en-
gaged in office work until July 9, when he started for Alaska. He
visited the Canfield party in southeastern Alaska and devoted 10
days to a study of the geology and mineral resources of the Iditarod
district, 5 days to the Hot Springs district, and 16 days to the Fair-
banks district. In this work special attention was paid to antimony
deposits. Returning, he reached Washington October 14. In Mr.
Brooks's office work 54 days were devoted to geologic investigations,
24 days to reading and revising manuscripts, 17 to writing articles
for the annual progress report, 7 to preparing the annual press bul-
letin on mining developments in Alaska, 7 to mineral statistics, and
10 to field plans. The rest of his time was devoted to routine and
miscellaneous matters.
To G. A. Waring was assigned the task of making a reconnaissance
of the more accessible mineral springs of Alaska. He carried on
field work in southeastern Alaska from June 15 to July 2, in the
Yukon basin from July 10 to August 17, and in Seward Peninsula
452 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
from August 28 to September 9. During this time he investigated 18
hot and 5 other springs and collected 27 samples of surface waters.
G. C. Martin and A, G. Maddren were engaged the entire \ear in
office work. This respite from field work was necessary owing to
the accumulation of a large amount of field data which had not been
completely worked up. Mr. Martin was occupied chiefly in con-
tinuing his studies of the Mesozoic stratigraphy of Alaska; Mr.
Maddren was employed in preparing reports on the lower Kusko-
kwim region and on the international boundary region of north-
western Alaska.
Arthur Hollick was employed for six weeks in continuing the
preparation of his report on the Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of
Alaska.
E. H. Sargent continued the general supervision of the Alaska
topographic surveys and map compilation, in addition to carrying
on his own field work.
E. M. Aten continued as office assistant to the geologist in charge
and supervised the office work during Mr. Brooks's absence in the
field. He also continued to assist in collecting statistics of the pro-
duction of precious metals in Alaska.
Southeastern Alaska. — The detailed topographic survey of the
region adjacent to Juneau was continued by D. C. Witherspoon.
Field work was begun on May 12 and continued, so far as weather
permitted, until October 7. The large scale adopted for this base
map (1 : 24,000, or about 2.64 inches to the mile), the rugged charac-
ter of the country, and the rank and prickly vegetation all combine
to make the work exceedingly difficult. In spite of the adverse condi-
tions Mr. Witherspoon completed the mapping of some 12.5 square
miles. He also occupied 16 triangulation stations, ran 3 miles of
levels, and set 2 permanent bench marks.
The systematic geologic survey of the Ketchikan district, begun in
1913 but interrupted in 1914, was continued in 1915 by Theodore
Chapin. He began field work, using a gasoline launch for transporta-
tion, on May 16 and continued it until October 23, covered about 420
square miles, and also made special investigations of the mineral
resources.
Under a cooperative agreement with the Forest Service the investi-
gation of the water poAvers of southeastern Alaska was begun in 1915.
G. H. Canfield, who had charge of this work, established his head-
quarters at Ketchikan in May and continued the water measure-
ments to the close of the fiscal year 1916. Eight automatic gaging
stations and one other were installed, in addition to which many
miscellaneous measurements were made. Eecords of stream flow will
Lave to be obtained through a period of years before accurate data
on run-off are available. Meanwhile the records thus far obtained
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 453
are not without value, and these are summarized elsewhere in this
volume. Many members of the Forest Service have aided in this
work, but special acknowledgment should be made to W. G. Weigle,
supervisor at Ketchikan, and to Leonard Lundgren, district engineer
at Portland, Oreg.
Copper River region. — F. H. Moffit, assisted by E. M. Overbeck,
made a geologic reconnaissance of the upper Chitina Eiver basin. A
journey was made with pack train up the north side of the Chitina
Valley to a point within 10 miles of the international boundary.
Field work began on June 20 and ended September 25, and a geo-
logic reconnaissance of about 900 square miles was completed. The
topographic map made by the International Boundary Commission
was used as a base and was supplemented by topographic reconnais-
sance surveys of an adjacent area of about 360 square miles.
Prince William Sound. — The detailed geologic survey and study
of the mineral resources of the Port Valdez district, begun in 1914,
was completed in 1915 by B. L. Johnson. He began field work on
June 5 and continued it until October 25, covering about 200 square
miles.
Cook Inlet-Susitna region. — J. W. Bagley devoted the early part
of the season to extending a topographic reconnaissance north of
the previously mapped areas in the Talkeetna Mountains and sur-
veyed an area of 835 square miles. In addition to this he surveyed
an area of 150 square miles in the Turnagain-Knik region. Mr.
Bagley, using pack-train transportation, started his field work on
June 6 and continued it until September 5. In the early part of the
season his surveys were much hampered by the smoke of forest fires,
and later he lost nearly three weeks because of the nondelivery of
supplies, which, however, was due to an accident and not to the
delinquency of the contractor.
S. R. Capps, with a pack train and two men, studied the geology
of the Turnagain-Knik region, investigating the geology of an area
of about 1,200 square miles. The field work extended from June 14
to September 12, and about a week of this time was spent in investi-
gating the mining developments of the Willow Creek district.
Yukon-Kuskokwim region. — Eliot Blackwelder devoted the months
of June, July, and August to stratigraphic studies in the upper
Yukon Basin. The work was done by a boat trip from Eagle to
Circle and thence with pack train to the White Mountains, 100 miles
to the southwest. Mr. Blackwelder returned to the Yukon by raft
down Beaver and Birch creeks and made traverses of those streams,
whose courses through the flats were previously unknown.
H. M. Eakin made an exploration of the Cosna-Nowitna region.
He left the mouth of Cosna River — a southern tributary of the
Tanana — with a pack train on June 16 and carried a geologic and
454 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
topographic exploratory survey northwestward to the Nowitna.
Here the horses were shot, and the party continued the journey to the
Yukon on a raft, arriving there September 3. Though he had no
technical assistance, Mr. Eakin made geologic exploratory surveys
of an area of 2,600 square miles and topographic surveys of an area
of 3,000 square miles.
A large area was also surveyed in the region including the Ruby
district on the north and Iditarod on the southwest and extending
southeastward to the mouth of Takotna River, a tributary of the
Kuskokwim. The northern party in this field, which included C. E.
Giffin, topographic engineer in charge, with G. L. Harrington as
geologist, covered some 2,400 square miles by geologic and topo-
graphic reconnaissance surveys, besides revising the old surveys of
some 1,600 square miles. The traveling was done by pack train, and
the field season extended from June 11 to September 11. R. H.
Sargent, topographic engineer, had charge of the southern party,
with J. B. Mertie, jr., as geologist, and worked from June 13 to
September 7. This party made topographic and geologic recon-
naissance surveys of 3,520 square miles, besides revising the previous
surveys of 490 square miles.
FIELD WORK FOR THE SEASON OF 1916.
Field parties began wTork before the end of the fiscal year with
the following plans: Theodore Chapin during part of May and the
whole of June continued the geologic mapping and study of mineral
resources of the Ketchikan district, in southeastern Alaska. D. C.
Witherspoon during the later part of May and the whole of June was
completing the preparation of a detailed base map of the vicinity of
Juneau, and the study of the geology and mineral resources of the
same area is to be undertaken later by A. C. Spencer and H. M.
Eakin. Mr. Eakin spent a part of the month of June in a study
of the Porcupine placer district. G. H. Canfield from January
throughout the year has continued the investigation of the water
powers of southeastern Alaska in cooperation with the Forest Serv-
ice. F. H. Moffit during part of June was engaged in some supple-
mentary investigations of the Kotsina-Chitina copper belt. The
geology and mineral resources of the southwestern part of the Prince
William Sound copper-bearing region were investigated during part
of June by B. L. Johnson. During June J. W. Bagley was making
a topographic base map (scale 1:250,000) of the northern part of
Prince William Sound. J. B. Mertie, jr., was detailed to investigate
the Tolovana placer district in June and later to make some supple-
mentary studies of the lodes of the Fairbanks and Nome districts.
A detailed geologic survey of the western part of the Nenana coal
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 455
field is being carried on by G. C. Martin, A. G. Maddren, and R. M
Overbeck. This work was started in June. S. R. Capps and C. E.
Giffin in June made geologic and topographic reconnaissance sur-
veys of the Kantishna district and adjacent region. A topographic
and geologic reconnaissance survey of the lower Yukon, including
the Marshall placer district, was begun in June by R. H. Sargent
and G. L. Harrington. All the above-mentioned pieces of work will
continue into the fiscal year 1916-17.
COLLECTION OF STATISTICS.
The work of collecting statistics of the annual production of gold,
silver, and copper, begun in 1905, was continued during the year.
Preliminary estimates of mineral production were published on
January 1, 1916. The progress report for 1915 (Bulletin 642), con-
taining figures on mineral production, was transmitted in April.
PUBLICATIONS.
During the year three separates of professional papers (95-D,
95-H, and 98-C), five bulletins (Nos. 587, 605, 607, 608, and 622),
and one water-supply paper (No. 372) relating to Alaska were
issued. One general map of Alaska (No. C, scale 1:12,000,000) was
issued for sale.
Four bulletins (Nos. 630, 631, 642, and 649) were in press at the
end of the year. Manuscripts of the following reports have been com-
pleted: "Mineral springs of Alaska" (Water-Supply Paper 418),
by G. A. Waring; "The Nelchina-Susitna region," by Theodore
Chapin; "The upper Chitina Valley," by F. H. Moffit; "The Cosna-
Nowitna region," by H. M. Eakin; "The panoramic camera in
topographic surveying," by J. W. Bagley ; " The Lake Clark-central
Kuskokwim region," by P. S. Smith ; and " The Canning River region
of northern Alaska," by E. de K. Leffingwell.
The following reports are in hand :
Geology of the Glacier Bay and Lituya region, Alaska, by F. E. and C. W.
Wright.
Geology of the region along the international boundary from Porcupine
River to the Arctic Ocean, by A. G. Maddren.
The upper Matanuska basin, by G. G. Martin.
The Kotsina-Kuskulana district, by F. H. Moffit.
The lower Kuskokwim region, by A. G. Maddren.
The Yakataga district, by A. G. Maddren.
The Mesozoic stratigraphy of Alaska, by G. G. Martin.
The Valdez district, by B. L. Johnson.
The Ruby-Kuskokwim region, by J. B. Mertie, jr., and G. L. Harrington.
The Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of Alaska, by Arthur Hollick.
A Lower Jurassic flora from the upper Matanuska Valley, Alaska, by F. H.
Knowlton.
456 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Office work on the three maps listed below, besides the general map
of Alaska noted above, has been completed :
Lower Kuskokwim region, by A. G. Maddren ; scale, 1 : 500,000 ; contour
interval, 500 feet.
Lake Clark-Kuskokwira region, by R. H. Sargent ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour
interval, 200 feet.
Mineral resources of Alaska (new edition), by A. H. Brooks ; scale, 1 : 5,000,000.
The following topographic maps are on hand :
Kotsina-Kuskulana district, by D. C. Witherspoon ; scale, 1 : 62,500 ; interval,
100 feet.
Nelchina-Susitna region, by J. W. Bagley ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour interval,
200 feet.
Juneau mining district, by D. C. Witherspoon ; scale, 1 : 24,000 ; contour inter-
val, 50 feet.
Yukon-Tanana region (compiled) ; scale, 1 : 500,000; contour interval, 500 feet.
Ruby-Kuskokwim region, by R. H. Sargent ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour inter-
val, 200 feet.
Cosna-Nowitna region, by H. M. Eakin ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour interval,
200 feet.
Matanuska region, by J. W. Bagley ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour interval,
200 feet.
Turnagain-Knik region, by J. W. Bagley ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ; contour interval,
200 feet.
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.
Many important scientific results relating to problems of stratig-
raphy, structure, physiography, etc., are achieved each year inciden-
tally to the areal mapping, but these need no special mention. Mr.
Blackwelder's stratigraphic studies in the White Mountains of the
Yukon-Tanana region show that the oldest fossiliferous rocks are
probably Upper Cambrian, and these are succeeded by argillites
and quartzites overlain conformably by Ordovician volcanic rocks.
The next higher formation is made up of limestones and volcanic
rocks (Ordovician or Silurian), and this is conformably overlain
by 1,200 to 2,000 feet of massive dolomite, with some quartzite and
conglomerate. The most important feature of this work is the deter-
mination that the massive dolomite and limestones are of Silurian
age and not Ordovician-Devonian, as previously supposed ; also that
the sequence of lower Paleozoic rocks, ranging from Cambrian to
Silurian in age, measures from 6,500 to 7,500 feet in thickness. In the
upper Chitina Valley Mr. Moffit found an extensive development of
Carboniferous or older rocks overlain by Triassic limestones and
shales, succeeded by Upper Jurassic sandstones. The top of the
bedrock section consists of over 5,000 feet of conglomerates, sand-
stones, and shales, of which at least the lower 3,000 feet can be defi-
nitely assigned to the Cretaceous. The fossils indicate that these
rocks belong either in the upper part of the Lower Cretaceous or in
the lower part of the Upper Cretaceous.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 457
Messrs. Mertie and Harrington's investigations of the gold deposits
of the Ruby-Iditarod region indicate that there were two epochs of
mineralization in this province. The younger was definitely con-
nected with monzonitic intrusions, probably Eocene, which invaded
sediments of Upper Cretaceous age. The older is probably genetically
related to Mesozoic intrusions. Mr. Brooks in his study of the
Alaska stibnite deposits found considerable evidence that the anti-
mony mineralization is connected with intrusions of Eocene age.
These conclusions are subject to revision, but the evidence in hand in-
dicates that in Alaska there were two epochs of important metalliza-
tion. One of these is Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous)
and the other Eocene. Both are genetically related to igneous intru-
sions. The irregularity in distribution of the Tertiary mineraliza-
tion may be accounted for by the irregularity in distribution of the
Eocene intrusive rocks, which in turn is the result of the localized
character of the Eocene deformation, the Eocene intrusives being
abundant only where the rocks have been much deformed and absent
where they are little disturbed.
DIVISION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL RESEARCH.
In the chemical laboratory 339 quantitative analyses and 1,446 quali-
tative determinations of rocks and minerals were reported during the
year, the samples tested consisting chiefly of minerals sent for inspec-
tion by citizens.
F. W. Clarke, in cooperation with W. C. Wheeler, continued his re-
search on the inorganic constituents of marine invertebrates, and the
manuscript reporting the results of the investigation is now ready for
publication as Professional Paper 102. Some work was done on the
revision of fundamental atomic weights. In February Mr. Clarke, at
the request of the Treasury Department, served as a member of the
annual Assay Committee.
George Steiger, in cooperation with E. S. Larsen, analyzed a new
mineral, which was named sulphatic cancrinite, and wrote a descrip-
tion of it that was published unofficially. He also prepared a note on
the action of ammonium chloride and of hydrochloric acid on mus-
covite for Bulletin 620-J. During the summer and fall Mr. Steiger
devoted considerable time to the exhibit of the United States Geo-
logical Survey for the National Exposition of Chemical Industries.
He has also had charge of the administrative work of the section of
chemistry since February.
W. T. Schaller devoted practically all his time to routine work,
consisting of miscellaneous chemical and mineralogic determina-
tions. His "Mineralogic notes, series 3". (Bulletin 610), was pub-
lished during the year. He has continued work on Professional
Paper 92, " The gem tourmaline fields of southern California," and
458 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
on two other reports, " Mineralogic notes, series 4," and " The molds
of the zeolite region of New Jersey." In March Mr. Schaller was
assigned to the preparation of the annual reports on the produc-
tion of gems and precious stones, mica, monazite, thorium, and
zircon.
In the course of his routine analytical work, R. C. Wells, physical
chemist, made analyses of the rare minerals plumbojarosite, bismu-
tite, and gearksutite, from new localities, and of two new minerals —
a bismuth arsenate, which has been named arseno-bismite, from
Tintic, Utah, and a fluorine mineral, which has been named creedite,
from Colorado. Mr. Wells prepared the following papers during
the year : " The solubility of magnesium carbonate in natural
waters," published in the Journal of the American Chemical So-
ciety ; " The solubility of calcite in water in contact with the atmos-
phere, and its variation with temperature," published in the Journal
of the Washington Academy of Sciences; "The fractional precipi-
tation of some ore-forming compounds at moderate temperatures"
(Bulletin 609); and "Experiments on the extraction of potash
from wyomingite" (Professional Paper 98-D). During February,
March, and April Mr. Wells was absent on leave without pay
making chemical investigations connected with certain reported
potash deposits near the west coast of South America.
Most of R. K. Bailey's time was taken up with routine work,
consisting of both quantitative and qualitative analyses, but he was
employed one hour a day in assisting Survey geologists in making
laboratory experiments. Mr. Bailey was engaged for four months
drilling test holes at Cliffside, Tex., in search of potash. His work
consisted in taking samples and making field tests.
A. A. Chambers was assigned from the water-resources branch
to the division of chemical and physical research for half time
on January 16 and for full time on April 16, 1916. His time was
taken up entirely with routine work in both qualitative and quan-
titative analyses.
W. B. Hicks attended to the drilling, sampling, and chemical
work of the test holes sunk in Smoke Creek Desert, Nev., in search
of potash, from July to October. He prepared for publication
"Evaporation of brines from Searles Lake, Cal." (Professional
Paper 98-A) ; " Some simple tests for potash," for the annual potash
report ; and " Some simple tests for phosphate," for the annua]
phosphate report.
Chase Palmer has been occupied largely with analyses of rocks,
minerals, and natural waters. He has investigated the reactions be-
tween galena and iron arsenides and solutions of soluble silver salts,
as a contribution to the study of the enrichment of silver ores, re-
ferred to on page 71. He has also begun experimental studies of the
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 459
reactions that take place between water, petroleum, and adjacent
mineral substances. The purpose of this investigation, which is sup-
plementary to the geologic study mentioned on page 54, is to de-
termine the cause of the peculiar composition of the waters in oil
fields and of the chemical variations in the petroleum itself.
The investigations made in the physical laboratory are directed
to the twofold object of ascertaining the possibilities of conducting
researches along certain lines suggested by the geologists in the
prosecution of their work and of providing for systematic research
in a given field when the preliminary investigations show- that the
results expected will justify the work. The investigations outlined
for the laboratory relate to the diffusion of solids, the construction of
mathematical tables, measurements of temperature of deep wells,
and determinations of porosity of gas and oil sands. The first two
of these investigations are now permanent, but the last two have not
yet passed through the preliminary stages.
Preliminary determinations of the porosity of gas and oil sands
by A. F. Melcher indicate an increased degree of accuracy in the de-
terminations. This work is being continued, with the expectation
that the results will justify an extended study of porosity and re-
lated problems dependent on size and distribution of sand grains.
A report on measurements of earth temperatures and temperature
in deep wells, by C. E. Van Orstrand and A. F. Melcher, is withheld
from publication pending further observations in the field. Pre-
liminary observations leave not much doubt in regard to the effi-
ciency of the electric method, but further tests must be made in the
field before the task of making a geothermal survey can be included
in the systematic work of the laboratory.
Computations on mathematical tables have been made by A. T.
Harris when he was not engaged in routine experimental work. Ex-
planatory text to accompany the tables, consisting in part of a mathe-
matical discussion of geophysical problems dependent upon diffusion
of heat and substances in the crust of the earth, has been prepared by
Mr. Van Orstrand.
Experiments on the diffusion of gold and silver into lead and tin
in the solid state were made by Mr. Van Orstrand and Mr. Melcher
in cooperation with Dr. F. P. Dewey, of the Treasury Department.
A preliminary report on the diffusion of gold into lead was pub-
lished as Professional Paper 95-G. A pressure pump has been
added to the laboratory equipment for the prosecution of these and
other experiments.
In addition to his administrative work as chief of the division,
G. F. Becker has been occupied mainly in studies of capillarity and
heat conduction from the geologist's point of view, but other sub-
jects have claimed a part of his time. In November he read before
460 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the National Academy of Sciences a paper entitled "A possible
origin for some spiral nebulae." This investigation bears on the
origin of the earth, and the gist of it is that nebulae of the type
discussed are vast diagrams illustrating Kepler's third law. In
November Mr. Becker was also made a member of a committee of
the National Academy of Sciences, appointed at the request of the
President of the United States, to report on the slides in the Panama
Canal, which Mr. Becker had studied in 1913, before water was ad-
mitted. As a result of this field work he was able to formulate a
theory of the slides, which will doubtless appear in the final report
of the committee, but as that report is not likely to be published for
some time he has prepared his discussion for publication by the
Survey as Professional Paper 98-N, " Mechanics of the Panama
Canal slides." In this paper it is shown that the mechanics of the
slides are reducible to identity with a soluble problem in capillarity,
and that there is a sharp limit to the distance to which slides can
extend. Mr. Becker has also printed in Science a short note of the
history of the concept now known as energy. Contrary to current
opinions, it was familiar to mathematicians of the first half of the
eighteenth century.
With A. L. Day, Director of the Geophysical Laboratory, Mr.
Becker also completed for publication a paper on the linear force
of growing crystals. This is an experimental and theoretical refu-
tation of attacks by certain foreign scientists on the deductions
drawn from the results of an investigation made by the same authors
some 10 years ago, when they pointed out the geologic importance
of this force. In this country this linear force is now recognized
as explaining the partial failure of many dams and as indicating
how such failure may be avoided. The geologists of the State of
Virginia also find it useful in explaining the phenomena of ore
deposits. The new paper is in the hands of the printer.
In consultation and cooperation with Prof. P. W. Bridgman, of
Harvard University, Mr. Becker has furnished some hollow cylinders
of rock-forming minerals for use in pressure tests. The series is
now nearly complete. Prof. Bridgman expects to compile and dis-
cuss the extremely interesting results this summer.
A number of analyses of phosphate rock and other miscellaneous
analyses were made by W. C. Wheeler, whose work in conjunction
with Mr. Clarke has already been mentioned. In February Mr.
Wheeler resigned from the Survey and accepted an appointment in
the Patent Office.
DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES.
The Survey has continued its policy of making the annual report
"Mineral Eesources of the United States" more than a statistical
compilation by recording and interpreting industrial progress and
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 461
by treating in full the sources from which the mineral products of
the country are obtained. This report is an annual inventory of
the Nation's mineral resources.
During the last 13 years the separate chapters have been prepared
in large part by geologists of the Survey who have specialized in
the subjects trea-ted by them, with a view to carrying out the pro-
vision of the organic act of the Survey which directs the examination
of the mineral resources and products of the national domain.
Cooperation between the Geological Survey and the State surveys
in collecting most of the mineral statistics continued in force in
the preparation of the report for 1915. The 14 States that co-
operated were Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Michi-
gan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon,
Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. The plan of cooperation has
been modified somewhat for 1915, and results have been expedited.
By cooperation duplication of a considerable amount of work is
obviated, and so far as it is applied the producers are saved the
annoyance of preparing two sets of statistical returns.
During the fiscal year the work of the division consisted in large
part in the preparation of the reports on the mineral production of
the United States in 1914 and 1915. The report for 1914 was pub-
lished in two parts, as usual. On June 30, 1916, the manuscripts
of 25 chapters for the report for 1915 had been completed and
transmitted to the printer. On June 30, 1915, the manuscripts of
20 chapters for the report for 1914 had been completed and trans-
mitted to the printer.
The conditions mentioned in the last administrative report in
regard to the public interest in our mineral resources aroused by the
European war continued to exist. In fact, the prolongation of the
war has materially increased that interest, and in consequence a
chapter for Mineral Kesources of the United States, 1915, entitled
" The public interest in mineral resources," was prepared by the
Director of the Survey and issued December 31, 1915. A greatly
increased number of inquiries for information concerning domestic
supplies of minerals have been received by the division during the
year, and the answers to the inquiries have involved an increased
amount of research by the geologists and others. The number of
recorded letters referred to the division for reply increased from
4,034 in 1915 to 6,434 in 1916, an increase of 59 per cent. The Geo-
logical Survey is becoming more and more a repository of informa-
tion concerning the mineral resources of the country, much of which
it furnishes "through correspondence, giving detailed information
which can not be covered by publications, such as the location of
deposits of minerals, both those that are developed and those that
462 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
are undeveloped, and names of those who can supply the different
minerals.
Preliminary estimates of the output of antimony, arsenic, benzol,
cement, coal, copper, gold and silver, iron ores, lead, manganese,
petroleum, quicksilver, radium ores, sulphuric acid, titanium, tung-
sten ores, uranium ores, vanadium ores, metals- in the Western
States, and zinc in 1915, with reviews of the conditions that pre-
vailed during the year, were issued in the form of special press bulle-
tins during the later part of December, 1915, and in Januar}^ 1916.
Advance statements giving the final figures covering the production
of copper, lead, and zinc in 1915 have also been published.
For the first time in 1915 specialists of the division compiled mid-
year reviews on most of the principal mineral industries, indicating
the trend and volume of changes during the first six months of the
year, and these were given to the press of the country about July 1
and widely published. In addition members of this division pre-
pared for the use of the Secretary of the Interior a summary of the
mineral resources which was published in his annual report and was
also widely republished. Several members of the division also de-
voted considerable time to the preparation of papers for the Pan
American Scientific Congress held in Washington in December and
January.
The number of members of the Survey (geologists, statisticians,
and clerks) in Washington who devote their entire time to the
work of the division of mineral resources is 32; and 8 are stationed
in the offices of the division at Salt Lake City, Denver, and San
Francisco. In addition to these, 22 members, chiefly geologists, who
give part of their time to other divisions of the Survey, are also
specialists in the work of the division of mineral resources, making
a total of 62 persons engaged in the work.
During the year 210,042 pieces of first-class mail matter, compris-
ing chiefly inquiries for information needed for the reports but also,
in increasing quantity, replies to inquiries made to the Survey for
information, were sent out by the division, an increase of 9 per cent
over 1915, and 72,691 pieces were received, an increase of 11 per
cent over 1915.
H. D. McCaskey became geologist in charge of the division at the
beginning of the fiscal year, on the retirement of E. W. Parker.
Mr. McCaskey also continued in charge of the metals section and
has general supervision of the offices of the division in the Western
States. E. F. Burchard, a geologist of much experience in economic
work and a large contributor to Mineral Resources, has been placed
in charge of the nonmetals section of the division. D. B. Sterrett,
geologist, who for a number of years has had charge of the prepara-
tion of reports on gems and precious stones, mica, monazite, and
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
463
zircon, was at his own request relieved of this work during the year.
W. T. Schaller, who has made a special study of gems and rare
minerals, has been assigned to the work of the preparation of reports
on these subjects. Mr. Schaller has been referred to as the foremost
mineralogist of the country and is therefore particularly well fitted
for his new work.
The reports on the several mineral products were in charge of
the following persons:
Authors of chapters in Mineral Resources.
Author.
Subject.
E. S. Bastin
A. H. Brooks
E. F. Burchard
B. S. Butler
C A. Davis (of the Bu
reau of Mines).
J. S. Diller
R. B. Dole
J. P. Dunlop
H. S. Gale
C.N. Gerry
V. C. Heikes
C. W. Henderson
F. L. Hess
D. F. Hewett
J.M.Hill
F.J. Katz
C E. Lesher."
G. F. Loughhn
H. D. McCaskey
Jefferson Middle ton . .
J. D. Northrop
W. C Phalen.v.
C E. Siebenthal
W. T. Schaller
R. W. Stone
C G. Yale
Graphite.
Gold, silver, and copper in Alaska.
Cement; fluorspar and cryolite; iron ore, pig iron, and steel.
Copper (general report); copper and silver in Michigan (mines report).
Peat (1914).
Asbestos; chromic iron ore; talc and soapstone.
Mineral waters.
Silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the Central States, except Michigan (mines
report); secondary metals; metals and ores (summary report).
Borax; magnesite (with C. G. Yale); nitrates.
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in Idaho and Washington (mines report).
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in Arizona, Montana, Nevada, and Utah
(mines report).
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota,
Texas, and Wyoming (mines report).
Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, tantalum,
tungsten, titanium, vanadium, uranium, tin.
Manganese and manganiferous ores.
Barytes and strontium; mineral paints; platinum and allied metals; gold, silver,
copper, lead, and zinc in the Eastern States (mines report).
Abrasives; feldspar; silica (quartz).
Coal; fuel briquetting; coke.
Building stone; lime; slate.
Gold and silver (general report); mineral products of the United States (summary
report); quicksilver.
Clay, clay-working industries; fuller's earth; sand-lime brick.
Petroleum; asphalt and bituminous rock; natural gas.
Bauxite and aluminum; phosphate rock; potash salts; salt and bromine; sodium
salts; sulphur and pyrite.
Lead; zinc and cadmium (general reports).
Gems and precious stones; mica.
Gypsum; sand and gravel.
Borax; magnesite (with H. S. Gale); gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in Cali-
fornia and Oregon (mines report).
The offices of the division at Denver, Salt Lake City, and San
Francisco are under direct charge of C. W. Henderson, V. C. Heikes,
and C. G. Yale, respectively, who prepare the mine reports on gold,
silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the Western States. They also act
in cooperation with other members of the Survey where necessary,
both in the field and in the office, and by keeping in close touch with
the mining regions of the West they procure and disseminate much
valuable information not readily obtained otherwise. These offices
are therefore general Survey headquarters and bureaus of informa-
tion in their respective regions. The Denver office, at 409 New Post
Office Building, prepares the metal-mine reports for South Dakota,
Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico; the Salt Lake City office, at
312 Post Office Building, covers in the same way the States of Mon-
tana, Idaho, Washington, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona; and the San
464 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Francisco office, at 305 Customhouse, is the headquarters for Cali-
fornia and Oregon.
TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of the topographic branch is as follows:
Acting chief geographer, W. H. Herron.
Atlantic division, Frank Sutton, geographer, in charge.
Central division, G. S. Smith, topographic engineer, in charge.
Rocky Mountain division, C. H. Birdseye, topographic engineer, in charge.
Northwestern division, T. G. Gerdine, geographer, in charge.
Pacific division, G. R. Davis, geographer, in charge.
Inspectors of topography, J. H. Renshawe, geographer; W. M. Beaman and
A. M. Walker, topographic engineers.
PERSONNEL.
The technical corps of the topographic branch was increased dur-
ing the year by the reinstatement of 2 assistant topographers and
was reduced 14 by death, transfers, and resignations. With these
changes the corps now includes 1 acting chief geographer, 47 geog-
raphers and topographic engineers, 17 topographers, 40 assistant
topographers, 35 junior topographers, and 7 draftsmen — a total of
147. In addition, 36 technical field assistants were employed during
the whole or a part of the field season. One topographic engineer, 1
topographer, and 6 junior topographers are on furlough. The cleri-
cal force comprises 11 clerks of various grades.
PUBLICATIONS.
The published work of the topographic branch for the fiscal year
consists of 153 maps and six bulletins, giving results of spirit leveling
in Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Maine, Missouri, and West Vir-
ginia. Brief summaries of the book publications (Bulletins 565, 568,
573, 632, 633, and 634) are given on pages 379 and 388. Manuscript
for results of triangulation and primary traverse in the United States,
1913-1915 (Bulletin 644), in 18 parts, was brought up to date and
two parts were published. Manuscript for a new edition of " Geo-
graphic tables and formulas" (Bulletin 650) and for all results of
leveling in Ohio (Bulletin 651) was transmitted for publication.
ALLOTMENTS.
The total appropriations for topographic surveys for the fiscal
year 1916 were:
Topographic surveys $350,000
Surveying national forests 75,000
Statutory salaries 9,200
434, 200
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 465
Allotments of these appropriations were made as follows:
Allotments from funds appropriated for topographic work, fiscal year 1916.
Topo-
graphic
surveys
and
statutory
salaries.
Survey-
ing
national
forests.
General administration
Clerical assistance and supervision
Map editing % —
Purchase and repair of instruments, stationery, etc
Millionth-scale map
Work by land-classification board
Field work:
Atlantic division
Central division
Rocky Mountain division
Northwestern division
Pacific division
$22, 896
17, 149
3,735
12.242
20,000
9,000
67,950
59, 488
62, 135
33,663
50,942
359, 200
$4,500
3,271
765
2,508
2,500
21,206
26, 250
14,000
75, 000
COOPERATION.
Cooperation has been maintained in IT States, which contiibnted
the following amounts :
California $14, 000. 00
Illinois 9, 000. 00
Illinois drainage 3,000.00
Iowa 1, 750. 00
Kentucky 10, 000. 00
Maine 5, 000. 00
Michigan 15, 000. 00
Minnesota 4, 250. 00
Missouri 4, 000. 00
Nebraska ___. 1, 750. 00
New York $10, 000. 00
Ohio 23. 900. 00
Oregon 4, 000. 00
Texas 35, 000. 00
Vermont 2, 500. 00
Virginia 4, 500. 00
Washington 11, 500. 00
West Virginia 7,639.39
166, 789. 39
GENERAL OFFICE WORK.
Progress maps were kept up to date and new ones were compiled
when necessary, the new 1 : 500,000 State maps being used so far as
available. Results of computations for vertical and horizontal con-
trol work were copied and catalogued.
The computations of control data were made principally by D. H.
Baldwin, T. M. Bannon, D. S. Birkett, G. T. Hawkins, Oscar Jones,
C. B. Kendall, L. S. Leopold, F. J. McMaugh, E. L. McNair, J. B.
Metcalfe, jr., C. L. Nelson, H. S. Senseney, Frank Tweedy, and J. H.
Wilson, under the immediate supervision of E. M. Douglas, geog-
rapher. Computing by L. F. Biggs and C. F. Urquhart was done in
the Sacramento office. S. S. Gannett, geographer, was engaged in
preparing manuscript and compiling data for the bulletins sub-
mitted for publication, in miscellaneous computations, and in fur-
nishing triangulation and leveling data for field and office use.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
-30
4GG THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
J. H. Renshawe was engaged during the }^ear in preparing relief
maps of the United States and of the Mesa Verde National Park,
and in revising the relief map of Alaska for the division of Alaskan
mineral resources.
In the preparation of the special topographic maps to be used in
the transcontinental guidebooks the available Survey atlas sheets
were used, and for areas for which such sheets were not available
the data were filled in on field sheets on the scale of 5 miles to the
inch. The different railroads assisted in every way possible, supply-
ing all available profile and alignment data and rendering other
valuable assistance. The maps are to be published on a scale of
1 : 500,000, or about 8 miles to the inch, and cover the Denver & Rio
Grande Eailroad from Denver, Colo., to Salt Lake City, Utah, and
the Southern Pacific Railroad from El Paso, Tex., to San Francisco,
CaL, by way of Los Angeles and San Joaquin Valley. The maps
for the Denver & Rio Grande Route were completed; those for the
other route have just been begun.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS,
The condition of topographic surveys to June 30, 1916, distin-
guished as to scale, etc., is shown on Plate II.
As shown in the following tables, the total new area mapped was
19,230 square miles, making the total area surveyed to date in the
LTnited States 1,237,520 square miles, or 40.9 per cent of the entire
country. In addition, 3,486 square miles of resurvey was completed,
making the total area of surveys during the year 22,716 square miles.
In connection with these surveys, 5,462 linear miles of primary
levels were run, making 259,821 miles of primary and precise levels
run since the authorization of this work by Congress in 1896. In
the course of this work 1,321 permanent bench marks were estab-
lished. In addition, 604 linear miles of river surveys were run.
Triangulation stations to the number of 244 were occupied, and
200 were permanently marked. Primary traverse lines aggregating
2,905 miles were run, in connection with which 331 permanent marks
were set. In the course of this work areas aggregating 23,384 square
miles were covered by primary control.
The area covered by topographic surveys in Alaska during the
fiscal year, as reported in detail on page 91, was 10,412 square miles.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
467
Present condition of topographic surveys of the United States and new area
surveyed duty 1, 1915, to June SO, 1916.
New area
mapped
July 1, 1915,
to June 30,
1916.
Total area
mapped to
June 30,
1916.
Percentage
of total area
of State
mapped to
June 30,
1916.
Sq. miles.
Sq. miles.
19,192
69, 542
21,494
116,970
50, 450
4,965
1,202
70
2,339
17.587
27, 254
15, 244
3,609
11,765
64.159
18,014
8,366
9, 765
12,327
8,266
7.095
6,965
2,126
36, 725
57, 789
26, 752
51,115
3, 380
8,224
38, 580
44, 359
18, 390
9,814
41,040
39. 851
24, 403
24, 908
1,248
5,640
18, 893
21,283
69,300
68, 797
4.406
29, 980
27, 746
24. 170
12, 602
29, 359
37
546
114
2,262
1,667
61
40
74
49
100
51
100
Florida . .
4
250
1,069
693
168
113
29
Idaho ;
32
Illinois
27
Indiana
10
Iowa
21
Kansas
78
Kentucky
41
47
404
44
17
Maine
29
Maryland
100
100
Michigan
1,077
424
12
Minnesota
8
4
Missouri
15
626
228
53
39
Nebraska
36
46
New Hampshire
36
100
New Mexico
1,333
806
31
90
North Carolina
35
98
1,022
14
Ohio
100
57
Oregon
997
25
55
Rhode Island
100
18
South Dakota
299
130
1,518
24
50
Texas
26
81
Vermont
216
46
70
Wash ington
1,713
40
West Virginia
100
Wisconsin
399
955
22
Wyoming
30
Total, United States
19,230
1,237,520
1,393
40.9
Hawaii
22
ATLANTIC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
Summary. — During the season topographic mapping was carried
on in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, New
York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Vir-
ginia and in a small area in Arkansas. This work comprised the
completion of the survey of 10 quadrangles and of the resurvey of 4
quadrangles, in addition to which 2 quadrangles were partly sur-
veyed and 10 were partly resurvey ed. The total new area mapped
468
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
was 1,907 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, and
the area resurveyed was 1,164 square miles, for publication on the
same scale. The map of one quadrangle was partly revised, the area
covered by this revision being 21 square miles. In connection with
this work, 796 miles of primary levels were run and 199 permanent
bench marks were established.
Primary triangulation and primary traverse were carried on by
six parties in Georgia, Maine, New York, Arkansas, Vermont, and
West Virginia. The total area covered by this work wras about 1,525
square miles. The primary traverse covered 900 square miles, 300
miles being run and 30 permanent marks set. In the triangulation 29
stations were occupied and 18 were permanently marked. This work
made control available in 15 quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in Atlantic division from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 191.6.
Con-
tour
inter-
val.
For publication
on scale of
1:62,500.
Total
area
sur-
veyed .
Primary levels.
Primary tra-
verse.
Triangulation.
State.
New.
Resur-
vey.
Pit-
tance
run.
Pench
marks.
Dis-
tance
run.
Perma-
ne^ ',
marks.
Sta-
tions
occu-
pied.
Sta-
tions
marked.
Alabama
Fe(t.
20
20
5,10
20
20
20
Sq. mi.
""250"
47
Sq. mi.
151
Sq. mi.
151
250
47
404
59
806
Miles.
Miles.
Georgia
90
29
211
17
Louisiana
Maine
•lot
; *>
806
67
32
98
86
40
66
34
245
38
16
9
31
10
9
22
9
55
9
8
New Hampshire
New York
87
13
Pennsylvania.. ..
Tennessee
5,10
20
50
50
5,10
130
216
355
; 599
114
130
216
355
599
114
Vermont
3
5
Virginia
West Virginia
18
13
Arkansas
2
1,967
1, 164
3,131
796
199
300
30
29
18
Alabama. — The resurvey of the Weogufka quadrangle, in Coosa,
Shelb}', and Talladega counties, was completed by Duncan Hanne-
gan and W. H. S. Morey, the area mapped being 151 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet.
Arkansas. — (See Tennessee and Arkansas, p. 470.)
District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. — During the year
the revision of the culture on the map of Washington and vicinity
was completed.
Georgia. — The mapping of the Black Lake quadrangle, in Bald-
win, Hancock, Washington, and Wilkinson counties, was begun by
J. I. Gayetty, C. W. Arnold, K. E. Schlachter, and E. W. Bowler,
the area mapped being 250 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 48,000, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control
of this area Mr. Arnold, Mr. Schlachter, and Kostka Mudd ran 90
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 469
miles of primary levels and established 29 permanent bench marks,
and for the control of this area and of the Griswoldville, Milledge-
ville, Sandersville, Macon, Meriweather, and Jefferson quadrangles,
in Baldwin, Bibb, Jones, Twiggs, Wilkinson, Hancock, Putnam,
Pulaski, Washington, Monroe, and Laurens counties, C. B. Kendall,
Mr. Arnold, Mr. Schlachter, Mr. Mudd, and Mr. Bowler rr.n 211
miles of primary traverse and set 17 permanent marks.
Louisiana and Mississippi. — The mapping of the Natchez quad-
rangle, in Concordia County, La., and Adams and Jefferson coun-
ties. Miss., was begun by E. I. Ireland, W. H. S. Morey, T. F.
Slaughter, and F. W. Crisp, the area mapped being 47 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with contour intervals of
5 and 10 feet. This work was in Louisiana.
Maine. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys
the Public Utilities Commission allotted $5,000 and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of the
Belfast and Passadumkeag quadrangles, in Knox, Waldo, and Pe-
nobscot counties, was completed and that of the Winn quadrangle,
in Penobscot County, was begun by W. H. Griffin, J. I. Gayetty,
James McCormick, J. B. Metcalfe, jr., and C. S. Wells, the total area
mapped being 404 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of the
Passadumkeag quadrangle Mr. Wells ran 67 miles of primary levels
and established 16 permanent bench marks, and for the control of
the Seboeis quadrangle, in Penobscot County, Oscar Jones occupied
8 triangulation stations.
Maine and New Hampshire. — The resurvey of the Dover and York
quadrangles, in York County, Maine, and Rockingham and Strafford
counties, N. H., was begun by Hersey Munroe and J. H. Wheat,
the area mapped being 59 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of
the Dover quadrangle C. H. Stewart ran 32 miles of primary levels
and established 9 permanent bench marks. All this work was in
New Hampshire.
New York. — The mapping of the Hornell, Russell, Moira, One-
onta, and Unadilla quadrangles, in Allegany, Livingston, Steuben,
St. Lawrence, Franklin, Delaware, Otsego, and Chenango counties,
was completed and that of the Oswegatchie, Andes, and Cran-
berry Lake quadrangles, in Herkimer, Lewis, Delaware, Sulli-
van, Ulster, Hamilton, and St. Lawrence counties, was begun by
G. S. Smith, Hersey Munroe, Robert Muldrow, W. J. Lloyd, A. P.
Meade, T. F. Slaughter, J. M. Whitman, J. I. Gayetty, J. B. Met-
calfe, jr., C. S. Wells, K. E. Schlachter, C. H. Davey, and E. W.
Bowler, the total area mapped being 806 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
470 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
For the control of the Cranberry Lake and Andes quadrangles C. B.
Kendall and F. J. McMaugh ran 87 miles of primary traverse and
set 13 permanent marks, and Mr. Schlachter and F. L. Shalibo ran
98 miles of primary levels and established 31 permanent bench marks.
Pennsylvania. — For the control of the Newville quadrangle, in
Cumberland, Adams, Franklin, and Perry counties, De Witt Mc-
Laughlin ran 86 miles of primary levels and established 10 perma-
nent bench marks. The revision of a part of the map of the Houtz-
dale quadrangle, in Clearfield and Center counties, was completed
by J. I. Gayetty, the area covered being 21 square miles.
Tennessee and Arkansas. — The mapping of the Memphis quad-
rangle, in Shelby County, Tenn., and Crittenden County, Ark., was
begun by E. I. Ireland, W. H. S. Morey, T. F. Slaughter, F. W.
Crisp, and Kostka Mudd, the area mapped being 244 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with contour intervals of 5
and 10 feet. Of this area 114 square miles is in Arkansas. For the
control of this area H. S. Senseney ran 78 miles of primary levels
and established 18 permanent marks, of which 38 miles and 9 marks
were in Arkansas, and Mr. Crisp and Mr. Mudd ran 2 miles of
primary traverse, also in Arkansas.
Vermont. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys the governor of Vermont allotted $2,500 and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of the
Rochester quadrangle, in Addison, Orange, Rutland, and Windsor
counties, was completed by Hersey Munroe and K. F. Maxcy, the
area mapped being 216 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour of 20 feet. For the control of this area K. E.
Schlachter ran 66 miles of primary levels and established 22 perma-
nent bench marks, and D. H. Baldwin occupied 3 triangulation sta-
tions and marked 5.
Virginia. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys the State geologist allotted $4,500 and the United States Geo-
logical Survey allotted an equal amount. The resurvey of the Vir-
ginia portion of the Nolansburg quadrangle, in Lee County, and
that of the coal areas in the Cleveland, Richlands, and Burkes Garden
quadrangles and in the Virginia portion of the Pounding Mill quad-
rangle, in Buchanan, Russell, and Tazewell counties, was completed
and that of the coal area in the Coeburn quadrangle, in Russell and
WTise counties, was begun by Fred McLaughlin, C. W. Arnold, and
Kostka Mudd, the area mapped being 355 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet.
For the control of the Pounding Mill and Nolansburg quadrangles
Mr. Arnold and S. R. Archer ran 34 miles of primary levels and
established 9 permanent bench marks.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 471
West Virginia. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys the State geologist expended $7,639.39 and the United States
Geological Survey expended $2,407.39. A resurvey of the Cowen
and Webster Springs quadrangles and of the portions of the Mingo,
Lobelia, and Richwood quadrangles lying in Nicholas and Webster
counties was completed by E. I. Ireland, W. H. S. Morey, F. W.
Farnsworth, and Klett McKinley, the total area mapped being 599
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour
interval of 50 feet. This work completed the mapping of Nicholas
and Webster counties on the scale of 1 : 62,500. In connection with
this work H. S. Senseney ran 147 miles of primary levels and estab-
lished 31 permanent bench marks. For the control of the West Vir-
ginia portions of the Davis, Elk Garden, and Keyser quadrangles, in
Tucker and Mineral counties, J. B. Metcalfe, jr., occupied 18 tri-
angulation stations and marked 13, and for the control of the Pied-
mont quadrangle, in Tucker and Mineral counties, K. F. Maxcy ran
98 miles of primary levels and established 24 permanent bench
marks.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Gantts
Quarry, Ala; Interlachen, Fla. ; Belfast and Passadumkeag, Maine;
Vicksburg, Miss.-La. ; Hornell, Malone, Moira, Oneonta, Russell, and
Unadilla, N. Y. ; Houtzdale, Pa. (revision) ; Rochester, Vt. ; Cowen
and Webster Springs, W. Va. ; and Washington and vicinity, D. C-
Md.-Va.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows :
Cleveland, Va., 17 per cent; Pounding Mill, Va., 33 per cent; Rich-
lands, Va., 78 per cent; Lobelia, W. Va., 4 per cent; Mingo, W. Va..
9 per cent; Richwood, W. Va., 43 per cent.
Primary-level circuits were adjusted for the following quadran-
gles: Weogufka, Ala.; Passadumkeag, Maine; Natchez, Miss.; Gas-
tonia, N. C. ; Andes and Oneonta, N. Y. ; Memphis, Tenn. ; Pounding
Mill, Va. ; Rochester, Vt. ; and Clay, Cowen, Fayetteville, Gassaway,
Richwood, Summersville, Sutton, Webster Springs, and Winona,
W. Va.
Geographic positions were computed for the following quadran-
gles : Black Lake, Ga. ; Memphis, Tenn. ; Rochester, Vt. ; and Cowen.
Davis, Elk Garden, Keyser, Richwood, and Webster Springs, W. Va.
CENTRAL DIVISION
FIELD WORK.
Summary. — During the season topographic mapping was carried
on in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
472
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
souri, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The work comprised the completion of
the survey of 11 quadrangles and the resurvey of 6 quadrangles, in
addition to which 29 quadrangles were partly surveyed and 3 quad-
rangles and 1 special area were partly resurveyed. The total new
area mapped was 3,852 square miles, 3,798 square miles for publi-
cation on the scale of 1 : 62,500 and 54 square miles for publication
on the scale of 1 : 24,000 ; and the area resurveyed was 1,524 square
miles, 1,515 square miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500
and 9 square miles for publication ori the scale of 1 : 24,000. In con-
nection with this work 2,527 miles of primary levels were run and
589 permanent bench marks were established.
Primary triangulation and primary traverse were carried on by
six parties in Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minne-
sota, and Missouri. The total area covered by this work was about
6,350 square miles. The primary traverse covered 5,250 square miles,
1 ,924 miles being run and 164 permanent marks set. In the triangula-
tion 13 stations were occupied and 13 marked. The result of this
work was to make control available in 58 quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in central division from July 1, 19 to, to June 30, 1916.
Con-
tour
inter-
val.
For publication on scale of —
Total
area
sur-
veyed.
Primary
levels.
Primary
traverse.
Triangulation
stations.
State.
1:62,500
1:24,000
Dis-
tance
run.
Bench
marks.
Dis-
tance
run.
Perma-
nent
marks.
Occu-
pied.
New.
Resur-
vey.
New.
Resur-
vey.
Marked.
Feet.
5,20
20
20
20,50
5
10
20
10,20
20
Sq. mi.
639
168
113
41
1,077
324
15
1,022
399
Sq. mi.
421
Sq. mi.
54
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
1,114
168
113
898
1,077
321
261
1,022
399
Miles.
417
32
116
7-
Miles.
321
60
28
4
Kentucky .
857
412
1,080
244
224
98
237
66
37
24
968
310
163
2
81
28
14
13
13
237
9
Ohio
118
28
Kansas
78
7
3,798
1,515
54
9
5,376
2,527
589
1,924
164
13
13
Illinois. — The governor of Illinois allotted $9,000 for the con-
tinuation of cooperative topographic surveys, and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The governor also
made an additional allotment of $3,000 for a survey of the Pecatonica
drainage basin, which was met by an allotment of $1,500 by the
Federal Survey. The survey of the Illinois portions of the Brown-
field and Altenberg quadrangles, in Jackson, Johnson, Massac, and
Pope 'counties, was completed and that of the Vienna and Good
Hope quadrangles and of the Illinois portion of the Campbell Hill
quadrangle, in Jackson, Johnson, McDonough, Massac, Perry,
thirty-seventh report of geological survey. 473
Pulaski, Randolph, and Warren counties, was begun by C. W. Good-
love, Gilbert Young, J. A. Duck, F. W. Hughes, J. M. Rawls, R. M.
Herrington, M. A. Roudabush, and H. E. Burney, the total area
mapped being 639 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The resurvey of the
Morris quadrangle, in Grundy and Kendal counties, was completed
and that of the Wilmington quadrangle, in Will and Kankakee
counties, was begun by R. L. Harrison, the area mapped being
421 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a
contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of the Campbell Hill,
Wilmington, and Vienna quadrangles R. G. Clinite, J. M. Perkins,
and Mr. Rawls ran 281 miles of primary levels and established 80
permanent bench marks, and for the control of these areas and of
the Peotone, Essex, Joliet, Dongola, Joppa, and Marion quadrangles
and of the Illinois portions of the Jonesboro and Thebes quadrangles,
in Kankakee, Cook, Will, Alexander, Grundy, Livingston, Massac,
Pulaski, Dupage, Johnson, Union, and Williamson counties, J. H.
Wilson ran 209» miles of primary traverse and set 19 permanent
marks.
The survey of the Pecatonica drainage basin, covering parts of
the Freeport, Pecatonica, and Rockford quadrangles, in Stephenson
and Winnebago counties, was completed by L. L. Lee, R. M. Herring-
ton, and W. S. Gehres, the area mapped being 54 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000, with a contour interval of 5 feet.
For the control of this area Mr. Perkins and Mr. Gehres ran 136
miles of primary levels and established 36 permanent bench marks
and Mr. Wilson ran 112 miles of primary traverse and set 9 perma-
nent marks.
Indiana. — The mapping of the Indiana portion of the Lynn quad-
rangle, in Randolph and Wayne counties, was begun by W. L. Miller
and L. B. Glasgow, the area mapped being 168 square miles, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
For the control of this area Mr. Glasgow ran 32 miles of primary
levels and established 7 permanent bench marks, and for the control
of this area and the Farmland quadrangle and of the Indiana por-
tions of the Fort Recovery and New Paris quadrangles, in Delaware,
Henry, Jay, Randolph, and Wayne counties, J. H. Wilson ran 60
miles of primary traverse and set 4 permanent marks.
Iowa. — The State geologist allotted $1,750 for the continuation
of cooperative topographic surveys in Iowa, and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of the
Chariton quadrangle, in Lucas, Marion, and Warren counties, was
continued by W. L. Miller, the area mapped being 113 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet.
474 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Kansas. — For the control of the Joplin district J. H. Wilson ran
78 miles of primary traverse and set 7 permanent marks in the
Columbus quadrangle, in Cherokee county.
Kentucky. — The Kentucky Geological Survey allotted $10,000 for
the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys, and the United
States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of
the Kentucky portion of the Golconda quadrangle, in Crittenden and
Livingston counties, was begun by C. W. Goodlove and R. F. Wil-
coxon, the area mapped being 41 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 48,000, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The resurvey
of the Goodloe and Paintsville quadrangles and of the Kentucky
portions of the Regina and Nolansburg quadrangles, in Breathitt,
Floyd, Harlan, Johnson, Lawrence, Letcher, Magoffin, Morgan,
Perry, and Pike counties, was completed and. that of the Baxter
quadrangle, in Harlan and Leslie counties, was begun by J. R. Eakin,
C. S. Wells, Howard Clark, W. A. Reiter, F. W. Farnsworth, W. S.
(Jelnes, G. AY. Lucas, S. A. Judson, and E. J. Essick, the area mapped
being 857 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with
a contour interval of 50 feet. For the control of these areas and
of the Hyden and Fords Ferry quadrangles, in Harlan, Leslie, Perry,
Crittenden. Livingston, and Caldwell counties, Mr. Judson, S. R.
Archer, G. W. Lucas, and F. L. Whaley ran 412 miles of primary
levels and established 98 permanent bench marks. For the control
of the Kentucky portions of the Fords Ferry and Golconda quad-
rangles J. H. Wilson ran 24 miles of primary traverse and set 2
permanent marks, and for the control of the Hyden quadrangle and
of the Corbin, Maynardsville, Pineville, Barbourville, and Log
Mountain quadrangles, in Bell, Campbell, Claiborne, Granger, Jef-
ferson, Clay, Knox, Laurel, Harlan, Leslie, Sevier, and Whitley
counties, E. L. McNair occupied and marked 13 triangulation sta-
tions.
Michigan. — For tha continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys the State geologist allotted $15,000 and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of the
Chesaning quadrangle, in Saginaw and Shiawassee counties, was
completed and that of the Elsie, Perrinton, Bay City, Cedar Springs,
Kalamazoo, Lowell. Saginaw, and Mount Pleasant quadrangles, in
Clinton, Gratiot, Kent, Allegan, Barry, Kalamazoo, Bay, Ionia, Isa-
bella, Shiawassee, and Saginaw counties, was begun by J. H. Jen-
nings, C. L. Sadler, Robert Muldrow, A. T. Fowler, A. B. Searle,
J. G. Staack, Fred Graff, jr., L. L. Lee, E. L. Hain, S. H. Birdseye,
E. C. Burt, and H. E. Burney, the area mapped being 1,077 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour in-
terval of 5 feet. For the control of these areas and of the Carson
City, Vestaburg, Fenwick, Ionia, Muir, Ithaca, and Merrill quad-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 475
rangles, in Barry, Eaton, Gratiot, Montcalm, Clinton, Ionia, Isa-
bella, Midland, and Saginaw counties, H. S. Senseney, E. C. Bibbee,
and R. G. Clinite ran 1,080 miles of primary levels and established
237 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Cedar Springs,
Kalamazoo, Carson City, Fenwick, Lowell, Ionia, Muir, Springport,
Rives Junction, Maple City, Traverse City, Elk Rapids, Saginaw,
Mount Pleasant, Vestaburg, and Bay City quadrangles, in Kent,
Allegan, Barry, Kalamazoo, Clinton, Gratiot, Ionia, Montcalm, Bay,
Eaton, Isabella, Saginaw, Jackson, Calhoun, Ingham, Leelanau,
Benzie, Grand Traverse, Antrim, and Alkaska counties, Oscar Jones
ran 968 miles of primary traverse and set 81 permanent marks.
Minnesota. — The State drainage engineer of Minnesota allotted
$4,250 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys, and
the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The
survey of the Brainerd quadrangle, in Crow Wing County, was com-
pleted and that of the Tarn and Sylvan quadrangles ; in Anoka,
Isanti, Cass, Crow Wing, and Morrison counties, was begun by S.
G. Lunde, F. B. Barrett, J. L. Lewis, and W. S. Genres, the total
area mapped being 284 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 10 feet. For the control
of the Tarn and Sylvan quadrangles and of the Gushing quadrangle,
in Morrison and Todd counties, E. C. Bibbee and C. E. Mills ran 244
miles of primary levels and established 66 permanent bench marks.
For the control of the Sylvan, Tarn, Lakenetta, Walbo, Elk River,
Pine River, Belle Prairie, Swanville, dishing, Motley, Lastrup,
Little Falls, and Browerville quadrangles, in Cass, Crow Wing,
Morrison, Anoka, Isanti, Chisago, Washington, Kanabec, Sherman,
Wright, Todd, Benton, and Stearns counties, J. H. Wilson ran 310
miles of primary traverse and set 28 permanent marks. The map-
ping of the Minnesota portion of the Superior quadrangle was com-
pleted by L. B. Roberts, the area mapped being 40 square miles, for
publication on the same scale as the Wisconsin portion. (See also
p. 480.)
Missouri. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys the State geologist allotted $4,000 and the United States Geo-
logical Survey allotted an equal amount. The resurvey of the Knob-
noster quadrangle, in Johnson and Lafayette counties, was completed
and that of the Halltown quadrangle and of the Spring City special
area, in Christian, Greene, Lawrence, and Newton counties, was com-
menced by F. W. Hughes, J. M. Rawls, and F. L. Whaley, the area
mapped being 246 square miles, 237 square miles for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 10 feet, and 9 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000, with a contour interval
of 10 feet. For the control of the Knobnoster and Halltown quad-
rangles and of the Stotts City and Sarcoxie quadrangles, in Jasper,
476 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Lawrence, and Newton counties, Mr. Rawls and Mr. Whaley ran 224
miles of primary levels and established 37 permanent bench marks,
and for the control of the Halltown, Stotts City, and Sarcoxie quad-
rangles J. H. Wilson ran 124 miles of primary traverse and estab-
lished 11 permanent marks.
The mapping of the Missouri portion of the Campbell Hill quad-
rangle, in Perry County, was commenced by Gilbert Young and M.
A. Roudabush, the area mapped being 15 square miles, for publication
on the same scale as the Illinois portion.
In addition to the cooperative work Mr. Wilson ran 39 miles of
primary traverse and set 3 permanent marks for the control of the
Joplin district, in Jasper and Newton counties.
Ohio. — For the completion of the cooperative topographic survey
of Ohio the governor allotted $23,900 and the United States Geologi-
cal Survey allotted $10,000. The survey of the Bainbridge, Piketon,
Seaman, Peebles, Otway, and Kelleys Island quadrangles and of the
Ohio portions of the Felicity, College Corner, Higginsport, Vance-
burg, Garrison, Morningview, Maysville, and Springdale quad-
rangles, in Adams, Highland, Pike, Ross, Brown, Clermont, Butler,
Preble, Scioto, and Ottawa counties, was completed by J. H. Jen-
nings, C. W. Goodlove, A. B. Searle, W. L. Miller, Gilbert Young, R.
L. Harrison, J. A. Duck, W. S. Genres, H. E. Burney, E. C. Burt, M.
A. Roudabush, G. W. Lucas, W. A. Reiter, and Howard Clark, the
total area mapped being 1,022 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1:62,500, with contour intervals of 10 and 20 feet.
Wisconsin. — The State geologist of Wisconsin allotted $4,000
during the fiscal year 1915 for the beginning of cooperative topo-
graphic surveys, and the United States Geological Survey allotted
an equal amount. As all the State funds were not expended, the
work was continued during the last year. The survey of the Nesh-
koro and Ripon quadrangles and of the Wisconsin portion of the
Superior quadrangle, in Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Marquette,
A\ aushara, Winnebago, and Douglas counties, was completed by
L. L. Lee, S. G. Lunde, L. B. Roberts, and R. M. Herrington, the
total area mapped being 399 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of
the Neshkoro and Ripon quadrangles J. M. Perkins ran 118 miles of
primary levels and established 28 permanent bench marks. As the
cooperative funds were not sufficient to complete this work, an addi-
tional allotment was made from Federal funds.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Morris and
Pecatonica drainage basin, 111. ; Goodloe and Paintsville, Ky. ; Regina,
Ky.-Va.; Matewan, Naugatuck, and Williamson, Ky.-W. Va. ; Che-
saning, Mich.; Brainerd, Minn.; Eminence and Knobnoster, Mo.;
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 477
Bainbridge, Hillsboro, Otway, Piketon, Sardinia, and Seaman, Ohio;
Neshkoro, Wis. ; Superior, Wis.-Minn.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Altenberg, 111., 9 per cent; Brownfield, Ill.-Ky., 98 per cent; Camp-
bell Hill, 111., 38 per cent; Chariton, Iowa, 90 per cent; Hurley, Ky.-
Va., 87 per cent; Perrinton, Mich., 10 per cent; Tarn, Minn., 15 per
cent; College Corner, Ohio-Ind., 25 per cent; Felicity, Ohio-Ky., 82
per cent; Fort Recovery, Ohio-Ind., 22 per cent; Garrison, Ohio-Ky.,
36 per cent; Harrison, Ohio-Ind., 27 per cent; Higginsport, Ohio-Ky.,
95 per cent ; Lawrenceburg, Ohio-Ind.-Ky., 15 per cent ; Lynn, Ohio-
Ind., 23 per cent; Maysville, Ohio-Ky., 9 per cent; Morningview,
Ohio-Ky., 5 per cent; New Paris, Ohio-Ind., 25 per cent; Peebles,
Ohio, 45 per cent; Springdale, Ohio-Ky., 35 per cent; Vanceburg,
Ohio-Ky., 41 per cent; Ripon, Wis., 27 per cent.
Primary-level circuits were adjusted for the following quadran-
gles : Memphis, Ark. ; Campbell Hill, Freeport, Morris, Pecatonica,
Rockford, Vienna, and Wilmington, 111.; Baxter, Goodloe, Hurley,
Hyden, Matewan, Naugatuck, Nolansburg, Paintsville, Regina, and
Williamson, Ky. ; Burt, Chesaning, Elsie, Ithaca, Kalamazoo, Mer-
rill, and Perrinton, Mich. ; Gushing, Sylvan, and Tarn, Minn. ;
Knobnoster, Mo. ; Felicity, Morningview, Piketon, Roxabell, and
Seaman, Ohio; and Neshkoro and Ripon, Wis.
Geographic positions were computed for the following quadran-
gles: Memphis, Ark.; Belvidere, Campbell Hill, Dongola, Essex,
Joliet, Joppa, Marion, Oregon, Pecatonica, Peotone, Rockford, Vi-
enna, and Wilmington, 111. ; Farmland, Fort Recovery, and New
Paris, Ind. ; Lynn, Ohio-Ind. ; Fords Ferry, Goodloe, Golconda, and
Paintsville, Ky. ; Bay City, Burt, Carson City, Cedar Springs, Che-
saning, Elk Rapids, Elsie, Empire, Fenwick, Ionia, Kalamazoo,
Lowell, Maple City, Mount Pleasant, Muir, Perrinton, Rives Junc-
tion, Saginaw, Smyrna, Springport, Traverse City, and Vestaburg,
Mich.; Belle Prairie, Browerville, Cushing, Lastrup, Little Falls,
Motley, Pine River, Sylvan, and Tarn, Minn.; Halltown, Sarcoxie,
Stotts City, and Joplin, Mo. ; and Brodhead, Wis.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
Summary. — During the season topographic mapping was carried
on in Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma,
South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, with a small area extending
into Minnesota. Montana was included in the northwestern division
during the year, and therefore the results for the entire year are
reported under that division (p. 484). The work comprised the com-
pletion of the survey of 19 quadrangles, in addition to which 36 quad-
478
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
rangles were partly surveyed. The total new area mapped was 6,198
square miles, 3,329 square miles for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, 1,323 square miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500,
and 1,546 square miles for publication on the scale of 1:31,680. In
addition, the revision of the maps of 2 quadrangles was begun, the
area covered being 8 square miles. In connection with this work,
1,280 miles of primary levels were run and 326 permanent bench
marks were established. Profile surveys were made of parts of five
rivers, the distance traversed being 230 linear miles, in connection
with which 28 square miles were surve}^ed on the scale of 1 : 31,680.
Primary traverse and primary triangulation were carried on by
eight parties in Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South
Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The total area covered by this work
Avas 4,979 square miles. The primary traverse covered 2,201 square
miles, 681 miles being run and 137 permanent marks set. In the tri-
angulation 36 stations were occupied and 16 marked. This work
made control available in 43 quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in Rocky Mountain division from July 1, 1915, to June 30,
1916.
State.
Colorado
Nebraska
New Mexico...
North Dakota.
Oklahoma
South Dakota..
Texas
Wyoming
Minnesota
Con-
tour
inter-
Ff(t.
50,100
20
' 5,25,
L50 100
10
10
1,5
50, 100
10
For publication on
scale of—
1:125,000 1:62,500
q.mt.
1,531
1,065
733
3,329
Sq. mi.
136
240
299
222
100
1,323
1:31,(
Sq. mi.
1,518
Total
area
sur-
veyed,
new.
Sq. mi.
1,667
228
1,333
98
299
1,518
955
100
Primary levels.
Dis-
tance
run.
Miles.
84
45
119
33
134
645
54
1,280
Bench
marks.
Miles.
ISO
33
1
326
Primary
traverse.
Dis- '
tance
Per-
ma-
nent
Triangulation.
Sta-
tions
occu-
marks pied
54
17
15
3
162
23
104
10
270
75
76
681 137
30
Stations
marked.
10
Colorado. — The survey of the northwest quarter of the Pagoda
quadrangle, in Moffat and Routt counties, was continued by D. H.
Watson and C. H. Stewart, the area mapped being 136 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
50 feet. For the control of this area Mr. Stewart ran 47 miles of
primary levels and established 12 permanent bench marks. For the
control of the Pagoda and Elkhead quadrangles, in Garfield, Moffat,
Bio Blanco, and Routt counties, C. B. Kendall occupied 12 triangu-
lation stations and marked 7. The mapping of the Del Norte quad-
rangle, lying partly in the Rio Grande and Cochetopa national for-
ests, in Alamosa, Rio Grande, and Saguache counties, was completed
and that of the Naturita and Home quadrangles, lying partly in the
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 479
La Sal, Arapahoe, and Colorado national forests, in Montrose, San
Miguel, Jackson, and Larimer counties, was continued by Basil
Duke, R. C. Seitz, C. L. Nelson, W. F. Hicks, C. A. Ecklund, and
Cornelius Schnurr, the total area mapped being 1,531 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of
100 feet. Of this area 415 square miles is within the national forests.
For the control of the Naturita quadrangle R. W. Burchard ran 37
miles of primary levels and established 10 permanent bench marks,
and in connection with the mapping of this area Mr. Nelson made a
profile survey of Dolores River, the distance traversed being 19 linear
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 48,000. For the control of
the Home quadrangle Mr. Kendall and G. R. Ruby occupied 12
triangulation stations and marked 1.
A survey for the location of the Fall River Road, in the Rocky
Mountain National Park, was made by W. O. Tufts, all expenses of
this work being borne by the Interior Department.
Minnesota. — See North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota
(p. 480).
Nebraska. — The mapping of the Humboldt quadrangle, in Rich-
ardson County, was completed by S. H. Birdseye and F. W. Crisp,
the area mapped being 228 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of
this area Mr. Birdseye ran 45 miles of primary levels and established
12 permanent bench marks, and Mr. Birdseye and Mr. Crisp ran 54
miles of primary traverse and set 17 permanent marks.
New Mexico. — The mapping of the Koehler quadrangle, in Colfax
and Union*counties, was completed by R. W. Berry, the area mapped
being 240 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 50 feet. The mapping of the Reserve quad-
rangle, lying wholly in the Datil and Socorro national forests, in So-
corro County, was completed and that of the Patterson quadrangle,
lying partly in the Datil National Forest, in Socorro County, was
begun by C. C. Gardner, S. T. Penick, and R. W. Burchard, the total
area mapped being 1,065 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of this area 682 square
miles is in the national forests. For the control of the Patterson
quadrangle C. B. Kendall occupied 8 triangulation stations and
marked 5, and Mr. Burchard ran 119 miles of primary levels and es-
tablished 31 permanent bench marks.
Profile surveys were made of the Rio Grande from the Colorado
and New Mexico State line to Embudo and from Ildefonso to Pena
Blanca, and of Pecos, Gila, and Mora rivers, lying partly in the Rio
Grande, Carson, Pecos, and Gila national forests, in Taos, Rio
Arriba, Sandoval, Santa Fe, San Miguel, Grant, and Mora counties,
the total distance traversed being 211 linear miles, for publication on
480 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the scale of 1 : 31,680, with 5 and 25 foot contour intervals. Of this
distance 34 miles is in the national forests. In connection with the
survey of Gila River reservoir sites covering 28 square miles were
mapped, for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680. This work was done
by R. C. Seitz and C. R. Fisher.
The revision of the map of the Tyrone district, in Grant County,
was begun by O. G. Taylor, the ar«a covered being 8 square miles.
Oklahoma. — For the control of the Gray Horse, Kaw, Belford, and
Foraker quadrangles, in Osage, Pawnee, Kay, and Noble counties,
B. H. Yoakum ran 162 miles of primary traverse and set 23 perma-
nent bench marks. The revision of the mapping of the roads in the
Hominy quadrangle was begun by C. C. Holder.
North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. — The mapping of the
New Effington and White Rock quadrangles, in Roberts County,
S. Dak., Richlands County, N. Dak., and Traverse County, Minn.,
was completed and chat of the Peever quadrangle, in Roberts County,
S. Dak., and Big Stone and Traverse counties, Minn., was begun by
C. E. Cooke, S. P. Floore, and A. J. Kavanagh, the total area mapped
being 497 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 10 feet. Of this area 299 square miles is in
South Dakota, 98 square miles in North Dakota, and 100 square miles
in Minnesota. For the control of these areas G. T. Hawkins and Mr.
Kavanagh ran 195 miles of primary traverse and set 22 permanent
marks — 104 miles and 10 marks in South Dakota, 15 miles and 3 marks
in North Dakota, and 76 miles and 9 marks in Minnesota — and Mr.
Kavanagh ran 221 miles of primary levels and established 48 perma-
nent bench marks — 134 miles and 38 marks in South Dakota, 33 miles
and 9 marks in North Dakota, and 54 miles and 1 mark in Minnesota.
Texas. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic mapping
in Harris County the county allotted $35,000 and the United States
Geological Survey alloted $5,000. The mapping of the Deepwater,
Webster, Addicks, Harmaston, Cypress, Ashford, Aldine, and Hil-
lendahl quadrangles, of the Harris County portions of the Almeda,
Alief, Mykawa, Sugarland. Holik, Huffman, Joseph, Hockley,
Clodine, Katy, Trinity Bay, Gaston, Seabrook, Waller, and SAvanson
quadrangles, and of the portions of the Park Place, Bellaire, Houston
Heights, and Settegast quadrangles outside of the city of Houston
was completed and that of the La Porte, Rose Hill, Louetta, Spring,
Weeden, Pauli, Burnett Bay, and Humble quadrangles was begun,
the area mapped being 1,310 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 31,680, with contour intervals of 1 and 5 feet. This work
was done by C. H. Birdseye, B. A. Jenkins, W. B. Lewis, E. R,
Bartlett, A. J. Ogle, Olinus Smith, T. H. Moncure, O. H. Nelson,
S. T. Penick, H. W. Peabody, J. H. Wilke, J. B. Leavitt, L. B.
Roberts, T. P. Pendleton, C. C. Holder, Cornelius Schnurr, F. A,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 481
Danforth, D. H. Watson, R, R, Monbeck, C. A. Stonesifer, and F. W.
Hicks. For the control of the Deepwater, Park Place, Mykawa, Sea-
brook, Webster, Settegast, Weeden, Pauli, Fauna, Huffman, Burnett
Bay, New Caney, Scott Ranch, Waller, Stilson, Spring, La Porte,
Cedar Bayou, Morgans Point, Crosby, Walley, Louetta, Hempstead,
Brenham, Brookshire, Sealy, and Humble quadrangles E. L. McNair,
F. W. Hicks, and D. S. Birkett ran 270 miles of primary traverse
and set 75 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Deep-
water, Park Place, Mykawa, Katy, Seabrook, Webster, La Porte,
Cedar Bayou, Morgans Point, Crosby, Walley, Hockley, Rose Hill,
Louetta, Spring, Houston Heights, Settegast, Stuebner, Weeden,
Pauli, Fauna, Huffman, Burnett Bay, Harmaston, Waller, Hemp-
stead, Brenham, Brookshire, Sealy, Cypress, Ashford, Aldine.
Humble, and Hillendahl quadrangles R. R. Monbeck and D. S.
Birkett ran 525 miles of primary levels and established 147 perma-
nent bench marks.
In addition to the cooperative work, the mapping of the Burk-
burnett, Clara, andBarwise School quadrangles, in Wichita County,
was completed and that of the Electra and Wichita Falls quad-
rangles, in Wichita County, was begun by R. W. Berry, R. H.
Reineck, C. A. Ecklund, Cornelius Schnurr, K. W. Trimble, and
D. H. Watson, the area mapped being 208 square miles, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet.
For the control of these areas and of the Beaver Creek, Fowlkes,
Iowa Park, and Wichita Falls quadrangles, in Wichita County, Mr.
Watson and C. R. Fisher ran 120 miles of primary levels and estab-
lished 33 permanent bench marks.
Wyoming. — The mapping of the Moorcroft and Como Ridge
quadrangles, in Crook, Weston, Albany, and Carson counties, was
completed and that of the Smoot quadrangle, lying partly in the
Wyoming National Forest, in Lincoln County, was begun by R. H.
Reineck, J. H. Wilke, F. W. Crisp, C. R. Fisher, and G. M. Ruby,
the total area mapped being 955 square miles, 733 square miles for
publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with contour intervals of 50
and 100 feet, and 222 square miles for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. Of this area, 65 square
miles lies in the national forest. For the control of these areas Mr.
Crisp, Mr. Fisher, Mr. Ruby, and D. S. Birkett ran 166 miles of
primary levels and established 33 permanent bench marks. For the
control of the Medicine Bow quadrangle, in Albany and Carson
counties, G. T. Hawkins occupied four triangulation stations and
marked three.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following topographic maps was completed :
Del Norte, Colo. ; Humboldt, Nebr. ; Koehler, Reserve, and Mogollon
62656°— INT 1916— vol 1 31
482 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
mining district, N. Mex. ; New Effington, S. Dak.-N. Dak.; White
Rock, S. Dak.-N. Dak.-Minn. ; Addicks, Alief, Sugarland, Almeda,
Barwise School, Bellaire, Burkburnett, Clara, Clodine, Cypress,
Deepwater, Hillendahl, Houston Heights, Katy, Gaston, Mykawa,
and Park Place, Tex. ; Como Ridge and Moorcroft, Wyo.
The drafting of profile sheets of the following rivers was com-
pleted: Dolores, Colo.; Gila, Mora, Pecos, Rio Grande from Colorado
to Embudo, and Rio Grande from Ildefonso to Pena Blanca, N. Mex.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Home, Colo., 90 per cent; Naturita, Colo., 39 per cent; Pagoda
(northwest quarter), Colo., 50 per cent; Drummond, Mont., 33 per
cent; Patterson, N. Mex., 35 per cent; Swanson, Tex., 50 per cent.
Primary-level circuits were adjusted for the following quadran-
gles: Pagoda, Colo.; Falls City and Humboldt, Nebr.; Ray, N. Dak.;
Patterson, N. Mex. ; New Effingtou and White Rock, S. Dak. ; Aldine,
Alief, Almeda, Archer City, Ashford, Bellaire, Bobbin, Burkburnett,
Burnett Bay, Cedar Bayou, Crosby, Cypress, Dallas, Deepwater,
Eschite, Fauna, Harmaston, Hillendahl, Hockley, Holik, Houston
Heights, Huffman, Humble, La Porte, Louetta, Morgans Point,
Mykawa, Park Place, Pauli, Rose Hill, Rosenburg, Scotts Ranch,
Seabrook, Settegast, Spring, Stuebner, Swanson, Waller, Walley,
Webster, and Weeden, Tex.
Geographic positions were computed for the following quadran-
gles: Boulder, Eagle, Glenwood Springs, Home, Kremmling, Leon
Peak, Livermore, Longs Peak, Mount Powell, Pagoda, Rabbit Ears,
Rifle, and Snow Mass, Colo.; Beardsley, Minn.; New Effington, N.
Dak. ; Humboldt, Nebr. ; Patterson, N. Mex. ; Beardsley, New Effing-
ton, and Peever, S. Dak. ; Aldine, Alief, Almeda, Ashford, Bellaire,
Burnett Bay, Cedar Bayou, Crosby, Cypress, Deepwater, Fauna,
Harmaston, Hillendahl, Hockley, Holik, Houston Heights, Huffman,
Humble, La Porte, Louetta, Morgans Point, Mykawa, Park Place,
Pauli, Rose Hill, Scotts Ranch, Seabrook, Settegast, Spring, Stueb-
ner, Swanson, Waller, Walley, Webster, and Weeden, Tex.
NORTHWESTERN DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
Summary. — During the season topographic mapping was carried
on in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The work com-
prised the completion of the survey of 7 quadrangles, in addition
to which 9 quadrangles were partly surveyed. The total new area
mapped was 4,405 square miles, 3,747 square miles for publication
on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 534 square miles for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, and 124 square miles for publication on the scale
of 1:31,680. In addition, the revision of the map of part of one
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
483
quadrangle was completed, this revision covering 90 square miles.
In connection with this work 51G miles of primary levels were run
and 120 permanent bench marks were established. Profile surveys
were made of two rivers, the distance traversed being 261 linear
miles, in connection with which 37 square miles were surveyed for
publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680.
Primary triangulation was carried on by four parties in Idaho
and Washington. The total area covered by this work was 6,840
square miles, 77 triangulation stations being occupied and 59 marked.
This work made control available in 21 quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in northwestern division from July 1, 1915, to June 30,
19 16.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of—
Total
area
sur-
veyed,
new.
Primary levels.
Triangulation
stations.
State.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
1:31,680.
Dis-
tance
run.
Bench
marks.
Occu-
pied.
Marked.
Idaho
Feet.
5, 25, 50, 100
100
5, 25, 50, 100
5, 25, 50, 100
Sq. mi.
763
605
780
1,599
Sq. mi.
286
21
130
97
Sq. mi.
20
Sq.mi.
1,069
626
997
1,713
Miles.
91
23
Miles.
63
45
87
17
134
291
41
56
Washington
i4
14
3,747
534
124
4,405
516
120
77
59
Idaho. — The mapping of the Cranes Flat quadrangle, in Bannock,
Bingham, and Bonneville counties, was completed and that of the
Custer quadrangle and of the southwest quarter of the Irwin
quadrangle, in Bannock, Bonneville, and Custer counties, was begun
by Albert Pike, C. G. Anderson, and F. L. Whaley, the area mapped
being 376 square miles, 90 square miles for publication on the scale
of 1 :125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet, and 286 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval
of 50 feet. For the control of these areas and of the Irwin, Portneuf ,
Henry, and Lanes Creek quadrangles and the southwest quarter
of the Ammon quadrangle, in Bannock, Bingham, and Bonneville
counties, H. H. Hodgeson occupied 16 triangulation stations and
marked 7, and for the control of the Henry quadrangle and of the
Custer and Bay Horse quadrangles, in Custer County, Mr. Whaley
and E. M. Bandli ran 77 miles of primary levels and established 19
permanent bench marks. The mapping of the Preston quadrangle,
lying partly in the Cache National Forest, in Bannock, Bear Lake,
and Franklin counties, was completed by Albert Pike and Mr.
Whaley. the area mapped being 673 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 :125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of this
area 235 square miles is in the national forest. For the control of
484 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
this area and of the Argo, No. 1, Dickey, Crooks, Bay Horse, Hailey,
Circular Butte, Nicholia, Rabbits Foot, Tilden, Edie, and Mackay
quadrangles, lying partly in the Challis, Lemhi, Salmon, and Saw-
tooth national forests, in Bannock, Blaine, Power, Custer, Minidoka,
Bingham, Jefferson, Fremont, Lemhi, and Lincoln counties, T. M.
Bannon and D. S. Birkett occupied 47 triangulation stations and
marked 38. For the control of the Bay Horse quadrangle, in Custer
County, Mr. Bandli ran 14 miles of primary levels and established
4 permanent bench marks. A profile survey of Snake River was
made by Mr. Anderson, the total distance traversed being 43 linear
miles in Fremont County, for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680,
with contour intervals of 5 and 25 feet. In connection with this
profile survey 20 square miles of reservoir site was surveyed.
Idaho and Montana. — The mapping of the St. Regis quadrangle,
lying partly in the St. Joe, Lolo, and Cabinet national forests, in
Shoshone County, Idaho, and Mineral and Sanders counties, Mont.,
was continued by J. E. Blackburn, the area mapped being 227 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1:125,000, with a contour in-
terval of 100 feet. Of this area 139 square miles is in the national
forests. All this area is in Montana.
Montana. — The mapping of the Nameless quadrangle, in Valley
County, was continued by R. C. Seitz, the area mapped being 21
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : G2,500, with a contour
interval of 20 feet. The mapping of the Drummond quadrangle,
lying partly in the Deerlodge and Missoula national forests, in
Granite, Missoula, and Powell counties, was begun by K. W. Trimble,
the area mapped being 378 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 :125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of this area 64
square miles is in the national forests.
Oregon. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys
the State engineer allotted $4,000 and the United States Geological
Survey allotted an equal amount. In the survey of the Willamette
Valley the mapping of the Salem quadrangle, in Marion and Polk
counties, was completed by Fred Graff, jr., Charles Hartmann, and
R. B. Kilgore, the area mapped being 87 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet. The
mapping of the Oregon portion of the Hillsboro quadrangle, in
Columbia, Multnomah, and Washington counties, was completed
and that of the Oregon portion of the southwest quarter of the Trout-
dale quadrangle and of the Twickenham quadrangle, in Multnomah,
Crook, Jefferson, Wasco, and Wheeler counties, was begun by C. L.
Sadler, Mr. Graff, A. O. Burkland, Mr. Hartmann, and Bishop Moor-
head, the total area mapped being 187 square miles — 130 square miles
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
25 feet, and 57 square miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 485
with a contour interval of 50 feet. For the control of the Twicken-
ham quadrangle and of the Heisler quadrangle, in Crook, Jefferson,
and Wasco counties, D. S. Birkett ran 88 miles of primary levels
and established 28 permanent bench marks.
In addition to the cooperative work, the mapping of the Kerby
quadrangle, lying partly in the Siskiyou National Forest, in Curry and
Josephine counties, was completed by J. G. Staack, A. O. Burklancl,
C. P. McKinley, R, M. Wilson, and John McCombs, the' area mapped
being 723 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with
a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of this area L. F.
Biggs ran 46 miles of primary levels and established 13 permanent
bench marks.
Washington. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys the Washington State Board of Geological Survey allotted
$11,500 and the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal
amount. The mapping of the Prosser and Wallula quadrangles, in
Benton, Klickitat, Yakima, Franklin, and Walla Walla counties,
was completed and that of the Walla Walla quadrangle, in Colum-
bia and Walla Walla counties, was begun by C. L. Sadler, Albert
Pike, H. L. McDonald, J. F. McBeth, and Charles Hartmann, the
area mapped being 1,364 square miles — 1,270 square miles for publi-
cation on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 50 feet,
and 94 square miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a
contour interval of 50 feet. The remainder of these quadrangles,
covering 195 square miles, was mapped by the Reclamation Service.
In connection with the survey of the Prosser quadrangle the work
of the Reclamation Service in that area, covering 90 square miles,
was revised. For the control of these areas and of the Walla Walla,
Pomeroy, and Winona quadrangles and the Washington portion
of the Asotin quadrangle, in Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield,
Adams, Whitman, and Asotin counties, D. S. Birkett ran 172 miles
of primary levels and established 42 permanent bench marks. A
profile survey of Skagit River and tributaries above Concrete was
made by S. G. Lunde, the distance traversed being 218 linear miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680. In connection with this
work 17 square miles of reservoir site was surveyed, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 31,680. The mapping of the Washington portion
of the Hillsboro quadrangle, in Clarke County, was completed, the
area mapped being 3 square miles, for publication on the same scale
as the Oregon portion. For the control of the Connell and Riparia
quadrangles, in Adams, Franklin, and Columbia counties, G. T.
Hawkins occupied and marked 14 triangulation stations.
In addition to the cooperative work in Washington, the mapping
of the Mount St. Helens quadrangle, lying partly in the Columbia
National Forest, in Clarke, Cowlitz, Lewis, and Skamania counties,'
486 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
was continued by C. P. McKinley, E. M. Bandli, and L. V. Fees,
the area mapped being 329 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of this area 182
square miles is within the national forests. For the control of this
area and of the Kalama quadrangle, in Cowlitz and Lewis counties,
L. F. Biggs ran 119 miles of primary levels and established 14
permanent bench marks.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following topographic maps was completed:
Cranes Flat and Preston, Idaho; Hillsboro, Kerby, and Salem,
Oreg. ; Prosser and Wallula, Wash.
The drafting of profile sheets of the following rivers was com-
pleted : Snake, Idaho ; Skagit and tributaries above Concrete, Wash.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as fol-
lows: St. Regis, Idaho-Mont., 38 per cent; Mount St. Helens,
Wash.. 53 per cent.
Primary-level circuits were adjusted for the following quad-
rangles: Amnion and Preston, Idaho; Heisler, Kerby, and Twicken-
ham, Oreg.; Kalama, Mount St. Helens, Pomeroy, Portland, Prosser,
Riparia, St! Helens, Troutdale, Walla Walla, and Wallula, Wash.
Geographic positions were computed for the Arco, Argo, Ban-
croft, Bay Horse, Crooks, Custer, Dickey, Hailey, Henry, Mackay,
Mink Creek, Nicholia, No. 1, Portneuf, Soda Springs, and Tilden
quadrangles, Idaho.
PACIFIC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
Summary. — During the season topographic mapping was carried
on in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. This work com-
prised the completion of the survey of 14 quadrangles and the resur-
vey of 3 quadrangles and 1 special area, in addition to which 11
quadrangles were partly surveyed and 3 wTere partly resurveyed.
The total new area mapped was 2,808 square miles — 1,493 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1:125,000, 561 square miles
for publication on the scale of 1 : G2,500, and 754 square miles for
publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680. The area resurveyed was 798
square miles — 728 square miles for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500 and 70 square miles for publication on the scale of
1 : 31,680. The map of part of a quadrangle was revised to bring it
up to date with the newT work, the area covered by this revision
being 250 square miles. In connection with this work 343 miles
of primary levels were run and 87 permanent bench marks were
established. In addition, profile surveys were made of portions of
four rivers, the distance traversed being 113 linear miles.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
487
Primary triangiilation was carried on by three parties in Cali-
fornia, Nevada, and Utah. The total area covered by this work
was about 3,690 square miles, 89 triangiilation stations being occupied
and 94 marked. The result of this work was to make control avail-
able in 41 quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in Pacific division from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of—
Total
area
sur-
veyed.
Primary
levels.
Triangiilation.
1:125,000
1:02,500
1:31,080
State.
Sta-
tions
occu-
pied.
Sta-
tions
marked.
New.
New.
Resur-
vey.
New.
Resur-
vey.
tance
run.
Bench
marks.
Feet.
100
5-25-100
50
50
Sq. mi.
546
947
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
546
2,338
494
228
Miles.
56
57
107
123
11
14
28
34
California
5G1
0
494
228
754
70
51
22
16
61
20
Utah
13
1,493
501
728
754
70
3,606
343
87
89
94
Arizona. — The mapping of the Chiricahua quadrangle, lying
partly in the Chiricahua National Forest, in Cochise County, Ariz.,
and Grant County, N. Mex., was begun by J. E. Blackburn, the
area mapped being 546 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of this area
144 square miles is in the national forest. For the control of this
area C. R. Fisher ran 56 miles of primary levels and established 11
permanent bench marks. All this work was done in Arizona. Profile
surveys were made of Verde and Salt rivers, in Yavapai and Gila
counties, by Mr. Fisher, the distance traversed being 83 linear miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with contour intervals of
5 and 25 feet.
California. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys the California Department of Engineering allotted $14,000
and the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount.
In the continuation of the survey of San Joaquin Valley the mapping
of the Planada, Newman, Atwater, No. 7, No. 9, Stevinson, Arena,
Gustine, Le Grand, and Ingomar 7|-minute quadrangles and of the
valley portions of the No. 74, Merced Falls, and Orestimba Creek
7|-minute quadrangles, in Merced, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Mariposa,
and Madera counties, was completed, and that of the Plainsberg and
Las Garzas Creek quadrangles and of the Indian Gulch 15-minute
quadrangle, in Mariposa, Madera, Merced, and Stanislaus counties,
was begun by E. P. Davis, R. T. Evans, A. J. Ogle, H. W. Peabody,
J. H. LeFeaver, J. B. Leavitt, N. E. Ballmer, Roscoe Reeves, and
R. M. Wilson, the area mapped being 844 square miles — 754 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour inter-
488 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
val of 5 feet, and 90 square miles for publication on the scale of
1:62,500, with a contour interval of 25 feet. The resurvey of the
Snelling quadrangle and of the valley portion of the La Grange
quadrangle, in Merced, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne counties, was
completed by R. T. Evans, J. B. Leavitt, and Roscoe Reeves, the
area mapped being 70 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet. For the control of the
Jamison, Fresno, Madera, No. 10, No. 14, No. 15, No. 16, No. 18, No. 19,
No. 20, No. 21, No. 22, No. 23, No. 24, No. 25, Kerman, Kearney
Peak, Kings River, Elgin, Chowchilla Slough, Center School, Dos
Palos, Tranquillity, Oxalis, Firebaugh, Mendota, San Joaquin,
Sanger, Wahtoke, Sultana, Sheep Ranch, and Chaney Ranch quad-
rangles and the Rudley special area, in Fresno, Madera, Merced, and
Tulare counties, L. F. Biggs occupied 46 triangulation stations and
marked 60. For the control of the Volta; Las Garzas Creek, Los
Banos, and San Luis Creek quadrangles, in Merced and Stanislaus
counties, Mr. Reeves ran 42 miles of primary levels and established
10 permanent bench marks.
In addition to the cooperative work in California, the survey of
the Cholame, San Juan Bautista, and Morgan Hill quadrangles, in
San Luis Obispo, Kings, Monterey, Fresno, Kern, San Benito, Santa
Clara, and Santa Cruz counties, was completed and that of the New
Almaden and Point Reyes quadrangles, in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz,
and Marin counties, was begun by A. T. Fowler, J. P. Harrison,
E. P. Davis, R. T. Evans, A. J. Ogle, Olinus Smith, H. W. Peabody,
J. H. Le Feaver, C. A. Ecklund, C. P. McKinley, N. E. Ballmer, and
J. B. Leavitt, the area mapped being 741 square miles — 270 square
miles for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour in-
terval of 100 feet, and 471 square miles for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 25 feet. In connection with the
mapping of the Cholame quadrangle part of the work previously
done wTas revised to bring the entire map up to date. The area cov-
ered by this revision is 250 square miles. The mapping of the Pres-
ton Peak quadrangle, lying wholly in the Klamath and Siskiyou na-
tional forests, in Del Norte and Siskiyou counties, was completed by
J. W. Muller and J. P. Harrison, the area mapped being 677 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1: 125,000, with a contour inter-
val of 100 feet. For the control of this area Mr. Biggs ran 15 miles of
primary levels and established 4 permanent bench marks. In con-
nection with this work Frederick Rider made a profile survey of the
South Fork of Smith River as far as Quartz Creek and of Klamath
River, the total distance traversed being 30 linear miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1 : 48,000.
California and Nevada. — The resurvey of the Yellow Pine mining
district, in Clark County, Nev., and San Bernardino County, Cal.,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 489
was completed by N. E. Ballmer and Roscoe Reeves, the area mapped
being 236 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 50 feet. Of this area 6 square miles is in
California. For the control of this area L. F. Biggs occupied 13
triangulation stations and marked 8, of which 5 were occupied and
1 marked in California, and ran 80 miles of primary levels and
established 21 permanent bench marks, all in Nevada.
Nevada. — The resurvey of the Bristol Range quadrangle, in Lin-
coln County, was completed and that of the northwest quarter of
the Panaca quadrangle and the northeast quarter of the Delamar
quadrangle, in Lincoln County, was begun by H. H. Hodgeson,
N. E. Ballmer, and Roscoe Reeves, the area mapped being 264 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour in-
terval of 50 feet. This work covers part of the Pioche district. For
the control of this area Mr. Hodgeson occupied 14 triangulation sta-
tions and marked 13, and Mr. Reeves ran 27 miles of primary levels
and established 7 permanent bench marks.
Utah. — The resurvey of the Fairfield quadrangle, in Salt Lake,
Tooele, and Utah counties, was completed by A. T. Fowler and W.
O. Tufts, the area mapped being 228 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. For
the control of this area and of the Mercur, Nephi, Mammoth, and
Provo quadrangles, in Tooele, Utah, Salt Lake, Wasatch, Juab, Mil-
lard, and Sanpete counties, C. W. Urquhart occupied 16 triangula-
tion stations and marked 13, and for the control of the Fairfield,
Mercur, Saltair, and Dunstein quadrangles, in Salt Lake, Tooele,
and Utah counties, Roscoe Reeves ran 123 miles of primary levels
and established 34 permanent bench marks.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following topographic maps was completed:
Christmas, Ariz. ; Arena, Atwater, Cholame, Elizabeth Lake, Gustine,
Morgan Hill, Newman, Orestimba Creek, Owens Creek, Planada,
Preston Peak, San Juan Bautista, Snelling, and Stevinson, Cal. ; Hilo,
Hawaii; Bristol Range, Nev. ; White Mountain, Nev.-Cal. ; Fair-
field, Utah.
The drafting of profile sheets of the following rivers was com-
pleted : Klamath and South Fork of Smith, Cal.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows :
La Grange, Cal., 5 per cent; Le Grand, Cal., 5 per cent; New Ala-
maden, Cal., 15 per cent.
Primary-level circuits were adjusted for the following quad-
rangles : Crescent City and Preston Peak, Cal. ; Bristol Range, Nev. ;
Yellow Pine mining district, Cal.-Nev. ; Mercur and Saltair, Utah.
490 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Geographic positions were computed for the following quad-
rangles: Pioche district (Bristol Range, Delamar, Ely Range, New-
land, and Panaca), Nev. ; Yellow Pine mining district, Cal.-Nev. ;
Merced, Planada, No. 11, Indian Gulch, Plainsberg, Le Grand, No.
9, Deadman Creek, Owens Creek, Chowchilla Slough, Mariposa
Slough, Salt Slough, Ingomar, Las Garzas Creek, Berendo, Minturn,
and No. 10, Cal. ; Mercur, Utah ; and Mount St. Helens, Wash.
INSPECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING.
W. M. Beaman spent four months and A. M. Walker one month in
a field inspection of topographic mapping in the five topographic
divisions. Mr. Beaman continued the supervision of the field and
office work on the map of Washington and vicinity, and Mr. Walker
spent four months in field work and two months in office work on this
map.
The office duties of Messrs. Beaman and Walker consisted largely
in the supervision of the preparation of all topographic field sheets
and reports for publication and their proper transmission. L. S.
Leopold continued as assistant under this section.
MILLIONTH-SCALE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.
Of the work in progress last year on the 1:1,000,000 scale map of
the United States, under the direction of A. F. Hassan, 90 per cent
of the base map of Idaho (parts of sheets K-ll, K-12, L-ll, L-12,
M-ll) was completed. International sheets K-18 and J-18 were
completed, and the base maps of Florida and North Carolina were
revised. New work included the completion of the base map of an
area comprising approximately one-third of Colorado (parts of
sheets J-13 and K-13) and the compilation of 80 per cent of the town-
ship lines of the rest of the State, the compilation and inking of 60
per cent of the base map of the Coastal Plain area of Texas (sheets
1-14, 1-15, H-14, and H-15), and the completion of international
sheet 1-18.
The problem of showing relief by contours, generalized to meet
the conditions imposed by the small scale so as to preserve legibility
£«nd still show topographic character, received much study, and a
number of experimental drawings of intricately dissected plateau
types were made.
WORK OF SECTION OF FIELD EQUIPMENT.
During the year this section continued the custody of field instru-
ments and camp equipment, as well as office property in the Survey
offices outside of Washington, for the geologic, topographic, and
water-resources branches. The personnel and duties of the section
remained unchanged during the year, consisting of E. M. Douglas
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 491
in charge, Ernest Kubel in immediate charge of the instrument
shop, two clerks, one skilled mechanic, and one laborer, with the oc-
casional help of a second laborer.
The records of field instruments included 100 items and those of
camp outfits 93 items. This year's inventory includes among the
more important items 406 alidades, 837 compasses, 591 levels, 202
current meters, 107 registers, 226 leveling rods, 797 tapes, and 42
transits. Under camp outfits are listed 496 horses and mules, 8
automobiles, 6 boats and canoes, 2 well-drilling outfits, 709 pack and
riding saddles, 525 tents, and 162 buckboards and wagons.
The topographic record books are also in the custody of this sec-
tion, and during the year 430 vertical and horizontal control books,
193 vertical-angle record books, and about 50 envelopes of manu-
script were catalogued and filed.
In the instrument shop repairs were made to over 2,000 instru-
ments, including 107 telescopic alidades, 30 Y levels, 25 transits, and
180 compasses. The instrument shop also made, resurfaced, or elec-
trotyped over 152,000 square inches of plates.
WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH.
ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE OF WORK.
The water-resources branch includes three divisions — surface
wTater, ground water, and water utilization — each of which is sub-
divided into sections for field work. The organization is as follows :
Chief of branch, N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer.
Division of surface waters, J. C. Hoyt, hydraulic engineer, in charge.
Division of ground waters, O. E. Meinzer, geologist, in charge.
Division of water utilization, N. C. Grover, chief hydraulic engineer, in
charge.
PERSONNEL.
During the year the technical force of the water-resources branch
has been reduced 14 by transfers and resignations and has been in-
creased 8 by new appointments. At the end of the year the force
consisted of 1 chief hydraulic engineer, 12 hydraulic engineers, 25
assistant engineers, 24 junior engineers, 1 geologist, 2 associate geo-
logists, 3 assistant geologists, 1 geologic aid, and 1 chemist, a total of
70. Of this number, 1 hydraulic engineer, 1 assistant engineer, and
1 junior engineer are on furlough, and 1 hydraulic engineer, 3 assist-
ant engineers, and 1 assistant geologist are employed occasionally.
In the clerical force there were 4 separations and 3 accessions, and
at the end of the year it numbered 25 members.
ALLOTMENTS.
The appropriation was the same as in the preceding year —
$150,000. The cooperative funds made available by State allotments
492 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
have been increased in some States and decreased in others, making
necessary corresponding adjustments of the work.
The appropriation for the fiscal year was allotted as follows :
Administrative expenses of the Survey $10, 624
Branch administration 1 7, 280
Computations and reports 18, 000
Inspection 1,000
Stream gaging :
New England States $4, 500
New York 2, 500
Virginia and Maryland 600
South Atlantic and Gulf States 4,-500
Texas 3, 335
Ohio Valley 6, 000
Upper Mississippi Valley States 5, 500
Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico 8, 500
Montana 4, 000
Utah 4,000
Nevada 2, 500
Idaho 4, 000
Oregon 4, 000
Washington 4, 000
California 4, 000
Arizona 3, 500
Hawaii 4, 500
Yellowstone National Park 200
70, 135
Investigation of ground waters, including quality of
waters 19, 000
Land-classification board 11, 000
Water-power investigations 11, 000
Contingent 1, 961
150, 000
Of the total appropriation, 64 per cent was allotted for work in
public-land States.
COOPERATION.
States. — Cooperative funds were allotted by several States, as
follows :
Alabama $200
Arizona 3, 960
California :
State engineer $9, 000
State Water Commission 3, 630
City of San Francisco 3, 930
16, 560
Colorado 485
Connecticut 1,555
Hawaii 20, 090
Illinois 2, 355
Iowa 500
Kentucky 315
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 493
Maine $4, 515
Massachusetts 2, 520
Minnesota 2, 400
Montana 2, 875
Nevada 3, 140
New York :
State engineer $1, 560
Conservation Commission 12, 240
13, 800
North Dakota 500
Oregon 7,300
Texas 8, 500
Utah 5, 015
Vermont 1, 440
Washington 6, 020
Wisconsin 6, 000
Wyoming 5, 010
The work done under cooperative agreements in the several States
has been limited to stream gaging, except as indicated below.
In California, in addition to a large amount of stream gaging, in-
vestigations of ground waters were continued in San Jacinto and
Santa Clara valleys and in San Diego County, and measurements of
depths to ground- water level were made in southern California.
The report on the ground water of Sacramento Valley, based on
work which has been in progress for several years, was practically
completed.
In Connecticut the cooperative work consisted chiefly of ground-
water surveys.
In Hawaii, besides stream gaging, measurements of precipitation
were made, and the water losses in irrigation canals were studied.
The stream-flow records in Oregon, compiled in cooperation with
the State, were published as Water-Supply Paper 370.
A compilation of stream-flow records in Massachusetts is now in
press as Water-Supply Paper 415.
A detailed study of the water supply and the present and possible
future use of Sevier Eiver, Utah, begun in 1914, was still in progress
at the end of the fiscal year.
In addition to the cooperative work tabulated above, in which the
States furnished a part of the money for examinations made by the
Survey staff, investigations of ground waters in Arizona were con-
tinued as in previous years in coope: ition with the State Agricultural
Experiment Station, analyses of water being made at the experiment
station. An investigation of the ground waters of Montana was
also begun in cooperation with the State engineer, who collected well
records throughout the State, and with the State Board of Health
and Montana State College, at the chemical laboratory of which
analyses of water were made.
494 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Reclamation Service. — Cooperation with the Reclamation Service
in stream gaging has been continued. The gaging stations operated
at the expense of the reclamation fund are on streams that are to
furnish water to reclamation projects under construction by that
Service. The field work of stream gaging is done by Survey engineers
who are engaged in such work in the locality, and repayment of
actual cost is made by the Reclamation Service through a transfer
of funds.
Office of Indian Affairs. — Stream gaging was continued on the fol-
lowing Indian reservations, in accordance with authorizations of the
Office of Indian Affairs: Colville, Crow, Fort Hall, Klamath, La
Pointe, Menominee, Pine Ridge, Quinault, Rosebud, San Carlos,
Standing Rock, Warm Springs, Yakima, and Duck Valley.
United States Engineer Office. — Stream gaging in connection with
navigation and flood studies in the Ohio River basin is in progress
in cooperation Avith the United States Engineer Office.
Forest Service. — A study of the stream flow in the Angeles Na-
tional Forest, in southern California, is in progress in cooperation
with the Forest Service.
City of San Francisco. — Stream gaging has been continued on
Tuolumne River in cooperation with the city of San Francisco in
connection with the utilization of the water to be stored in the Hetch
Hetchy Valley as a water supply for the city.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the year prepared by the water-resources
branch comprised 24 reports and 9 separate chapters. Titles and
brief summaries of these publications are given on pages 389-394. At
the close of the year 24 other reports were in press and 8 manuscripts
were awaiting editorial work.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
In the investigation of surface waters the water-resources branch
has maintained gaging stations for measuring the discharge of
streams in 39 States and in Hawaii and Alaska. It is, however, only
through extensive cooperation with States and other Federal organi-
zations that the relatively large amount of work now in progress can
be carried on. Twenty-four cooperating States (including Hawaii)
have contributed more than $115,000 for work in those States, and
the Indian Office, Engineer Office, Reclamation Service, and Forest
Service have also cooperated largely in the study of the flow of par-
ticular rivers. The cooperating States include, besides many of the
Northern and Eastern States, all the States in the Great Basin and
on the Pacific slope and nearly all those in the Rocky Mountain and
western Gulf groups, where water is necessary for agriculture by
irrigation.
THIETY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 495
Investigations of ground water have been made in 17 States (in-
cluding Alaska), but the lack of funds prevents the comprehensive
study of the occurrence, quantity, and quality that is commensurate
with the importance of the subject. Several water-supply papers
containing the results of ground-water investigations are published
each year.
Many investigations of the present and probable future use of
both surface and ground waters have been made in connection with
the classification of the public lands, with special reference to their
use for power under permit or for agriculture under the enlarged-
homestead, desert-land, or Carey acts. The results of such investi-
gations are generally incorporated in unpublished special reports to
the Commissioner of the General Land Office and to the Secretary
of the Interior.
DIVISION OF SURFACE WATERS.
ORGANIZATION.
The work of the division of surface waters consists primarily of
the measurement of the flow of rivers but includes also special inves-
tigations of conditions affecting stream flow and utilization of the
streams. In carrying on the work the United States is divided into
16 districts, including Hawaii. One of these districts (Texas) was
established during the year, having been formed by dividing the
South Atlantic district. The following list gives the districts,
names of district engineers, and location of offices :
New England : C. H. Pierce, Customhouse, Boston, Mass.
New York : C. C. Covert, Federal Building, Albany, N. Y.
Middle Atlantic: G. C. Stevens, Washington, D. C.
South Atlantic and eastern Gulf : W. E. Hall, Federal Building, Atlanta, Ga.
Texas : G. A. Gray, Old Post Office Building, Austin, Tex.
Ohio Valley : A. H. Horton, Federal Building, Newport, Ky.1
Upper Mississippi River : W. G. Hoyt, Capitol Building, Madison, Wis. ; sub-
office, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn.
Upper Missouri : W. A. Lamb, Montana National Bank Building, Helena,
Mont.
Rocky Mountain : Robert Follansbee, New Post Office Building, Denver, Colo.
Great Basin: E. A. Porter (to February 29), C. C. Jacob (after February 29),
Federal Building, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Idaho : G. C. Baldwin, Idaho Building, Boise, Idaho.
Oregon : F. F. Henshaw, Couch Building, Portland, Oreg.
Washington: G. L. Parker, Federal Building, Tacoma, Wash.
California ■: H. D. McGlashan, Customhouse, San Francisco, Cal. ; suboffice,
Federal Building, Los Angeles, Cal.
Arizona: C. C. Jacob (to February 29), M. D. Anderson, acting (after
February 29), Fleming Building, Phoenix, Ariz.
Hawaii : G. K. Larrison, Kapiolani Building, Honolulu.
1 Office temporarily closed during the year; work conducted from Washington office.
496
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
CHARACTER AND METHODS OF WORK.
Field investigations incident to the work are made from the district
offices, where the results are sufficiently analyzed to insure their
accuracy and completeness. At selected places, known as gaging sta-
tions, measurements of discharge are made and other data are col-
lected from which the daily flow of the streams is computed. At the
end of the year 1,302 gaging stations were maintain ?d, including 100
in Hawaii and 9 in Alaska. During the year 384 stations were dis-
continued and 327 stations established. In addition, records ready for
publication were received for about 150 stations from other Govern-
ment bureaus and private persons. During the year 8,271 measure-
ments of discharge were made. Many of the stations are maintained
in cooperation with other Federal bureaus, State organizations, or
private persons.
Gaging stations and cooperating parties for the year ended June 30, 1916.
State.
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North Dakota
1
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Ohio
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Oklahoma
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Oregon
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964
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
497
Eesnlts of field data collected from the district offices are trans-
mitted to the Washington office, where they are reviewed in the
computing section and prepared for publication. This review in-
sures accuracy in the data and brings the results from different
parts of the country to a uniform standard. Regular field inspec-
tions are made, and through annual conferences of the engineers the
work in the several districts is standardized.
PUBLICATIONS.
For convenience and uniformity in publication the United States
has been divided into 12 primary drainage basins, as shown in the
following table, and the results of stream measurements are pub-
lished annually in a series of progress reports that correspond to
these 12 divisions. Prior to 1914 the records for each division were
contained in a single water-supply paper; since 1914 the reports for
the twelfth division have been published as three separate papers.
In 1913 a seasonal or climatic year — October 1 to September 30 —
was adopted for the presentation of reports on regions west of the
Rocky Mountains and on the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers; in
1914 the use of the climatic year was extended to all districts.
Numbers of water-supply papers containing results of stream measurements,
1910-1515.
Part.
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Area.
North Atlantic
South Atlantic a^id eastern Gulf of Mexico
Ohio River
St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes
Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River
Missouri River
Lower Mississippi River
Western Gulf of Mexico
Colorado River
Great Basin
California
North Pacific
Pacific basins in Washington and upper Colum-
bia River
Snake River basin
Lower Columbia River and Pacific basins in
Oregon
1910
281
282
283
284
285
28(5
287
288
289
290
291
292
1911
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
1912
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
332-A
332-B
332-C
1913
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
362-A
362-B
362-C
1914
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
1915
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
392
393
391
412
413
In addition to the regular progress reports, special reports on
various hydraulic subjects have been completed for publication dur-
ing the year, as is indicated in the list on pages 389-394.
DIVISION OF GROUND WATERS.
SCOPE OF WORK.
The function of the division of ground waters is to make a sur-
vey of the waters that occur below the surface of the ground with
reference to their utilization. Because of the great interest through-
out the West in irrigation with ground water and the prospects for
62656°— int 1016— vol 1 32
498 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
considerable developments of this kind, most of the work has been
done in the arid and semiarid States and with special reference to
irrigation.
During the year 41 investigations of ground water or quality of
water (including the reports in press) were in progress, covering
areas in Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, Montana^ Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,
Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the United
States naval station in Cuba. Of these investigations 8 were con-
ducted in cooperation with the geologic branch of this Survey, 6
were made for and in part paid for by other branches of the Federal
Government, including the Navy Department, the War Department,
the Department of Justice, and the Office of Indian Affairs, and 20
were made in cooperation with State organizations, including 2
geological and natural history surveys, 2 departments of engineer-
ing, 2 experiment stations, 1 agricultural college, and 1 board of
health.
A paper entitled " The divining rod, a history of water witching,
with a bibliography," was prepared by A. J. Ellis and is to be pub-
lished as Water- Supply Paper 416.
A bibliography and index of ground-water papers published by
the United States Geological Survey was begun by O. E. Meinzer.
Plans have also been made for a comprehensive manual on ground
water.
The chemical investigations, which are under the supervision of
R. B. Dole, cover both surface and ground waters. Some progress
was made during the year in the preparation of a report on the
chemical composition of the surface waters of the United States by
Mr. Dole, assisted by A. A. Chambers. The chapter on the produc-
tion of mineral waters for the annual volume Mineral Resources of
the United States was prepared by Mr. Dole.
Maps and manuscripts for geologic folios were reviewed so far
as they relate to ground water.
WORK BY STATES.
Alaska. — Through cooperation with the division of Alaskan min-
eral resources an investigation of the mineral springs in Alaska was
made by G. A. Waring, and samples of water were also collected by
him from Yukon River. The analytical work was done by R. B.
Dole, A. A. Chambers, and S. C. Dinsmore. A report based on this
investigation by Mr. Waring, with a chapter on the quality of
waters by Messrs. Dole and Chambers, has been completed and will
be published as Water-Supply Paper 418.
Arizona. — The report on the Navajo country, a geographic and
hydrographic reconnaissance of parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and
' THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 499
Utah, by H. E. Gregory, is in press as Water-Supply Paper 380. A
brief report on ground water in an area west of Little Colorado
River is being prepared by Prof. Gregory. Both reports are based
on investigations made in previous years through financial coopera-
tion by the Office of Indian Affairs.
The report on ground water in Paradise Valley, by O. E. Meinzer
and A. J. Ellis, was published as Water-Supply Paper 375-B.
A report on an investigation made in the fall of 1914 of the
ground-water conditions in the San Carlos Reservation was com-
pleted by A. T. Schwennesen. This investigation was made in order
to advise the Office of Indian Affairs with respect to sinking test
wells to develop artesian supplies for irrigation. The report was
transmitted in manuscript to the Indian Office.
An investigation of the artesian and other ground-water condi-
tions in San Simon Valley, Ariz, and N. Mex., was begun in De-
cember, 1913, and several series of measurements of discharge and
pressure of the artesian wells have been made since that date. In
the summer of 1915 A. T. Schwennesen made a systematic ground-
water survey of this valley and of the San Bernardino Valley, Ariz.,
which lies farther south. A preliminary report on the San Simon
Valley is now in preparation. A comprehensive report on both
valleys and of the Gila Valley from San Simon Valley to San Carlos
is also being prepared by Mr. Schwennesen.
Through cooperation with the Arizona Agricultural Experiment.
Station the water analyses in connection with the Paradise Valley,
San Carlos, and San Simon investigations were made by A. E. Vin-
son, of the Experiment Station staff.
Arkansas. — The report on the geology and ground waters of north-
eastern Arkansas, by L. W. Stephenson and A. F. Crider, with a dis-
cussion of the chemical character of the waters, by R. B. Dole, was
published as Water-Supply Paper 399. This report was prepared
in previous years in cooperation with the section of Coastal Plain
investigations of the geologic branch.
California. — The final report on ground water in San Joaquin
Valley, CaL, by W. C. Mendenhall, R. B. Dole, and Herman Stabler,
was published as Water-Supply Paper 398.
A survey of the ground waters in the San Jacinto Valley, begun
several years ago by W. C. Mendenhall and interrupted because of
his duties as chief of the land-classification board, was resumed
during the current year by G. A. Waring, and the report based on
this survey was nearly completed.
An investigation of the ground water in the part of San Diego
Coui.ty lying west of the divide was begun by A. J. Ellis and C. H.
Lee in September, 1914. Practically all the field work and most of
the office work was completed by June 30, 1916. The results are to
500 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
be embodied in a comprehensive report on the water resources of the
county. The analytical work was done by S. C. Dinsmore. Financial
cooperation was furnished by the city of San Diego.
During the year Kirk Bryan nearly completed a report on the
Sacramento Valley, based on a ground-water survey begun in Sep-
tember, 1912.
Some progress was made during the year by W. O. Clark in the
ground-water survey of the Santa Clara Valley, which was begun in
August, 1912. The work was, however, interrupted because of an-
other investigation that was assigned to Mr. Clark. At the request
of the Department of Agriculture a special report was prepared by
Mr. Clark on the ground-water supply of the Morgan Hill area,
which lies in the Santa Clara Valley. This report is to be published
as Water-Supply Paper 400-E. Levels were run by L. F. Biggs to
determine the altitudes of observation wells in parts of the Santa
Clara Valley.
Since 1900 measurements of depths to the water level in a series
of wells in southern California have been made at intervals for the
purpose of obtaining a record through many years of the relation
between the contributions to the underground reservoirs in the rainy
seasons and the withdrawals from them in the dry seasons, when
ground water is pumped for irrigation and is withdrawn in large
quantities by evaporation and transpiration. As in the previous year,
these measurements were made by F. C. Ebert.
All the ground-water work in California is done in financial co-
operation with the State Department of Engineering.
In response to a request from the War Department, a brief investi-
gation to determine the possibility of developing ground-water sup-
plies for the garrison on Angel and Alcatraz islands, in San Fran-
cisco Bay, was made in September, 1915, by G. A. Waring, and a re-
port in manuscript was transmitted to the War Department on
October 8.
Connecticut. — The report on ground water in the Hartford, Stam-
ford, Salisbury, Willimantic, and Saybrook areas, Conn., by H. E.
Gregory and A. J. Ellis, which was completed before the beginning
of this fiscal year, was published as Water-Supply Paper 374.
The report on ground water in the Waterbury area, by A. J.
Ellis, was published as Water-Supply Paper 397.
Observations in connection with an investigation of the relations
between precipitation, ground-water storage, evaporation, run-off,
and quality of water in the Pomperaug Valley, begun in July, 1913,
by A. J. Ellis, were continued during the year, and considerable
work was done in compiling the results. Porosity determinations
and various field observations were made by O. E. Meinzer in July,
1915. Samples of well water were analyzed by S. C. Dinsmore, and
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 501
daily samples from Nonewaug River were tested by A. A. Chambers
for chlorine and carbonate.
A report on ground water in the Meriden area was practically
completed by G. A. Waring, who had made the field survey of the
area in the spring of 1915. Analyses of 25 samples of water were
made by Mr. Dinsmore.
The ground-water survey in the Southington-Granby area, in-
cluding the vicinity of Plainville and covering 18 towns, which was
begun in the fall of 1914, was continued this year by H. S. Palmer,
and on June 30, 1916, the report on this area prepared by Mr.
Palmer was nearly completed. Analyses of 102 samples of water
were made by Messrs. Dinsmore and Chambers.
All the work in Connecticut is done in cooperation with the State
Geological and Natural History Survey under the supervision of
H. E. Gregory.
Florida. — On account of the pressure of other work little progress
was made in the investigation of the quality of ground waters in
Florida begun in a previous year by R. B. Dole.
Examination of daily samples of sea water from Fowey Rocks
Light, a study conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Fisheries
and T. W. Vaughan, of the geologic branch, for investigating certain
phases of submarine deposition of limestone, was discontinued, and
the results of the year's series of determinations of salinity were
tabulated and discussed. The analyses were made by R. B. Dole,
A. A. Chambers, C. D. Parker, and E. C. Bain.
Georgia. — A special investigation of the artesian waters which
furnish the municipal supply for the city of Savannah, Ga., was
made in the fall of 1915 by R. B. Dole, with special reference to
sanitary problems. A manuscript report based on this investiga-
tion was transmitted to the city officials.
Mississippi. — A general investigation of the ground waters in
Mississippi, begun in a previous year, was continued in cooperation
with the section of Coastal Plain investigations of the geologic
branch. (See p. 426.) The analytical work was supervised by Mr.
Dole.
Montana. — A comprehensive investigation of the ground waters
in Montana was begun in August, 1915, and a general survey of about
5,700 square miles of the Yellowstone River basin was made by A. J.
Ellis, who is to continue the work in the ensuing year. This in-
vestigation is carried on in cooperation with State organizations.
The chemical analyses are made by Carl Gottschalck at the labora-
tory of the State Board of Health and the Montana State College,
under the supervision of W. M. Cobleigh, director of the laboratory.
Records of wells were collected throughout the State by A. W.
502 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Mahon, State engineer of Montana, in cooperation with W. A. Lamb,
district engineer of the United States Geological Survey.
An investigation of the artesian water in the Little Bitterroot
Valley, with special reference to its use for irrigation, was made
in August, 1915, by O. E. Meinzer. Through cooperation with the
State Board of Health and the Montana State College 10 samples
of water from the valley were analyzed by Mr. Gottschalck. A re-
port on the results of the investigation was completed by Mr. Meinzer
and will be published as Water-Supply Paper 400-B.
Water-level measurements begun in 1912 in a well near Butte, in
the Silverbow Valley, were continued during the year.
Nebraska. — In response to a request from the local irrigation as-
sociation a brief special investigation of the ground-water supplies
available for irrigation in the Lodgepole Valley, in Nebraska and
Wyoming, was made in September, 1915, by O. E. Meinzer, and a
report on the valley was partly prepared.
Nevada. — A preliminary report on ground water in the Big Smoky
Valley, Nev., by O. E. Meinzer, was published as Water- Supply
Paper 375-D. In the spring of 1915 additional discharge measure-
ments of streams flowing into this valley were made by A. B. Pur-
ton, of the division of surface waters, chiefly for the purpose of as-
certaining more definitely the amount of percolation into the under-
ground reservoir. The water-level measurements begun in 1913 were
continued during the year. The final report on the geology and
water resources of Big Smoky, Clayton, and Alkali Spring valleys,
by O. E. Meinzer, was sent to the printer and will be published as.
Water-Supply Paper 423.
An investigation of the ground-water conditions on the Truckee-
Carson irrigation project, to determine the cause of the rise of the
water levels in Big Soda and Little Soda lakes, was made for the
Department of Justice by C. H. Lee and W. O. Clark. At the end
of the fiscal year the report on this investigation was nearly com-
pleted.
New Mexico. — A report on ground wTater in the Animas, Play as,
Hachita, and San Luis basins, in Grant County, N. Mex., was com-
pleted by A. T. Schwennesen. This report is based on field work
done in 1913. Analyses of water samples and of the water-soluble
contents of soil samples from these basins were made by E. F.
Hare through cooperation with the New Mexico Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.
The Navajo country, which was investigated by H. E. Gregory,
and the San Simon Valley, which was investigated by A. T. Schwen-
nesen, lie partly in New Mexico but more largely in Arizona. The
ground-water surveys in these areas are described on pages 498-^99.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 503
Ohio. — In response to a request from the citizens of Canton, Ohio,
a brief special investigation of the ground-water supplies available
for municipal use in that city was made in March, 1916, by G. A.
Waring. The results of this investigation were transmitted in manu-
script to the Canton Chamber of Commerce.
South Dakota. — A report on the artesian water in the vicinity of
the Black Hills, S. Dak., was prepared by N. H. Darton and is to
be published as a water-supply paper. This report is a revision of
earlier reports on the area by Mr. Darton and includes many new
data.
Texas. — The work in Texas was done in cooperation with the sec-
tion of Coastal Plain investigations of the geologic branch.
A report on the ground-water supply of Lasalle and McMullen
counties, by Alexander Deussen and R. B. Dole, was published as
Water-Supply Paper 375-G.
Work was continued on the ground-water resources of the part
of the Texas Coastal Plain not covered by Water-Supply Paper 335,
and two papers on this area are being prepared.
Wisconsin. — A report on the ground and surface water supplies
of Wisconsin, which was prepared in previous years in coopera-
tion with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, by
Samuel Weidman and A. R. Schultz, was published by the State
as Bulletin 35 of the State Survey.
Wyoming. — A brief investigation of the ground waters available
for irrigation in the Lodgepole Valley, which lies partly in Wyoming
and partly in Nebraska, was made in September, 1915, by O. E.
Meinzer, who is preparing a report on the area.
A special investigation for the purpose of assisting the city of
Rawlins, Wyo., in developing ground water for a public supply
was made by C. H. Wegemann, of the geologic branch, and a report
in manuscript was transmitted to the city officials.
Cuba. — An investigation of the vicinity of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba,
was made by O. E. Meinzer in November and December, 1915, for
the purpose of advising the Navy Department in regard to sinking-
test wells to develop a water supply for the United States naval
station situated on this bay. A manuscript report with geologic map
of the reservation was transmitted to the Bureau of Yards and Docks.
DIVISION OF WATER UTILIZATION.
The organization of the division of water utilization has been
continued during the year as described in previous annual reports.
E. C. La Rue and E. C. Murphy, hydraulic engineers, have done the
greater part of the field work involved in the examination of water-
power withdrawals, rights of way, and Carey Act segregations. The
504 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
work of examining land for designation under the enlarged-home-
stead act has been done in part by Messrs. La Rue and Murphy and
in part by W. B. Heroy, geologist, and W. N. White, assistant classi-
fier, in the land-classification board, who were detailed to the work
during a part of the field season. Mr. Murphy has completed field
examinations of the possibilities of water-power and reservoir devel-
opment in Arizona and New Mexico, in order that lands valuable
for such purposes may be designated in accordance with the act of
Congress admitting Arizona and New Mexico to statehood.
Part 3 of the report on the water powers of the Cascade Range,
covering the Yakima River basin, by G. L. Parker and F. B. Storey,
was published as Water-Supply Paper 369, and Mr. La Rue's report
on Colorado River and its utilization (Water- Supply Paper 395)
was in press at the end of the year. Other reports containing the
results of the work of the division of water utilization are Water-
Supply Papers 376, 377, 378, and 379. Titles and brief summaries
of these publications are given on page 392.
LAND-CLASSIFICATION BOARD.
ORGANIZATION.
The plan of organization of the land-classification board has
not changed during the present year, remaining essentially as indi-
cated in the last annual report. Such changes as have taken place
are minor and are closely related to changes in personnel due to
resignations or transfers. M. W. Ball, in charge of the oil sec-
tion of the mineral division and the General Land Office coopera-
tion, resigned at the end of March for transfer to the Bureau of
Mines. After this resignation A. R. Schultz, geologist, was
placed in charge of the division of mineral classification and E. H.
Finch was made vice chairman of the phosphate section. Mr.
Schultz will continue as chairman of the metalliferous section and
W. B. Emery, vice-chairman, will act, under the direction of Mr.
Schultz, as chairman of the oil section. The organization at the
close of the year in outline is as follows:
W. C. Mendenhall, chief.
Elsie Patterson, secretary.
Division of mineral classification : A. R. Schultz, in charge of division. Coal
section, G. H. Ashley, chairman ; E. R. Lloyd, vice chairman. Oil section, W. B.
Emery, vice chairman. Phosphate section, E. H. Pinch, vice chairman. Metal-
liferous section, A. R. Schultz, chairman.
Division of hydrographic classification : Section of utilization, Herman Stab-
ler, chairman. Section of classification, W. B. Heroy, chairman.
H. E. Grosbach and H. D. Padgett resigned during the year from
the division of hydrographic classification, and R. M. Davis and
C. E. Nordeen were added to the staff. Howard Clark, topographic
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 505
engineer, was transferred to the land-classification board to assist the
coal section as computer and draftsman.
The permanent force of the board at the close of the year included
6 geologists, 8 engineers, 18 clerks, 3 draftsmen, and 2 messengers,
a total of 37 persons.
FUNDS.
Because of the reduction in the appropriation made for geologic
work and the resulting necessity for curtailment of operations the
allotments to the board for the year were reduced slightly below
those of the preceding year. These allotments amounted for the
year 1916 to $57,120 and were distributed among the general appro-
priations as follows :
Geologic surveys $29, 720
Topographic surveys 11, 500
Gaging streams 11,000
Salaries of scientific assistants and skilled laborer 4, 900
57, 120
SUMMARY OF WORK OF CLASSIFICATION.
As set forth elsewhere, 3,018,442 acres of lands were classified as
to their coal character. Of this amount 2,217,579 acres were classi-
fied as noncoal land and 800,863 as coal land. Coal-land with-
drawals during the year amounted to 637,274 acres, and coal-land
restorations to 2,945,594 acres. The area withdrawn for classifica-
tion as to coal at the close of the year was 45,935,954 acres.
The general activity in the oil industry during the year has been
reflected in a measure in the classification of lands as to oil. The
Survey geologists have been alert to the possibility of the existence
of favorable structure in the Western States and to the association
of suitable reservoirs and sources of oil with such structure. The
results of their research have been reflected in the areas reserved
because of their possible oil content. New withdrawals amounting to
1,001,300 acres were made during the year, and areas aggregating
154,558 acres were restored because examination determined that the
lands were not favorable for the accumulation of oil. The result of
the year's work, therefore, has been an increase of the area of oil
reserves from 4,774,418 to 5,621,160 acres.
The classification of 1,466,471 acres of land in Colorado, Wyoming,
and Utah as mineral land because they contain shales from which,
it is believed, great quantities of petroleum and by-products may be
distilled is a matter of much more than passing interest.
Phosphate reserves were decreased during the year. The with-
drawals amounted to only 45,669 acres, while the restorations in-
506 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
eluded 199,567 acres. The result was a decrease of phosphate re-
serves from 2,660,376 to 2,506,478 acres.
There has been marked activity recently in the designation of
lands for entry in homesteads of 320 acres under the enlarged-home-
stead acts. During the year the Secretary, on the recommendation
of the Geological Survey, designated 27,254,442 acres of land as non-
irrigable under this act. At the same time the designations of
237,805 acres, which were found to have been erroneously designated,
were canceled, the result being a net increase in this classification of
lands of a little more than 27,000,000 acres during the year. At the
end of the year 262,612,817 acres had been classified in this manner
as being not susceptible of irrigation. The number of petitions
received for such designation during the year was 14,913, of which
11,202 were acted upon; 7,038 were awaiting action at the end of
the year.
Withdrawals for power-site purposes aggregated 150,646 acres,
and restorations of lands previously withdrawn but found to be
without value for power amounted to 26,099 acres. The increase of
outstanding withdrawals from 2,228,105 to 2,352,652 acres was the
net result of these actions.
During the year areas amounting to 11,327 acres were withdrawn
as public-water reserves and 708 acres were eliminated from such
reserves. The net increase in lands withdrawn as public watering
places was from 182,653 to 193,272 acres.
CORRESPONDENCE.
During the year 27,468 letters were referred to the land-classifica-
tion board, an increase of about 43 per cent over the preceding year.
In addition, some 4,500 copies of correspondence from various
bureaus were sent to the board for its information and files; this
material is largely made up of copies of General Land Office letters
to registers and receivers of local land offices, of reports made by
agents of the General Land Office, and of copies of departmental
decisions.
In the same period 16,135 letters, reports, acknowledgments, and
notifications were prepared in the board. This is a decrease from
last year of about 12 per cent; the total number of 16,135 includes
1,073 postal cards, less than one-fourth of the number sent out during
the preceding year, and this reduction in postals accounts for the de-
crease in outgoing mail.
For the working days of the year these figures show a daily aver-
age of about 90 for the incoming and 53 for the outgoing mail.
The problem of so filing correspondence as to make it more accessi-
ble and convenient for reference has received careful attention, and
material progress has been made in putting into effect advantageous
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 507
modifications of the general filing system. Essentially, two files are
now kept. One is a file of " cases," including mainly applications for
entry or use of specific areas of public land, arranged by States and
then serially under appropriate minor subdivisions. Cases of various
types heretofore filed separately have been incorporated into the one
general case file, and many bound sets have been separated into indi-
vidual cases. The result of these changes, so far as they have been
effected, is a material increase in convenience of use at the expense of
a moderate increase in space requirements. The other file now kept in
the board contains general correspondence and material that can not
be reduced to cases. It is proposed to revise the subject system on
which this file is based and to bring together all related correspond-
ence, but a practicable plan of revision has not yet been adopted.
PUBLICATIONS.
A bulletin entitled " Petroleum withdrawals and restorations affect-
ing the public domain " was prepared by M. W. Ball and Miss L. W.
Stockbridge in 1914-15 and submitted for publication as Bulletin
G23. This bulletin has been printed and was made available to the
public in June. It gives true copies of all petroleum withdrawals and
restorations, contains chapters on the purpose and history of with-
drawals, oil-land law, and orders and correspondence, and is illus-
trated by nine State maps showing all lands included in withdrawals
on January 15, 1916. Additional withdrawals and restorations have
been made in some of the States since that date. These and future
similar actions it is planned to make available to the public by the
issue of revised reprints or appendixes to this bulletin.
COOPERATION WITH THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The cooperation between the General Land Office and the Geologi-
cal Survey, by which the Survey's information on the mineral and
power value of lands sought under the public-land laws is made
available to the department through the General Land Office, was
continued during the fiscal year along the same lines as in 1914-15.
The Survey received during the year 6,067 requests from the General
Land Office for information as to the mineral character or the rela-
tion to water supply of public lands sought and furnished informa-
tion in 6,396 cases. It also received for consideration 1,610 reports of
field examinations by the General Land Office and acted on 1,461 re-
ports of this character.
During a part of the fiscal year 1913-14 cooperation with the
General Land Office was partly suspended because the staff and allot-
ments of the board were insufficient to keep the work current. As a
consequence of the suspension cases awaiting action in the Survey
508
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
were nearly all disposed of by the beginning of the fiscal year
1914-15, and cooperation was resumed in part soon thereafter. At
the opening of the fiscal year 1915-16 there were pending more than
2,100 cases involving the mineral character of lands. The number
of mineral cases handled during the fiscal year is slightly greater
than those received, so that the pending cases at the end of the
year are fewer than at the beginning. The cases received involving
both mineral character and water resources essentially balance the
number answered, so that the pending cases of this class at the end
of the fiscal year are approximately the same in number as at the
beginning. The total number of cases covered by the cooperative
agreement with the General Land Office pending at the end of the
year is 2,065, somewhat less than the number pending at the begin-
ning of the year. Of the pending cases 289 are concerned only with
the mineral character of the land, 50 only with the wTater resources,
and 1,726 with both mineral character and water resources.
During the year numerous applications for classification of lands
included in withdrawals were received. A number of requests were
sent to the Survey for the reclassification of lands as to mineral or
power-site possibilities, and a large number of applications of other
types were referred for consideration and report. These are con-
sidered in more detail under hydrographic and mineral classifications.
The following table shows the year's record in the several classes
of cooperative cases, including those discussed above and including
also requests for the designation of lands under the enlarged-home-
stead act and other miscellaneous cases. With the passage of the
preference-right act (38 Stat., 1163) and the consequent tendency to
file enlarged-homestead petitions in the local land offices instead of
in the Geological Survey, work of this type has come to resemble
more closely in the manner in which it is handled the other cooper-
ative work between the two bureaus. During the year 14,913 cases
of this class were received; 3,327 were pending at the beginning of
the year, 11,202 were disposed of during the year, and 7,038 were
awaiting action at its end.
General summary of cooperative cases, fiscal year 1915-16.
Class.
Pending
July 1,
1915.
Received.
Disposed
of.
Pending
June 30,
1916.
Gain or
loss.
Mineral character only:
General Land Office requests for information
180
156
1
4
0
0
245
1,004
7
25
19
59
335
961
7
15
19
56
90
199
1
14
0
3
+ 90
— 43
Applications for reclassification as to coal
0
— 10
Applications for classification as to phosphate
0
— 3
341
. : =_
1,359
1,393
307
+ 34
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 509
General summary of cooperative cases, fiscal year 1915-16 — Continued.
Class.
Pending
July 1,
1915.
Received.
Disposed
of.
Pending
June 30,
1916.
Gain or
loss.
Water resources only:
General Land Office requests for information
21
18
6
11
105
1
3,327
90
49
36
32
70
343
8
14,913
98
40
34
37
69
350
8
11,202
137
30
20
1
12
98
1
7,038
51
- 9
- 2
+ 5
Applications for reclassification as to water re-
— 1
+ 7
^Lists under Carey Act
0
Petitions under enlarged-homestead acts
-3,711
Desert-land proofs under irrigation projects
+ 39
3,579
15,549
11,877
7,251
-3,672
Mineral character and water resources:
General Land Office, requests for information —
General Land Office, field service reports
General Land Office requests for information as
to water resources, accompanied by field serv-
1,699
76
81
10
5,600
397
173
75
5,834
279
187
65
1,465
194
67
20
+ 234
— 118
+ 14
— 10
1,866
6,245
6,365
1,746
+ 120
Grand total
5,786
23,075
19,560
9,301
-3,515
MINERAL CLASSIFICATION.
COAL.
Regulations. — The regulations governing the classification and
valuation of coal lands approved by Secretary Fisher February 20,
1913,1 have continued in force during the fiscal year in the same
form as at the end of 1914 and 1915. The only change that has
been made in the regulations since their adoption occurs in the last
part of paragraph 2, which was revoked by a decision of Secretary
Lane on February 16, 1915 (43 L. D., 520), the department holding
that legally classification of coal land must be made by quarter
quarter sections and surveyed lots and not by minor subdivisions of
2| or 10 acres.
In the comparatively short time that these regulations have been
in force they have proved the soundness of the principles under-
lying them. Although not materially affecting the classification and
valuation of the lignite-bearing lands, as accomplished under the
old procedure, the new regulations have furnished a more rational
basis for the classification and valuation of the lands containing coal
of higher grade. Certain modifications may become necessary as
knowledge of the chemistry of coal is increased and as further sta-
tistics are collected bearing on the cost of mining and other factors
affecting the value of coal lands. The regulations as they now stand
furnish what is believed to be a sound and reasonable standard for
the classification and valuation of land underlain by coal of any
quality or thickness.
i U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 537, pp. 96, 97, 1913 ; Land Dec, vol. 41, pp. 528-530, 1913.
510
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Withdrawals and restorations. — The total area of coal-land with-
drawals made during the fiscal year was 637,274 acres. These with-
drawals for the most part affect lands in Colorado and New Mexico
which had been previously classified as coal land at the minimum
price but which are now known to be much more valuable. Coal
lands not hitherto known have been discovered in Utah and Montana
and have been withdrawn by Executive order until detailed exami-
nation can be made. Like other recent years, the fiscal year 1915-16
has shown a substantial decrease in the area of land included in out-
standing withdrawals of coal lands, because, although over 600,000
acres of land has been withdrawn during the year, a much larger
area has been classified and restored. Restorations have been made
as rapidly as field work and classifications have been completed, and
the restorations thus effected during the year exceed the withdrawals
by over 2,300,000 acres.
Coal withdrawals and restorations, fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
State.
With-
drawals
out-
standing
July 1,
1915.
With-
drawals,
1915-16.
Restora-
tions.
1915-16.
With-
drawals
out-
standing
June 30,
1916.
118,718
17, 643
4, 609, 566
338,452
12,999,115
83, 833
5,423,655
15, 202, 068
26,561
5, 69», 616
847, 892
2,880,155
118,718
17, 643
4, 622, 749
338, 452
11,131,717
83,833
5, 709, 760
14,857,342
4,361
5, 426, 730
847, 255
17, 305
4,122
230,301
2, 097, 699
341,889
55, 7S4
344, 726
22, 200
317, 665
637
102, 761
Utah. .
47, 779
2,777,394
48, 244, 274
637, 274
2,945,594
45,935,954
Classifications. — Examinations made for coal-land classification
during the year have resulted in eliminating from withdrawal a
large area of noncoal land in Montana and smaller areas in other
States, thus continuing the policy of examining and eliminating from
withdrawal as rapidly as possible areas of doubtful coal value.
During the fiscal year more than 800,000 acres have been classified
as coal land and more than 2,200,000 acres as noncoal land, a total
classification of 3,018,442 acres. This is considerably in advance of
the results of the previous year but far below those attained annually
prior to that time. The decrease in classified areas within the last
two years is due partly to the elimination of the larger noncoal areas
from withdrawal and the consequent restriction of field examinations
to a detailed study of known coal fields and partly to a decrease in
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
511
allotments for coal-land examination on account of increased de-
mands for the examination of other mineral deposits.
In the first of the following tables the classifications made during
the year are summarized by States. In the same table the classifica-
tions are divided into two groups — reclassifications, which constitute
a revision of previous classifications, and new classifications, which
comprise the classification of withdrawn areas or areas not previ-
ously considered. The sum of these two groups is the total classi-
fication. The net increase or decrease in total areas classified in any
given State, as shown in the last two columns, is not in every case
obtained directly from the other columns of the table. The figures in
these two columns involve and are affected by the withdrawal of
17,305 acres in Colorado and 248,994 acres in New Mexico, previously
classified as coal land, and of 76,475 acres in New Mexico and 21,439
acres in Utah, previously classified as noncoal land.
Lands classified as coal and noncoal land during fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
Total classification.
Reclassification.
New classifica-
tion.
Net increase or decrease
in areas classified.
State.
Coal.
Noncoal.
Total.
Previous
noncoal,
now coal.
Previous
coal, now
noncoal.
Coal.
Noncoal.
Coal.
Noncoal.
722
713,478
4,164
74, 992
2,243
2,585
279
3,720
1, 426, 798
59,979
269, 654
17, 607
2,349
336, 274
637
100, 561
4,442
2, 140, 276
64, 143
344, 646
19, 850
4,934
336, 553
637
102, 961
722
679, 634
1,805
74,992
2,243
3,720
1,418,065
54, 979
269, 654
17, 607
- 16,583
+704, 745
-249, 830
+ 74.992
+ 2, 243
+ 236
+ 199
+ 3, 720
Montana
New Mexico
33, 844
2,359
8,733
5,000
+1,392,954
+ IS, S55
+ 269.654
+ 17, 607
— 236
2,585
2,349
80
Utah
279
336, 194
637
100,361
+ 314,835
+ 637
Wyoming
2,400
200
2,400
+ 2,200
+ 100,561
800, 863
2,217,579
3,018,442
38, 788
16, 362
762, 075
2,201,217
+518,202
+2,080,877
Classifications of coal and noncoal land, June 30, 1916, in acres.
State.
Classification outstand-
ing July 1, 1915.
Net result of classifi-
cation, 1915-16.
Classification outstanding June 30,
1916.
Coal.
Noncoal.
Coal.
Noncoal.
Coal.
Noncoal.
Total.
42,492
70,038
228,502
9, 246, 918
7,936,925
20, 187, 282
2,428
3,572,958
2, 911, 671
1, 044, 448
6, 956, 344
2,919,498
1,561,671
14, 840, 728
42, 492
70,038
228,502
9, 250, 638
7, 936, 925
21,580,236
2,428
3,554,103
3,181,325
1,062,055
6, 956, 108
3,234,333
1,562,308
14,941,289
42 492
60, 715
8,720
3,365,147
2,113
4, 855, 390
5,880
978,044
2,099,643
14, 921
249, 887
1, 066, 464
148, 940
7, 621, 125
60, 715
8,720
3,348,564
2,113
5,560,135
5,880
728, 214
2, 174, 635
17, 164
250, 123
1, 066, 663
148, 940
7, 623, 325
130' 753
237,' 222
12,599,202
7, 939, 038
27,140,371
8,308
4,282,317
5,355,960
1, 079, 219
7, 206, 231
4 300 996
- 16,583
+ 3, 720
+704,745
+ 1,392,954
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oregon
-249, 830
+ 74,992
+ 2, 243
+ 236
.+ 199
- 18,855
+ 269, 654
+ 17, 607
- 236
+ 314,835
+ 637
+ 100,561
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
1 71l'248
Wyoming
+ 2, 200
22,564,614
20, 476, 989
71,521,903
518, 202
2, 080, 877
20, 995, 191
73, 602, 780
94,597,971
512 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Area and valuation of coal lands June 30, 1916.
Appraised
coal land
July 1,
1915.
Coal land appraised,
1915-16. •
Net
result of
appraisals,
1915-16.
Total
appraised
coal land
outstand-
ing
June 30,
1916.
Total valua-
tion of ap-
praised coal
land out-
standing
June 30, 1916.
State.
Total
coal
land ap-
praised.
Coal land
reclassi-
fied as
noncoal
land
and
rewith-
drawn.
Average
value
per acre.
Arkansas
A cres.
60, 715
7,720
2,862,863
2,113
4,740,847
5.880
960, 092
2, 099, 643
4,672
249,887
1,048,343
740
7, 466, 256
Acres.
A cres.
A cres.
Acres.
60,715
7,72j
2, 863, 585
2,113
5, 445, 592
5,880
710,262
2,174,635
6.915
250,123
1,048,542
740
7, 448, 456
$1,473,762
585, 0S6
186, 158, 446
51,824
128, 849, 832
117,600
16,302,834
35, 565, 775
122, 451
2,758,587
44,081,949
16,000
385,444,847
$24. 20
California
75.70
Colorado
722
+ 722
65.00
Idaho
24.50
Montana
713.478
8,733
+704,745
23.60
20.00
4,164
74, 992
2,243
2,585
279
253, 994
-249,830
+ 74,992
+ 2,243
+ 236
+ 199
22.90
North Dakota
16.30
17.70
South Dakota
Utah
2,349
80
11.00
42.00
Washington
21.60
Wyoming
2,400
200
+ 2, 200
51.70
19, 489, 771
800, 863
265,356
+535, 507
20,025,278
801,528,993
40.00
Applications for classification and reclassification. — During the
fiscal year the Survey received 25 applications for the classification
of withdrawn lands cither as coal or noncoal land and 7 applications
for the revision of outstanding coal and noncoal classifications.
Only 3 of these applications for classification of withdrawn areas
were approved, 2 for coal and 1 for noncoal land; 12 were disap-
proved, and 14 have been held pending, most of them for detailed
field examination. Eight applications relating to withdrawn areas
regarding which the Survey has no detailed data were rejected
because the evidence submitted by the applicants to show that the
land is noncoal land was of little value and could not be made the
basis of a noncoal classification. Four applications for classifica-
tion as coal land were also rejected. Three requests for reclassifica-
tion have been granted, one coal and two noncoal, and four rejected,
one coal and three noncoal. Some of the requests for reclassification
as noncoal land have related to areas of flat-lying beds where, be-
cause no coal is exposed on or near the land, claimants have been
unwilling to accept the coal classification.
OIL.
Withdrawal* and restorations. — The examination and withdrawal
of the public lands with reference to their prospective value for
deposits of petroleum and natural gas was continued during the year
in California, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and Louisiana.
The examinations were made for the purpose of reducing the out-
standing oil withdrawals in so far as the data indicated that the
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 513
withdrawn lands were not valuable for oil and of adding new areas
to the oil reserves wherever the data indicated the presence of oil.
These examinations resulted in eliminating from withdrawal 154,558
acres of nonoil land and added to the withdrawals 1,001,300 acres
of prospective oil land, a net increase of 846,742 acres for the year.
In California more than 150,000 acres in the Salinas Valley, prin-
cipally in Monterey County but in part in San Luis Obispo County,
was restored to entry, field examination by the Survey having shown
these lands to be barren of oil. Field work in Salinas Valley also re-
sulted in the withdrawal of a little more than 12,000 acres of land in
Monterey County believed to be favorable for oil accumulation. A
restoration of about 5,000 acres on the border of the reserve in San
Benito County was made to permit the issuance of title in certain cases
referred to the Survey from the General Land Office.
In Wyoming an area less than 500 acres in extent in Hot Springs
County was restored to entry during the year, and about 211,000 acres
was included in withdrawals. Approximately 60,000 acres of land
on the east side of the Bighorn Basin, for the most part lying in Big
Horn County but embracing also smaller areas in Washakie and Hot
Springs counties, has been withdrawn on the basis of detailed field
examination and office work. The discovery of oil in the fall of 1915
near the Wyoming-Montana line made it advisable to withdraw cer-
tain areas in the northern part of the Bighorn Basin previously
known to the Survey but not included in an oil withdrawal. The area
so withdrawn lies in Big Horn and Park counties and embraces nearly
31,000 acres. A careful consideration of information collected by the
Survey during a former season's field work resulted in the with-
drawal of about 120,000 acres of prospective oil land along the Rock
Springs dome, in Sweetwater County, Wyo.
The keen interest manifested in the possible occurrence of oil in
Montana after the discovery of oil near the Montana-Wyoming State
line caused the Survey to recommend the withdrawal of all areas of
favorable structure known in this part of the State, in continuance
of the departmental policy of holding prospective oil lands until ap-
propriate legislation for their disposition can be enacted. The with-
drawn lands in this part of Montana may be geographically sepa-
rated into two general divisions — the south-central Montana area,
embracing nearly 362,000 acres in Musselshell, Meagher, Park, Sweet-
grass, Stillwater, and Carbon counties, and the eastern Montana area,
covering about 280,000 acres in Dawson and Custer counties.
The favorable territory extends southwestward from eastern Mon-
tana into North Dakota, and approximately 85,000 acres of land in
Billings and Bowman counties in this State has accordingly been
withdrawn.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 33
514
THIRTY-SEVEKTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In northwestern Louisiana slightly more than 52,000 acres of land
has been withdrawn. This withdrawal covers vacant public lands
and unsurveyed lake areas, title to which is at the present time await-
ing determination.
Oil withdrawals and restorations, fiscal year 1915-16.
State.
Withdrawals
outstanding
July 1, 1915.
Withdrawals
1915-16.
Restorations
1915-16.
Withdrawals
outstanding
June 30, 1916.
230. 400
1,507,547
87, 474
414,720
230, 400
1,365,947
87, 474
467,030
641,622
12,338
153. 938
52, 310
641,622
84, 894
84,894
Utah
1,952,326
581,951
1,952,326
791,467
210,236
620
4,774,418
1,001,300
154,558
5,621,160
The lands examined and included in oil withdrawals have not
definitely been classified as oil lands, and no classification of oil lands
was made during the fiscal year. The lands on which oil is known
or believed to be present in commercial quantities have been in-
cluded in oil withdrawals pending further detailed examinations,
in order to determine the mineral character of these lands and
to hold the lands until legislation providing for their disposition
is enacted. Lands included in oil withdrawals may therefore be
considered tentatively as oil lands, although they have not been
classified as such.
Of especial interest during the year was the classification of
1,466,471 acres of oil-shale land in western Colorado and adjoining
areas in Utah and Wyoming. Field examination by the Survey dur-
ing the seasons of 1913, 1014, and 1015 has shown that the latent
potentiality of the oil shale of this region as a source of petroleum
is enormous. There is also locked up in these shales a vast amount
of nitrogen which can be recovered as a by-product in the refining
of the shale and used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, etc.
Classification of oil-shale land, -Jane 30, 1016, in acres.
State.
County.
Area.
Colorado
Rio Blanco and Garfield
Uinta
893,418
112,950
460 103
Utah
Wyoming
Sweetwater
1,466,471
Applications for classification. — During the fiscal year the Survey
received 59 applications for classification of withdrawn oil lands
as nonoil land. One ai these was approved and the lands were re-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 515
stored to entry; 55 were disapproved for the reason that the lands
were included in an outstanding oil reserve and the data on file
indicate that the lands are valuable for deposits of oil. In the other
3 cases no detailed information is available to the Survey, and the
data submitted by the applicants were rejected because the evidence
submitted did not show that the land is nonoil land and could not
be used as a basis for nonoil classification.
PHOSPHATE.
Regulations. — There has been no change in the procedure affecting
classification of phosphate lands during the fiscal year. The regu-
lations defining phosphate lands, adopted by the Survey on March
2, 1912, to guide its recommendations for the withdrawal and restora-
tion of phosphate lands, have continued in force. Under these regu-
lations lands underlain by deposits containing less than 30 per cent of
tricalcium phosphate are considered nonmineral lands. Phosphate
beds that are from 1 foot to 6 feet or more in thickness and contain 70
per cent or more of tricalcium phosphate are held to depths ranging
from zero along the outcrop to the maximum of 5,000 feet in direct
ratio to the variation of the thickness of the bed from 1 to 6 feet.
For beds containing less than 70 per cent of tricalcium phosphate
the depth limit varies from zero to the depth of a 70 per cent bed
of any given thickness in direct ratio to the variation in tricalcium
phosphate content from 30 to 70 per cent.
Withdrawals and restorations. — During the last year, as in pre-
vious years, every effort has been made to obtain information re-
garding the phosphate character of public lands in order that the
nonphosphate areas might be eliminated from the phosphate re-
serves and newly discovered phosphate areas might be included.
The total area of phosphate withdrawals made during the fiscal year
amoimted to 45,699 acres. The data upon which these withdrawals
were based were obtained chiefly from detailed and reconnaissance
examinations made by the Survey, but in part from field investiga-
tions made by mineral inspectors of the General Land Office. The
withdrawal of the areas not previously known to contain phosphate
was much more than balanced by the elimination of areas found not
to contain phosphate, so that the net result of the season's work is
a substantial decrease in the reserved areas. The outstanding with-
drawals were continued so far as the data available would permit.
The restorations made affected three States — Florida, Montana, and
Wyoming — and amounted to nearly 200,000 acres. The net reduc-
tion of the area withdrawn therefore amounted to more than 150,000
acres.
516 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Phosphate withdrawals and restorations, fiscal year 1915-KT, in acres.
State.
Withdrawals
outstanding
July 1, 1915.
"Withdrawals,
1915-16.
Restorations,
1915-16.
Withdrawals
outstanding
June 30, 1916.
120,217
966.377
130.215
260, 751
1,182,816
40
440
119,817
966 377
10,988
119 227
Utah
41,714
3,915
302,465
188, 139
998, 592
2,660,376
45, 669
199, 567
2,506,478
Classifications. — Classifications as phosphate or nonphosphate land,
because of the presence or absence of phosphate deposits of work-
able character, are expressed as withdrawals and restorations — that
is, when it is determined that lands not included in a withdrawal
actually contain phosphate, they are recommended for withdrawal,
and when it is determined that lands included in a withdrawal do
not contain phosphate they are recommended for restoration. Indian
lands, however, such as those included in the Fort Hall Indian Res-
ervation, Idaho, and in the Shoshone or Wind River Indian Reser-
vation, Wyo., are not public lands, and therefore lands included in
these reserves can not legally be withdrawn. Examinations of lands
in such reservations are frequently made for the information of the
Office of Indian Affairs in its administration of them. If these ex-
aminations are made for the purpose of determining whether or not
the lands contain phosphate, the results are transmitted not as with-
drawals or restorations but as classifications either as phosphate or
nonphosphate lands.
In addition, therefore, to the classifications that are reported as
withdrawals and restorations in the preceding table, direct classi-
fications of lands in the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho, and
the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyo., have been made as indi-
cated in the following table :
Phosphate classifications of Indian lands, fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
State.
Phosphate
land.
Nonphos-
phate land.
Idaho
Wyoming.
4,080
20,576
17,440
85,515
Applications for classification. — During the fiscal year the Survey
received 19 applications for classification of withdrawn lands as non-
phosphate land. Two of these were approved and the lands restored
to entry; the other 17 were disapproved because the data on file
indicate that the lands are valuable for deposits of phosphate or
because no detailed information is available to the Survey and the
evidence submitted by the applicants was not sufficiently definite to
be used as a basis for a nonphosphate classification.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
517
POTASH.
Field work in search of commercial deposits of potash was con-
tinued by the geologic branch of the Survey during the fiscal year.
The year's activities resulted in the restoration of all the withdrawn
area in the Black Rock and Smoke Creek deserts, Nev., amounting
to 211,384 acres. This area had been withdrawn pending the com-
pletion of tests by drilling. No new areas were withdrawn, and no
changes were made in the two existing potash reserves in California
or in the Columbus Marsh potash reserve in Nevada.
Potash withdrawals and restorations, fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
State.
Withdrawals
outstanding
July 1, 1915.
Withdrawals,
1915-16.
Restorations,
1915-16.
Withdrawals
outstanding
June 30, 1916.
91, 207
250, 806
91,207
21 i, 384
39,422
342, 013
211,384
130. 629
METALLIFEROUS LANDS.
The act of February 26, 1895 (28 Stat., 683), made provision for
classifying the lands within the Northern Pacific Railroad grant in
certain land districts in Montana and Idaho with respect to their
mineral or nonmineral character, the work to be done by commis-
sioners appointed for the purpose. The classifications made in many
areas were unsatisfactory, and a reclassification was provided for in
the sundry civil act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 739). At the request
of the General Land Office the work is being done by the Geological
Survey. Field examination of these lands was first undertaken by
the Survey during the field season of 1910. The work was con-
tinued during subsequent years and is nearing completion. Field
examination of all lands thus far listed to the Survey for exami-
nation and report has been completed.
Lands
Northern Pacific Railroad grant in Idaho and Montana classified,
fiscal years 1911-1916, in acres.
State.
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Total.
Idaho:
45,645
90, 712
19,444
53, 055
1,000
1,200
65,789
145,445
478
136,357
72, 199
2,200
478
211 234
Montana:
Mineral
130,386
21,802
1,134
83,981
19,800
65,570
480
7,696
6,629
7,911
158,429
189, 189
Nonmineral
2,229
152, 188
85, 115
85,370
8,176
14,540
2,229
347,618
Total:
Mineral
176,031
112,514
20,278
137,036
20,800
66,770
480
7,696
6,629
7,911
224,218
334,634
2,707
Grand total
288,545
157,314
87,570
8,176
14,540
2,707
558,852
518
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In addition to the above work certain lands in Custer County,
S. Dak., were examined, and a report was made to the Secretary
of the Interior July 7, 1915. A complete report was furnished
to the Secretary of the Interior covering certain areas included
in mining claims in the Grand Canyon National Monument, Ariz.,
examined by the Survey in April and May, 1915. Classification
plats and reports of certain lands within the Fort Peck Indian
Keservation previously examined by the Survey were furnished to
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the Commissioner of the
General Land Office. Certain tracts in the Molson mining district
were reexamined, and a supplemental report as to the mineral char-
acter of these lands submitted to the Secretary of the Interior and
the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
Metalliferous nonmineral classifications made during fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
Montana 722, 454
South Dakota 107
722, 561
HYDROGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION.
WATER POWER.
Withdrawals and restorations. — The classification of the public,
lands with relation to their value in connection with water-power
development was continued during the year, the withdrawals being
made under the authority conferred by the two acts of June 25,
1910 (36 Stat., 847; 36 Stat., 858), and the act of August 24, 1912
(37 Stat., 497). On July 1, 1915, the area included in outstanding
withdrawals was 2,228,105 acres. During the year 150,646 acres
additional were withdrawn, and 26,099 acres previously included
in power-site reserves were restored to the public domain. On
June 30, 1916, the total area withdrawn in connection with water
power was 2,352,652 acres.
Power sites withdrawn, restored to entry, and outstanding, fiscal year 1915-16,
in acres.
State.
Outstand-
ing July 1,
1915.
New with-
drawals
during
fiscal year.
Restora-
tions during
fiscal year.
Outstand-
ing June 30,
1916.
Alabama
120
68,200
337, 431
17, 704
255,690
270,390
252,973
1,240
11,020
155,351
761
26,311
13,577
263.326
362,590
104,056
87,365
120
1,100
69,300
335, 791
1,640
Arl ansas
4,650
400
3,280
11,532
22, 354
256,090
273,670
Colorado
Idaho
3,760
260, 745
Michigan
1,240
Minnesota
1,289
17,050
12, 309
Montana
510
171,891
Nebraska
761
Nevada
42
200
26, 153
13,577
261,676
Oregon
350
103,095
7,858
2.000
14,468
3,321
200
Utah
451,217
Washington
108,593
Wyoming
87, 165
2,228,105
150,646
26,099
2,352,652
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 519
Applications for reclassification. — At the beginning of the fiscal
year 11 applications for the reclassification of lands included in
power-site reserves were awaiting action, and during the year 70
were received. Out of this total of 81 cases action was taken on 69,
leaving 12 pending at the close of the year.
Right of way applications. — Departmental regulations of January
6, 1913, under the act of Congress approved March 4, 1911 (36 Stat.,
1253, 1254), and of March 1, 1913, under the act of Congress ap-
proved February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), charge the Geological
Survey with important administrative duties in connection with ap-
plications for rights of way over the public lands for purposes related
to the development of water power. Such applications, when received
in proper form at the General Land Office, are forwarded to the
Survey for consideration of such matters as relative priority of appli-
cations, incompatibility of works, relative beneficial utilization of
resources, and the engineering and economic features involved in the
applications and permits. If the approval of an application is
found to be compatible with the public interest, a draft of agree-
ment is prepared, and a report is made to the Secretary of the
Interior on the circumstances in the case. This agreement, after
execution by the applicant and issuance of the permit by the Secre-
tary of the Interior, defines the conditions under which the power
is to be developed, the tenure of the site, and the provisions for the
protection of the public interest as regards distribution of output,
rates, and service.
In addition to applications for rights of way for hydroelectric
development, a large number of applications of other types are re-
ferred to the Geological Survey for consideration and report. These
embrace applications for rights of way for railroads, under the acts
of March 3, 1875 (18 Stat., 482), and March 2, 1899 (30 Stat., 990),
affecting public lands and Indian reservations, respectively, on which
report is made as to whether or not the construction of the railroad
will interfere with power or irrigation development on streams in
the vicinity of the right of way ; applications for rights of way for
irrigation uses, under the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 1095), on
which report is made as to interference with power development,
the feasibility of the project, and other features; applications for
rights of way across national forests for mining, milling, and munici-
pal purposes, under the act of February 1, 1905 (33 Stat., 628) ; and
a variety of miscellaneous applications for domestic, municipal,
mining, and railroad water supply.
520 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Applications for rights of way, fiscal year 1915-16.
Class.
Pending
July 1,
1915.
Received
during
fiscal
year.
Acted on
during
fiscal
year.
Pending
June 30,
1916.
Railroad: Acts of Congress approved Mar. 3, 1875 (18 Stat., 482),
May 13, 1898 (30 Stat., 409), Mar. 2, 1899 (30 Stat., 990), etc. . . .
Irrigation: Acts of Congress approved Mar. 3, 1891 (26 Stat.,
1095), and May 11, 1898 (30 Stat., 404), etc
29
29
39
8
53
122
19
149
54
127
25
144
28
24
Power: Acts of Congress approved Feb. 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790),
Mar. 4, 1911 (36 Stat., 1253, 1254), etc
33
Miscellaneous: Acts of Congress approved Jan. 21, 1895 (28 Stat.,
635), May 21, 1896 (29 Stat., 127), Jan. 13, 1S97 (29 Stat., 404),
May 11, 1898 (30 Stat., 404), Feb. 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790),
Feb. 1, 1905 (33 Stat., 628), Mar. 4, 1911 (36 Stat., 1253, 1254),
13
Total number of applications for original consideration. .
105
38
343
79
350
81
98
36
Note. — The first application received from the Secretary's Office was dated October 11, 1909; from the
General Land Office, November 11, 1909; from the Office of Indian Affairs, December 23, 1909.
IRRIGATION.
Reservoir withdrawals. — A number of reservoir sites, valuable
principally for the storage of water for irrigation, have been exam-
ined by the Geological Survey, and, on its recommendation, the lands
they include have been Avithclrawn from entry. The change in
status of such withdrawals during the fiscal year is shown in the
following table:
Reservoir sites restored to entry and outstanding, fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
State.
Outstand-
ing July
1, 1915:
Restora-
tions during
fiscal year.
Outstand-
ing June
30, 1916.
23,040
15, 640
1,569
10,619
35,943
23, 040
6,560
9 080
North Dakota
1,569
10,619
35,943
86, 811
6,560
80,251
Carey Act segregations. — During the year eight proposed segre-
gation lists under the Carey Act were received for report as to avail-
able water supply, general feasibility of plan of reclamation, and
mineral character of the lands. One such list was pending report
on July 1, 1915. Keports on eight of these lists had been submitted
before the end of the fiscal year, and supplemental reports on eight
other lists were also furnished.
Irrigation projects. — The Geological Survey, by instructions of
the Secretary of the Interior, dated March 15, 1913, furnishes to the
Commissioner of the General Land Office information relative to
the available water supply and the feasibility of irrigation projects
whose water rights or shares are presented as evidence of compli-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
521
ance with the requirements of the desert-land act. During the year
98 such cases were received, and 90 were carried over from the pre-
ceding year. Of these 188 cases 137 were reported on and 51 were
pending June 30, 1916. Supplemental reports were rendered on
16 cases.
ENLARGED HOMESTEADS.
Classification of lands under the enlarged-homestead acts of Feb-
ruary 19, 1909 (35 Stat., 639), June 17, 1910 (36 Stat., 531), June
13, 1912 (37 Stat., 132), March 3, 1915 (38 Stat., 953), and March
4, 1915 (38 Stat., 1163), was continued during the year. These acts
are now applicable to 14 States. No additional legislation was
enacted during the fiscal year. As a result of the investigations of
surface and underground water conditions, designations during the
fiscal year have added a large area of land to that previously
classified.
Enlarged-homestead designations, fiscal year 1915-16, in acres.
State.
Arizona...
California.
Colorado. .
Idaho:
Sections 1-5 only
Section 6
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico . .
North Dakota.
Oregon
South Dakota.
Utah:
Sections 1-5 only.
Section 6
Washington.
Wyoming...
Outstanding
July 1, 1915.
25,032,017
1,996,598
24, 722, 162
Designations
during
fiscal year.
93,338
2, 878, 599
1,304,760
,455,105
86, 793
,332,397
38, 995
,541,898
1,371,392
Cancellations
during
fiscal year.
277, 605
46,760,813
46,305,197
23, 374, 541
8,739,507
16, 936, 548
1,756,332
95, 079
1,895,818
2,093,491
821,203
942,913
12,669,860
7, 147, 393
1,219,032
39,902
55,092
,425 I
94,994
4,016,887
18, 769, 650
1,179,415
1, 813, 580
235, 596, 180
27,254,442
32,893
960
Outstanding
June 30, 1916.
33,853
153,824
4,749
36,559
36,559
8,820
.237, 805
25,125,355
4,875,197
26,026,922
9,754,609
124,828
79,437
372, 684
48,502,807
46,305,197
25,468,032
9, 560, 710
17,874,712
14,426,192
7,150,736
1,274,124
8,424,
5,196,302
20,574,410
262,612,817
The general provisions of the acts, which apply in all 14 States,
permit the entry by one person of 320 acres of "nonmineral, non-
irrigable, unreserved, and unappropriated surveyed public lands
which do not contain merchantable timber." As a prerequisite to the
allowance of such entry, the land must have been designated by the
Secretary of the Interior as not being, in his opinion, " susceptible of
successful irrigation at a reasonable cost from any known source of
water supply." Under the provisions of section 6 of the acts of Feb-
ruary 19, 1909, and June 17, 1910, applicable in Utah and Idaho only,
522
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the Secretary may further designate lands which do not have upon
them " such a sufficient supply of water suitable for domestic purposes
as would make continuous residence upon the lands possible," and
entrymen upon such lands are relieved of the necessity of residence.
By the act of March 3, 1915 (38 Stat., 956), the enlarged-homestead
act was amended so as to permit, under certain conditions, an addi-
tional entry, though final proof had already been submitted on the
original entry.
Designations under the enlarged-homestead acts are made either in
large, compact areas, as a result of field investigations covering rather
large districts, or in small units, as a result of investigations made at
the request of prospective entrymen. These requests are referred to as
enlarged-homestead petitions. The passage of the act of March 4,
1915 (38 Stat., 1163), which provides that a preference right or entry
in the event of designation can be procured by filing an application at
the local land office of the district in which the lands are situated has
led to a very large increase in the number of applications received.
Action on petitions under the cnJargcd-homestcad acts, fiscal year 1915-16.
Tend-
ing
Julv l,
1915.
Re-
ceived,
1915-
16.
Action taken, 1915-16.
Pend-
ing
June 30,
1916.
Cases
recon-
sidered.
Slate.
All
desig-
nated.
Part
desig-
nated.
Re-
fused.
Re-
called.
Total.
13
162
142
392
1L:'.)
1,075
9
88
23
64
851
214
48
117
112
782
1,896
1, 834
256
2,552
36
1,126
302
483
2.920
911
329
1,374
12
298
952
931
369
2,039
1
8
14
30
'"19*
"ie"
2
5
3
5
...„
13
325
1,041
1,162
372
2,572
2
266
247
391
3,326
280
263
942
112
619
997
1,064
13
1,055
43
948
78
156
445
845
114
549
2
14
26
113"
17
61
175
3
401
2
30
7
41
47
56
12
78
15
27
106
6
227
213
234
334
:•; . 255
217
249
832
7
4
11
21
2
2
30
16
6
27
South Dakota
11
Utah
5
Washington
12
20
3,327
14,913
9,935
232
930
105
11,202
7,038
478
A set of maps of the States affected, showing areas designated
under the enlarged-homestead acts and the status of designations on
June 30, 1916, has been printed.
PUBLIC WATER RESERVES.
As information has become available recommendations have con-
tinued to be made for the creation of public water reserves, in order
that important springs and sources of stock water on the desert and
semiarid range lands may remain accessible to the public. Additions
amounting to 10,619 acres have been made during the year to reserves
of this type.
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
523
Public water reserves withdrawn from entry and restored to entry, fiscal year
1915-16, in acres.
State.
Outstand-
ing July 1,
1915.
With-
drawals,
1915-16.
Restora-
tions,
1915-16.
Outstand-
ing June 30
1916.
2,992
50,554
480
5,765
1,040
1,464
1,440
2,500
33.987
82,431
6,930
9,922
708
49, 846
480
405
6,170
1,040
4,336
1,440
2,872
2,500
Utah
33,987
1,120
83,551
182, 653
11,327
708
193,272
PUBLICATION BRANCH.
DIVISION OF BOOK PUBLICATION.
SECTION OF TEXTS.
During the year 76,336 pages of manuscript were edited and pre-
pared for printing, and proof sheets for 22,030 final printed pages
were read and corrected, this work involving the handling of 5,443
galley proofs and 30,656 page proofs. The corresponding figures
for 1914-15 were 48,911 pages of manuscript, 21,407 final printed
pages, 5,099 galley proofs, and 35,522 page proofs. Indexes were
prepared for 71 publications, covering 14,924 pages; the figures for
the previous year were 66 publications and 16,723 pages. The list
given on pages 376-395 shows the number, scope, and character of the
reports issued during the year. A third edition of the pamphlet
"Suggestions to authors of papers submitted for publication by the
United States Geological Survey," by G. M. Wood, editor, was pre-
pared and sent to press near the end of the year.
Nine persons were employed in this section.
SECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The number of illustrations prepared was 3,730, comprising 205
maps, 516 photographs prepared for reproduction, 678 diagrams
and sections, 2,080 paleontologic drawings and photographs, and 251
miscellaneous illustrations. The illustrations sent to the printer
were reproduced by chromolithograph}^ 43 subjects; photolithog-
raphy, 175 subjects; 4-color process, 10 subjects; mezzotint, 4 sub-
jects; halftone engraving, 426 subjects; zinc etching, 462 subjects;
wax engraving, 10 subjects; cuts already engraved, 107 subjects.
Proofs to the number of 1,514, including 383 revises, were received
and compared critically. The finished work representing the editions
of 263 inserts furnished by contractors (mostly lithographic) was
examined. Electrotypes of 44 cuts were furnished to outside appli-
524 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
cants. At the close of the year material for illustrating 24 reports
was in preparation.
As in previous years, a cost record has been maintained. The per-
sonnel of the section at the end of the year consists of the chief of
the section, nine draftsmen, one under clerk, and one messenger boy.
SECTION OF DISTRIBUTION.
During the year the section of distribution received editions of 210
new books and pamphlets, 33 reprinted books and pamphlets, 6 new
geologic folios, 12 new geologic maps, 137 new or revised topographic
maps, 93 reprinted topographic maps, 16 new photolithographed
maps, and 16 reprinted photolithographed maps, a total of 523 pub-
lications. In addition, it received many pamphlets and forms pre-
pared for administrative use, such as index map circulars.
The total units of all publications received numbered 711,397 books
and pamphlets, 20,837 folios, 3,705 geologic maps, and 927,853 topo-
graphic maps, a grand total of 1,663,792.
The section distributed 603,575 books, 23,534 folios, and 597,149
maps, a total of 1,224,258, of which 180 books, 14,717 folios, and
399,490 maps were sold.
The total amount received and turned into the Treasury as the re-
sult of sales of publications was $30,160.90. The sales of topographic
and geologic maps amounted to $28,627.25, of topographic and geo-
logic folios $1,202.10, and of books $331.55.
Eighteen persons were employed in this section during the year,
and 92,831 letters were received and answered.
DIVISION OF MAP EDITING.
SECTION OF GEOLOGIC MAPS.
Nineteen folios were handled by the section of geologic maps dur-
ing the year, of which six were completed and published — Nos. 196
to 201, including one folio that covers two quadrangles (Galena and
Elizabeth, 111.) and one that covers four quadrangles (Minneapolis,
St. Paul, Anoka, and White Bear, Minn.).
At the close of the fiscal year the maps and illustrations of the
Eureka Springs-Harrison, Ark., Colorado Springs, Colo., and Tol-
chester, Md., folios were completed. The maps of the Detroit, Mich.,
Leavenworth-Smithville, Mo.-Kans., and Deming, N. Mex., folios were
printed and the illustrations were nearly completed. The maps of
the Colchester-Macomb, 111., and Newell, S. Dak., folios were partly
engraved. The maps of the Elkton-Wilmington, Md.-Del., and Her-
man-Morris, Minn., folios were prepared for engraving and were
awaiting approval of their texts. The Bessemer- Vandiver, Ala.,
Montevallo-Columbiana, Ala., Cleveland, Ohio, Pittsfield-Becket,
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
525
Mass., and Sheffield-Sandisfield, Mass., folios were partly prepared
and were awaiting revision by their authors.
In addition to the maps and illustrations of folios, the illustrations
for 72 other reports were critically reviewed. The work included the
revision of maps, sections, and numerous smaller text illustrations
and the preparation of color schemes for the maps.
SECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.
At the beginning of the year 178 topographic maps were on hand
for publication, and the accessions during the year were 124, making
a total of 302 maps. Of these, 153 have been published, 97 are in
process of engraving and printing, and 52 have not been edited. Of
the 153 maps published and noticed in the list of publications on
pages 395-396, 126 are new engraved maps, 16 are photolithographs,
and 11 are new editions. The following statement shows the com-
parative status of map editing and map publication on June 30 for
the last six years :
Progress of map publication for six years ended June SO, 1916.
1916
Published during the year
In process of engraving
Unedited
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
86
114
101
102
107
56
65
89
69
87
95
102
105
114
91
153
97
The manuscripts edited during the year comprise 147 maps pre-
pared for engraving, 3 maps for photolithography, 94 sheets of plans
and profiles of 19 rivers, 214 maps or sheets for the illustration of 33
Survey reports, and corrections for 142 engraved maps about to be
reprinted. The proof read comprises 143 new topographic maps and
corrections to 59 old maps. The index maps for 11 circulars of the
series 9-323 were revised and reprinted, 12 of the State index circu-
lars were revised and reprinted, and texts were adapted for 9 new
State circulars, which also have been published.
Except that the editor of topographic maps was engaged in topo-
graphic field work for two months, six men were continuously
employed in this work.
DIVISION OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND GEOLOGIC FOLIOS.
During the fiscal year 126 topographic maps were engraved and
printed ; 11 topographic maps were corrected after field revision and
new editions printed ; and 16 State maps, on a scale of 1 : 1,000,000,
were photolithographed and printed, making the total of new maps
and revised editions printed 153.
Corrections were engraved on the plates of 139 maps, of which 93
were for reprint editions. Sixteen photolithographic maps were
526 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
corrected and reprinted, of which 11 were State maps on a scale of
1 : 500,000 and 5 were three-color topographic maps. Of the new and
reprinted maps 264 different editions, amounting to 927,853 copies,
were printed and delivered to the map room. This is an increase of
58 editions and 221,621 copies of maps over the previous year.
Six new geologic folios were published during the year, the same
number as in the preceding year. Of these, one (the Galena-
Elizabeth) was a double folio, and one (the St. Paul-Minneapolis)
contained four sets of geologic maps. State and octavo editions of
one folio were issued during the year. Editions and partial editions
amounting to 20,840 copies were printed and delivered, a decrease of
3,226 copies from the number printed in the preceding year.
OTHER GOVERNMENT MAP PRINTING.
For the Government Printing Office the following items were
printed and delivered: Illustrations for the annual reports of the
governor of Alaska, the governor of Hawaii, the governor of the
Panama Canal, the Commissioner General of Immigration, the Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs, and "the Superintendent of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey; Department of Commerce Special Publica-
tions 18 and 33 ; Department of Agriculture Bulletins 234, 299, and
327; Census reports, volume 5 (Agriculture, general report and
analysis) ; reports of the Federal Trade Commission on the fertilizer
industry and on pipe-line transportation of petroleum ; report of the
Bureau of Education on the education of the natives of Alaska;
soil surveys of Chautauqua County, N. Y., Frederick County, Va.,
Brazos County, Tex., Pennington County, Minn., and Polk County,
Ga. ; Bureau of Mines Bulletins 98 and 107 ; Tariff book, Washington-
Alaska military cable; United States Coast Pilot, Atlantic Coast
Section E, Gulf of Mexico from Key West to the Rio Grande;
American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 1917 and 1918; Plane-
table manual (Appendix 7, report of the Superintendent of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, 1905) ; Interstate Commerce Commission Valu-
ation Order No. 20 ; Regulations for leasing ol coal lands in Alaska ;
Five per cent cases (Senate Doc. 466, 63d Cong., 2d sess.) ; Electric
power development in the United States, vol. 2 (Senate Doc. 316,
64th Cong., 1st sess.) ; Index to report of Chief of Engineers, United
States Army, from 1866 to 1912 (House Doc. 740, 63d Cong., 2d
sess.) ; The Glacier National Park (House Doc. 1154, 63d Cong., 2d
sess.) ; Condition of Aqueduct Bridge, Washington, D. C. (House
Doc. 539, 64th Cong., 1st sess.) ; Report of the Alaskan Engineering
Commission (House Doc. 610, 64th Cong., 1st sess.) ; Report of the
Mississippi River Commission (House Doc. 645, 64th Cong., 1st
sess.) ; Geological Survey Bulletins 522, 582, 606, 611, 613, 614, 619,
620, 621, 622, 623, 626, 627, 629, 630, 641, 648, 649, Professional Paper
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 527
98, Water-Supply Papers 358, 376, 377, 378, 379, 395, 398, Mineral
Resources, 1914. In addition, the following separate illustrations
were printed and delivered to the Government Printing Office : Dia-
grams of two bird reservations, two national monuments, and four
reservations for use of the natives of Alaska ; panoramic view of the
Mesa Verde National Park; sketch map of Mount Rainier and its
glaciers; map showing the origin of the scenic features of Glacier
National Park; map showing glaciers of Glacier National Park; map
showing route of Government railroad in Alaska ; map of the United
States west of Mississippi River; map of portion of Hot Springs
Reservation ; map of Alaska, for Bureau of Education ; base map of
United States, for General Land Office ; outline map of United States
by counties, for Department of Agriculture ; map of Matanuska coal
fields, Alaska ; map of Bering River coal fields, Alaska ; map giving
general information regarding Territory of Alaska, for Department
of the Interior; charts of the United States and Canada boundary
lines; charts showing shad and alewife fisheries, Chesapeake Bay,
1915; Township plat, Form 4-675a; Protractor, Form 4-678, for
Department of the Interior.
The following work was done for other Government departments
and bureaus: For the Forest Service, maps of 30 national forests,
24 fire folders and tourist's maps, 15 proclamation diagrams of na-
tional forests, 9 enlargements of field sheets, annual program of
work, allotment-estimate forms, grazing-data chart, map of southern
Appalachian region, map of White Mountain region, map of national
forests of Washington and Oregon showing telephone lines, and
other miscellaneous work; for the General Land Office, 1,388 town-
ship plats, 600 mineral plats, 12 State maps showing homesteads, 41
plats of Colville Indian Reservation, township-plat diagram, map
of Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, and other miscellaneous work ;
for the War Department, 50 maps of portions of Mexico; for the
Navy Department, 162 hydrographic charts. Work was also done
for the Department of State, Division of Militia Affairs, Interstate
Commerce Commission, Bureau of Standards, Army Military In-
struction Camp, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, Office of
Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, Department of Com-
merce, Department of Labor, District of Columbia, District Engi-
neer, United States Army, Reclamation Service, Bureau of Insular
Affairs, Coast Artillery School, Biological Survey, United States
Army Signal Service, Army War College, Bureau of Lighthouses,
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Alaskan Engineering
Commission, Superintendent of National Parks, Bureau of Mines,
United States and Canada Boundary Survey, Alaska Boundary Sur-
vey, Bureau of Soils, United States Military Academy, Office of
Public Roads and Rural Engineering, Bureau of Plant Industry,
528 THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and States Relations Service. This work for various branches of
the Government amounted to about $75,000, for 'which the appropria-
tion for engraving and printing geologic maps was reimbursed by
transfer of credit on the books of the United States Treasury.
Work was also done for the Anthracite Bureau of Information,
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; the Edward T. Miller Co., Columbus, Ohio; the
Eckert Lithographing Co., Washington, D. C. ; the Redfield-Ken-
drick-Odell Co., New York, N. Y. ; A. Hoen & Co., Baltimore, Md. ;
the Geological Survey of Virginia; the Georgia State College of
Agriculture; and Arthur W. Gray, Milford, Del.; and the money
received in payment for the work, amounting to about $540, was
turned into the Treasury of the United States, to be credited to mis-
cellaneous receipts. On requisition of the Government Printing
Office, 280 transfer impressions were made and shipped to contract-
ing printers. Under cooperative agreements, transfer impressions
were furnished without charge to the State surveys of Illinois, In-
diana, Kentucky, New York, and West Virginia.
There was also a large amount of miscellaneous work relating to
the map publications, including index circulars, lists of geologic
folios and topographic maps, and State maps.
Of contract and miscellaneous printing of all kinds, the total num-
ber of copies delivered was 3,024,143, which required 9,028,843 print-
ings. The total number of copies printed, including topographic
maps and geologic folios, was 3,972,836, requiring 14,058,326 im-
pressions.
The sale of maps and folios, itemized on page 524, together with
the $540 of miscellaneous receipts, aggregated over $30,000, so that
more than one-fourth of the amount appropriated for engraving and
printing the Survey maps was returned to the Treasury.
PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY.
The output of the photographic laboratory consisted of 13,961
negatives, of which 3,001 were wet, 2,970 were dry, 1,598 were paper,
6,392 were field negatives developed, 826 were lantern slides, and
1,790 were made for photolithographs ; 3,805 zinc plates; 400 zinc
etchings; 212 celluloids; and 43,133 prints, of which 19,549 were
maps and diagrams and 23,584 were photographs for illustrations.
In addition, 1,830 prints were mounted and 78 lantern slides were
colored.
ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH.
EXECUTIVE DIVISION.
The work in the executive division was of the same scope as in the
preceding year.
Mails, files, and records. — During the year 160,769 pieces of mail,
of which 2,377 were registered, were opened and referred. In addi-
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
529
tion, 94,735 letters were received direct by the other divisions, mak-
ing a total of 255,504 for the Survey, an increase of 11 per cent com-
pared with the fiscal year 1915.
Of the letters opened in this division, 23,642 contained a total of
$32,012.92 remitted for Survey publications, a decrease of less than
2 per cent in number of letters and an increase of $3,491.12 in amount
compared with the fiscal j^ear 1915.
The recording, referring, filing, and mailing of correspondence
required practically the entire services of eight clerks. The num-
ber of letters mailed through the division was 185,970, an increase of
36 per cent over the preceding year. This number does not include
the outgoing registered mail, which numbered 12,732 pieces, or
238,104 pieces of letter mail sent direct from other divisions. The
total for the Survey was therefore 436,806, an increase of 12 per
cent over 1915.
Personnel. — The roll of Secretary's appointees numbered 872 at
the end of the fiscal year, 37 less than at the end of the fiscal year
1915. The total number of changes in the personnel for the year
was 546, which included 107 new appointments, 144 separations, 273
promotions, 4 demotions, and 18 miscellaneous changes.
During the year 13,946 days of annual leave and 3,045 days of sick
leave were granted, being only 58 per cent of the amount of annual
leave and 13 per cent of the amount of sick leave which it is per-
missible to grant under the law; 4,722 days of leave without pay
were also granted.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS. .
A condensed statement covering the financial transactions of the
fiscal year is given below, including disbursements up to September
30. The unexpended balances of that date largely represent out-
standing obligations.
Amounts appropriated for and expended by the United States Geological Survey
pertaining to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.a
Title of appropriation.
Appropria-
tion.
Repay-
ments.
Available.
Disburse-
ments.
Balance.
$35,340.00
29,900.00
20,000.00
150,000.00
40,000.00
18,280.00
75,000.00
110,000.00
2,000.00
350,000.00
350, 000. 00
100,000.00
75,000.00
$35,340.00
29,900.00
20,000.00
180,694.92
40,000.10
18,331.93
75,000.75
185,128.85
2,000.00
352,036.11
351,888.41
100, 183. 38
75,002.40
$35,054.44
29,566.66
19,999.82
180,468.94
39,783.43
18,080.01
74,692.03
180,946.85
1,255.09
350,771.87
351,007.41
98,738.19
74,558.67
$285 56
333 34
18
$30,694.92
.10
51.93
.75
75,128.85
225 98
Chemical and physical researches
216. 67
251 92
Mineral resources of United States . . .
Geologic maps of United States
Books for the library
308. 72
4,182.00
744 91
2,036.11
1,888.41
183.38
2.40
1,264.24
881. 00
1,445.19
443 73
1,355,520.00
109,986.85
1,465,506.85
1,454,923.41
10,583.44
• In addition to these appropriations amounts aggregating $215,000, for Survey pub-
lications and for rent of the building occupied by the Survey, were allotted from other
appropriations but not disbursed by Survey officials.
62656°— int 191(5— vol 1 34
530
THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
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THIRTY-SEVENTH REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 531
LIBRARY.
During the year the library received 10,793 books, pamphlets, and
periodicals and 439 maps, a total of 11,232 publications.
It has become increasingly difficult to obtain European publica-
tions, particularly from Germany and Austria-Hungary. The files
of technical and scientific serials published in those countries since the
war began are much broken, and almost all the new books are lack-
ing. With these exceptions practically all the new literature of
geology has been obtained, and also a few important older publica-
tions.
Current accessions were catalogued as received and included 6,276
items. The catalogue was increased by the addition of 9,646 new
cards. Systematic efforts have been made by correspondence with
societies, institutions, and individuals to fill out and complete sets of
serials. These efforts are bringing many valuable additions to the
library.
Titles sent to the Library of Congress for printing numbered 998 ;
letters received, 3,682 ; letters written, 2,984 ; books collated and sent
to the bindery, 2,375.
The loans during the year included 6,922 books and 354 maps, a
total of 7,276. This number does not include books consulted in the
library by 8,198 readers.
The bibliography of North American geology for 1915 (Bulletin
645) was completed and the proof read. Work on the cumulated
bibliography of North American geology has been continued, and
the compiler has cooperated with the committee on geologic names
in preparing tables of geologic formations. Many bibliographic lists
have been prepared, and a large amount of research work has been
done for members of the Survey, this work including the translation
of 52 letters and papers.
The reports and maps published by the Survey during the year
were promptly distributed to the exchanges of the United States,
Canada, and Mexico. Foreign sendings were made four times dur-
ing the year, but it has been necessary to withhold distribution to
addresses in the countries at war, the international exchanges having
been suspended to all these countries except Great Britain, France,
and Italy.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE
BUREAU OF MINES.
533
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF MINES.'
Van. H. Manning, Director.
PURPOSE AND DUTY OF THE BUREAU OF MINES.
The Bureau of Mines was established in recognition of the need
of a Federal bureau that should work for greater safety and effi-
ciency in the mineral industries. A series of large coal-mine explo-
sions shortly prior to the creation of the bureau served to emphasize
the need.
The bureau's work is aimed to advance the public welfare by pro-
moting better health and greater safety for miners and the workers in
the different branches of the mineral industry and by preventing
waste and increasing efficiency in the preparation and utilization of
the Nation's mineral resources.
In its efforts to bring about safer and more healthful conditions
and to increase efficiency and lessen waste, the bureau seeks the
cooperation of all interested persons, and it Welcomes the assistance
of workmen's organizations, of technical societies, and of State
officials and State governments in the work for the development of
State mining laws and of more effective mine rules and regulations.
LAWS GOVERNING THE WORK OF THE BUREAU.
NEW ORGANIC ACT.
The revised organic act of the Bureau of Mines was signed by
the President on February 25, 1913. The text of this act (37 Stat.,
681) is as follows:
Be -it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the act to establish in the De-
partment of the Interior a Bureau of Mines, approved May sixteenth, nineteen
hundred and ten, be, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows:
" That there is hereby established in the Department of the Interior a bureau
of mining, metallurgy, and mineral technology, to be designated the ' Bureau
of Mines,' and there shall be a director of said bureau, who shall be thoroughly
° This report covers only the routine work of the bureau. A much fuller report of the
bureau's activities is being prepared for publication as a bulletin addressed to the mining
and metallurgical industries, written in such form as to interest the general public.
Single copies may be obtained free by addressing the Director, Bureau of Mines, Wash-
ington, D. C.
535
536 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
equipped for the duties of said office by technical education and experience, and
who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, and who shall receive a salary of $6,000 per annum ; and there shall
also be in said bureau such experts and other employees, to be appointed by the
Secretary of the Interior, as may be required to carry out the purposes of this
act in accordance with the appropriations made from time to time by Congress
for such purposes.
" Sec. 2. That it shall be the province and duty of the Bureau of Mines, sub-
ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, to conduct inquiries and
scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining, and the prepara-
tion, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances with a view to improving
health conditions and increasing safety, efficiency, economic development, and
conserving resources through the prevention of waste in the mining, quarrying,
metallurgical, and other mineral industries ; to inquire into the economic condi-
tions affecting these industries; to investigate explosives and peat; and on
behalf of the Government to investigate the mineral fuels and unfinished min-
eral products belonging to, or for the use of, the United States, with a view to
their most efficient mining, preparation, treatment, and use ; and to disseminate
information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out
the purposes of this act.
" Sec 3. That the director of said bureau shall prepare and publish, subject
to the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, under the appropriations made
from time to time by Congress, reports of inquiries and investigations, with
appropriate recommendations of the bureau, concerning the nature, causes, and
prevention of accidents, and the improvement of conditions, methods, and equip-
ment, with special reference to health, safety, and prevention of waste in the
mining, quarrying, metallurgical, and other mineral industries; the use of ex-
plosives and electricity, safety methods and appliances, and rescue and first-
aid work in said industries; the causes and prevention of mine fires; and other
subjects included under the provisions of this act.
" Sec. 4. In conducting inquiries and investigations authorized by this act
neither the director nor any member of the Bureau of Mines shall have any per-
sonal or private interest in any mine or the products of any mine under in-
vestigation, or shall accept employment from any private party for services in
the examination of any mine or private mineral property, or issue any report
as to the valuation or the management of any mine or other private mineral
property : Provided, That nothing herein shall be construed as preventing the
temporary employment by the Bureau of Mines at a compensation not to exceed
,$10 per day, in a consulting capacity or in the investigation of special subjects,
of any engineer or other expert whose principal professional practice is outside
of such employment by said bureau.
" Sec 5. That for tests or investigations authorized by the Secretary of the
Interior under the provisions of this act, other than those performed for the
Government of the United States, or State governments within the United
States, a reasonable fee covering the necessary expenses shall be charged, ac-
cording to a schedule prepared by the Director of the Bureau of Mines and
approved by the Secretary of the Interior, who shall prescribe rules and regula-
tions under which such tests and investigations may be made. All moneys
received from such sources shall be paid into the Treasury to the credit of mis-
cellaneous receipts.
" Sec 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force on and after its
passage."
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 537
AUTHORIZATION FOR PUBLISHING REPORTS.
The authority of the bureau for publishing reports is found in the
joint resolution (36 Stat., 883) of Congress, approved June 25, 1910,
as f ollows :
That the publications of the Bureau of Mines shall be published in such edi-
itons as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior, but not to exceed ten
thousand copies for the first edition.
Sec. 2. That whenever the edition of any of the publications of the Bureau
of Mines shall have become exhausted and the demand for it continues there
shall be published, on the requisition of the Secretary of the Interior, as many
additional copies as the Secretary of the Interior may deem necessary to meet
the demand.
ACT PROVIDING FOR MINING-EXPERIMENT AND MINE-SAFETY
STATIONS.
The act (40 Stat., 969), approved March 3, 1915, which authorizes
the Secretary of the Interior to establish and maintain mining-
experiment and mine-safety stations under the Bureau of Mines is as
follows :
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior is
hereby authorized and directed to establish and maintain in the several im-
portant mining regions of the United States and the Territory of Alaska, as
Congress may appropriate for the necessary employees and other expenses,
under the Bureau of Mines and in accordance with the provisions of the act
establishing said bureau, ten mining-experiment stations and seven mine-safety
stations, movable or stationary, in addition to those already established, the
province and duty of which shall be to make investigations and disseminate
information with a view to improving conditions in the mining, quarrying,
metallurgical, and other mineral industries, safeguarding life among em-
ployees, preventing unnecessary waste of resources, and otherwise contributing
to the advancement of these industries: Provided, That not more than three
mining-experiment stations and mine-safety stations hereinabove authorized
shall be established in any one fiscal year under the appropriations made
therefor.
Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to accept
lands, buildings, or other contributions from the several States offering to
cooperate in carrying out the purposes of this act.
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS.
To insure the most effective cooperation with other agencies
seeking either to increase health and safety among workers in the
mineral industries or to lessen waste and improve efficiency in
the production, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances,
the Bureau of Mines has made cooperative agreements with State or-
ganizations and with universities and mining schools. These agree-
ments, which specify the character of the work to be carried on
under them, and the nature of the cooperation, are made with the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior.
538 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
During the fiscal year investigations were conducted under the
terms of cooperative agreements with the universities, mining
schools, and State organizations named below :
Industrial Accidents Commission of California, in regard to
health and safety conditions and improvement of conditions under
which mining, milling, and smelting are done, and other inquiries
pertinent to mining and metallurgical industries and the obtaining
of reports on personal accidents therein.
Colorado State School of Mines, Golden, Colo., in regard to the
treatment of low-grade and complex ores.
Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois,
Urbana, 111., and Illinois Geological Survey, in regard to coal-
mining methods, safety of coal miners, and utilization of coal.
Metallurgical department of the University of Kansas, Lawrence,
Kans., with reference to the milling of lead and zinc ores, and es-
pecially the concentration of ores in the Galena district and their
treatment by flotation.
Missouri School of Mines, Eolla, Mo., and the Missouri Bureau of
Geology and Mining, in regard to the character of the lead and zinc
ores in the State and the efficiency of the milling and metallurgical
methods.
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, in regard to treating
low-grade and complex ores and increasing efficiency in the treatment
and utilization of mineral substances.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF MORE IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS DUR-
ING YEAR.
More than 8,400 miners were trained in mine rescue and first aid.
On June 30, 1916, the total number of miners trained by the bureau
since its organization was 42,045.
Kepresentatives of the bureau attended and investigated 89 acci-
dents throughout the United States. Seventy-five men were rescued
through the efforts of volunteer miners, company officials, State mine
inspectors, and company rescue crews.
Forty-seven mine rescue and first-aid contests were held under the
auspices or with the assistance of the Bureau of Mines.
Considerable progress was made in improving breathing apparatus
for use in rescue and exploration work after mine explosions and
fires.
Different types of breathing apparatus were demonstrated before
thousands of miners.
Safety measures introduced in the gaseous coal mines of Oklahoma,
with the assistance of the bureau, have resulted in greatly reducing
the number of explosions in these mines.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 539
The study of coal-mine explosions and methods of preventing and
limiting them was continued, and important advances were made in
the application of preventive methods.
Sanitation and health conditions in mining towns were investigated
and much valuable information obtained.
An investigation of hookworm in California mines, made in co-
operation with State officials, resulted in measures being adopted
which it is believed will eventually eradicate the disease in that State.
Health conditions among miners in the Joplin district, Missouri,
have been greatly improved, largely as a result of the work of bureau
representatives in that district, and the high death rate from con-
sumption will be reduced.
A study of conditions in the Butte, Mont., region was begun, with
the result that miners' consumption has been shown to be prevalent
among miners in that district.
The problem of subsidence of surface ground over mine workings
in Illinois was studied and similar work in the anthracite region of
Pennsylvania was continued.
Mining engineers of the bureau actively assisted in investigating
safety conditions in California mines and in formulating the mining
regulations tending to increase safety, subsequently adopted by that
State.
The bureau assisted the department in the division of the Alaskan
coal fields into leasing units and in preparing the regulations gov-
erning the leasing of coal lands in Alaska.
Considerable progress was made in investigations of smelter-smoke
problems and of methods of removing from smelter smoke the con-
stituents injurious to vegetation and animal life.
The possibilities and limitations of the wet Thiogen process for
reducing sulphur dioxide to elementary sulphur were demonstrated.
A comprehensive report on the reduction of barium sulphate, of
importance to paint and other industries, was prepared.
Progress was made in studies of the absorption and concentration
of sulphur dioxide from smelter smoke and the purification of crude
sulphur and arsenic.
Considerable progress was made in the work on cyanidation and
allied processes for the treatment of gold and silver ores.
Methods were developed for treating low-grade complex gold, lead,
silver, and zinc ores that if commercially successful will render avail-
able millions of tons of ore that can not now be treated profitably.
Encouraging results were obtained in the application of a process
for extracting zinc from low-grade oxidized ores not amenable to
present processes.
540 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Methods of mining and milling lead and zinc ores in the Joplin
district, Missouri, have been greatly improved and losses reduced as a
result of the investigation conducted by engineers of the bureau.
An extensive investigation of causes and prevention of accidents
at blast furnaces was completed and two reports on the subject
prepared.
Methods of increasing safety at iron and steel works were in-
vestigated.
Health conditions in steel mills were studied and methods of im-
provement recommended.
Much valuable information was obtained on the corrosion of
hoisting and pumping equipment by acid waters in mines, and the
resistive qualities of different metals and coverings.
An investigation of the fluidity of blast-furnace slag and its rela-
tion to the composition of the slag and the iron obtained was begun.
An improved apparatus for measuring the viscosity of substances
at high temperatures was devised.
A report on gold dredging, containing detailed figures as to oper-
ating costs and other data hitherto most carefully guarded by
dredge operators was prepared for printing as a bulletin of the
bureau.
Several grams of radium has been produced in cooperation with
the National Radium Institute and has been delivered to the Howard
A. Kelly Hospital, Baltimore, and to the General Memorial Hos-
pital in New York City, for use in the treatment of cancer. The
cost of production was a little over one-third the present market
price.
Investigations of sandstone and marble quarries were continued
and a report on safety in quarrying and one on the technology of
marble quarrying were published.
Methods were devised for concentrating valuable radium ores of
Colorado and Utah, heretofore wasted. Nearly 2,000 tons of such
ore has been concentrated in cooperation with the National Radium
Institute.
Investigations of the technology of molybdenum and its ores were
completed and a bulletin, describing methods of occurrence, concen-
tration, and use, was prepared for printing.
Secondary kaolins (china clays) in the coastal plains of South
Carolina and Georgia, heretofore unavailable for white ware, have
been made available for the highest quality of tile and china.
An investigation of manganese deposits in the United States and
of methods of mining and recovering manganese was begun.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 541
Studies by the bureau have shown that metal losses in melting brass
and aluminum chips can be greatly reduced, and an electric furnace
for melting brass was developed.
The practicability of substituting domestic clay for English china
clay in the manufacture of white ware products was demonstrated.
The relative explosibility of coal dusts from various mines and
the proportion of rock dust required to make the coal dust inert were
determined.
The study of the origin and constitution of coal was continued.
The properties of mine gases were investigated and a descriptive
chart for display at mines was prepared for printing.
A gas detector for quickly determining inflammable gases in mine
air was perfected.
Hoisting equipment in coal mines, and ways and means of pre-
venting accidents in shaft and slope hoisting were investigated.
Progress was made on an improved type of oxygen rescue apparatus
being developed by the. bureau.
Various types of electric mine lamps have been greatly improved
through recommendations made by the bureau.
Two types of explosion-proof coal-cutting equipment were ap-
proved.
Rules setting a proper standard of safety for the installation and
operation of electrical equipment in bituminous coal mines, pre-
pared by the bureau, have helped greatly to increase safety in mines
using such equipment.
Tests of explosion-proof storage-battery locomotives for use in
gaseous mines were begun.
Types of flame safety lamps were improved.
The specifications for purchase of fuel for Government use were
simplified and methods of analysis and sampling have been greatly
improved, resulting in an increased saving to the Government.
Several Government power plants were inspected, by request of the
departments concerned, resulting in a considerable decrease in fuel
costs through the adoption of measures recommended by the bureau.
A report on methods of saving fuel in heating dwelling houses has
been of great benefit to the public at large.
The studies of combustion of coal in boiler furnaces was continued
and much valuable information obtained.
Tests to determine the relation of the fusibility of coal ash to
clinker trouble were made.
The use of coke as a domestic fuel and the coking qualities of
various domestic coals were investigated.
Investigation of the methods of operating gas-producer plants was
continued.
542 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Important information regarding the character of the oil shales
in the West was obtained.
The practicability of the Eittman cracking process for making
gasoline, benzene, and toluene from petroleum has been demon-
strated, and several commercial plants are in operation or process of
erection.
As a result of the bureau's work showing the necessity of properly
protecting oil, gas, and water-bearing formations in drilling wells, in
order to prevent escape and dissipation of the oil, gas, and water
into other sands, millions of dollars' worth of oil and natural gas
will be saved that would otherwise have been lost.
The value and the methods of using mud-laden fluid in drilling and
closing oil and gas wells were demonstrated.
An investigation of the use of compressed air and water for
flushing oil sands to increase the percentage of recoverable oil was
conducted.
A study of the reactions and products in cracking petroleum by
the Eittman process was made.
The properties of the chief grades of gasoline marketed in the
United States were determined.
Methods for the analytical distillation of petroleum were investi-
gated.
A study of the production, transportation, and distribution of
natural gas in the Kansas-Oklahoma fields was begun.
A study of the production of gasoline from natural gas was made,
and the results will help to increase the utilization of natural gas for
making gasoline.
Methods and devices for controlling fires at oil and gas wells were
studied.
Valuable information was obtained on the prevention of losses in
storing petroleum.
Maps showing the location of wells, storage tanks, and pipe lines
of the producing oil and gas fields of the United States were pre-
pared.
SOME URGENT NEEDS OF THE BUREAU.
NEED OF LARGER PRINTING FUNDS.
The sums appropriated by Congress for the bureau's investigations
looking to increased safety and efficiency in mining and in the min-
eral industry are not spent to the best advantage unless the results of
the investigations are made public promptly and in a manner that
will render them of most use to the public. The number of demands
made upon the bureau for literature has been a surprise even to men
intimately associated with the mining industry. From the first in-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 543
quiries for information have come in practically the same numbers
that they would to a bureau that had been established 25 or more
years, and this demand has been constantly increasing.
The mining industry is represented by more than one million men
and the industries closely allied to it by more than two million men.
In other words, the safety publications of the bureau are of direct
interest to at least 3,000,000 toilers, and many reports are of
indirect interest to many millions more ; yet with the printing allot-
ments that the department has been able to allow, it has been im-
possible to print the miners' circulars in editions that would begin
to satisfy the demands, so that a large part of the benefits that might
otherwise have been attained by the bureau's work has not been
realized.
Other reports of the bureau deal with methods of mining and prob-
lems of the metallurgical industry and are of interest to thousands
of operators, superintendents, and engineers. These publications, as
a rule, go to persons who can afford to pay for them, and it has been
the policy of the bureau to keep the free editions down to the mini-
mum. However, these reports involve conservation of the mineral
resources of the country and constitute a propaganda that ought to
be spread broadcast, because it means the present and future pros-
perity of the country. Thus the economic loss resulting from the
bureau's inability to print such reports in adequate editions is prob-
ably greater than occurs from its necessarily limited editions of
miners' circulars.
NEED OF FUNDS FOR CERTAIN COAL AND METAL MINING
INVESTIGATIONS.
Funds in addition to those appropriated in the past for the bureau's
investigations of coal and metal mining are needed to cover certain
features that demand attention but have not as yet been assigned for
detailed study by the bureau engineers because of lack of funds.
These features are discussed below.
VENTILATION OF METAL MINES.
A study of the ventilation of metal mines was commenced, but
owing to the pressing needs in other directions the bureau engineers
assigned to this study had to be put on other work. There is no line
of investigation by the bureau more important, inasmuch as the
health of a large number of metal miners is impaired by the character
of the air that they breathe in deep or remote mine workings. In
many respects the problem has been unsolved in metal mining, even
by the operators of large mines.
544 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
STUDY OF SUBSIDENCE, EARTH PRESSURES, AND ROOF SUPPORTS IN MINING.
A small allotment has been made for this work, but it is of
such great importance not only in coal mining but also in metal min-
ing and in various engineering enterprises that more funds could
be used to advantage for field investigations, including the testing of
roof supports and of the compressibility of rock and ore. As this
work involves physical movements and stresses of great complexity,
an engineer versed in advanced mathematics should be engaged in
connection with other investigators.
TESTING OF EXPLOSIVES FOR METAL MINES AND QUARRIES.
. This work should be extended so as to be fully as advanced as the
testing of coal-mine explosives, and the explosives station at the
bureau's experimental mine should be provided with adequate build-
ings in which to carry on the work.
TUNNELS AND SHAFTS IN WATER-BEARING GROUND.
The bureau has in the past studied rock tunneling and has issued
reports thereon, but it has made no regular investigations of tunnel-
ing under bodies of- water or of shaft sinking through water-bearing
ground. Special methods are required, such as the use of pneumatic
equipment, the freezing process, the cementation process, and ad-
vance shields. The question is of the greatest importance because
many cities are driving tunnels under bodies of water for trans-
portation purposes or for water supply, and the bureau has been
asked from time to time to give advice, more especially in the case
of Milwaukee and Cleveland tunnels where disasters have occurred.
Operations of this character are most extensive in the vicinity of
New York for transportation purposes, and at Chicago as well as
New York for water supply. A study of methods to insure better
ventilation in tunnels should also be undertaken.
COAL-MINE INVESTIGATIONS.
It has become evident that in order to make thorough and sys-
tematic investigations of the needs in coal mining, the bureau's ex-
perts will have to be placed on special duty and not be subject to call
for rescue and first-aid work and other general duties. A study of
means of decreasing losses and waste in mining operations is particu-
larly needed.
NEED OF INVESTIGATING THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.
One of the most pressing needs of the bureau is adequate funds
for carrying on investigations relating to petroleum and natural gas.
W.V, -INT lMlf—V.
ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE BUREAU OF MINES.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 545
This industry includes one of the most important mineral resources
of the United States, over 281,000,000 barrels of petroleum having
been produced during the calendar year 1915. This production is
valued at nearly $180,000,000, and is over 65 per cent of the total for
the world.
Notwithstanding this great production in one year, our petroleum
resources are not unlimited, and sooner or later they will be exhausted
by continued use. It is estimated that the underground supply of
oil is sufficient to last for only approximately 27 years at the present
rate of consumption. Consequently investigations should be made
concerning the mining, preparation, treatment, and utilization of
petroleum and natural gas, with a view to increasing the efficiency
of utilization and the elimination of unnecessary waste in production.
The most efficient method of drilling for and producing oil and gas
should be studied, with a view to urging the adoption of improved
drilling methods that will reduce unnecessary wastes to a minimum
and most efficiently protect oil and gas bearing sands against loss
from infiltrating waters. The benefits of proper drilling methods
have been demonstrated in the Oklahoma fields, where the Depart-
ment of the Interior, working with the State officials, has stabilized
the production of natural gas by making it possible to confine the
natural gas in its original reservoir until such time as market condi-
tions justify its production. Previous to the introduction of the
bureau's methods it is estimated that less than 10 per cent of the
available gas was utilized, whereas, if the gas fields are properly
developed, it is safe to estimate that 80 per cent of the gas may be
recovered and utilized.
A preliminary investigation indicates that approximately 50 per
cent of the recoverable oil is left in the oil sands by present methods
of production. More work should be done with a view to decreasing
this waste.
Methods of refining and treating petroleum and its products should
be studied and research work should be continued in the cracking of
oils and in the conversion of the less valuable products into more
valuable ones, including the production of gasoline from heavier dis-
tillates. Studies should also be made to increase the yield of the
lighter and more valuable petroleum products; to discover the best
methods of treating oil shales ; to prepare specifications for the pur-
chase of petroleum and petroleum products; and in general to in-
crease the efficiency in the utilization of petroleum; and to increase
the production of the petroleum products most valuable to the public.
A single-tube Rittman plant capable of treating oil in commercial
quantities should be built for investigational work, as experience
during the past year has demonstrated the difficulty of developing
the Rittman process when the bureau is entirely dependent for re-
62656°— iNT 1916— vol 1 35
546 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
suits upon the commercial refiners who are using the process. Unless
this can be done ultimate successful results will be unreasonably
delayed.
Funds should be provided to gather statistics regarding the supply
of and the demand for petroleum products, with a view to keeping
the producer and the consumer fully informed as to market con-
ditions, possibly by publication of press bulletins similar to the crop
bulletins of the Department of Agriculture.
NEED OF EXTENSION OF FUEL-TESTING WORK.
The Bureau of Mines has since its inception had charge of the
analyzing and testing of fuels purchased by the Government. This
work has included tests conducted with a view to greater economy in
the selection, handling, and use of fuels and of fuel-burning equip-
ment.
The annual coal purchases of the Government amount to between
$7,000,000 and $8,000,000. This fuel is sometimes selected and used
in a satisfactory manner, but frequently in ways that are inefficient
and wasteful.
In order to attain the most efficient results an extensive investi-
gation is needed of the fuels and the fuel-burning equipment at Gov-
ernment plants throughout the United States. At many plants there
is waste from improper selection of fuel, use of inefficient or poorly
designed equipment, and improper firing methods. There is a lack
of expert instruction of firemen, and a lack of information by plant
managers as to what results other plants are attaining, and as to the
standards for measuring actual performance.
The bureau has been able to attack the fuel problems of the Gov-
ernment in only a small way, because of its restricted authority and
the limited funds available. It has, however, conducted investiga-
tions at some of the Government plants, on request of the department
concerned. The advantages resulting are shown by the several
specific instances of savings effected at several plants in the District
of Columbia, aggregating about $50,000.
These results, which were attained in connection with only a small
part of the fuel used by the Government, indicate the economies that
might be realized by the purchase and utilization of fuel for the
entire Government service under expert supervision. On a basis of
$7,500,000 per year, a saving of 5 per cent, which is a conservative
estimate, would amount to $375,000 a year.
In order for the bureau to cooperate most effectively with the
various departments and bureaus of the Government in matters
relating to the selection and use of fuels at Government power and
heating plants, it will be necessary for engineers of the bureau to
visit the plants in order to determine the best fuel to be used and
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 547
what changes in equipment or method of operation are advisable,
and to obtain data on fuel costs. The bureau would then be in a
position to suggest what changes are necessary to reduce the fuel costs
at any particular plant. Also there are many places in which the
costs of heating and lighting Government buildings can be mate-
rially reduced by studying the system employed. It is only through
the efforts of experts trained in fuel engineering, especially when
from a disinterested branch of the service, that such facts can be
brought out and economies effected.
For these reasons it is believed that a special investigation with
a view to increased efficiency in the heating and power plants in the
public buildings of the United States should be authorized, such
work to be in charge of the Bureau of Mines and conducted with the
advice and cooperation of the various bureaus and departments
interested.
SUMMARY OF THE MORE URGENT NEEDS OF THE BUREAU.
Below is a summarized statement indicating the sums necessary
for extending investigations or improving equipment or facilities
during the fiscal year 1918. No reference is made to investigations
for which no increase from last year's appropriation is asked.
Sums necessary for important features of the bureau's work in the fiscal
year 1918.
1917. 1918,
General expenses $70,000 $76,420
Petroleum and natural gas investigations 70, 000 105, 000
Expenses of 3 new mining experiment stations 75, 000
Improvement of grounds and installation of
machinery at Pittsburgh and Bruceton, Pa 39, 700
Care of new building at Pittsburgh 4, 305 17, 220
Operating 3 cars bought in 1917 35, 000 54, 810
Purchase of 3 new cars 81, 750
Equipment of 3 new cars 13, 500
Operating of 3 new cars 54, 810
Printing and binding 39, 000 60, 000
Technical books and publications 1, 500 2, 500
ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF MINES.
GENERAL PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.
Each year since the Bureau of Mines was established it has been
called on to extend its activities and to conduct fresh investigations
coming within the scope of the terms of its organic act. New in-
quiries have been authorized by Congress, old ones have been broad-
ened, and cooperative working agreements have been made with
State organizations and with other bureaus of the Government. In
548 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
consequence there have been changes in the organization of the
bureau. The organization in force at the end of the year is de-
scribed below and is shown on the accompanying diagram, Plate I.
As the chart indicates, the investigations of the bureau are grouped
under five principal divisions, as follows: Mining division, metal-
lurgical division, mineral-technology division, fuels and mechanical-
equipment division, and petroleum division. The chemical-research
laboratory at Pittsburgh, Pa., performed work for each of these
divisions. Immediately under the director, who supervises the work
of the bureau, are the administrative officers as indicated on the
chart.
PERSONNEL OF DIFFERENT DIVISIONS.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION.
The general administrative work was in charge of the director,
Van. H. Manning, at the headquarters of the bureau in Washington,
D. C. The local administration of the mining-experiment station
at Pittsburgh was intrusted to Lauson Stone, engineer. L. H. Dus-
chak, chemical engineer, acted as administrative head of the San
Francisco, Cal., office of the bureau. R. B. Moore, physical chemist,
acted in a similar capacity for the Denver, Colo., office.
F. G. Bailey, chief clerk, Avas in charge of routine administrative
matters at the Washington office. J. W. Thompson and C. B. Dut-
ton, law examiners; J. L. Cochrane, in charge of the distribution of
publications ; S. Sanf ord, engineer, in charge of editorial work ; and
A. H. Fay, mining engineer, charged with the collection of mine-
accident statistics, were also stationed at the Washington office.
In addition, various investigations that relate to safety or effi-
ciency in the mineral industries are being conducted under the direct
supervision of the director, who also has general supervision of the
work of the Federal mine inspector for Alaska, and the inspection
of coal mines on Indian or Government lands in Oklahoma and
Wyoming.
The director, in the conduct of the technical work of the bureau,
has the benefit of the advice of the advisory committee, consisting
of the chiefs of the different divisions, and of the consulting experts
connected with the bureau.
Such administrative functions as the general supervision of the
bureau's library and the conduct of its affairs with respect to mat-
ters of personnel, supplies, and accounting are centered at the
Washington office under the supervision of the director.
MINING DIVISION.
The field activities of the mining division, including all investiga-
tive, rescue, and training work, are conducted under an organization
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 549
by which the country is divided into 10 districts. George S. Rice,
chief mining engineer, stationed at Washington, is in charge of the
division, and gives personal attention to the various branches of
the work.
H. M. Wolflin, mine safety engineer, stationed at Pittsburgh, is
in charge of mine rescue operations and of the testing of all mine
rescue apparatus and mine safety lamps. Mr. Wolflin also had gen-
eral supervision of the educational work, the training of miners, the
conduct of mine rescue and first-aid contests, and the demonstrations
given by the mine rescue cars and stations.
The districts in which the field forces operate, the name of the
engineer in charge of each district, and his headquarters are given
on pages 34 to 37.
Sumner S. Smith, mining engineer, served as Federal mine in-
spector for the Territory of Alaska, with headquarters at Juneau,
Alaska.
Special investigations undertaken by the mining division and the
names of the officials in charge are outlined below :
Tests of different types of mine rescue apparatus, Mr. Wolflin.
Tests of methods of preventing explosions and various tests of
mine equipment, conducted at the experimental mine near Bruce-
ton, Pa., and in the field, L. M. Jones, mining engineer.
Physical tests of mine explosives, S. P. Howell, explosives en-
gineer.
Chemical tests of mine explosives, W. C. Cope, explosives chemist.
Use of permissible explosives and inspection of coal mines on
Indian lands in Oklahoma, J. J. Rutledge, mining engineer.
General health conditions in mines and mining communities, J. H.
White, sanitary engineer, and W. A. Lynott, mine surgeon.
Siliceous rock dust in mines as a cause of pulmonary diseases
among miners, with especial reference to mines in the Joplin dis-
trict, Missouri, Edwin Higgins, mining engineer, in collaboration with
A. J. Lanza, passed assistant surgeon of the Public Health Service.
Prevalence and cause of pulmonary disease among miners in the
Butte (Mont.) district, Daniel Harrington, mining engineer, and
Dr. Lanza.
Causes and prevention of subsidence from coal mining in certain
districts in Illinois and in the anthracite district of Pennsylvania,
under the direct supervision of G. S. Rice, chief mining engineer,
assisted by Charles Enzian, mining engineer.
Investigations of coal-mine gases, in cooperation with the State of
Illinois, H. I. Smith, assistant mining engineer.
Use of permissible explosives in Illinois, J. R. Fleming, assistant
mining engineer.
First-aid instruction, W. A. Lynott, mine surgeon.
550 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Investigations of health and safety conditions in the mines of
California, in cooperation with the State of California, H. M. Wolflin
and Edwin Higgins, mining engineers.
In cooperation with the General Land Office, an examination of
the Bering River coal field in Alaska was made by G. W. Evans,
mining engineer, and of the Matanuska field by Sumner S. Smith,
mine inspector for Alaska, and maps were prepared to assist the
Secretary of the Interior in dividing these coal fields into leasing
units. In conjunction with the General Land Office and the United
States Geological Survey, G. S. Rice, chief mining engineer, and
Mr. Smith assisted the director in preparing a draft of regulations
for the conduct of coal mining under the leasing act, and with the
aid of Mr. Evans and Max Ball, mining engineer, aided in prepar-
ing a report on the leasing units.
FUELS AND MECHANICAL-EQUIPMENT DIVISION.
The fuels and mechanical-equipment division is under the super-
vision of O. P. Hood, chief mechanical engineer.
The investigations undertaken during the year and the officials in
charge were as follows:
General fuel investigations, O. P. Hood.
Inspection of Government fuel purchases, G. S. Pope, engineer.
Fuel efficiency, Henry Kreisinger, engineer.
Boiler and furnace efficiency in Government plants, S. B. Flagg,
engineer.
Electricity in mines, H. H. Clark, electrical engineer.
Mine equipment, O. P. Hood.
Mine-rescue apparatus, W. E. Gibbs, engineer of special research,
assisted by Yandell Henderson, consulting surgeon.
Use of coke as a household fuel, C. D. Smith, engineer.
Origin of peat and uses of peat and lignite, C. A. Davis, geologist.
General investigation of the increase of efficiency in gas-producer
design and practice, R. H. Fernald, consulting engineer.
Physical investigations relating to fuels, etc., J. K. Clement, phys-
icist.
Analysis of coal purchased for the Government, J. D. Davis,
chemist.
Investigation of the coking of coal and of coke by-products, H. C.
Porter, chemist.
Deterioration and spontaneous combustion of coal in storage, H. C.
Porter.
Investigation of coal-mine hoisting accidents and equipment, O. P.
Hood and R. H. Kudlich, mechanical engineer.
Coking of Illinois coal, F. K. Ovitz, assistant chemist.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 551
DIVISION OF MINERAL TECLTNOLOGY.
The work of the division of mineral technology was under the di-
rection of Charles L. Parsons, chief mineral technologist and chief
chemist. The investigations pursued during the year and the officials
in charge were as follows :
Metallurgy of radium and its extraction from high-grade salts,
R. B. Moore, physical chemist.
Rare metals investigations, including chemical technology of
molybdenum, vanadium, uranium, and tungsten, R. B. Moore.
Study of manganese deposits and the mining and technology of
manganese, F. W. Horton, mineral technologist.
Mining and concentration of radium ores in cooperation with the
National Radium Institute, K. L. Kithil, mineral technologist, and
J. A. Davis, assistant mining engineer.
Investigation of nonferrous alloys, with particular reference to
preventing metal losses in brass melting, H. W. Gillet, alloy chemist.
Ceramic-industry investigations, A. S. Watts, consulting quarry
technologist.
Building-stone technology, with special reference to the quarrying
of sandstone, limestone, and marble, Oliver Bowles, quarry tech-
nologist.
PETROLEUM DIVISION.
The petroleum division is under the supervision of W. A. Williams,
chief petroleum technologist. The investigations undertaken and
the bureau officials in direct charge were as follows:
Underground wastes of oil and gas and the use of mud fluid in
drilling oil and gas wells, W. F. McMurray and J. O. Lewis, oil and
gas inspectors.
Special cooperation with oil-well operators, W. F. McMurray.
Use of compressed air and water in oil recovery, J. O. Lewis.
Development of the Rittman process, W. F. Rittman, consulting
chemical engineer; E. W. Dean, assistant organic chemist; C. B.
Dutton, law examiner; W. A. Jacobs, junior chemist; and Clarence
Netzen, assistant chemical engineer.
Investigation covering products of Rittman process, W. F. Ritt-
man and E. W. Dean.
Properties of commercial gasoline, W. A. Jacobs, W. F. Rittman,
and E. W. Dean.
Methods of analyzing petroleum and petroleum products, D. T.
Day, consulting chemist.
Analytical distillation of petroleum, E. W. Dean.
Fuel-oil analyses, W. A. Jacobs, A. S. Crossfield, junior explosives
chemist, and G. G. Taylor, junior chemist.
552 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Traps for separating oil and gas from flowing wells, W. M. Welch,
gas engineer.
Production, transportation, and distribution of natural gas in the
Kansas-Oklahoma fields, W. M. Welch.
Production of gasoline from casing-head gas, W. P- Dykema, as-
sistant engineer.
Investigations of oil fires and of various methods of storing petro-
leum, C. P. Bowie, petroleum engineer.
Operation of Rittman process equipment, C. P. Bowie.
Maps of oil and gas fields, A. R, Elliott, assistant engineer.
Cooperation with Department of Justice, J. H. G. Wolf, petroleum
engineer.
Bibliography of petroleum, E. H. Burroughs, editorial assistant.
METALLURGICAL DIVISION.
The metallurgical division is under the supervision of F. G.
Cottrell, chief metallurgist, with headquarters at Washington, D. C.
The investigations of this division and the officials in direct charge
were as follows:
Smelter fumes, L. H. Duschak, chemical engineer, and A. E. Wells,
metallurgist, under the direct supervision of the chief metallurgist.
Hydrometallurgy of gold and silver ores, G. H. Clevenger, consult-
ing metallurgist.
Mining and milling methods in lead and zinc mines, C. A. Wright,
assistant metallurgical engineer.
Treatment of low-grade and complex ores, especially lead and zinc
ores in the State of Utah, in cooperation with the University of
Utah, D. A. Lyon, metallurgist.
Safety and efficiency at blast furnaces, F. H. Willcox, metallurgical
engineer.
Corrosion of metals, especially iron, and means for its prevention,
James Aston, metallurgical engineer.
CHEMICAL-RESEARCH LABORATORY.
The chemical-research laboratory at Pittsburgh is under the super-
vision of C. L. Parsons, chief chemist.
At this laboratory, in addition to a large amount of routine work
for investigations conducted by other divisions, the following special
investigations were carried on:
Explosibility of coal dust, J. K. Clement, physical chemist.
Investigation of the origin of coal, E. J. Hoffman and R. Thies-
sen, assistant chemists.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 553
Investigation of mine gases and of natural gas, G. A. Burrell,
chemist.
Clinkering of coal and fusing temperature of coal ash, A. C. Field-
ner, chemist.
Investigation of the volatile products of coal, H. C. Porter,
chemist.
OTHER INVESTIGATIONS.
A number of investigations and inquiries have been conducted for
various periods of time under the immediate supervision of the
director, and hence do not fall within any of the divisions mentioned.
These investigations are as follows :
Iron mining in the United States, D. E. Woodbridge^ consulting
engineer.
Development of iron making in the United States, J. L. W. Birkin-
bine, consulting metallurgical engineer.
Production of alloy steels, H. D. Hibbard, steel metallurgist.
Gold dredging and placer mining, Hennen Jennings and Charles
Janin, consulting mining engineers.
Methods of utilizing lignite, in cooperation with the University of
North Dakota, E. J. Babcock, assistant engineer.
Metallurgical practice in the United States, C. H. Fulton, con-
sulting metallurgist.
Sampling and assaying methods, T. B. Woodbridge, Edward Kel-
ler, and W. J. Sharwood, consulting metallurgical chemists.
Improvements in gas-producer design and practice, B. H. Fernald,
engineer.
Mine and fuel economics, A. G. White, associate mine economist.
ADVISORY COMMITTEES OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OE MINING
ENGINEERS.
The American Institute of Mining Engineers has appointed a gen-
eral committee and three subcommittees whose duties are to act in an
advisory capacity to the engineers of the Bureau of Mines. The
bureau thus has the benefit of the advice of the leading experts of
the country in mining matters. The names of the members of the
committees follow :
General advisory committee. — Arthur F. L. Bell, Hennen Jen-
nings, Albert B. Ledoux, E. W. Parker, L. D. Eicketts.
Committee on electricity in mining. — William Kelly, Thomas H.
Leggett, Samuel A. Taylor.
Committee on mine explosions. — H. M. Chance, Frank Haas, Carl
Scholz.
Committee on mine subsidence. — James F. Kemp, E. V. Norris,
Charles K. Leith.
554 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
PROGRESS OF INVESTIGATIONS.
A summary of accomplishments of the past fiscal year has been
given. The purpose of the different investigations, the results
achieved, and the significance of these results are stated in detail on
succeeding pages.
WORK OF MINING DIVISION.
George S. Rice, chief mining engineer, is in charge of this division,
and gives his personal attention to the various branches of the work.
His headquarters were in Pittsburgh, Pa., until December 31, 1915,
when he was transferred to Washington, D. C. The organization of
the mining division and the names of the officials in charge of
specific investigations have been given elsewhere (pp. 14 to 16).
Among the activities of the mining division for the past year are
included investigations relating to the causes of mine accidents and
methods of prevention, mine rescue work, rescue and first-aid train-
ing, mine sanitation, and investigation of miners' diseases, especially
hookworm and miners' consumption. Coal and mineral mining
investigations, such as mining methods looking to the lessening of
waste, subsidence from mine operations, roof support, and tunneling
methods, were carried on. Other investigations conducted were the
study of mine gases and improved ventilation of coal and metal
mines, research work at the experimental mine at Pittsburgh and
in the field regarding causes and methods of preventing explosions
of coal dust and gas, physical and chemical tests of explosives for
use in gaseous and dusty coal mines and in metal mines and quarries,
testing of miners' safety lamps, and testing and improvement of
mine-rescue apparatus.
RESCUE AND FIRST-AID INVESTIGATIONS AND TRAINING WORK.
The engineers, foreman miners, and first-aid miners of the mine-
rescue cars and rescue stations were engaged chiefly in investigating
the causes of mine accidents, in rendering aid at mine disasters, in
training miners in the use of first-aid ami rescue equipment, in giving
first aid to the injured, and in conducting first-aid and mine-rescue
contests which stimulate and sustain the interest of miners in the
work.
During the period in which the crews of the bureau's cars and
stations conducted active training 62,693 miners visited the cars and
stations, 43,060 attended lectures and safety demonstrations, 285
received mine-rescue training, 5,598 were given first-aid instructions,
and 2,610 received both first-aid and mine-rescue training, the total
number trained being 8,493.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
555
Details of the instruction, training, and demonstrations in safety
methods given from the mine-rescue cars and stations of the bureau
are shown in the following tables :
Training record for year ended June 30, 1916.
Number
of
visitors.
Attend-
ance
at
lectures.
Number of miners fully
trained.
Car or station.
In mine
rescue
only.
In first
aid
only.
In mine
rescue
and
first aid.
Total.
Cars.
No. 1
5,023
5,709
8,165
7,185
12,431
4,805
5,045
5,874
1,442
2,420
1,802
680
2,112
6,900
3,547
2,365
4,464
7,621
1,881
1,920
3,844
438
3,460
822
1,138
1,220
3,440
5
49
17
24
16
30
56
19
2
10
3
"*35*
19
Ill
472
133
185
553
450
707
326
71
276
216
274
112
1,712
145
220
333
178
354
328
328
290
137
81
116
9
66
25
261
No 2 -
741
No 3
483
No. 4
387
No. 5
923
No 6
808
No. 7
1,091
No. 8 •
635
Stations.
Pittsburgh, Pa
210
367
335
283
Seattle, Wash
213
1,756
Total
62,693
43,060
285
5,598
2,610
8,493
Training record for year ended June 30, 1916 (by months).
Year.
Number of miners fully
trained.
In first
lid only.
In mine
rescue
only.
In first
aid
and mine
Total.
1915
July
August
September
October
November
December
1916
January
February
March
April
May
June
Total
168
274
250
476
540
369
536
402
383
631
868
701
285
84
112
102
107
251
365
311
299
324
229
107
2,610
271
403
392
675
830
048
931
727
695
964
1,122
835
8,493
STATES AND TOWNS AT WHICH MINE RESCUE AND FIRST-AID TRAINING WAS
GIVEN BY BUREAU OF MINES MEN FOR YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1916."
Alabama. — Acmar, Acton, Altoona, Bessemer, Birmingham, Blocton, Brilliant,
Empire, Brookwood, Dora, Margaret, Maylene, Palos, Patton, Piper, Porter,
Pratt City, Townley, and Volande.
° Training given in 28 States and 313 towns.
556 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Arizona. — Bisbee, Chloride, Douglas, Hayden, Humboldt, Jerome, Mayer,
Prescott, Ray, Tombstone, Tucson, Twin Buttes, and Wickenburg.
Arkansas. — Bonanza, Hackett, Huntington, Jenny Lind, and Midland.
California. — Amador City, Angels Camp, Campo Seco, Copperopolis, Grass
Valley, Hodson, Jackson, Jamestown, Mammoth, Marigold, Melones, Needles,
Nevada City, Plymouth, Quartz, Randsburg, San Francisco, Shawmut, Souls-
byville, Sutter Creek, and Whitehouse.
Colorado. — Berwind, Cokedale, Delagra, Forbes, Frederick, Gorham, Hastings,
Lafayette, Louisville, Morley, Pearmont, Primero, Segundo, Sopris, and Tellers-
burg.
Georgia. — Durham.
Idaho. — Burke, Kellogg, Mace, Moscow, Mullan, and Sunset.
Illinois. — Benton, Springfield, and Urbana.
Indiana. — Bicknell, Clinton, Evansville, Jasonville, Linton, Paxton, Terre
Haute, Vincennes, and Winslow.
Iowa. — Bear Creek, Bidwell, Boone, Bussey, Carney, Des Moines, Enterprise,
Foster, High Bridge, Knoxville, Madrid, Marquisville, Ogden, Oralabor, Scandia,
and Zook Spur.
Kansas. — Anna, Dunkirk, Franklin, Girard, Gross, Lawrence, Mulberry, Pitts-
burg, Radley, Roseland, Turck, and Weir.
Kentucky. — Baskett, Earlington, Harlan, Henderson, Kitts, Madisonville,
Morganfield, Nortonville, and Providence.
Michigan. — Bay City, Bessemer, Ironwood, Ramsay, Saginaw, St. Charles,
and Wakefield.
Minnesota. — Biwabik, Chisholm, Coleraine, Crosby, Cuyuna, Elba, Eveleth,
Hibbing, Ironton, Keewatin, Kinney, Marble, Nashwauk, Pineville, Riverton,
Stevenson, and Virginia.
Missouri. — Ardmore, Bevier, Huntsville, Keota, Lexington, Marceline, Rich-
mond, and Waverly.
Montana. — Bear Creek, Butte, Red Lodge, Tracy, and Washoe.
Nevada. — Ruth, Tonopah.
New Jersey. — Franklin Furnace.
North Carolina. — Cranberry.
Oklahoma. — Alderson, Brewer, Calhoun, Cambria, Coalton, Commerce, Creek,
Dewar, Dow, Gowen, Henryetta, Lehigh; McAlester, Miami, Sampsel, Savanna,
Victoria, and Wilburton.
Pennsylvania. — Acosta, Antrim, Barnesboro, Beaverdale, Bernice, Boswell,
Bruceton, Castle Shannon, Crabtree, Cresson, Crows Nest, Darragh, Dilltown,
Dunlo, Ellsworth, Expedite, Federal, Forbes Road, Gallitzin, Greensburg,
Hannastown, Harwich, Hastings, Herminie, Hooversville, Jenner, Jerome,
Kingston, Luxor, Meyersdale, Nanty Glo, New Alexandria, Patton, Peckville,
Pitts, Pittsburgh, St. Benedict, Schickshinny, Snow Shoe, South Fork, Star
Junction, State College, Sugar Notch, Twin Rocks, Vintondale, and Wehrum.
South Dakota. — Lead.
Tennessee. — Coal Creek, Ducktown, Jellico, Knoxville, Mascot, Prudence,
Soddy, and Whitwell.
Virginia. — Arno, Dante, Imboden, Keokee, Norton, Osaka, Pardee, Stonega,
Toms Creek, and Wilder.
Washington. — Burnett, Carbondale, Pullman, Republic, Seattle, and Wilke-
son.
West Virginia. — Accoville, Big Creek, Black Betsy, Boomer, Burnwell, Can-
nelton, Craneco, Crown Hill, Earling, Ethel, Gary, Holder, Huntington, Kings-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 557
ton, Logan, Longacre. Marting, Milburn, Monaville, Omar, Putney, Slagle,
Standard, Ward, Widen, Wilder, and Winifrede.
Wisconsin. — Hurley, Montreal, and Platteville.
Wyoming. — Acme, Cambria, Carneyville, Crosby, Cumberland, Diamondville,
Dietz, Elkol, Frontier, Gebo, Gunn, Hanna, Kirby, Kool, Lion, Monarch, Reli-
ance, Rock Springs, Sheridan, Sublet, and Superior.
RESCUE AND RECOVERY WORK AFTER MINE EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES.
It is increasingly evident that the value of oxygen rescue apparatus
is becoming more and more appreciated for rescue and recovery pur-
poses after explosions and for fighting mine fires. This is borne out
by the fact that there has been a steady growth in the establishment
of rescue stations throughout the country. Particularly is this true
in the eastern coal fields.
The possibilities and the limitations of the existing types of
apparatus, which are being gradually improved, are becoming more
thoroughly understood from year to year.
There were two noteworthy instances during the year where
men engaged in combating mine fires donned the apparatus with
presumably little or no previous training in its use. One instance
is recorded where an apparatus crew consisting of only two men
undertook to make an exploration of considerable length; one was
overcome and lost his life. Until such practices as that of having
less than five men in a rescue party are discontinued, the dangers
incident to wearing apparatus in irrespirable atmospheres will not be
reduced to the minimum.
Some wearers of the apparatus fail to properly appreciate the
fact that, owing to the added weight of the apparatus, they become
exhausted much more quickly than when working without it and
may suddenly collapse when the apparatus is used up to the limit
of its capacity.
Systematic methods of recovery and rescue work following mine
disasters are being improved each year, and it is believed that the
increased efficiency of such methods is largely due to the work of
the men trained by the bureau, and those receiving training at State
and privately-owned rescue stations.
During the past fiscal year representatives of the bureau a attended
and investigated 89 accidents of various kinds throughout the country
and in six instances the bureau's men wore apparatus for rescue or
recovery purposes. There were three fatalities (all employees of
mining companies) , during the fiscal year, among men wearing rescue
apparatus.
° L. M. Jones, a mining engineer of the bureau, was asphyxiated while assisting in
recovery work after a mine disaster at Barrackville, W. Va., on October 20, 1916. He
was the fourth member of the Bureau of Mines rescue corps to meet death while on duty.
558 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
ACCIDENTS IN WHICH LIVES WERE SAVED.
The following are summarized accounts of mine accidents at which
lives were saved :
July 17, 1915, Explosion at No. 7 Mine, Arma, Kans.
A miner named Obe Dray entered the mine 15 minutes after the explosion
and rescued a miner named Lamberton, who was overcome at the shaft bottom.
Lamberton was given artificial respiration on top and revived. The accident
was caused by ignition of gas from an open light.
August 7, 1915, Suffocation in Shaft, Bolen-Darnall No. 16, at Craig, Okla.
A miner, Edward Lewis, was overcome by damp while shaft sinking. J. W.
Stephenson, the mine foreman, and R. C. Foster, a miner working in an ad-
joining slope, were overcome while attempting his rescue, Foster falling from
the bucket as they were being hoisted to the surface. Hugh McCoubrey, mining
engineer, then tied himself to the bucket and was lowered to the bottom. As
Foster apparently was dead he brought Lewis to the surface, then returned
and brought Foster to the surface, and later revived Lewis by means of artificial
respiration. Lewis was overcome at 7.30 a. m. and was resuscitated before rescue
apparatus arrived. At 9.30 an engineer from the bureau's station at McAlester
reached the scene and gave Foster artificial respiration, but it was discovered
later that he had suffered a fracture of the skull, which, no doubt, caused
instant death.
September 6, 1915, Suffocation at Albion Mine, near Salt Lake City, Utah.
Two men, Andrew Ekrem, of the Salt Lake City fire department, and James
Hendrickson, mining engineer, entered the Quincy Tunnel and went into a
drift, which led to the Albion mine. Each wore a mine rescue apparatus of
the helmet type. Hendrickson was overcome shortly after entering the drift
and lost his life. It is reported that Hendrickson had not received a complete
course in rescue training. Had there been five men in the crew, as recom-
mended by the bureau, Hendrickson probably would have been rescued.
September 27, 1915, Blast at Rahn Colliery, near Coaldale, Pa.
A blast caused a rush of water and coal which cut off and entombed 11 men.
Two of the men were rescued 12 hours after the disaster, but the others were
not reached until October 3, after an imprisonment of 6 days and 5 hours,
during which time they had no food except that in six dinner buckets, which
they carried. No lives were lost and all of the men fully recovered from their
experience. Three hundred men working three shifts per day drove the
tunnel through which the rescue was effected. There were many delays in
this work, owing to the dangerous character of the ground through which the
tunnel was driven and the quantity of black damp encountered. Sixteen of
the company's rescue men were on duty throughout the work.
October 4, 1915, Run of Coal at Continental Colliery, Centralia, Pa.
John Tomaschefski, a miner, was rescued after 187 hours' imprisonment by a
cave-in in the Continental Colliery. This was one of the most thrilling and
successful rescue attempts in the annals of American mining. Tomaschefski
was caught behind a run of coal at noon, September 26. The first attempt
ANNUAL KEPOET DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 559
to reopen the manway leading to his working place was abandoned when the
rescuers had reached a point where they could call to the entombed miner.
It was found that the coal was very free here and it was feared that further
excavating might again start the coal to run and probably result in the death
of the imprisoned man. A 2-inch diamond-drill hole was then drilled 50 feet
through a pillar to the miner's working place, and through this hole liquid and
solid food and dry clothing were sent. This hole was completed 85 hours after
the accident. After he was provided with food and clothing experienced miners
drove by pick mining a 4-foot by 4-foot passageway along the line of the drill
hole to the working place and rescued him. It required four days to ac-
complish this.
November 1, 1915, Automobile Accident near Pocahontas, W. Va.
H. L. Scott, a salesman, was thrown from an automobile and an artery in his
leg was severed. F. J. Bailey, a bureau-trained first-aid man and a contestant
on the Louisville team at San Francisco, Cal., arrived on the scene a few
minutes later and controlled the bleeding. The work was commended by the
local and hospital physicians, who stated that Scott owed his life to the prompt
treatment by Bailey.
November 30, 1915, Explosion at Bommer No. 2 North Mine, Bommer, W. Va.
Two explosions occurred, approximately 40 minutes apart, resulting in the
loss of 23 lives. About 19 hours after the second explosion 5 men were rescued,
1 dying several hours later. Following the second explosion the assistant mine
foreman conducted a body of 27 men to a point in the mine where the air was
good and erected a barricade against the afterdamp. All were later rescued.
December 21, 1915, Suffocation at No. 38 Mine, Alderson, Okla.
Ed Gallimore, a fire runner, was overcome by smoke. He was dragged to
fresh air by Messrs. Reddell and Kirkpatrick and revived after 40 minutes'
treatment by artificial respiration. Both Reddell and Kirkpatrick were trained
in first aid by a bureau representative.
January 8, 1916, Fire in Calumet No. 5 Shaft, Calumet, Mich.
Nine men, none of whom had been trained in the use of breathing apparatus,
were either partly or entirely overcome by smoke and fumes while building
bulkheads during the active work of fighting the fire. They were all rescued
and resuscitated. Artificial respiration was administered by a Bureau of Mines
representative and others.
January 14, 1916, Cager Shocked and Overcome, No. 6 Mine, Lehigh, Okla.
A cager was shocked and overcome by coming in contact with an electric
power line. He was revived after 30 minutes' work by Messrs. Ogilvie and
Strang, each of whom was trained in first aid by bureau representatives, and
each of whom was a member of the Lehigh first-aid team which contested at
the San Francisco meet.
February 8, 1916, Explosion at Lance Colliery, Plymouth, Pa.
An explosion occurred in the bottom lift of the Bottom Ross seam in newly
opened territory. The extent of damage was limited. While attempting rescue
work without apparatus, J. H. Davis, foreman, was partly overcome, but was
rescued and resuscitated.
560 ANNUAL KEPOKT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
February 14, 1916, Fire in Pennsylvania Mine, Butte, Mont.
Two men wearing rescue apparatus lost their lives. One of these was said
to be in bad physical condition to wear apparatus. Two others were overcome,
but were rescued and revived. In the rescue and recovery work 58 men wearing
rescue apparatus participated, of whom 15 are known to have received Bureau
of Mines training.
March 28, 1916, Explosion in King No. 98 Mine, Vivian, W. Va.
Two men who had been overcome were rescued and revived by artificial
respiration.
ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATED DURING THE YEAR.
As shown by the following table, in the 89 accidents investigated
by bureau employees 285 men were killed, 3,015 escaped unassisted,
and 75 were rescued through the efforts of volunteer miners, company
officials, State mine inspectors, and company rescue crewTs.
Of the 89 accidents investigated, 68 were in coal mines, 14 in metal
mines, 1 in a hydraulic pit, 1 a dynamite explosion in the St. Louis
sewer tunnel, 1 in a quarry, 1 a cave-in in a New York City subway, 1
in a strip pit, 1 a boiler explosion, and 1 in the new city sewer of
Pittsburgh, Pa.
The accidents may be classified by causes, as follows :
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
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ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
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ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Accidents classified by cause.
Number
injured.
Gas and dust explosion 32
Explosion of dynamite, black
powder, and detonators 11
Explosion and fire 1
Mine-car accident 1
Haulage accident 1
Shaft accident 2
Blown-out shot 2
Premature blast 1
Ammonia fumes 1
Rescue-apparatus exploration 1
Cave-in 4
Fire 10
Fumes of dynamite and of other
explosives 3
Rock fall
Number
injured.
2
Misplaced shot
Misfire
3
2
Rib fall
1
Fall of roof
1
Electric shock
Boiler explosion
2
1
Outburst of gas
1
Fall of ore
1
Gasoline explosion
Fall of coal
1
2
Flooded mine
1
Rush of culm and water
1
Total.
ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATED SINCE 1907.
The following table shows the number of accidents investigated
during each calendar year since Government investigations of mine
accidents began in 1907 :
Accidents investigated by Bureau of Mines employees, and number of persons
killed and rescued, 1907-1916.
Item.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Jan. 1
to June
30, 1916.
Total.
Number of accidents inves-
12
1, 106
16
445
2
16
33
25
574
29
124
403
25
722
20
243
132
35
663
13
81
18
47
334
7
84
117
73
634
19
106
100
65
440
2
26
1,127
92
452
a43
111
2,392
32
123
5
817
422
Number killed
5, 493
Number rescued by Bureau
135
Number rescued by others
Number who escaped unas-
sisted
21
5
817
5,144
a Includes 42 miners at Layland, W. Va., rescued jointly by Bureau of Mines crew, Gary ( W. Va.) crew
State inspectors, company oflicials, and volunteer crews.
The accidents investigated during the year were in 21 States as
follows: Alabama, 3; California, 8; Colorado, 1 ; Illinois, 6; Indiana,
8 ; Kansas, 9 ; Kentucky, 1 ; Michigan, 2 ; Minnesota, 1 ; Maryland, 1 ;
Missouri, 1 ; Montana, 2 ; Nevada, 1 ; New York, 1 ; New Jersey, 1 ;
Oklahoma, 9: Pennsylvania, 24; Utah, 1; Washington, 2; West Vir-
ginia, 6 ; Wyoming. 1. A tabulation showing the number of accidents
investigated, classified by States, follows:
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
565
Number of mine disasters or serious accidents investigated, by States, 1907-
1916.
State.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Jan. 1 to
June 30,
1916.
Total.
Alabama
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
1
9
3
2
1
16
1
2
1
2
!
10
1
5
4
.....
6
2
2
2
23
4
2
4
7
2
2
1
4
7
1
10
2
.S
I
33
36
1
. ..
1
1
4
3
4
5
10
1
3
32
1
4
17
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
3
!
13
3
1
1
1
1
7
i
5
1
i
Nevada
::::::r:::::
2
1
1
4
New Mexico
1
1
4
5
24
1
2
Ohio
1
3
6
1
1
4
2
1
5
6
1
1
9
1
7
10
2
1
9
Oklahoma
2
6
10
25
1
8
46
2
99
5
3
4
8
33
Utah
I
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
.....
1
Washington
1
2
1
2
..„.
West Virginia
5
3
1
9
1 1 3
*
1
FIELD CONTESTS IN MINE RESCUE AND FIRST-AID METHODS.
Below is a list of the 47 mine rescue and first-aid contests and
field meets held during the past year under the auspices or by the
assistance of the Bureau of Mines. A few of these contests were
company affairs, but most were intercompany or interstate. In many
contests the Bureau of Mines employees arranged and supervised
the events, and- in nearly all, at the request of the operators and
miners, gave the competing teams special instruction and training.
The holding of these contests at points so widely distributed
throughout the United States demonstrates the interest and en-
thusiasm of miners and mine officials in carrying forward the mine-
safety work of the bureau.
566 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
First-aid and mine rescue contests held during fiscal year 1915-16.
Date.
1915.
July 2
July 4
July 5
July 10
July 23
July 31
Aug. 14
Do...
Do...
Aug. 15
Aug. 20
Aug. 27
Do...
Aug. 28
Sept. 4
Do...
Sept. 6
Do...
Do...
Sept. 12
Sept. 18
T>o'.V.
Sept. 22
Sept. 25
Oct. G
Oct. 9
Do...
Oct. 12
Oct. 20
Oct. 30
1916.
Jan. 22
Apr. 1
Apr. 21
Do....
Apr. 28
Apr. 29
May 11
May 12
May 13
May 17
May 19
May 20
May 27
Do....
June 3
Do....
June 10
Place.
Big Stone Gap, Va
Anaconda, Mont
Pruden, Tenn
Kansas City, Mo
Billings, Mont
Cle Elum, Wash
Alderson, Pa
Eldorado Park, Pa
Virginia, Minn
Jackson, Cal
Butte, Mont
do
Hazleton, Pa
Lakeside, Pa
Hanover Township, Pa.
Boswell, Pa
Rock Springs, Wyo
Butte, Mont
Ironwood, Mich
Wallace, Idaho
Lakeside, Pa
Perth Am hoy. X. J
Coal ('rook. Tenn
Pinckneyville, 111
Edgewood Park, Pa. .. .
Saginaw, Mich
Birmingham, Ala
Linton, Ind
Ellsworth, Pa
Bicknell, Ind
Townlay, Ala
Kind of contest.
First
aid
only.
00
00
00
00
00
00
Winslow, Ind 1
Clinton. Ind 1
Vintpnaale, Pa l
Mascot. Tenn. l
Twin Rocks, Pa 1
Wilkes-Barre, Pa l
Evansville, Ind j 1
Nanty Glo, Pa j (a)
Lexington, Ky | l
Pittsburg, Kans ' (a)
Nanty Glo. Pa (a)
Gillespie, 111 1
Birmingham, Ala l
McAlester, Okla l
Townley, Ala (a)
Marceline, Mo 1
Ottumwa, Iowa I 1
Mine
rescue
and
first
aid.
00
0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
Number of
teams.
First
aid.
00
00
00
(■■')
(a)
00
00
(a)
(a)
(a)
Mine
rescue.
None..
(1)
None. .
...do..
...do..
7
None. .
...do..
...do..
...do..
. .do..
...do..
(a)
00
00
00
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
00
Number
of spec-
tators.
2,000
00
500
2,000
2,000
7,500
2,000
1,000
700
200
200
00
(a)
1,200
2,000
00
3,000
1,800
600
1,800
5, 000
5, 000
400
] , 500
6, 000
5,000
00
6, 000
3, 000
00
225
1,500
112
200
12
350
600
00
500
00
00
2,000
2,000
1,000
00
3,500
2,000
Nature of contest.
Intercompany.
(o)
Intracompany.
Intercompany.
State-wide.
Do.
Intracompany.
Intercompany.
Intracompany.
Intercompany.
Intracompany.
Do.
00
00
Intracompany.
County-wide.
00
Intracompany.
Intercompany.
Do.
Intracompany.
Do.
Intercompany.
Do.
Do.
Do.
State-wide.
00
Intracompany.
State-wide.
00
Intracompany.
Intercompany.
Intracompany.
Do.
Intercompany.
Do.
Do.
00
Intercompany.
00
00
Intercompany.
State-wide.
Intercompany.
00
Intercompany.
Do.
a No information available.
TESTS OF BREATHING APPARATUS.
The following is a brief summary of the testing work on breath-
ing apparatus done during the year :
Twenty-four tests were made with the four types of breathing
apparatus, the Draeger, the Fleuss, the Westfalia, and the Gibbs,
to determine the percentage accumulation of hydrogen and nitrogen
in the circulation system of these various types when " oxygen " was
used similar in composition to that furnished the various rescue cars
and stations — that is, oxygen containing nitrogen and hydrogen in
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 567
proportions ranging up to 3 per cent and 1.3 per cent, respectively.
In the course of these tests 170 samples were taken of either the origi-
nal oxygen or of inhalation air (the air that the wearer inhales),
and the tests developed the fact that oxygen mixed with more than
0.2 per cent hydrogen, or 2J per cent nitrogen, might prove danger-
ous for use with mine rescue apparatus, on account of the accumula-
tion in the apparatus of explosive proportions of hydrogen and
enough nitrogen to cause a deficiency of oxygen. Because of these
tests it is proposed to purchase oxygen for use on the cars and sta-
tions under specifications that will limit the percentage of hydrogen
to 0.2 per cent and of nitrogen to 2J per cent. These tests also served
to indicate the efficiency of the regenerator furnished with the Gibbs
apparatus, which is under trial.
Twenty-four tests were made with the Draeger apparatus and in
the course of these tests 96 inhalation-air samples were taken and
analyzed. Owing to the war in Europe the Draeger company can not
obtain its regenerating cartridges from Germany, and it has to manu-
facture these in America.
The purpose of these tests was to test the efficiency of these Ameri-
can-made regenerators. Two types were submitted, one containing
granular sodium hydroxide, and the other sheet sodium hydroxide,
the various cartridges being made up with different arrangements of
absorbent blotters. Generally speaking, all of the generators proved
satisfactory, but those which contained sheet sodium hydroxide and
were fitted with blotters in the four upper trays proved to be the best,
and they are now being used in the training work of the bureau.
Two tests were made with the Fleuss apparatus to determine the
maximum length of time that sodium hydroxide could be stored in
the Fleuss breathing bag and the apparatus used with safety. In
one test the sodium was stored for one month in the breathing bag
and in the second test, for two months. Samples of sodium were
taken and analyzed at the beginning and end of the storage periods
and eight inhalation-air samples were taken in the course of the
test. Two 2-hour tests were made with each of the two apparatus.
The tests were quite satisfactory, although the carbon dioxide content
of one sample of inhalation air was as high as 1J per cent.
Two tests were made with the Fleuss apparatus in which electro-
lytic sodium hydroxide prepared in the lump form was used. Eight
inhalation-air samples taken in each of these tests showed the sodium
hydroxide to be very efficient as a regenerating agent.
Four tests were made with the Fleuss apparatus fitted with the
" half mask " instead of the mouthpiece. These tests indicate that
with the half mask it is possible to have an apparently air-tight fit
568
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
before the wearer enters the smoke room and yet inward leakage may
occur after he has been in the noxious atmosphere for a short time.
The results of the various tests are shown in the table following:
Tests of breathing apparatus during fiscal year 1915.
No. of
tests.
Types of apparatus used
Purpose of tests
Air sam-
ples taken
and ana-
lyzed
25
Draeger, Westfalia, Fleuss, Ojbbs..
Hydrogen and nitrogen accumulation
170
24
Efficiency of American-made regenerators
Efficiency of new form of sodium hydroxide..
Length of time which sodium hydroxide can be
safely stored in Fleuss hag.
96
9
8
2
do ..
8
4
During the present year it is proposed to continue tests of the per-
centage accumulation of hydrogen and nitrogen, and also to deter-
mine, if possible, the extent of the outward leakage through the auto-
matic-reducing valves and by the mouthpiece.
It is proposed to make further tests with the Gibbs apparatus after
it has been modified in a manner which preliminary tests seem to
indicate will be necessary; to make tests as to the advisability of
intermittent use of cartridge regenerators; to make tests to deter-
mine the maximum period a man can use a mine-rescue apparatus
with safety when the apparatus is charged with oxygen sufficient
for a normal 2-hour period ; to make tests of the new types of " lung-
motors " and " pulmotors " submitted ; and to make an extensive test
of mine-rescue telephones.
Tests were made under the direct supervision of Mr. J. W. Paul
and Dr. Yandell Henderson on Pikes Peak in order to determine, if
possible, whether or not there existed in rescue apparatus certain de-
fects which rendered it peculiarly dangerous for use at high alti-
tudes. The net result of the investigations on the primary point un-
der study was that rescue apparatus is not more dangerous at high
altitudes than at low, and, in fact, assists easy breathing by supply-
ing a mixture rich in oxygen. The tests were made with three types
of apparatus, the Fleuss, Draeger, and Gibbs.
THE PERSONNEL OF RESCUE CARS AND STATIONS.
H. M. Wolflin, mine-safety engineer, with headquarters in Pitts-
burgh, is in charge of mine-rescue operations and of the testing of
all apparatus. Mr. J. W. Paul, who, since 1909, was in charge of
this work, was succeeded by Mr. Wolflin early in the present calender
year. Mr. Wolflin is assisted by D. J. Parker, mining engineer, and
J. W. Koster, assistant mining engineer. Mr. Koster is in charge of
all work relating to the testing of rescue apparatus and mechanical-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 569
resuscitating devices. Mr. Parker was transferred from car 8 to the
Pittsburgh station in February, and Mr. Koster was transferred from
the McAlester station to the Pittsburgh station in March.
The country is divided into 10 districts, the work in each district
being in charge of a mining engineer.
Anthracite district. — The anthracite district of eastern Pennsyl-
vania, which embraces the field of operation of mine-rescue car 1,
was in charge of Charles Enzian, mining engineer, with headquarters
at Wilkes-Barre. Since Mr. Enzian's transfer from the anthracite
district to the Pittsburgh station early in the present calendar year
this field has been taken care of from the Pittsburgh station. Mr.
Enzian resigned March 15, 1916.
Rescue car 1, which has its headquarters at Kingston, Pa., is in
the charge of Jesse Henson, foreman miner, assisted by R. H. Seip,
first-aid miner.
Pittsburgh district. — The bituminous district of Western Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, northern West Virginia, and Maryland is under the
supervision of Mr. Wolflin. W. J. German, foreman miner, is fore-
man of the Pittsburgh station and of automobile rescue truck 2.
Rescue car 6 is assigned to this district. C. O. Roberts', J. V.
Berry, W. G. Duncan, and W. B. Plank were attached to the car
for various periods of service during the year.
Southern district. — The southern district, including Tennessee,
Georgia, and Alabama, is under the charge of E. B. Sutton, with
headquarters at Birmingham, Ala., and embraces the mine-rescue
station at Jellico, Tenn. The Knoxville station was transferred to
Jellico in April, 1915. Mr. Sutton is assisted at the Birmingham
station by W. T. Burgess, foreman miner, who has charge of auto-
mobile rescue truck 1; J. M. Webb, foreman miner, assists at the
Jellico station.
Lake Superior district. — The Lake Superior copper and iron dis-
trict, including northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, em-
braces the field of operation of mine-rescue car 7, which was in charge
of Edwin Higgins, mining engineer, for the first half of the fiscal
year, with headquarters at Ironwood, Mich. About January 1,
1916, Mr. Higgins was transferred to the California district. Dur-
ing the fiscal year J. H. East, J. J. V. Forbes, R. H. Seip, C. J.
McKee, and W. W. Fleming were attached to the car for various
periods of service.
Southwestern district. — The southwestern district includes the
mine-rescue station at McAlester, Okla., the substation at Pittsburg,
Kans. ; and the field of operation of car 4 is in charge of J. J. Rut-
ledge, mining engineer, with headquarters at McAlester, Okla.
Prior to his transfer to the Pittsburgh station J. W. Koster was
assistant to J. J. Rutledge. W. W. Fleming, first-aid miner, is
570 ANNUAL KEPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
assigned to the McAlester station. During the fiscal year J. L.
Boardman, J. J. V. Forbes, J. F. Davies, A. I. Young, and T. L.
Rachels were attached to the car for various periods of service.
Central interior district. — The Central district, including Indiana,
Illinois, western Kentucky, southern Michigan, Iowa, and northern
Missouri, is under the general supervision of H. I. Smith, assistant
mining engineer, with headquarters at Urbana, 111. The district em-
braces the field of operation of mine rescue car 3, with headquarters
at Evansville, Ind. G. T. Powell, foreman miner, is in charge of the
car. W. W. Fleming, Luther Floyd, and Charles Hanraty were at-
tached to the car for various periods of service during the year.
Southeastern district. — The Southeastern district, including south-
ern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and Virginia, embraces the
field of operation of mine rescue car 8, and was under the general
charge of D. J. Parker, mining engineer, with headquarters at Hunt-
ington, W. Va., up to the time of his transfer to the Pittsburgh sta-
tion. W. B. Plank, junior mining engineer, with headquarters at
Huntington, W. Va., has been temporarily assigned to this district.
During the year Mr. Parker, H. D. Jones, Jesse Henson, C. J. McKee,
G. W. Grrove, W. G. Duncan, and D. TV Cook were attached to the
car for various periods of service.
Rocky Mountain distinct. — The Rocky Mountain district, including
the field of operation of mine rescue car 2, Colorado, Utah, Arizona,
and New Mexico, with headquarters at Trinidad, Colo., and of mine
rescue car 5, in Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Washington, with
headquarters at Billings, Mont., is under the supervision of Daniel
Harrington, mining engineer, with headquarters at Denver, Colo.
During the fiscal year G. W. Riggs, C. S. Arthur, K. H. Chisholm,
and J. H. East were attached to car 2 for various periods of service.
Mr. Riggs, J. L. Boardman, John Parker, Joseph Woods, and G. W.
Grove were attached to car 5 for various periods of service. Mr. Har-
rington succeeded J. C. Roberts in this district.
Cars 2 and 5 have been permanently removed from service on
account of their condition. Since their withdrawal detached train-
ing has been carried on in the Rocky Mountain district by Mr. Chis-
holm, Mr. Riggs, and H. J. Rahilty.
Northern Pacific district. — The Northern Pacific district, which in-
cludes the field of operation of the Seattle (Wash.) mine rescue sta-
tion, is in the immediate charge of J. J. Corey, foreman miner, and is
under the supervision of Edwin Higgins, mining engineer.
California or Southern Pacific district. — Up to the close of the
Panama-Pacific Exposition a temporary rescue and first-aid station
was maintained in San Francisco, where visiting miners were trained,
under the general charge of Mr. Wolflin, assisted by Edward Steidle,
assistant mining engineer, A. A. Krogdahl, and G. W. Riggs, fore-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 571
man miners. Since the transfer of Mr. Wolflin to the Pittsburgh
office this district has been in charge of Mr. Higgins.
District of Alaska.— -The work in this district was under the charge
of Sumner S. Smith, Federal mine inspector for the Territory of
Alaska, with headquarters at Juneau.
EXPLOSION TESTS AT EXPERIMENTAL MINE.
During the year investigations were conducted to determine meth-
ods of preventing the occurrence of coal-mine explosions and of con-
trolling or limiting the extent of those which occur. Such studies
include the determination of the explosibility of various coal dusts,
the influence of size of dust particles on the explosibility of coal dust,
and the use of rock dust in mines as a means of preventing explo-
sions. Important field investigations of the application of rock
dusting were conducted in conjunction with the experimental mine
work, and important advances were made in the successful applica-
tion of prevention methods. A total of 105 explosion tests were made
during the year.
The work was in charge of G. S. Rice, chief mining engineer, as-
sisted by L. M. Jones, mining engineer ; W. L. Egy, assistant physi-
cist; E. H. Denny, junior mining engineer; H. P. Greenwald, junior
physicist; J. H. Flaherty, laboratory aid; F. S. Crawford, laboratory
aid; and H. C. Howarth, foreman miner.
The total allotment for this work amounted to $26,208.09, of
which $8,208.34 was paid for technical salaries, $12,712.37 for labor,
$3,572.63 for supplies, and the remainder for repairs, equipment, and
minor sundries.
Laboratory coal-dust experiments were made by the chemical-
research laboratory; these are described on page 72.
PHYSICAL TESTS OF EXPLOSIVES.
Physical tests of explosives and blasting supplies are made at the
Pittsburgh station in order to increase the safety and efficiency of
these materials for use in the mining industry. Examinations and
tests on a total of 2,071 explosives were completed during the year.
Various field investigations were made, including two subway acci-
dents in New York City. The work of this laboratory was in charge
of S. P. Howell, explosives engineer, assisted by A. J. Strane, assist-
ant explosives engineer; J. E. Tiffany, J. L. Sherrick, E. L. Tarof,
C. G. Fallon, T. C. Atterbury, J. Barab, and L. L. A. Moran, junior
explosives engineers ; and Charles Schuler, shot firer.
The allotment for this work during the year amounted to
$11,896.99, of which $8,779.24 was paid for technical salaries and
the remainder for labor, supplies, equipment, and minor sundries.
572 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
CHEMICAL TESTS OF EXPLOSIVES.
This laboratory makes examinations of explosives used in coal
mining, with special reference to mine explosives, and does cooper-
ative work with other departments of the Government service.
The total allotment for this work during the past fiscal year
amounted to $11,860. A total of 2,946 analyses and determinations
were made. Three publications were issued as a result of the work
done and the manuscript of two others prepared.
The laboratory was in charge of W. C. Cope, explosives chemist,
who was assisted by Guy B. Taylor, assistant explosives chemist;
J. E. Crawshaw, Jacob Barab, Corwin Matthews, J. H. Hunter, and
C. A. Taylor, junior explosives chemists; V. P. Hawse, and G. F.
Hutchinson, junior chemists.
MISCELLANEOUS COAL-MINE INVESTIGATIONS.
Miscellaneous coal-mine investigations were carried on under the
general supervision of G. S. Rice, chief mining engineer, with the
following in direct charge of the field work : Charles Enzian, mining
engineer, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; L. M. Jones and J. W. Paul, mining
engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa.; J. J. Rutledge, mining engineer, Mc-
Alester, Okla.; J. C. Roberts and Daniel Harrington, mining engi-
neers, Denver, Colo. ; H. I. Smith and J. R. Fleming, assistant min-
ing engineers, Urbana, 111.; and E. B. Sutton, assistant mining engi-
neer, Birmingham, Ala.
INSPECTION OF MINES ON INDIAN LANDS.
Investigations of mines on the segregated Indian coal lands were
continued, with special reference to the enforcement of the Secretary
of the Interior's order requiring the use of permissible explosives
or the alternative of electric shot-firing from the surface. During
the previous fiscal year every active or open coal mine on the Indian
lands was visited by engineers of the bureau, who made a report on it.
In practically all cases the operators have made every effort to obey
the Secretary's order, but in a considerable number of mines tem-
porary suspension of the order was granted because of the difficulty,
through the steep pitching of the beds, of introducing mining ma-
chines that would permit the use of permissible explosives, or because
the wetness of the workings prevented the use of the electric shot-
firing system. In those mines where there were no dangerous con-
ditions that would permit the originating or propagating of explo-
sions, continued suspension of the order has been permitted until
such time as the conditions may be shown to be dangerous or until
the operator has found some means of overcoming the natural
difficulties.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 573
The practical result of the Secretary's order, together with the
general safety measures introduced by the companies, has led to
a much greater immunity from explosions than during any previous
year. The representative of the Bureau of Mines cooperates with the
representatives of the Indian tribes owning coal, asphalt, and other
mineral lands.
Not only was the bureau concerned in the saving of life on the
Indian lands, but also in improving the mining methods employed.
Serious wastes have occurred in the past, as the conditions in the
pitching beds of Oklahoma make mining unusually difficult. These
conditions are the steepness of the pitch, presence of gas, and the
liability to mine squeezes. Also, most of the mines can operate during
only about five months of the year on account of market conditions.
Mr. Rutledge, the district engineer, visited Colorado and Wyo-
ming to see certain methods of mining, especially long-wall mining,
and the use of mining machines in the panel system in pitching beds.
As the result of this and other investigations, he has, in coopera-
tion with Mr. Harrington, proposed to operators certain improved
methods of mining in Oklahoma. These suggestions will be incor-
porated in a publication of the bureau.
INVESTIGATIONS OF HEALTH CONDITIONS IN MINES AND MINING TOWNS.
MINERS' HOUSES AND MINE SANITATION.
The conduct of investigations relating to sanitation and health
conditions in mines and mining communities was carried on under
the direct supervision of the chief mining engineer. The field work
was conducted principally by J. H. White, sanitary engineer; Dr.
W. A. Lynott, mine surgeon, connected with the mine-rescue work;
and by the various field engineers in connection with other mine in-
vestigations.
During the first part of the year Mr. White investigated housing
conditions in mining towns and especially the design of model min-
ing villages in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and publications were
issued on the subject. The last half of the year Mr. White worked
in California under the bureau's cooperation agreement with the
California Industrial Commission and the California Public Health
Service, assisting in the investigation of hookworm disease in the
deep gold mines on the Mother Lode. The results showed that a
Jarge number of the miners were affected with the disease. Measures
were at once taken by the State authorities to stamp it out, and it
is believed that in the course of a few years, by means of rigid sani-
tation in the mines and corrective medical treatment of miners, the
disease will be eradicated. A report on the subject is in course
of publication.
574 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Dr. Lynott, while visiting the mines in the Lake Superior district,
and also in other parts of the country and assisting in first-aid
training, made some investigations into the effect of temperatures
in deep, hot mines on the working ability of the miner and his
health. Similar studies have been conducted by Mr. Harrington in
the course of certain investigations, mentioned hereafter, at Butte,
Mont. The allotment for sanitary engineers' expenses does not in-
clude the work done by Dr. Lanza and others as described below,
which being incident to the mine-rescue and first-aid-training work
was not chargeable against mine sanitation.
PULMONARY DISEASE AMONG MINERS.
Investigation into the prevalence and methods of combating
'* miners' consumption," or silicosis, may be considered a subdivision
of mine sanitation. A very important work begun in the previous
fiscal year by Dr. A. J. Lanza, detailed from the Public Health Serv-
ice to the Bureau of Mines, and Edwin Higgins, mining engineer,
into the prevalence of this disease among miners in the Joplin dis-
trict, Missouri, and the effect of rock dust in the mines as a causative
factor, was continued in the first part of this fiscal year. As a re-
sult drastic changes and improvements were established in the dis-
trict, through the recommendations of the bureau's investigators
and through the agency of the State authorities, and voluntarily
by the mine operators; also the miners seemed to be thoroughly
awake to their own danger. Although those miners who have al-
ready contracted the disease may not receive much benefit, yet the
lifetime of the average miner in the Joplin district, which has hitherto
been short, will be greatly lengthened through the improvements
effected.
Incident to the importance of lessening rock dust in these mines,
a general sanitary campaign was carried on Avhich has led to the im-
provement of housing conditions and the establishment of wash and
change houses at the mines, all of which has contributed materially
to improve health conditions in this important mining district. A
detailed report is in the course of publication, which will contain
later material than that given in the technical paper published pre-
viously. The authors of this report are Dr. Lanza and Mr. Higgins,
and a chapter has been contributed by Dr. F. B. Laney on the charac-
ter of the flint, or chert, found in the Joplin district, the dust of
which is considered to be the principal cause of miners' consumption
there.
The Joplin silicosis investigation having been brought to a fortu-
nate conclusion, it was decided that investigations of this subject be
begun in the Butte, Mont., district, one of the largest mining
centers in the country, where preliminary investigations had shown
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 575
a considerable prevalence of miners' consumption. Dr. Lanza was
accordingly detailed on this investigation, and, owing to Mr. Hig-
gins having been transferred to take charge of the California dis-
trict, Mr. Harrington, the Rocky Mountain district mining engineer,
was detailed to cooperate with Dr. Lanza in the investigation. The
work was started early in the spring of 1916 and a great deal of im-
portant information has been obtained, enough to show that the in-
vestigation was fully warranted by the prevalence of miners' con-
sumption, and also that the problem was much more complicated than
in the Joplin district, owing to the high temperatures and the diffi-
culty of ventilating the complicated and extensive mine workings.
There was no specific allotment for this investigation, except for
the expenses of Dr. Lanza, whose salary is being carried by the
Public Health Service. The salary and expenses of Mr. Higgins
and Mr. Harrington were chargeable against general mine investiga-
tions.
MINE SUBSIDENCE AND ROOF SUPPORT.
No specific allotments were made this fiscal year to carry on in-
vestigations into mine subsidence and roof support, but under the
cooperation agreement with the State of Illinois, these were subjects
of investigation in the cooperative work. A report of data pre-
viously collected by Dr. L. E. Young is to be published by the State
of Illinois. It embraces material collected by the State investiga-
tors and by the bureau's representatives. The chief mining engineer
assisted in planning the work and in the editing of the manuscript.
Extensive plans were made by the bureau in conjunction with the
Illinois representatives to establish monuments over certain kinds of
mines in certain mining districts, and to study the relation of the
advance of the underground workings to subsidence, as shown by the
movement of the monuments. The work was begun in the spring of
1916, but it will be several years before results are obtained. It is
believed that this investigation will result in establishing some im-
portant facts regarding subsidence. The problem is of great and
increasing importance in Illinois, because so much of the coal under-
lies flat rich agricultural land, where subsidence results in ponds and
marshes being formed; and in many cases reversing or destroying
drainage by tile and other drainage lines and ditches. Also damage
has been caused in some of the small towns built above the mines.
The problem is complicated by the fact that the value of the surface
land ranges up to $250 an acre, which is several times the value of the
coal in place. Therefore, the question of subsidence in Illinois is
related to that of improved mining methods looking ultimately to
the introduction of filling methods, such as hydraulic filling used so
extensively in Germany.
576 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Charles Enzian continued obtaining data on subsidence and roof
supports in the anthracite district, and did some work toward the
final publication of the data, most of which was obtained in conjunc-
tion with the mine cave commission of Pennsylvania.
MINE-ACCIDENT STATISTICS.
With the publication of mine-accident reports for the calendar
year 1915, the bureau will have records covering a 5-year period for
metal mines and quarries, and a 3-year period for coke ovens and
metallurgical plants. Although based on returns voluntarily made
by operators, these reports present reasonably accurate data for use
in devising plans whereby accidents may be reduced. The figures,
although not absolutely complete, are on the same basis and by cal-
endar years for each State, thus permitting intelligent comparison
of the statistics for the different States.
During the year a bulletin on coal-mine fatalities in the United
States, 1870 to 1914, was issued, in which are classified figures for
53,000 fatalities as obtained from the various State mine inspectors'
reports. Although the records during the earlier inspection periods
may not have been complete, yet sufficient data have been compiled
to show the principal causes of coal-mine accidents. This bulletin
places, for the first time, statistics for all of the States on a calendar-
year basis and under a uniform system of classification. Results of
a study of accidents from coal-mining machines are also given.
Data on the number of nonfatal injuries in coal mines are still
lacking, but sufficient material has been collected for the metal-
mining industry to warrant an estimate of what may be expected in
coal mining. To obtain more detailed information concerning non-
fatal injuries further development of cooperative agreements with
the State mine inspectors and State compensation bureaus will be
necessary.
Some States do not require mine operators to keep a record of in-
juries or to render a report to any individual or board, whereas other
States have strictly enforced laws requiring such reports. Further-
more, the fiscal years of the different States are not uniform. In an
effort to assure better data the Bureau of Mines called a conference
of State mine inspectors, Federal officials, and representatives of
compensation commissions and insurance companies in Washington
on February 24-25, 1916. A tentative schedule for insuring uniform
mine statistics, the use of the calendar year among other things,
was recommended. This schedule and a report of the conference
have been distributed to inspectors, mining companies, and others
interested in mining statistics, in order to obtain suggestions and
recommendations for consideration by a special committee. It is
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 577
hoped that this committee will be able to recommend some standard
forms for mine statistics and that these forms will ultimately be
adopted by every mining State.
In addition to its monthly reports on coal-mine fatalities, the
bureau issued reports on accidents in metal mines and in quarries,
for the calendar year 1914; a report on the production of explo-
sives during 1915 ; and a report on coke-oven accidents in 1915. Re-
ports on accidents at metallurgical plants, metal mines, and quarries
during 1915 are being prepared. The compilation of accident sta-
tistics is under the direction of A. H. Fay, mining engineer.
EXAMINATION OF MINING LAWS.
The law examiner continued work on a complete compilation of
the mining statutes of all the States and the judicial decisions con-
struing these laws.
During the year three bulletins giving abstracts of current deci-
sions on mines and mining of all the courts of last resort in the
United States have been published. The reports include abstracts of
decisions that have been made public since May 1, 1915. The manu-
script of another bulletin bringing the work down to the close of
August, 1916, has been completed and is ready for publication. It
has been decided to issue three of these periodical reports in a year,
each report covering decisions during a period of four months.
SPECIAL METAL-MINING INVESTIGATIONS.
Besides the investigations conducted in Joplin and Butte by Mr.
Higgins, Mr. Harrington, and Dr. Lanza, in the course of which
much valuable information has been obtained on mining methods in
the respective districts, there have been some investigations made by
the engineers and foreman miners in the Lake Superior and other dis-
tricts, incident to rescue and first-aid training and fighting mine
fires.
COOPERATIVE WORK IN CALIFORNIA.
The cooperative arrangement with the State of California, by
which a mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines was detailed to
assist and cooperate with the California Industrial Commission, was
continued. The first half of the fiscal year, H. M. Wolflin occupied
this position, with headquarters at San Francisco. His time was
engaged in examining the gold and other metal mines in California
with special reference to the mining regulations which were being
formulated by the California Industrial Commission in conjunction
with a committee of mine operators. The regulations were finally
put into such form that they were accepted and put in force on
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 37
578 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
January 1, 1916. Edwin Higgins, mining engineer, succeeded Mr.
Wolflin on January 1, also with headquarters at San Francisco, Mr.
Wolflin having been placed in charge of the mine safety work of the
bureau. Mr. Higgins inspected many of the metal mines of the
State, and also acted as chief of the inspection department, one-half
his salary and expenses being paid by the State.
As previously mentioned, under " Mine sanitation," J. IT. White
assisted in the investigation of hookworm in California mines the last
half of the fiscal year. It is believed that the introduction of proper
mine regulations, together with an inspection that goes beyond the
law in giving advice on safety matters, will be of inestimable benefit
to the State and of importance to the entire mining industry of the
country.
MINE INSPECTION IN ALASKA.
Sumner S. Smith, mining engineer, served as Federal mine in-
spector for the Territory of Alaska, with headquarters at Juneau,
Alaska. Mr. Smith made many trips to various parts of Alaska and
obtained data on metal -mining and dredging accidents, which are
given in a separate report. During the summer he was detailed for
Avork at the Matanuska coal field, as hereinafter mentioned.
ALASKAN COAL-LAND LEASES.
During the fiscal year a work of great importance to Alaska arose
through the carrying out of the act of Congress (38 Stat., 741) ap-
proved October 20, 1914, that provides for the leasing of coal lands
in the Territory under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior.
The act required the surveying of lands in the Bering River, Mata-
nuska, and Nenana coal fields and the dividing of such lands " into
leasing blocks or tracts of 40 acres each, or multiples thereof, and in
such form as in the opinion of the Secretary will permit the most
economical mining of the coal in such blocks, but in no case exceeding
2,560 acres in any one leasing block or tract." The Bering River and
Matanuska fields were surveyed during the summer or first part of
the fiscal year, this work being done by the Land Office; but, by direc-
tion of the Secretary, the Bureau of Mines delegated representatives
(one for each district) to recommend the proper division of the coal
lands into leasing units.
Sumner Smith, mine inspector for Alaska, was detailed to the
Matanuska field, and George Watkin Evans, a well-known mining
engineer and geologist of Seattle, AVash., who is consulting mining
engineer of the bureau, was detailed to recommend the units or
leasing blocks in the Bering River field. When the field work had
been finished they were ordered to Washington to complete their
maps and reports, and, with the chief mining engineer, George S.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 579
Rice, assisted the Director in preparing an abstract of their reports,
which, with reports of other bureaus of the Department of the In-
terior, were submitted to the Secretary to assist him in the issuance
of his report on " Regulations governing coal-land leases in the Ter-
ritory of Alaska/' The chief mining engineer and other engineers
of the Bureau of Mines assisted in preparing these regulations, which
embrace many new features for incorporation in leases, such as
requiring protection of the mines from squeezes and fires and the
protection of the miners through fireproof construction, ventilation,
and escape ways.
METHODS OF COPPER MINING AT SANTA RITA, N. MEX.
A report on methods and costs of open-pit mining at Santa Rita,
N. Mex., by Donald F. MacDonald, geologist, and Charles Enzian,
mining engineer, was completed and is in progress of publication.
The work on which this report is based was practically completed
in the previous fiscal year.
WORK OF FUELS AND MECHANICAL-EQUIPMENT DIVISION.
The purpose of the Bureau of Mines in its fuel investigations is to
increase efficiency in the use of mineral fuels and to disseminate in-
formation leading to this result. Current practice in the use of
fuels is frequently based upon misconceptions as to relative fuel
values, the nature of coal and the combustion process, and the method
of heat transmission. The most useful work that can be done in this
field is to discover the real facts about the nature and properties of
the many available fuels; the facts about the process of combustion
and heat generation, and the best means to be employed for transmit-
ting heat to the desired place. These studies, which are largely of a
laboratory nature, find direct application in Government plants using
fuel and help to raise average efficiency in the general use of fuels.
During the past year work has been completed that makes possible
the varying of furnace design in a rational manner according to
the chemical properties of the fuel to be used. Heretofore furnace
design has been largely a matter of cut and try, resulting in many
uneconomical misfits and in the production of objectionable smoke.
In 1907 a board of eminent engineers advised the Government to
undertake such studies as would help to remedy this difficulty and
would make available quantitative values for the use of engineers in
designing furnaces. The first part of this work has been completed
and a report of the results is ready for publication.
The investigation of mechanical equipment for mines has for its
purpose the prevention of accidents and the improvement of condi-
tions under which the miner works. The bureau has • adopted a
580 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
system of " approval " of devices that meet certain specifications
prepared by the bureau as a result of careful investigation into the
requirements for safety. During the past year this system has re-
sulted in accelerating the development of seven approved miners'
electric lamps. There is reason to believe that 100.000 of these im-
proved and safe lamps will come into use during the coming year,
and to this extent replace the more dangerous open lights.
The fuels and mechanical -equipment division is under the super-
vision of O. P. Hood, chief mechanical engineer, with headquarters
at the Pittsburgh experiment station. During the fiscal year 1916
the following investigations were made :
INVESTIGATION OF SAFETY CATCHES FOR COAL-MINE HOISTS.
The investigation embraced field studies of operating devices in
several districts, the results of which have been embodied in a report
to be issued in the near future. The investigation was made by
K. H. Kudlich, mechanical engineer.
INVESTIGATION OF SHAFT AND SLOPE HOISTING ACCIDENTS.
Hoisting accidents in four coal-mining States were studied by
R. H. Kudlich, mechanical engineer, and the nature and the cause
of the accidents were determined.
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED BREATHING APPARATUS.
A special breathing apparatus of an improved form for use in
rescue work, largely developed during the previous year, was
brought nearer completion and in form for manufacture. The field
and laboratory tests conducted during the year point to this device
as a distinct advance in simplicity, reliability, capacity, and light-
ness over other available apparatus for rescue purposes. The work
was supervised by W. E. Gibbs, engineer.
DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE ELECTRIC MINE LAMPS.
The system of issuing a formal " approval " for apparatus meet-
ing the safety specifications prepared by the bureau has been fur-
ther developed during the year, and has been applied to seven
miners' electric lamps. During the past three years the art of pro-
ducing safe and practicable miners' lamps has been greatly accel-
erated by the efforts of the bureau in cooperation with the manufac-
turers. It is believed that lamps of equal safety and practicability
would not have been available for several years to come without
the efforts made by the bureau. The work was in charge of H. H.
Clark, electrical engineer, assisted by L. C. Ilsley, electrical engi-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 581
neer, and R. W. Crocker, E. J. Gleim, and O. I. Gaines, junior elec-
trical engineers.
TESTING OF EXPLOSION-PROOF MOTORS.
Two types of explosion-proof coal-cutting equipment were ap-
proved. The requests for test and approval of such machines have
exceeded the facilities of the bureau, and a new testing gallery has
been provided by the manufacturers in order to expedite the work and
to cooperate with the bureau in its investigations. The testing was
done by H. H. Clark, R. W. Crocker, and O. I. Gaines.
RULES FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN MINES.
Rules that set a proper standard of safety for the installation and
operation of electrical equipment in bituminous coal mines have been
prepared by H. H. Clark, C. M. Means, consulting electrical engineer,
and O. I. Gaines.
These rules are ready for publication and in manuscript form have
been commented on favorably by many coal operators. Their gen-
eral acceptance would remove a considerable hazard from the coal
miner's occupation.
EXPLOSION -PROOF STORAGE-BATTERY LOCOMOTIVES.
The beginning of an investigation of explosion-proof storage-bat-
tery locomotives has been made, and tentative specifications have been
prepared preliminary to the establishment of an approval system for
this class of apparatus. The work was in charge of the electrical
engineer.
FLAME SAFETY LAMPS.
The testing of flame safety lamps for approval, lately undertaken,
has required a review of methods and the designing of new equip-
ment. Formal tests will be resumed shortly. The work is being done
by H. H. Clark, L. C. Ilsley, and H. H. Tinch, junior electrical engi-
neer.
INSPECTION OF GOVERNMENT FUEL PURCHASES.
The work of fuel inspection includes the collection, analysis, and
testing of samples representing coal purchased for the Government.
The aggregate cost of fuel purchased by the Government, samples of
which were analyzed by the Bureau of Mines, was approximately
$7,800,000. As the purchase of coal under the quality or specification
method had been generally adopted prior to the beginning of the
fiscal year, the work has been about the same as in the previous year,
but the specifications for the purchase of coal have been simplified
582 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MIKES.
and the methods of sampling and analysis have been improved. The
engineers of the bureau inspected and sampled coal shipments of the
Isthmian Canal Commission and the Panama Kailroad Co. During
the year 6,495 samples were received and analyzed: 172 samples of
peat were tested in cooperative work with the Minnesota State Geo-
logical Survey. The work described was in charge of G. S. Pope,
assisted by P. M. Eiefkin and N. H. Snyder, engineers, and D. M.
Obler and J. B. Kief kin, junior engineers.
The chemical laboratory was in charge of J. D. Davis, chemist, as-
sisted by H. M. Cooper, assistant chemist, E. L. Wallace, J. B. Fair-
childs, Neil Neville, G. Bornscheuer, W. A. Gonzales, I. M. Bortman,
A. Christie, and A. Engel, junior chemists, and H. J. Nichols, analyst.
BOILER AND FURNACE EFFICIENCY IN GOVERNMENT PLANTS.
The Bureau of Mines is directed to advise other Government
bureaus in matters connected with their fuel problems. Thus, the
bureau acts on request in the capacity of consulting engineer in such
matters as form the special work of the fuels division in the purchase
and use of fuels. During the past year service has been rendered in
this manner to the War Department, Treasury Department, Agri-
culture Department, Indian Office, Land Office, District pumping
station. Government Hospital for the Insane, and Freedmen's Hos-
pital, Washington, D. C.
A publication on saving fuel in heating a house" was favorably
received, and a report on carbon dioxide indicating devices h was
issued for power-plant operators. A study of coke as a domestic fuel
has been made during the year, with the object of aiding in the
rapid extension of the use of this smokeless fuel. The work men-
tioned was carried out by S. B. Flagg and C. D. Smith, engineers,
J. C. Cook and R. L. Beers, fuel engineers, and E. E. Mann, junior
fuel engineer, of the bureau, and Clarence Condon, W. A. Gee, and
W. O. Owens.
FUEL-EFFICIENCY LABORATORY.
The work of the fuel-efficiency laboratory at the Pittsburgh ex-
periment station was divided into combustion investigations and
heat-transmission investigations.
COMBUSTION INVESTIGATIONS.
In the combustion investigations the combustion in the fuel bed of
hand-fired furnaces burning coal at rates of 3 to 20 pounds per
square foot per hour was studied. This work was an extension of a
° Breckenridge, L. P., and Flagg, S. B., Saving fuel in heating a house : Tech. Paper 97,
Bureau of Min^s, 1915, 35 pp.
6 Barkley, J. P., and Flagg, S. B., Instruments for recording carbon dioxide in fuel
gases, Bull. 91, Bureau of Mines, 1915, 60 pp.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 583
similar study, carried on last year, to such low rates of combustion
as are used in house-heating apparatus. Tests were made with three
kinds of fuel, Pittsburgh coal, anthracite, and coke. This investiga-
tion is now completed and a report is in course of preparation.
Tests were made with the object of determining the relation be-
tween the fusibility of coal ash and clinker trouble when coal is
burned under steam boilers.
A study of the combustion of the combustible substances rising
from a furnace bed has been continued in a special furnace having
a long combustion chamber. The main object of these experiments
is to determine the proper combustion space for burning nearly com-
pletely any given coal without producing objectionable smoke. A
hand-fired grate was used and a similar series of tests are being run
as with the previously used stoker. These experiments are giving
quantitative results of value.
HEAT-TRANSMISSION INVESTIGATIONS.
The object of the heat-transmission investigations is to determine
the exact relation between the several factors governing the laws by
which heat is transmitted from burning fuel to the water in a boiler.
A knowledge of this relation will enable engineers to design boilers
that will be more efficient as heat absorbers. During the year 1916
a series of 55 tests was made with special apparatus. The factors
particularly studied were the influence of initial temperature of the
furnace gases and their velocity through the boiler tubes.
Supplementary work done on commercial boilers consisted of a
series of measurements of the temperature of gases as they passed
through boilers of the following designs: Standard Babcock &
Wilcox horizontal water-tube boiler; standard Stirling boiler; stand-
ard Heine boiler, and double-pass Heine boiler, and Parker boiler.
Reports completed during the year and submitted for publication
included those on combustion in the fuel bed of hand-fired furnaces,
combustion of coal and furnace design, the effect of low-temperature
oxidation on the hydrogen of coal and the change in weight on drying,
moisture and spontaneous combustion in stored coal, the diffusion of
oxygen through broken coal, and the absorption of methane and
other gases by coal.
The fuel-efficienc}' laboratory was in charge of Henry Kreisinger,
engineer, assisted by C. E. Augustine, assistant engineer, and J. F.
Barkley, electrical engineer.
The fuel-gas laboratory in connection with this work is conducted
by F. K. Ovitz, assistant chemist, S. H. Katz, assistant physical
chemist, A. L. Smith, junior physical chemist, and F. H. Mollenoff,
junior physical chemist.
584 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
COKING OF ILLINOIS COALS.
In cooperation with the University of Illinois and the geological
survey of Illinois an investigation was made of the extent to which
Illinois coals have been used for making coke. The extension of
the use of western coals for this purpose is desirable, and the collec-
tion of the results obtained by many experimenters has been made
as a starting point for further investigation. The work is in charge
of F. K. Ovitz, assistant chemist.
GAS-PRODUCER INVESTIGATIONS.
The gas producer has become a well-recognized coal-burning de-
vice. During the past year R. H. Fernald, consulting engineer, com-
pleted the preparation of a bulletin on " Operating Details of Gas-
Producer Plants."
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS.
The investigations of the bureau require the development of special
devices and instruments some of which find application in the in-
dustries. Devices developed include the following: Flash tester for
oil testing, gas detector for making rapid analyses of mine gases,
improved riffle for parting coal samples, and simplified carbon dioxide
indicator. The work was in charge of O. P. Hood, assisted by W. F.
Hausstein, foreman instrument maker; Rudolph Hellbach, instru-
ment maker; P. Hoff, mechanician; J. J. Barabas, junior instrument
maker; and F. E. Woodman, junior engineer.
INVESTIGATIONS OF PEAT AND LIGNITE.
The investigations of both peat and lignite which have been car-
ried on by the Bureau of Mines are of especial importance to those
people who live remote from good coal fields but near extensive un-
used deposits of these fuels.
Before the Government's investigation of peat began, little was
known of the extent of the peat deposits in the United States or of
methods of extracting, drying, and preparing peat, or of the prac-
ticability of producing peat fuel at a profit and on a commercial
scale. To get definite information about these and related subjects
was the aim of the work planned; similar work was arranged for
lignites.
Investigations during the past year have therefore continued
technical, scientific, and educational work begun in former years.
It has already been shown that large areas of peat of considerable
value lie near great iron mines in northern Minnesota, which are now
being worked entirely by coal brought a thousand miles or more from
Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. Many of the peat deposits of the
United States contain an unusually high percentage of nitrogen and
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 585
the peat has good fuel value as well and can be utilized by processes
that are known to be workable on a large commercial scale.
Unusual lignites and lignitic shales, termed oil shales, underlie
great areas in Colorado and Utah, and in places are 3,000 feet thick.
When heated these shales yield petroleum. Thin sections cut with
the microtome have been examined under the microscope in order to
ascertain the origin of the material that yields the petroleum. Also,
this work, which supplements that of the petroleum division of the
bureau on the same material, may develop improved methods of ob-
taining petroleum from the rock.
These deposits of carbonaceous matter seem to be in the early
stages of coal formation, but contain much material easily converted
into petroleum, and their study may throw light on the origin of pe-
troleum and enable the situation of oil pools to be more accurately
predicted than at present.
Some of the oil-yielding rock studied in this work would make
good fuel for properly designed gas producers. This fact adds im-
portance to the study of the shale, which is in a region where workable
coal beds are scarce or absent.
During the year cooperative work has been carried on with the
State Geological Survey of Minnesota and with the United States
Geological Survey.
This work, as heretofore, was directed by Charles A. Davis,
geologist, up to within a few weeks of his death on April 9, 1916.
WORK OF DIVISION OF MINERAL TECHNOLOGY.
The work of the division of mineral technology is under the direc-
tion of Charles L. Parsons, chief chemist. The field allotted to the
division is briefly outlined in the following summary :
Minor metals — aluminum, bismuth, chromium, nickel, cobalt, man-
ganese, etc; rare metals — molybdenum, tungsten, radium, uranium,
and vanadium; precious metals — iridium, osmium, platinum, and pal-
ladium; metalloids — arsenic, antimony, columbium, etc.; nonmetals —
bromine, chlorine, silicon, etc.; nonferrous alloys; building mate-
rials— cement, granite, lime, marble, sand, etc.; abrasives — alundum,
burrstones, carborundum, etc. ; silicates and clays, clay products, feld-
spar, and quartz; potash, phosphates, nitrogen; miscellaneous min-
erals— asbestos, asphalt, borax, fluorspar, fuller's earth, gems, graph-
ite, pyrite, etc.; minerals used in pigments and mineral paints —
barite, ochre, white lead, zinc oxide, etc.
The funds appropriated for the bureau's work have not as yet
permitted the division to take up investigations covering the whole
field. The investigations actively pursued during the past year and
the officials in charge are given below:
586 ANNUAL EEPOET DIEECTOE BUEEAU OE MINES.
RADIUM INVESTIGATIONS.
METALLURGY OF RADIUM.
The work on the metallurgy of radium and its extraction from
carnotite ore and purification to high-grade salts was conducted by
R. B. Moore, physical chemist, assisted by S. C. Lind, chemist in
radioactivity; C. F. Whittemore, assistant chemist in radioactivity;
and Alan Leighton, J. C. Morgan, and H. H. Barker, junior chemists
in radioactivity. Descriptions of the methods employed have already
been published in a bulletin of the bureau.
MINING AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIUM ORES.
The mining of carnotite ore from the 10 claims leased by the
National Radium Institute was completed. The concentration of the
low-grade ore, heretofore wasted, was carried on in a mill especially
designed for the purpose. Some 2,000 tons of ore, averaging about
0.85 per cent uranium oxide, was concentrated to a commercial ore
containing over 3 per cent uranium oxide. The lease on the claims
will expire on August 13, 1916. All of the high-grade ore and the
concentrates from the low-grade ore were shipped to the plant in
Denver, and the concentrating mill was sold to another company
having a considerable quantity of low-grade ore on its dumps. This
low-grade ore will be concentrated by private parties. The bureau's
concentration work was in every way successful, and a full descrip-
tion of the mining methods and the details of concentration will
shortly appear in a special bulletin.
The mining and concentration work was conducted by Karl L.
Kithil, mineral technologist, and John A. Davis, assistant mining
engineer.
RADIUM PRODUCTION.
The result of the investigations of the Bureau of Mines has made
it possible for two great hospitals in the country to obtain a goodly
supply of radium for use in the treatment of cancer, that dreadful
disease that is costing the lives of 75,000 human beings every year
in the United States.
This radium was produced in the Denver plant of the Bureau of
Mines from the carnotite ore mined from the claims of the National
Radium Institute, which was organized for the purpose of studying
the curative properties of radium and not for private gain.
The commercial plant beginning operations in June, 1914, has been
operating successfully on a manufacturing scale and is at present
extracting radium at a rate approximating 5 grams per year. It is
expected that the work will be completed by December 1, 1916, at
which time some 8J grams of radium will have been extracted. The
cost of producing this radium has been less than $40,000 per gram.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 587
as compared with a market price of $100,000 to $120,000 per gram.
None of this radium will be sold, but will be used in the treatment of
cancer.
The methods of extracting radium that have been evolved may be
utilized under intelligent technical control by any firm, association,
or corporation that can obtain the raw material. The processes de-
veloped by the Bureau of Mines have been patented for the benefit
of the people, and may be used freely by anyone within the United
States.
Incidental to the production of radium, many tons of iron vanadate
applicable to the production of high-grade vanadium steel and many
tons of oxide of uranium, used in coloring glass and in the production
of special tool steel, have also been produced. For an expenditure of
less than $35,000 the Bureau of Mines will receive as its share of the
results of the cooperative agreement at least $100,000 worth of
radium.
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF RARE METALS OTHER THAN RADIUM.
A study of the metallurgy of rare metals other than radium, in-
cluding the chemical technology of molybdenum, vanadium, ura-
nium, and tungsten, was begun by R. B. Moore, physical chemist,
assisted by J. C. Morgan and H. A. Doerner, junior chemists.
MOLYBDENUM DEPOSITS AND CONCENTRATION OF MOLYBDENUM ORES.
An investigation of molybdenum deposits and methods of con-
centrating molybdenum ores, conducted by F. W. Horton, mineral
technologist, showed that there are extensive molybdenum resources
in the United States and that these resources should be more fully
utilized than at present. A bulletin covering the work on molybde-
num is about to be issued, describing the ore deposits and methods of
concentration together with the use of molybdenum for making
special steels and for other purposes.
MANGANESE INVESTIGATION.
The work on the technology of manganese, begun by F. W. Horton,
mineral technologist, had been carried on by Mr. Horton only a few
weeks when he resigned from the bureau to accept a position with a
commercial concern, and the work is now being continued by W. C.
Pha'len, geologist. It is hoped that during the coming }^ear a bulletin
will be issued describing our resources of this metal and its
technology.
NONFERROUS ALLOY INVESTIGATIONS.
Investigations of nonferrous alloys, with particular attention to
the saving of waste through volatilization of metals in brass melting
588 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
and the development of electric furnaces for conserving these wastes,
were conducted throughout the year. The studies during the past
year in saving metal wastes in brass melting have resulted in the
development of an electric furnace which it is believed will be suc-
cessful in the melting of brass. The bureau has built and operated
such a furnace on a laboratory scale, and the results show marked
promise. Arrangements have been made with a large central electric
power station for the building and testing of a large commercial
furnace of this type. The bureau has also kept in close touch with the
development of other types of electric furnaces, and many firms
throughout the United States have allowed the bureau to observe tests
of electric furnaces proposed for brass melting and other uses in the
nonferrous alloy industry. The importance of developing an electric
furnace for such purposes is patent to all when the present high
price of crucibles is considered and when it is understood that in
normal times the metal losses in brass melting probably amount to as
much as $3,000,000 per year and that in the past year of large produc-
tion and high metal prices this loss has probably been nearer
$10,000,000.
Studies of temperature control have also continued, with a prospect
that a successful pyrometer for this purpose for use at brass works
will probably be evolved.
This work was in charge of H. W. Gillett, alloy chemist, assisted
by J. M. Lohr and E. L. Mack, junior chemists.
Another problem, dealing with metal losses in nonferrous alloys
has been a study of the methods of melting aluminum chips, excessive
losses as high as 40 per cent in melting being not uncommon. It is
probable that this loss in normal years amounted to $200,000 per
year, but it amounted to at least $600,000 during the past year in
the aluminum recovery industry. The bureau studied various
methods in detail, and a bulletin on melting aluminum chips is in
course of publication. The nonferrous alloy laboratory has also been
studying the production of ferro-uranium, and has succeeded in
making this material of a high degree of purity. The work on
aluminum was conducted by H. W. Gillett and G. M. James.
CLAY-INDUSTRY INVESTIGATIONS.
During the year an investigation of the secondary kaolins of the
coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina, with especial reference
to their substitution for imported English china clay, was conducted.
These kaolins have long been known to exist in almost unlimited
quantities, and to be of a fair degree of purity. However, small
amounts of titanium oxide and other impurities are present which, to-
gether with an excessive shrinkage, have rendered the material map-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 589
plicable to white ware. A commercial plant was operated through
cooperation with a Georgia kaolin company, and many tons of kaolin
were successfully purified. This kaolin was found to be not only
equal but superior to the best English kaolin for the production of
white tile and white crockery ware. In fact, the major part of the
impurity can be readily removed with very little cost. The kaolin
so purified was shipped to two plants in Ohio and was successfully
made into white tile and white chinaware, in the latter case yielding
material equal to chinaware made from English china clay and, in
the case of tile, producing a tile from all American material both
whiter and stronger than the best tile previously produced from
English china clay and Cornwall stone. A bulletin describing the
results of the work was prepared.
The conduct of the ceramic investigations was in charge of A. S.
Watts, consulting quarry technologist, assisted by Ira E. Sproat
and H. G. Schurecht, junior ceramic chemists.
QUARRY INVESTIGATIONS.
During the fiscal year the investigations relating to safety and
efficiency in sandstone and marble quarrying were continued and a
study commenced of methods of quarrying limestone for use as flux,
and of cement-rock quarrying. The more important phases of the
work are in reference to improvement in quarry methods and reduc-
tion of waste. A publication on safety problems in quarrying and
one on the technology of marble quarrying were published.
This work was conducted by Oliver Bowles, quarry technologist.
WORK OF PETROLEUM DIVISION.
The wcvrk of the petroleum division for the year 1916 may be
classified under three heads : Petroleum technology, engineering tech-
nology, and chemical technology.
The work in petroleum technology has been primarily in the elim-
ination of needless wastes in the production of petroleum and natural
gas, and covered investigations of underground wastes, the use of mud
fluid in drilling, and the possibilities of increasing the recoverable
percentage of oil from oil sands, as well as cooperative work with
the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the General Land Office.
The investigations under engineering technology included a study
of storage and fire conditions, and of the manufacture of gasoline
from natural gas, and the mechanical development of the Eittman
process, together with making field maps to be used for the investi-
gations carried on by the bureau. Preliminary arrangements were
made for the collection of statistical information on the refining
industry throughout the United States for the purpose of au-
590 ANNUAL KEPOET DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
thoritatively advising the public as well as the industry as to market
conditions. It is hoped that it will be possible to announce complete
and definite results at least annually.
As a result of the chemical-technology work of the petroleum di-
vision, the Rittman cracking process for the manufacture of gaso-
line, toluene, and benzene from kerosene or any other available frac-
tions of petroleum is now a commercial success, and the Bureau of
Mines is able to give to the public a commercial cracking process, free
of royalty, which wTill make available for internal-combustion en-
gines large quantities of other wise unavailable fractions of pe-
troleum. Investigations have also been made relating to the analyti-
cal distillation of petroleum, the properties of gasoline, and the
various methods of analyzing petroleum and its products in general
use in this country.
In addition, the Bureau of Mines has cooperated with the Bureau
of Indian Affairs in the supervision of oil and gas operations on
Indian lands, and has acted in an advisory capacity in matters con-
cerning the leasing of oil and gas properties on the Osage Indian
Reservation.
The petroleum division is under the supervision of W. A. Williams,
chief petroleum technologist. The investigations undertaken and
the bureau officials in direct charge are given below.
UNDERGROUND WASTES OF OIL AND GAS.
An investigation of underground wastes of oil and gas was under-
taken by W. F. McMurray and J. O. Lewis, oil and gas inspectors,
and the attention of the operators was called to the necessity of casing
off water at uniform horizons in order to protect the oil and gas sands
from water. The operators were also shown the necessity of securely
sealing wells, and thereby confining natural gas to its original strata
until such time as it is utilized. Various examples of underground
waste were cited and explained to prove the contentions of the
Bureau of Mines engineers. A report embodying the results of the
work was prepared for publication.
USE OF MUD FLUID IN DRILLING OIL AND GAS WELLS.
The use of mud fluid in drilling oil and gas wells was investigated
by W. F. McMurray and J. O. Lewis. Instructive experiments were
carried out and numerous practical demonstrations were made, and
a number of defective wells were corrected after all efforts of the
operators had failed, the Bureau of Mines engineers being univer-
sally successful. In a report submitted for publication, the advan-
tages to be gained by using mud fluid, such as safety in drilling
through high-pressure gas sands, the protection of oil and gas sands
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 591
against infiltration of water, the protection of the casing from cor-
rosive waters, and the ability to confine the gas to its natural strata
without loss are fully explained. One of the best examples of the
benefits to be derived from the use of mud fluid is shown by a com-
parison of conditions existing in the Gushing and in the Blackwell
fields in Oklahoma. The Blackwell field, probably the equal of the
dishing as a gas field, has been developed by methods advocated by
the Bureau of Mines, and instead of recovering less than 10 per
cent of the gas, worth from 2 to 3 cents per 1,000 cubic feet, the
Blackwell operators should recover more than 80 per cent, and they
are asking 7 cents per 1,000 cubic feet. The increased value of the
Blackwell gas is due to the fact that by the use of the mud fluid,
the gas can be confined in the original gas sand without loss until
market conditions are favorable. The estimated saving of our
natural resources in the Blackwell field alone is conservatively placed
at $20,000,000.
It is gratifying to state that oil and gas operators in Kansas are
conserving large volumes of gas encountered in drilling for oil, as
well as protecting oil and gas sands against infiltrating waters, by
using mud fluid. Previous to the introduction of the Bureau of
Mines methods, the operators had not been successful in obtaining
desired results in protecting their gas against dissipation and in pro-
tecting the oil and gas sands against infiltrating waters.
SPECIAL COOPERATION WITH OIL-WELL OPERATORS.
W. F. McMurray has spent considerable time in advising operators
of oil properties operated under the act of August 27, 1915, how to
protect oil and gas sands against underground waste or damage from
infiltrating waters.
USE OF COMPRESSED AIR AND WATER IN OIL RECOVERY.
An investigation of the use of compressed air to increase the
recoverable percentage of oil was carried on by J. O. Lewis in West
Virginia, Oklahoma, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. A comparison was
made between the use of compressed air and the use of water for
flushing oil sands to recover oil that could not be recovered by the
usual pumping methods. It is expected that the results obtained
from this investigation will emphasize losses that heretofore have
not been duly considered, and it is hoped that an increased recovery
of oil from the oil sands will result.
DEVELOPMENT OF RITTMAN PROCESS.
During the year the Rittman process for the manufacture of gaso-
line, benzene, and toluene was perfected mechanically and demon-
strated- to be commercially successful. A report covering all work
592 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
in connection with the development of this process was published.
The work was done by W. F. Rittman, consulting chemical engineer ;
E. W. Dean, assistant organic chemist ; C. B. Dutton, law examiner ;
W. A. Jacobs, junior chemist; and Clarence Netzen, assistant chem-
ical engineer.
MAPS OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS.
A. R. Elliott, assistant engineer, has been making detail maps
covering producing oil and gas fields, which show the location of
wells, storage tanks, pipe lines, and the ownership of the properties ;
also a series of general field maps showing principal cities, rivers,
railroads, and the relative positions of fields, pipe lines, roads, and
refinery sites in the oil-producing States. These maps are for the
use of the Bureau of Mines' engineers in connection with their in-
vestigations. Mr. Elliott has also drawn many of the illustrations
accompanying the publications submitted by the members of the pe-
troleum division.
COOPERATION WITH DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
During the year 1915 J. H. G. Wolf, petroleum engineer, was as-
signed to the Department of Justice, to assist in preparing special
suits against various interests in California.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PETROLEUM.
A bibliography on petroleum and allied substances has been pre-
pared by E. H. Burroughs, editorial assistant, from the literature of
the year 1915, and will be published by the bureau in the near future.
This is a compilation of references to the books, official reports, and
the most important journal articles published during the year, ar-
ranged according to a subject classification that will be included in
the more important journal articles published during the year, the
references being arranged according to subjects. A similar com-
pilation for 1916 is in the course of preparation.
OPERATION OF RITTMAN PROCESS EQUIPMENT.
A technical paper covering the essential features of construction
and operation of the Rittman cracking furnace for the manufacture
of gasoline has been prepared by C. P. Bowie, petroleum engineer.
This paper is intended for use of licenses of the Rittman process as a
guide in the construction and operation of the Rittman plants, and is
now available for distribution by the bureau.
Licenses for the use of the Rittman process have been granted to
22 oil companies operating refineries throughout the various oil fields
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 593
of the United States. Conferences regarding the details of construc-
tion and operation of the Rittman cracking tubes have been held with
these various licensees by Messrs. Bowie and Netzen. The bureau's
San Francisco station has been equipped with an experimental Ritt-
man furnace, operated by Mr. Netzen, and various grades of Cali-
fornia oil and distillates have been tested and the results furnished
the licensees of the process. This work indicates that the Rittman
process can manufacture gasoline for as low as 6 cents per gallon
from stove distillate costing 2 cents per gallon.
INVESTIGATION COVERING PRODUCTS OF RITTMAN PROCESS.
Investigations in connection with the products made by the Ritt-
man process were carried on by Messrs. Rittman, Dean, Gustav
Egloff, chemical assistant; Oscar Byron, junior chemist; and T. J.
Twomey, representing the Aetna Explosives Co. under a cooperative
agreement. These investigations included the thermal reactions of
petroleum and aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor phase ; equilibrium
relations among the aromatic hydrocarbons in cracked petroleum ; the
utilization of aromatic hydrocarbons derived from cracked petroleum ;
the thermal reactions in the vapor phase of various coal-tar oils and
distillates; and the range of applicability of the liquid sulphur di-
oxide method for the determination of aromatic constituents in
petroleum mixtures.
PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL GASOLINE.
An investigation of the various gasolines sold on the market dur-
ing 1915 was made by Messrs. Jacobs, Rittman, and Dean. The
properties of the gasolines were determined and mechanical tests
were made to determine the relative efficiency of the various gaso-
lines as motor fuel. A report for publication by the bureau was
submitted.
METHODS OF ANALYZING PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
An investigation of the various methods of analyzing and testing
petroleum and petroleum products in general use in this country was
made by David T. Day, consulting chemist. The results are expected
to help to standardize methods. The data obtained will be issued
as a bureau report.
ANALYTICAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM.
The analytical distillation of petroleum was studied by E. W.
Dean, and as a result a special type of distilling flask was adopted
for analytical work. The data obtained will be embodied in a report
for publication by the bureau.
62656' -INT 1916— vol 1 38
594 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
FUEL-OIL ANALYSES.
Analyses of fuel-oil samples for various departments of the Gov-
ernment were made by W. A. Jacobs, A. S. Crossfield, junior ex-
plosives chemist, S. W. Dean, laboratory aid, and G. G. Taylor,
junior chemist.
TRAPS FOR SEPARATING OIL AND GAS FROM FLOWING WELLS.
Methods of separating oil and gas from flowing wells by means of
traps were studied by W. M. Welch, gas engineer.
NATURAL GAS IN THE KANSAS-OKLAHOMA FIELDS.
The production, transportation, and distribution of natural gas
in the Kansas-Oklahoma fields were also studied by Mr. Welch.
PRODUCTION OF GASOLINE FROM CASING-HEAD GAS.
An investigation of the production of gasoline from natural gas,
including the design of plant and methods of blending and market-
ing, is being conducted by W. P. Dykema, assistant engineer. The
results of this investigation are expected to help to increase the
utilization of casing-head gas for the manufacture of gasoline.
INVESTIGATIONS OF OIL FIRES.
The special investigation of oil fires begun during 1915 is now
being revised and enlarged to include numerous recent mechanical
devices for controlling fires. This work is being done by C. P.
Bowie, petroleum engineer. The report of the work will cover the
various methods for extinguishing oil fires, together with recom-
mendations for prevention.
INVESTIGATIONS OF VARIOUS METHODS OF STORING PETROLEUM.
Investigations begun during 1915 relating to various methods of
storing petroleum are now being carried on by Mr. Bowie. The
report of Mr. Bowie's studies will discuss specifications and designs
for earthen storage reservoirs, concrete-lined reservoirs, and steel
tanks, and will contain data on losses of oil in storage due to evapora-
tion and seepage.
WORK OF THE METALLURGICAL DIVISION.
Although a certain amount of metallurgical work has been con-
ducted by the bureau for some time past, this was first officially
organized as a separate division last year. On January 1, 1916,
the position of chief metallurgist was created and F. G. Cottrell,
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 595
previously chief chemist, was appointed to this position, with change
of headquarters from San Francisco, Cal., to Washington, D. C.
The general work for the year has been chiefly a continuation of
the problems detailed in last year's report as under way. A few of
these have been brought to a close. An example of this is the coop-
erative work with the Selby Smelter Commission.
INVESTIGATIONS OF SMELTER-SMOKE PROBLEMS.
COOPERATIVE WORK WITH SELBY SMELTER COMMISSION.
The report of the investigations and findings of the Selby Smelter
Commission with regard to the alleged damage and nuisance
from the Selby smelter, in California, was published as a bulletin of
the bureau early in the present year. This report has been in great
demand among those interested in smelter-smoke problems and has
seemingly had a strong influence in shaping the further progress of
investigation and regulation along this line, both in this country and
abroad.
COOPERATIVE WORK WITH ANACONDA SMELTER COMMISSION.
Cooperative work with the Anaconda Smelter Commission look-
ing to the improvement of smoke conditions at the Anaconda smelter,
in Montana, was continued throughout the year. The construction
of the first units of electrical smoke-treatment apparatus was
begun. These units, which aggregate nearly $100,000 in cost,
represent only a small part of the total equipment contemplated
and will be given a thorough test in practice before a decision is
reached concerning details of further installations. The plant has
also put into operation the first unit of a sulphuric-acid plant with
a capacity of 140 tons daily, and would have started construction on
a second unit were it not for the excessively high price of materials
of construction caused by the war in Europe.
Studies concerning the manufacture, shipment, and marketing of
phosphates from this center are still in progress, and although the
commission has not felt justified as yet in making any practical rec-
ommendations for actual development on a commercial scale, the
outlook is encouraging and considerable progress may be possible
during the coining year.
METALLURGY OF COPPER AND LEAD SMELTING.
The metallurgical laboratories maintained in connection with the
Bureau of Mines exhibits at the Panama Pacific International Ex-
position were transferred at the close of the exposition, with what
equipment remained at the old station in the San Francisco cus-
tomhouse, to the new mining experiment station of the bureau at
596 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
the University of California, Berkeley, Cal., the bureau having en-
tered into a cooperative working agreement with the University of
California somewhat similar in general plan to that with the Uni-
versity of Utah, at Salt Lake City, and for the remainder of the
fiscal year the studies connected with the copper and lead smelting
industry were centered there. These resulted, among other things,
in the completion of a report by A. E. Wells, metallurgist, on the
possibilities and limitations of the wet Thiogen process for reducing
sulphur dioxide to elemental sulphur. An important result of this
investigation was a comprehensive report, to be published by the
bureau, on the reduction of barium sulphate which has an important
bearing on the paint and other chemical industries. Studies have
also been in progress on the absorption and concentration of sulphur
dioxide from smelter gases and the purification of crude sulphur and
arsenic.
The metallurgical investigations at the San Francisco and Berke-
ley laboratories have been under the joint direction of L. H. Duschak,
chemical engineer, and A. E. Wells, metallurgist, assisted by G. N.
Libby, assistant metallurgist; Wood Freeman and E. H. Zeitfuchs,
junior chemists. A clerk, two glass blowers, and three stenographers
were employed during the year.
In addition to these duties, routine administrative work for G. H.
Clevenger, consulting metallurgist, and Charles Janin, consulting
mining engineer, was handled through the San Francisco office.
During the exposition period Mr. Clevenger was assisted by F. B.
Laney, geologist, who was subsequently transferred to the Salt Lake
City station.
HTDROMETALLURGY OF GOLD AND SILVER ORES.
The work on cyanidation and related processes as commenced at
the exposition laboratories under the direction of G. H. Clevenger,
consulting metallurgist, was continued to the end of the exposition
and then transferred for final completion to the metallurgical labora-
tory at Stanford University. Some of the more important results
bearing on increasing efficiency are noted below.
BEHAVIOR OF SLIMES IN SETTLING.
The behavior of finely divided suspensions in water, or in the
solvents which may be used, as regards settling, is a matter of consid-
erable moment in hydrometallurgical work. Such material is referred
to in mill parlance as " slimes." As there was no sound laboratory
method known for ascertaining the settling capacity necessary in mill
operation for any particular ore, the development of such a method
was taken up. Work upon this problem was carried out both at the
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 597
exposition and in the field, a considerable number of mining com-
panies cooperating in furnishing data of actual operation. The re-
sults of mill operations checked reasonably closely with those ob-
tained by the laboratory method. On account of the inadequate
printing funds for the Bureau of Mines, the full account of the
results of this investigation was published in the Transactions of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers.
BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINUM IN CYANIDE SOLUTIONS.
Metallic aluminum is used as a precipitant of gold and silver in
cyanide solutions, replacing zinc in certain cases, and, furthermore,
aluminum in a soluble form occurs in certain gold and silver ores.
On account of the fact that there was little specific knowledge regard-
ing the behavior of aluminum in cyanide solutions, the reactions oc-
curring between metallic aluminum and the caustic alkalies were in-
vestigated, and a particular study was made of the ore and pulp
from the Goldfield Consolidated mine, Goldfield, Nev., as this is one
of the best examples of the occurrence of soluble aluminum salts in a
precious-metal ore. This work has been completed, and the chemical
reactions taking place under the conditions of mill operations have
been established.
EFFICIENCY OF CRUSHING MACHINES.
In ascertaining the efficiency of crushing machines, as well as in
the study and control of all hydrometallurgical processes, small-
scale screen-sizing tests are of great value. With the end in view
of establishing a standard method of performing sizing tests, and
of ascertaining the limitations of such a method, this subject was
taken up. The work has proceeded so far that a preliminary report
can be issued which will form the basis for a full discussion of the
subject.
CYANIDATION OF SILVER ORES.
Silver occurs in a great variety of combinations with other ele-
ments. This leads to rather complex and obscure relations and to
frequent irregularities, when such ores are treated by the cyanide
process. An investigation of the cyanidation of silver ores was
therefore undertaken, and considerable progress has been made.
The first step in this investigation was to study the behavior of
various synthetic ores prepared from pure silver minerals. The
work during the year was confined to argentite (sulphide of silver),
polybasite (sulpho-antimonite of silver and copper), and to a small
extent to pyrargyrite (sulpho-antimonite of silver), which are the
more commonly occurring silver minerals. The work has not pro-
ceeded sufficiently far to warrant definite conclusions regarding all
598 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
the points involved, but it is being continued and a detailed report
will later be made.
In addition a broad general study of hydrometallurgical practice
with gold and silver ores has been undertaken. This will embody
a digest of all recorded data upon the subject, as well as a study in
the field of the results of operation at representative plants in the
United States and Canada. It is proposed to make public the re-
sults of this investigation, as soon as completed, through the medium
of Bureau of Mines publications.
TREATMENT OF LOW-GRADE AND COMPLEX ORES.
The principal work of the bureau's station at Salt Lake City, in
cooperation with the department of metallurgical research of the
University of Utah, has been to discover, if possible, ways and means
of preventing mineral waste in connection with the concentration
and metallurgical treatment of nonferrous ores, especially lead and
zinc, and also of finding ways and means whereby the metal values
may be profitably extracted from such low-grade, complex, non-
ferrous ores as can not be profitably treated by present-day processes.
During the year the investigations carried on at the Salt Lake City
station were under the direction of D. A. Lyon, metallurgist, and
were conducted by O. C. Ralston, assistant metallurgist; J. F. Cullen,
junior chemist; F. B. Laney, geologist; and the holders of seven fel-
lowships awarded by the University of Utah, to whom were assigned
investigations in flotation processes, the hydrometallurgy of zinc and
lead, electrolytic processes, cyanidation, and losses in milling.
Among the problems in which particularly encouraging results
have been obtained during the year may be mentioned the chloridiz-
ing roasting and leaching of lead ores, and the extraction of the values
with a strong solution of common salt, a reagent of particular in-
terest to this region on account of the availability of the waters of
Great Salt Lake. This process is being further tested on all samples
of ores attainable to determine its exact limitations. If this process
proves commercially applicable it will mean that great bodies of
what is now considered waste will become ore instead. Part of this
investigation was carried on by the bureau and the department of
metallurgical research of the University of Utah, in cooperation with
R. S. Handy and C. L. Larson, of the technical staff of the Bunker
Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co., of Kellogg, Idaho.
By somewhat similar treatment it has been possible to roast and
dissolve out the lead from mixed sulphides of zinc and lead, leaving
the former sulphide untouched and still in condition to be separated
from the remaining waste by flotation. This is particularly im-
portant because the presence of zinc in lead ores, or of lead in zinc
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 599
ores, makes their smelting difficult and expensive. Under present
conditions there is a greater difference between the gross value of
the metals in an ore of this class and what the miner is paid for
than in the case of almost any other ore sold to the smelters. More-
over, the relative proportions of zinc and lead in many otherwise
rich ores make them to-day practically worthless.
FLOTATION PROCESS.
The development of the flotation process has well-nigh revolution-
ized ore dressing in the past few years, but we still know so little
of its underlying principles and final limitations that it presents a
particularly fruitful field for investigation, and the bureau has
devoted much effort to it during the year, particularly at its Salt
Lake station. The process is being developed so rapidly and so
many inquiries on it are being received that it has been found expe-
dient by the bureau to issue brief mimeographed circulars from
time to time in advance of the more complete reports in preparation.
These circulars are sent to the press, to operators, and to any persons
who may request information. They contain a request for prompt
criticism and discussion to the end that the printed reports to follow
may be made as complete and accurate as possible. This plan has
worked well and is being extended to other investigations that the
bureau is conducting in the more rapidly developing fields of work,
where delays in printing would lessen the timeliness and force of
reports.
During the year circulars of this description were issued on flota-
tion of lead and zinc ores in the Joplin district, Missouri, flotation
of oxidized ores, flotation processes for concentrating ores, and the
market situation as regards flotation oils.
The work under this head has been under the direction of O. C.
Ralston, assistant metallurgist, assisted by one of the fellowship
students of the University of Utah. Cooperative work on this sub-
ject, especially with regard to the fundamental chemistry and
physics of flotation processes, was also carried out with the University
of Kansas.
VOLATILIZATION PROCESS FOR ZINC.
Certain of the oxidized ores of zinc have not thus far proved
amenable to either leaching or flotation, but encouraging results have
been attained at the Salt Lake station by the application of a process
which consists of blowing a blast of air through a mixture of oxidized
zinc ore, coke, and limestone. As a result the zinc is volatilized and
drawn off as a fume that can be collected in a bag house, or by
electrostatic precipitation. The ore from which the zinc has been
volatilized forms a slag in the furnace and is tapped out in the usual
600 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
manner. The commercial application of such a process is also im-
portant because at the present time there is no process being used
that permits the successful concentration of the low-grade oxidized
ores of zinc such as have accumulated in vast quantities in the mines
and on the dumps in all of the important mining districts of the
United States, and especially those in Utah, where large deposits of
such ores are found.
This investigation was conducted by O. C. Ralston, assistant
metallurgist; J. F. Cullen, junior chemist; R. H. Bradford, pro-
fessor of metallurgy, University of Utah; and one of the students
holding a fellowship in metallurgical research at the university.
Some work was also done at the Salt Lake station on the electro-
lytic preparation of zinc dust, the accelerated settling of mill slimes,
the flotation and leaching of copper ores, and the extraction of zinc
oxides and carbonates from ores and flue dust by the use of sul-
phurous acid. The last investigation is important from its relation to
utilizing waste gases from smelters. These investigations will be
continued during the coming year.
WORK IN SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI LEAD AND ZINC DISTRICT.
A detailed study of conditions in the lead and zinc mines and mills
of the southwestern Missouri district, with special reference to losses
in milling, was carried on during the year. This work was under-
taken in cooperation with the State School of Mines of Missouri
and studies were made of the following features: (1) Character
of the ore and gangue and geology (economic) of the ore deposits,
(2) efficiency of the milling methods, (3) character of the ore treated
and the improvements possible in commercial milling methods, (4)
possibilities of flotation applied to the Joplin ores. This study
was closely correlated with the work of the mining division on
mining methods in the district.
Some interesting and valuable data were obtained from the study
of the efficiency attained in milling practice and from the results of
detailed mill tests. The mill tests, especially, showed where losses
were taking place in the mills and assisted greatly in determining
what commercial improvements are possible. Mimeographed cir-
culars on the following subjects were issued during the year and
were widely copied or abstracted by the technical and local press:
Possibilities of applying flotation to the lead and zinc in the Joplin
district, and table concentration, and jig concentration in the district.
There is still some information to be collected in order to bring
the field work up to date, after which a comprehensive report will be
published.
The work was conducted by C. A. Wright, assistant metallurgical
engineer.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OE MINES. 601
SAFETY INVESTIGATIONS AT BLAST FURNACES AND STEEL PLANTS.
The work on safety at iron blast furnaces and steel mills, which
was outlined in last year's report, was completed.
BLAST-FURNACE INVESTIGATIONS.
The result of the blast-furnace investigations is represented in
three reports, two of which were printed during the year. The
first, on safe practices for foremen and men, discusses briefly the
common dangers about blast-furnace plants and includes many
suggestions in relation to safe practices and methods of accident
prevention. This publication is largely intended for the employees
about the plant, especially the foremen in their efforts to train the
men to avoid accidents. In the second report, on asphyxiation by
blast-furnace gas, the danger involved and methods of safeguard-
ing workmen, including practice and construction calculated to
minimize the dangers, are discussed. A third report treats in de-
tail of blast-furnace breakouts, explosions, and slips. Although the
second and third papers take up in considerable detail matters of
practice, design, and construction and preventive means, and are
primarily designed for those engaged in the industry, it is hoped
that they will appeal to the general nontechnical public interested in
mining and metallurgical matters.
In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
Industry an investigation was made of the hazard at the furnace
plants in that State, and a report on the findings, including an
analysis of the accident risk and the methods and means of prevention,
has been submitted for publication. This report takes up the entire
field of accidents about blast furnaces, and every type of accident
is illustrated by an actual occurrence, together with a discussion of
means best calculated to prevent it. These reports complete for the
present the work of the bureau on safety at blast-furnace plants.
It is believed that intensive laboratory and field investigations into
the furnace processes and materials would be of value were funds
made available.
SAFETY AT STEEL WORKS.
With regard to steel works, it was decided to confine the bureau's
published report to the peculiar dangers characteristic of Bessemer
converters and open-hearth furnaces, with a chapter on methods of
accident prevention. Inasmuch as the report had been delayed, and
also because in contrast to the blast-furnace industry, the steel-pro-
ducing industry is chiefly in the hands of large companies, who are
handling accident prevention with satisfactory results, it was not
attempted to make as intensive a study as was made of blast fur-
602 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
naces, but to prepare a comprehensive report written more for the
general public than for these men who are skilled in the methods of
steel making and in accident reduction at steel works. Probably
in no other industry have the results of the intensive campaign of
accident reduction been more outstanding, nor in any other industry
have the efforts been more energetic and costly, than in steel-pro-
ducing establishments. A report on this work was completed and
submitted for publication.
These investigations were in charge of F. H. Willcox, metallurgical
engineer.
HEALTH CONDITIONS IN STEEL AND METALLURGICAL PLANTS.
At the request of the Secretary of the Interior, J. A. Watkins,
passed assistant surgeon of the Public Health Service, was detailed
for cooperative work with the Bureau of Mines. An investigation
of health conditions in the steel and metallurgical plants of the
Pittsburgh district was begun April 16, 1915, and finished March 15,
1916. During this time seven of the largest and most representative
steel plants, employing about 35,000 men, were visited. A general
survey of each plant was made, and information was collected on
such subjects as the sanitary condition of the plants as a whole, the
character of the work performed by those employed therein, the
amount required of them, and the conditions under which it was
performed, as far as each of these might affect the health of the
workmen. A detailed study was then made of each condition ob-
served which might injuriously affect the employees' health with the
view to devising ways and means by which these health hazards could
be eliminated or minimized. As a result of these studies a report
on health conservation in steel mills was prepared and submitted
for publication by the bureau. This report takes up in turn each of
the health hazards found in the steel industry and discusses ways and
means by which the effect of these hazards might be avoided and the
health of steel workers protected.
The bureau will continue in a general way its studies in safety
and health in these industries, but the Federal and the State Depart-
ments of Labor are now giving such close attention to this subject
that it seems only necessary for the Bureau of Mines to cooperate
with them in the matter of special technical questions that may
come up from time to time.
CORROSION OF METALS IN MINES.
The studies on corrosion of metals in mines were continued
throughout the year. A review of the literature was made and some
small-scale laboratory experiments relating to the corrosion of mine
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 603
pumping equipment and hoisting ropes by acid waters and under
the conditions peculiar to mine service were made. Much of the
time has been devoted to field study in various districts where cor-
rosive agencies are particularly severe, and data have been obtained
on the nature of the operations and the mine waters, the practice of
the district in handling these waters, and the experiences of the
operators with respect to the corrosion-resisting qualities of the
various metals and of the several kinds of iron and steel used. The
investigations in the fiscal year 1915 covered the bituminous coal
mining operations of the Pittsburgh district and some work in the
copper country of upper Michigan. During the present year con-
siderable time has been spent in the Pittsburgh field and in the
anthracite district of eastern Pennsylvania.
The field studies have served to outline and limit the practical
problems and to suggest lines and methods of attack in the labora-
tory, and such work is now being vigorously undertaken. The most
valuable results of studies in the field can be obtained by coopera-
tion with the mining interests, including the installation in various
mines by the Bureau of Mines of pipes or other parts of equipment
the character of which is accurately known, and the conducting of
periodical observations. Arrangements of this character are being
consummated.
In conjunction with the above work, and in order to put the
Bureau of Mines in a better position to furnish much-wanted data
with regard to the suitability of materials for mine service, pumping
apparatus has been ordered which will enable tests to be carried out
in the laboratory during the fiscal year 1917 on a comprehensive
scale, under conditions comparable to those existing in the mine but
with more exact control.
Close association has been maintained throughout the year with
manufacturers of pipe, sheet metal, pumps, valves, and other equip-
ment, and with the work of technical societies. The bureau engineer
in charge is a member of the corrosion committee of the American
Society for Testing Materials, and of its recently organized com-
mittee on metallic protective coatings. Both committees have im-
portant investigative work outlined and in progress. The work of
the bureau during the past year has been intensive study of surface
influences, particularly the effect of rust once formed on the progress
of further rusting. The progress has been reported in talks before
the Pittsburgh section of the American Chemical Society, and the
New York section of the American Electrochemical Society and
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and in a paper presented
before the American Electrochemical Society. The findings have
received the general approval of authorities on corrosion as explain-
604 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
mg many hitherto seemingly anomalous observations, especially the
differences observed in the durability of pipe in mines as compared
with pipe used on the surface, and the more pronounced pitting of
mine pipe.
For the next fiscal year much experimental work has been planned
to round out the observations made and to obtain more comprehensive
and accurate data, and apparatus has been acquired for this work.
Also, investigations will be conducted by electrochemical and metal-
lographic methods with the hope of determining the nature of the
corrosion resistance of certain alloy steels, copper-bearing steel in
particular. Information of this character will be of value in fixing
the fields of utility of such material, and the efficacy of other alloy
additions for variations in character of service.
The data when completed will form the basis of a comprehensive
report on the theory of corrosion of iron and steel, and its applica-
tion in methods for retardation and prevention.
Some work has been done during the year in the detection of steel
scrap in wrought-iron pipe of supposedly genuine character; meth-
ods of detection have been devised, and a report will be published for
the benefit of consumers of pipe.
The corrosion investigations were conducted by O. W. Storey,
metallurgist, until his resignation on August 1, when the work was
continued by James Aston, metallurgist.
INVESTIGATIONS OF BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS.
In the selection of investigations relating to improvements in
blast-furnace design or practice, the bureau, with its limited appro-
priation and facilities at command for the purpose, has had to select
carefully from the field the problems that have been largely over-
looked or have been neglected chiefly because of their seeming to
be academic. On this account an attempt has been made to select
problems in which important fundamental data were still missing
but could reasonably be expected to be obtainable in the laboratory
and later applied to the interpretation of large-scale operations.
In their preliminary survey of the field the metallurgists of the
bureau chose as the more important problems demanding scientific
investigation the relation of the fluidity of blast-furnace slags to
their chemical composition, and the mechanism and physical chem-
istry of the desulphurization process — two problems which are inti-
mately associated with fuel economy and the production of high-
grade pig iron.
The fluidity of blast-furnace slags has for many years been the
subject of much speculation and of theoretical deductions by oper-
ators and scientists, but no reliable conclusions had been reached be-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 605
cause of lack of experimental data. It is the aim of the bureau's
slag investigations to furnish metallurgists and furnace men with
reliable scientific data for guidance in their choice of operating
factors and to make possible the broadening of present furnace
practice to take care of the increasing need of working lean and
complex ores.
Since the beginning of the investigation in November, 1915, the
problem of measuring slag viscosity has been successfully solved,
so far as the method, apparatus, and technique of measurement are
concerned, through the development by A. L. Feild, junior chemist,
of a new high-temperature viscosimeter. By means of this apparatus
the viscosity of slags can be accurately measured up to a temperature
of 2,900 ° F., which is approximately 900° higher than that used
in previous viscosity measurements of any substance. The viscosity-
temperature relations of numerous typical commercial slags were in-
vestigated, and similar measurements on synthetic slags were begun
to show the effect of the different constituents, particularly that of
magnesia, alumina, titanium oxide, manganese oxide, and sulphur.
As soon as these investigations are completed, the study of the
desulphurization of pig iron and its relation to the viscosity and
composition of slags can be undertaken.
The electric furnace and apparatus used in these investigations
were constructed in the instrument and machine shops of the bureau.
The experimental work was done by Mr. Feild in the physics labora-
tory at the Pittsburgh experiment station.
F. H. Willcox, metallurgical engineer, collected numerous slag
samples from blast-furnace plants throughout the country and has
given an active interest to the progress of the work and the applica-
tion of laboratory results to operating practice.
A number of temperature readings were made on outflowing slag
and samples of slag collected at operating blast furnaces. These
measurements were made with a special form of thermocouple de-
signed by J. K. Clement, physicist.
The methods of measurements, apparatus, and laboratory technique
used in the viscosity investigations are in process of publication as
Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 157, " A new method for measur-
ing the viscosity of blast-furnace slag at high temperatures." The
results of further research will be published from time to time.
The results which have been obtained in these investigations are
ample promise of future success and of the intrinsic value of the
investigation to the industries involved.
The investigations of blast-furnace slags were under the direction of
Mr. Willcox, assisted by Mr. Feild.
606 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
WORK OF CHEMICAL-RESEARCH LABORATORY.
The chemical-research laboratory at Pittsburgh is under the direc-
tion of C. L. Parsons, chief chemist. In this laboratory, in addition
to a large amount of routine work for the various divisions, the
following special investigations were- carried out.
EXPLOSIBILITr OF COAL DUST.
The explosibility of coal dust was studied by J. K. Clement,
physicist, and E. C. White, junior physical chemist. Investigations
were conducted during the year, with a twofold purpose — first, to
determine the relative inflammability of a large number of coal
dusts and of mixtures of coal dusts and shale dusts, and, second, to
throw some light on the mechanism of dust explosions. Two hun-
dred and five samples of coal dust from the various coal fields of the
United States, as well as mixtures of these dusts with shale dust,
were analyzed. As a result of the laboratory determinations, com-
bined with information obtained in large-scale experiments at the
bureau's experimental mine, the probable behavior of various dusts
in the mine may now be predicted. The laboratory also cooperated
with the Department of Agriculture in studies of cereal dust ex-
plosions, and, during the latter part of the year, a careful survey of
the coal by-product industry was made by Dr. Clement in connection
with proposed future work.
ORIGIN AND CONSTITUTION OF COAL.
Microscopical and chemical studies of the origin and constitution
of coal were continued by E. J. Hoffman and Bernhardt Thiessen,
assistant chemists.
INVESTIGATION OF MINE GASES AND OF NATURAL GAS.
The investigation of mine gases and of natural gas has been in
charge of G. A. Burrell, chemist, assisted by I. W. Robertson and
G. G. Oberfell, A. W. Ganger, W. C. Harpster, and J. L. Duggar,
junior chemists, and G. W. Jones, junior physical chemist.
Many samples of mine air were collected and analyzed in the course
of investigations in mines after fires and explosions, or in studying
the ventilation of mines. Also, many samples of natural gas-air mix-
tures were analyzed that were collected in the various testing gal-
leries of the Pittsburgh station of the bureau. These testing galleries
are used for testing explosives, miners' electric lamps, miners' oil
lamps, and for various other purposes. Many samples of mine air
were analyzed that were submitted at the request of mine operators
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 607
or State mine inspectors in attempts to remedy dangerous conditions
in mines. In addition, samples of mine air from metal mines, samples
of natural gas from different parts of the country, and special
samples of gas, collected in various special investigations conducted
by the Bureau of Mines, were examined.
Special research work undertaken during the year included the
following investigations:
The critical constants and vapor pressures of normal butane, iso-
butane, and propylene were determined. This is important work in
connection with the liquefaction of the constituents in natural gas.
The deviation from Boyle's law of the constituents of natural gas
and of natural gas itself was determined. The necessity of revising
commercial methods of measuring natural gas at high pressures was
at once made apparent. Many millions of cubic feet of natural gas
is measured each year at pressures up to 300 pounds per square inch ;
errors in measurement as great as 10 per cent are being made in the
case of some natural gas from flowing wells.
An investigation was made of a new absorption method of extract-
ing gasoline from natural gas. By this method natural gas is
brought in contact with a petroleum distillate of about 35° B. grav-
ity, whereupon the oil absorbs the gasoline from the natural gas.
The oil, charged with gasoline, is then pumped to steam stills, where
the gasoline is recovered, the oil being used repeatedly. The process
is important in that, if generally applied, about 100,000,000 gallons
of gasoline can be recovered from natural gas each year. A bulletin
has been submitted for publication that contains a detailed account
of the entire process and describes many large-scale experiments.
A gas detector for use in mines and other places was fully devel-
oped and arrangements made toward putting it on the market. This
device is believed to be the first practical and accurate gas detector
for use in mines. The device has been patented and can be used by
the public without the payment of royalties.
A chart was submitted for publication covering the properties of
the various gases found in mines.
A report of an investigation of the rock gases found in the Cripple
Creek, Colo., mining region was published as a contribution to the
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
A publication on methods of testing natural gas for gasoline con-
tent was submitted, as there is a great demand for this information
in view of the great activity in extracting gasoline from natural gas.
A bulletin on black damp in mines was completed and will soon
be published, showing the effects of atmospheres low in oxygen and
high in carbon dioxide on men and lights, and discussing all phases
of poor ventilation of mines due to these causes.
608 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Technical papers have also been submitted for publication on the
following subjects:
The vapor pressures of 10 gases at low temperatures.
The composition of the natural gas used in 31 different cities in
the United States.
The explosibility of mine gases and of industrial gases.
The copper oxide method of determining hydrogen and carbon
monoxide in gas mixtures.
The following investigations are under way: The explosibility of
mixtures of hydrogen and air at initial pressures up to 150 atmos-
pheres has been undertaken because some tanks containing oxygen
with small quantities of hydrogen have exploded, causing loss of life
and damage to property. The explosions were seemingly due to the
careless manufacture of oxygen by electrolytic methods. The matter
is also important in that a great deal of oxygen is used in rescue
apparatus for use in mines, and it is necessary that hydrogen, if
present in such oxygen, exist therein in very small proportion.
Hydrogen and nitrogen are not consumed in the lungs, but oxygen
is. Consequently, when oxygen rescue apparatus is worn, the pro-
portion of nitrogen or hydrogen, if either of these gases is present in
the oxygen used, will increase. Thus an explosive mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen may result, or the nitrogen may increase until
the air breathed by the wearer contains a dangerously low proportion
of oxygen.
The chlorination of natural gas, with a view of producing carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, and other valuable products is also being
studied.
During the year reports were issued on the following subjects:
The analysis of natural gas and of illuminating gas at low tem-
peratures and pressures.
The composition of natural gas used in 25 cities in the United
States.
The explosibility of gases from mine fires.
The limits of inflammability of mixtures of methane and air.
Hazards in handling gasoline.
Effects of temperature and pressure on the explosibility of methane-
air mixtures.
Inflammability of mixtures of gasoline and air.
Quantity of gasoline necessary to cause explosive mixtures in
sewers.
The compressibility of natural gas at high pressures.
The explosibility of acetylene.
ANALYTICAL LABORATORY.
The personnel of the analytical laboratory during the year in-
cluded: A. C. Fieldner, chemist in charge; W. A. Selvig, assistant
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 609
chemist; F. D. Osgood, G. E. Postma, H. H. Hill (July 1 to Sept.
30), G. G. Taylor (July 1 to Feb. 15), V. P. Hawse (Juiy 1 to Aug.
31), C. W. Davis (Apr. 1 to June 30), Corwin Matthews (Jan. 1 to
Mar. 31), G. H. Mengel (May 16 to June 30), junior chemists;
W. E. Surbled, laboratory assistant ; and Morris Block and William
Demby, laboratory helpers.
Samples of fuel belonging to the Government, and samples of
fuels and various other substances collected in the course of investi-
gations being made by the Government and State geological sur-
veys and experiment stations, are analyzed in the general analytical
laboratory.
The samples include coal, coke, peat, lignite, coal dust, mine road
dust, rock dust, coked dust collected after mine explosions, coal ash,
clinkers, slag, mine waters, minerals, ores, metals, and miscelleaneous
materials.
During the year 538 mine samples of coal were received for
analysis. These were collected in the course of various investiga-
tions and of cooperative work with the United States Geological
Survey and the State geological surveys of Illinois and Kentucky.
From the mining division of the bureau there were received 1,212
samples of coal, road, stone, and coked dusts taken in the course of
investigations of explosions and fires in coal mines; 16 samples of
caustic soda and caustic potash used in tests of breathing apparatus ;
13 samples of pyrite, slate, shale, and other materials taken in con-
nection with the investigation of the origin of mine fires ; 3 samples
of ignitor points for safety lamps; 89 samples of rock dust col-
lected from the atmospheres of metal mines in the Butte district,
Mont.; making a total of 1,333.
From the metallurgical division there were received 57 samples of
blast-furnace slag and 3 samples of iron ore.
From the fuels and mechanical-equipment division there were re-
ceived 926 samples, mostly of coal, ash, residual fuel, clinker, boiler
water, and scale.
From the mineral-technology division there were received three
samples of clay.
From the petroleum division there were received seven samples
of petroleum for ultimate analysis.
From the various investigations being conducted in the chemical-
research laboratory there were received 30 samples of coal in connec-
tion with storage and spontaneous-combustion investigations; 20
samples of cereal dust in connection with the investigation of grain -
dust explosions ; and 69 samples of ash in connection with clinkering
investigations.*
In all, 2,985 samples were received; in their analysis 28,190 de-
terminations were made.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 39
610 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OE MINES.
The following publications were prepared during the year:
A bulletin on analyses of mine samples of coal collected in the
fiscal years 1913 to 1915.
In cooperation with committees of the American Chemical Society,
American Society for Testing Materials, and American Foundry-
men's Association, a report on standard methods of sampling and
analyzing coke was prepared. This report is published in the pro-
ceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials, 1916.
An investigation of methods of determining moisture in coke was
completed and the results submitted for publication.
Other investigations nearing completion are:
The determination of nitrogen in coke.
The determination of combustible carbon and hydrogen in shales,
clays, limestones, and other materials used in limiting and preventing
mine explosions.
The occurrences of chlorides, organic sulphur, and carbonates in
some American coals.
FUSIBILITY AND CLINKERING OF COAL ASH.
The investigation of various methods of determining the fusi-
bility of coal ash was continued throughout the year, with special
reference to the effect of various fuel-bed atmospheres, and the
relation between the fusion temperature under various conditions
to actual clinker formation in fuel beds. Various available forms
of furnaces have been investigated and new forms of electrically
and gas heated furnaces have been developed. The results of this
investigation have been submitted for publication in a bulletin
entitled "The fusibility of coal ash" and in a technical paper en-
titled " The effect of ferrous and ferric iron on the softening tem-
perature of coal ash, kaolin, and kaolin-lime mixtures as determined
in various atmospheres."
Another technical paper on the determination of ferrous, ferric,
and metallic iron in slags and clinkers is nearing completion.
This investigation is being carried on by A. C. Fieldner, chemist;
A. E. Hall, assistant chemist; A. L. Feild, junior physical chemist
(July 1 to Oct. 31) ; H. H. Hill (Nov. 1 to May 31), junior chemist;
and H. N. Depew, junior physical chemist (June 1 to 31).
PROGRESS OF OTHER INVESTIGATIONS.
PLACER-MINING METHODS.
An investigation of placer-mining methods in the United States,
with especial regard to the prevention of accidents and the possible
obtaining of larger returns through a closer recovery of precious
metals, has been started. An investigation of gold dredging has
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 611
been made, and a preliminary report on this important branch of
mining is now in course of publication. Further work planned
contemplates cooperation with the United States Geological Survey
in a comprehensive report on placer and hydraulic mining in the
United States.
Data for the report on gold dredging were collected by corre-
sponding with dredge operators, by going to the more important
dredging fields, and by visiting the more prominent designers and
constructors of dredges. The response to the bureau's inquiries has
been very encouraging, and many promises of assistance have been
received. Operating costs and other data, hitherto most carefully
guarded by dredge operators, have been freely furnished for use in
the report.
The work described above has been in charge of Charles Janin,
consulting engineer. The report on gold dredging was written by
Hennen Jennings, consulting engineer, and contains a chapter by Mr.
Janin.
PRELIMINARY LIGNITE INVESTIGATIONS.
The utilization of western lignites has been a subject of cooper-
ation for several years with the School of Mines of the University
of North Dakota. The experiments have shown that gas of good
quality is obtained lignite briquets comparable with anthracite
fuel have been made, and by-products of ammonium sulphate, tar,
and oils of several kinds have been obtained, indicating a fertile
field for valuable investigations in numerous directions. The inves-
tigations are being conducted by E. J. Babcock, consulting engineer.
RULES TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS IN METAL MINES.
The report on the prevention of accidents in metal mines, prepared
by the committee of consulting engineers, comprising Messrs. W. R. In-
galls, chairman, J. Parke Channing, James Douglas, J. R. Finlay, and
John Hays Hammond, was completed and published during the year
as a bulletin of the Bureau of Mines. The work comprises a com-
plete code of rules for metal mines, a discussion of the reasons that
led the committee to adopt the precise wording for certain rules,
and a consideration of metal-mine accidents, with especial reference
to some of the larger accidents and their immediate causes. The
rules represent not only the opinions of the members of the com-
mittee, but also those of many mining engineers, mine operators, and
makers of mining supplies, who were consulted in the course of the
work, and for this reason it is believed that the rules will have the
approval of those persons interested in the development and enforce-
ment of bGtter laws.
612 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OE MINES.
SPECIAL PRODUCER-GAS INVESTIGATIONS.
Since the Bureau of Mines was established it has been conducting
general investigations relating to the increase of efficiency in the
utilization of fuels in gas producers.
The unrestricted use of high-grade fuels in the United States and
the ruthless waste and neglect of lower-grade fuels that should be
of real commercial value are in sharp contrast to the conservation and
successful use of low-grade fuels in Europe. The investigations so
far conducted have embraced the following details :
1.* The utilization of high-ash coal.
2. The use of wood refuse and other similar material.
3. The recovery of by-products, such as ammonium sulphate, tar,
and pitch.
4. The recent developments in the use of peat as producer fuel.
5. The results of low-temperature distillation of fuels.
6. The possibilities of the slagging type of gas producer.
7. The use of powdered fuel.
The owners and operators of producer-gas installations in the
United States have responded well to requests for data. The mate-
rial obtained has been incorporated in a report entitled, " Operating
details of gas producers," which will be issued in a few months.
The data obtained in Europe prior to the breaking out of the war
were published as a technical paper on the use of low-grade fuels in
Europe.
IRON-ORE MINING.
A large bulletin on iron mining in the United States, work on
which has been intermittently progressing for several years, is
being completed by D. E. Woodbridge, consulting engineer, and is
expected to be ready for publication within a few months.
DEVELOPMENT, OF IRON MAKING IN THE UNITED STATES.
A bulletin entitled "The story of iron," which is to present a
comprehensive review of the development of iron making in the
United States, was nearly completed by J. L. W. Birkinbine, consult-
ing metallurgical engineer. Its issuance in a few months is expected.
SOME ENGINEERING PROBLEMS OF THE PANAMA CANAL.
A bulletin discussing the geologic conditions in the Canal Zone
and their bearing on mining, quarrying, and excavating methods
in the construction of the Panama Canal, prepared by Donald F.
MacDonald, geologist, has been issued.
MINE AND FUEL ECONOMICS.
The degree to which the mine operator can carry out methods for
eliminating accidents and for lessening waste of resources is largely
dependent upon profitable operation. The increasing complexity of
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
613
the economic problems connected with the marketing of mineral
products is making a study of the factors affecting their use and the
prices at which they are sold more and more necessary. At the pres-
ent time this is particularly true in the fuel industries where coal,
petroleum, and natural gas are coming in competition with each
other and with hydroelectric power.
During the year, A. G. White, associate mine economist, has been
continuing a study of these problems as related to the fuel and power
situation in the Western States. A period of about six months was
spent in interviewing the representatives of the leading coal, oil, and
electric companies, as well as the larger consumers. An analysis
has been made of the consumption of coal and fuel oil, to show the
relative amounts used by different classes of consumers — railroad,
domestic, and industrial — to determine the extent of the competi-
tion of coal and oil with hydroelectric power, and to determine the
effect of the trend of the market as regards the use and selling price
of these various products.
A bulletin giving the results of this study is nearing completion.
A broader application of this wTork has been made in a study of the
relationship that these economic factors may have to the organiza-
tion and usefulness of the work of the bureau, and, still further, to
the problem of national preparedness.
ADMINISTRATION.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
The total sum appropriated by Congress for expenditure by the
Bureau of Mines during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, was
$757,300.
The following statement shows the appropriations made for the
year and the amounts disbursed from the appropriations.
Amounts appropriated for and expended ~hy the Bureau of Mines for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1916.
Title of appropriation.
General expenses
Investigating mine accidents
Testing fuels
Mineral mining investigations
Inspecting mines in Alaska
Books and publications
Land for mine rescue cars
Investigations of petroleum and natural gas.
Removal of mining experiment station, Pitts-
burgh, Pa
Mine rescue station, Birmingham, Ala
Mine rescue station, Mc Alester, Okla
Total.
Amount,
$70, 000. 00
347, 000. 00
135, 000. 00
100, 000. 00
7, 000. 00
1, 500. 00
1, 000. 00
35, 000. 00
57,300.00
3,000.00
500.00
757,300.00
Repay-
ments.
$6.00
1,440.00
1,446.00
Available.
$70, 006. 00
348, 440. 00
135, 000. 00
100, 000. 00
7, 000. 00
1,500.00
1,000.00
35,000.00
57,300.00
3,000.00
500. 00
758, 746. 00
Disburse-
ments.
$69, 765. 40
348, 040. 00
134, 700. 00
100,000.00
5, 635. 44
1, 458. 53
36.00
35,000.00
10, 531. 19
2,996.37
496. 00
708, 658. 93
Balance
subject to
voucher
or claim.
$240. CO
400. 00
300. 00
1,364.56
41.47
964. 00
46,768.81
3.63
4.00
50,087.07
a This balance added to and made part of an appropriation for the identical purposes for the fiscal year
1917, under authority contained on p. 46 in the sundry civil act approved July 1, 1916.
614
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS TURNED INTO THE TREASURY.
Miscellaneous receipts turned into the United States Treasury by
the Bureau of Mines during the year and the proceeds of the sales
of its publications were as follows :
Miscellaneous receipts turned into the United States Treasury for the fiscal
year ended June SO, 1916.
Royalties from coal mined on leased Government lands $15, 499. 97
Fees for tests of explosives 2, 172. 00
Fees for tests of mine lamps 1, 762. 19
Fees for tests of explosion-proof motors 660. 31
Fees for copies of records 53. 68
Sales of worn-out material 459. 95
Total 20, 608. 10
Sales of Bureau of Mines publications by the superintendent of docu-
ments 6, 294. 50
26, 902. 60
PERSONNEL.
On June 30, 1916, there were 430 employees on duty in the Bureau
of Mines; 408 of these held Secretary's appointments, and are dis-
tributed and classified as indicated in the following table:
Number of appointees on duty in the Bureau of Mines, June 30, 1916.
Location.
Classification and number of appointees.
Tech-
nical.
Clerical.
Non-
clerical.
Total.
Washington
Pittsburgh
Field in general .
a 25
ell3
*103
&26
d27
7
105
167
136
Total .
241
107
a Engineers, 10; chemists, 12; miscellaneous, 3.
b Includes such employees as elevator conductor, electrician, watchman, messenger boy, laborer, and
charwomen.
c Engineers, 43; chemists, 31; miscellaneous, 39.
d Includes such employees as machinist, millwright, carpenter, labor foreman and coal sampler, fire-
man^ janitor, watchman, messenger boy, and laborer.
leers, 39; chemists, 20; miscellaneous, including miners, 44.
In addition to the employees enumerated in the table, there were
22 unskilled laborers, including cooks, on field agreements, 2 of whom
were in Pittsburgh and 20 in the field in general, or a total of 430
employees on duty June 30, 1916, an increase of 6 appointees and an
increase of 6 on field agreements as compared with the preceding
fiscal year.
The total number of changes in status requiring the approval of
the Secretary of the Interior and consisting of appointments, rein-
statements, transfers, promotions, reductions, separations, exten-
sions of limited appointments, etc., was 446. The number of changes
in status on field agreements issued by the director with the approval
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 615
of the Secretary of the Interior, and including employment, separa-
tion, promotion, or reduction, was 278, or a total of 724 in all, being
a decrease of 188 from the preceding fiscal year.
Grants of leave during the past calendar year were made to 352
of the 408 appointees, as follows: Annual, 6,858 days; sick, 1,107
days; without pay, 3,769 days; military, 101 days. This leave was
covered by approximately 4,045 applications, or 606 more than the
previous year.
MAILS AND FILES.
The number of pieces of all classes of mail handled in the Wash-
ington office of the bureau aggregated about 275,000, of which not
less than 50 per cent consisted of general inquiries from the public for
information and assistance in various problems connected with the
prosecution and development of the mineral industries. The work
of handling the correspondence required the services of a clerk in
charge and of two filing and withdrawal clerks.
PUBLICATIONS.
The Bureau of Mines publishes three classes of reports — bulletins,
technical papers, and miners' circulars. In addition it issues various
lists and schedules, a monthly statement of fatalities in coal mines,
and the annual report of the director.
Most of the bulletins present in detail the results of technical and
scientific investigations, and therefore are of interest chiefly to en-
gineers, chemists, mine officials, and other persons familiar with
the subjects discussed. The technical papers are shorter and less
formal than the bulletins, and contain preliminary statements of the
results of the larger investigations, or describe the shorter investiga-
tions incidental to a larger one. The miners' circulars deal with
topics relating to accident prevention and rescue and first-aid meth-
ods, the safeguarding of health, and other matters that directly con-
cern the workers in mines, mills, and metallurgical plants. These
circulars are written in simple, nontechnical English, and are printed
in much larger editions than are the bulletins and technical papers.
The bulletins, technical papers, and miners' circulars issued during
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, are summarized in the following
statement :
BULLETINS.
Bulletin 74. Gasoline Mine Locomotives in Relation to Safety and Health, by
O. P. Hood and R. H. Kudlich, with a chapter on Methods of Analyzing Ex-
haust Gases, by G. A. Burrell. 1915. 84 pp., 3 pis., 27 figs.
Describes results of tests of a gasoline locomotive.
Bulletin 75. Rules and Regulations for Metal Mines, by W. R. Ingalls and
others. 1915. 296 pp., 1 fig.
616 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Bulletin 86. Some Mining and Engineering Problems of the Panama Canal in
Their Relation to Geology and Topography, by D. F. Macdonald. 1915.
88 pp., 29 pis., 9 figs.
Discusses the bearing of topographic and geologic conditions on construction, de-
scribes the rock formations, gives data on materials used and presents figures of cost.
Bulletin 89. Economic Methods of Utilizing Western Lignites, by E. J. Bab-
cock. 1915. 74 pp., 5 pis., 5 figs.
Discusses characteristics of lignites of the Great Plains, and methods of utilizing
lignite for the production of briquets and of gas for generating power and for domestic
purposes.
Bulletin 91. Instruments for Recording Carbon Dioxide in Flue Gases, by J. F.
Barkley and S. B. Flagg. 1915. 60 pp., 1 pi., 25 figs.
Describes results of tests of various instruments to determine accuracy, durability, and
attention required.
Bulletin 92. Feldspars of the New England and Northern Appalachian States,
by A. S. Watts, 180 pp., 3 pis., 22 figs.
Gives results of examination of deposits and tests of samples.
Bulletin 93. Miners' Nystagmus, by Frederick L. Hoffman. 1916. 67 pp.
Reviews the results of investigations of miners' nystagmus in Europe and draws
tentative conclusions as to the possible frequency of the disease in the United States.
Bulletin 94. United States Mining Statutes Annotated, by J. W. Thompson.
1915. 1,772 pp. In two parts.
Is intended for persons engaged in mining enterprises that come within the scope of
the Federal mining laws, and as a guide in the determination of mining rights and
duties. Shows the status of every Federal mining law, both laws relating to metal
mining and those relating to coal, oil, and phosphate, and to mining on public, Indian,
and railroad lands. Includes references to Alaska and the Philippine Islands.
Bulletin 96. The Analysis of Permissible Explosives, by C. G. Storm. 1916.
88 pp., 3 pis., 7 figs.
Describes methods used by the Bureau of Mines in the analysis of samples of ex-
plosives received for tests to determine their permissibility. Is intended especially for
manufacturers of explosives, but should be of interest to chemists engaged in similar
analytical work.
Bulletin 97. Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases, by Henry Kreisinger and
F. K. Ovitz. 1915. 68 pp., 1 pi., 37 figs.
Describes simple apparatus intended for use of men in charge of boiler plants.
Bulletin 98. Report of the Selby Smelter Commission, by J. A. Holmes, E. C.
Franklin, and R. A. Gould, with reports by associates on the commissioners'
staff. 1915. 525 pp., 41 pis., 14 figs. $1.25.
Describes in detail the methods used in determining the contamination of the air and
the damage to trees, crops, and live stock by the smoke and fumes from the Selby
smelter, in California, and gives the conclusions of the commission on the methods used
by the smelter company to prevent injury. Is of especial interest to metallurgical com-
panies, municipal or State boards of health, and persons investigating damage by
smelter smoke.
Bulletin 99. Mine- Ventilation Stoppings, with Especial Reference to Coal Mines
in Illinois, by R. Y. Williams. 1915. 30 pp., 4 pis., 4 figs.
Discusses first cost of different types of stoppings and cost of maintenance.
Bulletin 100. Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, by H. D. Hibbard. 1915.
78 pp.
A general statement on the composition and heat treatment of various steels, and their
use for special purposes.
Bulletin 101. Abstracts of Current Decisions on Mines and Mining, October,
1914, to April, 1915, by J. W. Thompson. 1915. 138 pp.
Bulletin 102. The Inflammability of Illinois Coal Dusts, by J. K. Clement and
L. A. Scholl, jr. 1916. 74 pp., 5 pis., 22 figs.
Presents the results of a detailed study of coal dusts collected in the bituminous coal
mines of the State.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 617
Bulletin 104. Extraction and Recovery of Radium, Uranium, and Vanadium
from Carnotite, by C. L. Parsons, R. B. Moore, S. C. Lind, and O. C. Schaefer.
1915. 124 pp., 14 pis., 9 figs.
Discusses briefly the different methods of treating radium ores, describing in detail the
method developed by the Bureau of Mines for the treatment of carnotite and the refining
of radium. Presents data regarding recoveries, losses, and costs.
Bulletin 106. The Technology of Marble Quarrying, by Oliver Bowles, 1916.
174 pp., 12 pis., 33 figs.
Summarizes efficient and economical methods of quarrying and preparing marble ; de-
scribes special and improved machinery and equipment, and points out the need of
better systems of cost keeping.
Bulletin 113. Abstracts of Current Decisions on Mines and Mining, reported
from May to September, 1915, by J. W. Thompson. 1916. 124 pp.
Bulletin 144. Manufacture of Gasoline and Benzene-Toluene from Petroleum
and Other Hydrocarbons, by W. F. Rittman, C. B. Dutton, and E. W. Dean,
with a Bibliography compiled by M. S. Howard. 1916. 268 pp., 9 pis., 45 figs.
Reviews the literature on the cracking of petroleum, and presents in much detail the
results of experiments made in the development of improved processes for manufacturing
gasoline and benzene-toluene. Gives some of the results achieved in working out the
benzene-toluene process on a commercial scale.
Bulletin 115. Coal-Mine Fatalities in the United States, 1870-1914, with Statis-
tics of Coal Production, Labor, and Mining Methods, by States and Calendar
Years, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1916. 370 pp., 3 pis., 13 figs.
Gives all the fatal accidents described in reports of State inspectors, by States, causes,
and calendar years, from the beginning of inspection service to date.
Bulletin 118. Abstracts of Current Decisions on Mines and Mining, Reported
from October to December, 1915, by J. W. Thompson. 1916. 74 pp.
TECHNICAL PAPERS.
Technical Paper 64. The Determination of Nitrogen in Coal, a Comparison of
Various Modifications of the Kjeldahl Method with the Dumas Method, by A.
C. Fieldner and C. A. Taylor. 1915. 25 pp., 5 figs.
Describes results of tests to determine relative advantages of the various modifications.
Technical Paper 83. The Buying and Selling of Ores and Metallurgical Products,
by C. H. Fulton. 1915. 43 pp.
Discusses methods of buying and selling, with especial reference to sampling, assaying,
freight rates, smelting and milling charges.
Technical Paper 84. Methods of Preventing and Limiting Explosions in Coal
Mines, by G. S. Rice and L. M. Jones. 1915. 50 pp., 14 pis., 5 figs.
Discusses causes and prevention of explosions and describes rock-dust barriers devised
by the engineers of the bureau.
Technical Paper 93. Graphic Studies of Ultimate Analyses of Coals, by Oliver
C. Ralston, with a preface by Horace C. Porter. 1915. 41 pp., 3 pis., 6 figs.
Presents diagrams showing grouping of coals by plotting the carbon, hydrogen, and
volatile matter by a system of trilinear coordinates.
Technical Paper 97. Saving Fuel in Heating a House, by L. P. Breckenridge
and S. B. Flagg. 1915. 35 pp., 3 figs.
Treats of hot-air, hot-water, and steam heating plants for dwellings, the factors to be
considered in heating a house, and the care of heaters.
Technical Paper 100. Permissible Explosives Tested Prior to March 1, 1915, by
S. P. Howell. 1915. 16 pp.
Contains names of 129 permissible explosives, and gives their unit deflective charge
and rate of detonation.
618 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
Technical Paper 104. Analysis of Natural Gas and Illuminating Gas by Frac-
tional Distillation in a Vacuum at Low Temperatures and Pressures, by G. A.
Burrell, F. M. Seibert, and I. W. Robertson. 1915. 41 pp., 7 figs.
Describes apparatus and methods employed and results of tests.
Technical Paper 105. Pulmonary Disease in the Joplin District, Missouri, and
Its Relation to Rock Dust in the Mines, by A. J. Lanza and Edwin Higgins.
1915. 48 pp., 5 pis., 4 figs.
Describes mining methods, conditions injuiious to miners, the method of determining
dust in mine air, character of the dust in the mines visited, and the improvement of
health conditions.
Technical Paper 107. Production of Explosives in the United States during the
Calendar Year 1914, with Notes on Coal-Mine Accidents Due to Explosives,
compiled by A. H. Fay. 1915. 16 pp.
Technical Paper 108. Shot Firing in Coal Mines by Electricity Controlled From
the Outside, by H. H. Clark, N. V. Breth, and C. M. Means. 1915. 36 pp.
Describes chief features of some outside firing systems in use.
Technical Paper 109. Composition of the Natural Gas Used in 25 Cities, with a
Discussion of the Properties of Natural Gas, by G. A. Burrell and G. G.
Oberfell. 1915. 22 pp.
Technical Paper 110. Monazite, Thorium, and Mesothorium, by K. L. Kithil.
1915. 32 pp., 1 fig.
Discusses occurrence and recovery of monazite, also recovery of mesothorium from
thorium residues.
Technical Paper 111. Safety in Stone Quarrying, by Oliver Bowles. 1915. 48
pp., 5 pis., 4 figs.
Calls attention to the chief causes of accidents in quarries and the measures and
devices for preventing accidents.
Technical Paper 112. The Explosibility of Acetylene, by G. A. Burrell and
G. G. Oberfell. 1915. 15 pp.
Gives results of tests to determine explosive limits of acetylene-air mixtures and the
slight risk of explosions of acetylene in mines if proper care is observed in its use as
an illuminant.
Technical Paper 113. Some Properties of the Water in Coal, by H. C. Por-
ter and O. C. Ralston. 1916. 30 pp., 3 figs.
Discusses the manner in which water may be held in coal, and how its properties
and those of the coal are affected by the condition in which it is held.
Technical Paper 114. Heat Transmission through Boiler Tubes, by Henry
Kreisinger and F. K. Ovitz. 1915. 36 pp., 23 figs.
Third of a series with Bulletins 8 and 18. Calls attention to the ease with which heat
is transmitted through boiler tubes and the possibility of greatly increasing boiler
capacity by proper design.
Technical Paper 115. Inflammability of Mixtures of Gasoline Vapor and Air,
by G. A. Burrell and H. T. Boyd. 1915. 18 pp., 2 figs.
Describes experiments and gives results of tests.
Technical Paper 116. Miners' Wash and Change Houses, by J. H. White. 1915.
27 pp., 3 pis., 3 figs.
Describes types of houses, especially those for large mines.
Technical Paper 117. Quantity of Gasoline Necessary to Produce Explosive
Vapors in Sewers, by G. A. Burrell and H. T. Boyd. 1916. 18 pp., 4 figs.
Gives the results of tests conducted in the city of Pittsburgh, Pa.
Technical Paper 118. Coke-Oven Accidents in the United States during the
Calendar Years 1913 and 1914, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1915. 16 pp.
Presents statistics compiled from reports made by coke operators.
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 619
Technical Paper 119. The Limits of Inflammability of Mixtures of Methane and
Air, by G. A. Barrel! and G. G. Oberfell. 1915. 30 pp., 4 figs.
Describes experiments and gives results of the tests.
Technical Paper 120. A Bibliography of the Chemistry of Gas Manufacture,
by W. F. Rittman and M. C. Whittaker, compiled and arranged by M. S.
Howard. 1915. 30 pp.
Technical Paper 121. Effects of Temperature and" Pressure on the Explosibility
of Methane-Air Mixtures, by G. A. Burrell and I. W. Robertson. 1916. 14
pp., 3 figs.
Gives the results of experiments to determine the effect of temperature and pressure
on the low limit of complete propagation of flame in mixtures of methane and air.
Technical Paper 122. Effects of oxygen deficiency on small animals and on
men, by G. A. Burrell and G. G. Oberfell. 1915. 12 pp.
Technical Paper 123. Notes on the Uses of Low-Grade Fuel in Europe, by R. H.
Fernald. 1915. 37 pp., 4 pis., 4 figs.
Describes use of high-ash coal and wood refuse and similar material in producers,
recovery of by-products, use of peat, results of low-temperature distillation, possibilities
of slagging type of gas producer, and use of powdered fuel.
Technical Paper 124. Accidents at Metallurgical Works in the United States
during the Calendar Years 1913 and 1914, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1915.
28 pp.
Presents statistics compiled from reports of smelting and ore-dressing plants ; does not
include iron blast furnaces.
Technical Paper 125. The Sand Test for Determining the Strength of Detona-
tors, by C. G. Storm and W. C. Cope. 1916. 68 pp., 2 pis., 5 figs.
Presents in detail the results of tests with various grades of detonators and electric
detonators.
Technical Paper 126. The Casting of Clay Wares, by T. G. McDougal. 1916.
26 pp., 6 figs.
Points out the procedure necessary and the precautions advisable in changing from
a plastic to a casting process. Is intended especially for the practical potter.
Technical Paper 127. Hazards in Handling Gasoline, by G. A. Burrell. 1915.
12 pp.
Shows need of care in handling and using gasoline and gives precautions to be ob-
served.
Technical Paper 128. Quarry Accidents in the United States during the Calen-
dar Year 1914, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1915. 45 pp.
Presents figures compiled from returns made by quarry operators throughout the
United States.
Technical Paper 129. Metal-mine Accidents in the United States during the
Calendar Year 1914, compiled by A. H. Fay. 1915. 96 pp., 1 pi., 3 figs.
Technical Paper 131. The Compressibility of Natural Gas at High Pressures, by
G. A. Burrell and I. W. Robertson. 1916. 11 pp., 2 figs.
Calls attention to the fact that the pressure-volume relation of Boyle's law does not
hold for natural gas under high pressure, and points out possible errors in measuring
natural gas.
Technical Paper 134. Explosibility of Gases from Mine Fires, by G. A. Burrell
and G. G. Oberfell. 1916. 31 pp., 1 fig.
Presents results of observations of gases from mine fires and the liability of such
gases to form explosive mixtures.
Technical Paper 145. Sensitiveness to detonation of trinitrotoluene and tetra-
nitromethylanilin, by G. B. Taylor and W. C. Cope. 1916. 11 pp., 1 fig.
Outlines methods and results of tests of two important explosives used in detonators.
620 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
MINERS' CIRCULARS.
Miners' Circular 18. Notes on Miners' Carbide Lamps, by J. W. Paul. 1915.
11 PP.
Gives suggestions to the miner, mine foreman, and others on the prevention of ac-
cidents in metal mines.
Miners' Circular 20. How a Miner Can Avoid Some Dangerous Diseases, by
A. J. Lanza and J. H. White. 1915. 24 pp., 4 figs.
Points out the danger from various diseases and the precautions that should be taken.
EDITORIAL WORK.
The editorial work of the year included not only the editing of
manuscript and the reading of proof of all reports and forms printed
for the bureau, but also the examining of all material submitted for
illustrations and the preparation of accepted material for engraving.
During the year 21 bulletins, 33 technical papers, and 2 miners'
circulars were published, as follows: Bulletins 74, 75, 86, 89, 91, 92.
93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 113, 115, 118; Technical
Papers 64, 83, 84, 93, 97, 100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127,
128, 129, 131, 134, 145 ; and Miners' Circulars 18 and 20. The contents
of these publications have been summarized in the preceding state-
ment.
The other reports published included the annual report of the
director, 12 monthly statements of coal-mine fatalities in the United
States, a report of the conference on mine statistics held in Wash-
ington, D. C, February 24 and 25, 1916, lists of publications and
statements relating to the progress of investigations, and a list of
the members of the bureau.
One technical paper and seven miners' circulars were reprinted
in one or more editions.
In addition to the work done on the publications enumerated, the
text of 34 other publications was edited, and illustrations for 20
of these were prepared for engraving.
The editorial work was in charge of S. Sanford, engineer. Two
editorial assistants and a stenographer were employed throughout
the year and a junior clerk during part of the year.
DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS.
The total number of publications distributed by the Bureau of
Mines during the fiscal year was 693,256, including 97,095 bulletins,
318,002 miners' circulars, 174,631 technical papers, 9,892 annual re-
ports, and 93,636 miscellaneous documents. The distribution shows
an increase of 6,302 bulletins and 2,834 technical papers. The total
number of letters received requesting publications and information
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 621
concerning mining was 94,715, an increase of 29,404 over the previous
fiscal year. These latter figures are indicative of the growth of the
work of the Bureau of Mines. The distribution of publications was
in charge of John L. Cochrane, statistician, and required the services
of a junior clerk and six underclerks.
The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
reports to the bureau that during the fiscal year 33,825 publications
of the Bureau of Mines were sold by his office and the receipts were
$6,243.50. This is an increase of $4,702.95 over the previous fiscal
year.
BUREAU OF MINES LIBRARY.
The main library of the Bureau of Mines, which was organized
in the Washington office in 1911, with a branch library at the Pitts-
burgh office, now totals 12,550 volumes, and has become a central
bureau of information for practical service to nine branch libraries
of the bureau located in the offices at Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Golden, Colo. ;
Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Cal. ;' Berkeley, Cal. ; Fair-
banks, Alaska ; Tucson, Ariz. ; Spokane, Wash. ; and Ithaca, N. Y.
In each of these branches is deposited, so as to be readily accessible,
its own special collection of technical books and publications neces-
sary to the work of that office, and a daily service to all stations
supplies the investigators with the latest current periodical literature
of especial interest. All publications are catalogued and charged in
the main library, although several of the branches maintain special
indexes of subjects pertaining to their work. Library of Congress
printed cards are supplied for these, and the books are interchange-
able between the offices by special arrangement with the main library.
The extension of methods and procedure in the administration of
the library has been necessary in order to keep pace with the changes
constantly in progress with the growth of the bureau. The increas-
ing opportunities for responsive and effective cooperation make it
essential that the librarian shall keep in touch with the work of each
branch office of the bureau, and bring to their attention material
available for their needs by purchase or by interlibrary loan.
During the past year 1,550 volumes were added to the library.
Edith F. Spofford, librarian, was in charge of the work described.
ADMINISTRATIVE WORK AT THE PITTSBURGH EXPERIMENT
STATION.
The administrative work of the Pittsburgh station, which was in-
trusted to Lauson Stone, is divided into two general classes :
(a) That covering the general operations of the whole station,
which in turn may be subdivided into five sections— (1) clerical,
622 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
(2) purchases and supplies. (3) library and translation, (4) shops
and power plant, and (5) care of buildings and grounds.
(b) Technical service, involving computing, drafting, photog-
raphy, and motion-picture work.
GENERAL OPERATION OF EXPERIMENT STATION.
The work under the first general class, involving the general up-
keep and operation of the station, was carried on during the fiscal
year at a total expense of $44,685, of which $33,473 was chargeable
to the allotment for investigating mine accidents and $11,212 to
the allotment for testing fuels.
The chief clerk of the station, W. K. Talbot, has general super-
vision of all of the clerical work. Four stenographers, two filing
clerks, one property clerk, a telephone operator, and three messengers
comprise the force.
The purchasing office, accounting, and the receiving, shipping, and
supply room are in charge of J. H. Robison, the purchasing officer.
Two purchasing clerks, one accountant, and two receiving and ship-
ping clerks were employed.
The library, containing about 4.400 volumes on technical subjects,
and subscribing to about 200 technical periodicals, was in charge of
M. S. Howard, whose work also included the selection from current
publications of a bibliography of articles in which the technical
employees of the station were presumed to be interested.
The translator, O. L. Schwarz, was engaged in translating from
foreign technical publications, principally French and German,
articles on mining, mine accidents, and physical-chemical investiga-
tions by foreign scientists.
The supervision of the shops and power plant was in charge of
A. J. Smith, master mechanician. The shops are used to make neces-
sary repairs to buildings, equipment, and apparatus in use by the
investigators, and to make such apparatus as can be more easily
handled in the bureau's shops than by contracts outside. The shops
employ two carpenters, three machinists, and two electricians. The
power plant requires for its operation an engine runner and three
firemen.
The custodian of the buildings and grounds, E. R. Linkenhoker,
has general supervision of the labor force, the janitors, and watch-
men.
TECHNICAL SERVICE.
The technical service is closely related to all the bureau activities
because of the computing, drafting, photographic, and motion-
picture work which it does as a fundamental part of the investiga-
ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES. 623
tions carried on by the bureau. Its work includes the reduction of
test data, the computation and compilation of results of technical
investigations, the design of apparatus and equipment for experi-
mental work, the preparation of mine-disaster maps, the engrossing
of mine rescue and first-aid certificates, making charts for use as
lantern slides, preparing illustrations for published reports, and
producing and distributing motion pictures showing methods and
safe practices in mineral industries. This work was carried on at
an expense of $17,048, of which $10,836 Avas chargeable to the ap-
propriation for investigating mine accidents and $6,212 to the ap-
propriation for testing fuels.
Four computers, three draftsmen, three photographers, and two
stenographers were employed during the year.
NATIONAL SAFETY-FIRST EXPOSITION.
The Bureau of Mines took an active part in the preparation and
conduct of the National Safety-First Exposition held by Federal
initiative at Washington, D. C, February 21-26, in which 22 Govern-
ment bureaus, the National Red Cross Society, and the police depart-
ment of Washington participated. An official of the Bureau of Mines
assisted in arranging the exhibits and was in general charge during
the week of the exposition.
The Bureau of Mines exhibit included various safety devices, such
as rock-dust barriers for arresting mine explosions, devices for test-
ing mine air and gases devised by bureau engineers, safety lamps,
and firing machines for firing shots by electricity. All the principal
types of breathing apparatus and other equipment used by mine
rescue crews, such as oxygen containers, signal horns, life lines, first-
aid cabinets, stretchers, and oxygen resuscitators, were shown. Bu-
reau men were detailed to explain the uses and working of the
breathing apparatus and other devices exhibited.
GOVERNMENT SAFETY-FIRST TRAIN.
In March, 1916, the Department of the Interior, with the advice
and cooperation of other Federal departments, made arrangements
for a special train to contain exhibits of various bureaus showing
their activities in conserving life and property. The train, which
consisted of 10 coaches, a sleeping car, and a dining car, all of steel,
was supplied and operated, without charge to the Government, by
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. The work of organizing the
exhibits and obtaining the necessary cooperation of the various
bureaus was placed in charge of the Director of the Bureau of Mines.
One complete car was occupied by the exhibit of the Bureau of
Mines and contained practically all the devices and equipment sho\yn
624 ANNUAL REPORT DIRECTOR BUREAU OF MINES.
at the Safety-First Exposition, with many new ones. The car was
in charge of G. W. Riggs, foreman miner.
The director of the Bureau of Mines was in direct charge of the
train and accompanied it during part of its itinerary. M. F. Leopold,
of the bureau, had immediate charge during the absence of the
director.
Arrangements were made to have the train visit places on the lines
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway during July and of the
Union Pacific Railroad in August.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR
THE INSANE.
02050°— int 1916— vol 1 40 625
OFFICERS OF THE HOSPITAL.
BOARD OF VISITORS.
Brig. Gen. William C. Gorgas, Sur- Mr. John W. Yerkes.1
geon General, U. S. A., President of Walter S. Harban, D. D. S.
the Board. Rupert Blue, M. D., Surgeon General,
Brig. Gen. Geo. M. Sternberg, U. S. A, P. H. S.
President of the Board.1 Rear Admiral William C. Braisted,
Mrs. Henry G. Sharpe. Surgeon General, U. S. N.
Mr. Lewis E. Smoot. Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor.
Mrs. Archibald Hopkins.
Executive Committee of the Board.
Dr. Blue, Dr. Braisted, Mr. Smoot.
Chaplains.
Rev. C. H. Butler. Rev. C. M. Bart.
Rev. W. G. Davenport. Rev. Hugh T. Stevenson.
Rev. Geo. M. Cummings.
MEDICAL STAFF.
Superintendent.
William A. White, M. D.
First Assistant Physician.*
Geo. H. Schwinn, M. D.1
Clinical Director.3
Scientific Director.
S. I. Franz, A. B., Ph. D., LL. D., M. D.
Clinical Psychiatrist.
Edward J. Kempf, M. D.
Senior Assistant Physicians.
Mary O'Malley, M. D. Bernard Glueck, M. D.
Alfred Glascock, M. D. James C. Hassall, M. D.
John E. Lind, M. D.
Assistant Physicians.
John P. H. Murphy, M. D. Louis Wender, M. D.
John A. Pfeiffer, M. D. Dennis J. Murphy, M. D.
Arrah B. Evarts, M. D. Anita A. Wilson, M. D.
Francis M. Shockley, M. D.a Forrest M. Harrison, M. D.1
D. G. O'Neil, M. D. Mildred E. Scheetz, M. D.
1 Deceased. 2 Resigned, * Position vacant.
627
628 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Junior Assistant Physicians.
Hagop Davidian, M. D. Wm. F. Rice, M. D.1
John R. Ernest, M. D.1 Joseph Nack, M. D.
Joseph L. Gariss, M. D.1
Medical Internes.
Dudley C. Kalloch, M. D. Waldo E. Preston, M. D.1
Military Assignments.
From the Navy. From the Army.
Robert F. Sheehan, M. S., M. D., Thos. D. Woodson, M. D., Captain,
Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. N. Medical Corps, U. S. A. (transferred
to Panama).
Paul L. Freeman, M. D.t Captain
Medical Corps, U. S. A.
Histopatholog-ist.2
Assistant in Psychology.
Karl S. Lashley.
Visiting- Dentist.
A. D. Weakley, D. D. S.
Dental Interne.
Neal A. Harper, D. D. S.
Visiting Ophthalmologist.
Arthur H. Kimball.
Veterinarian.
John P. Turner, V. D. M.
Steward and Disbursing Agent.
Monie Sanger.
Chief Clerk.
Frank M. Finotti.
Purchasing Agent.
A. E. Offutt.
Matron.
H. O'Brien.
Chief of Training School
Miss Alice Vaughn.
CONSULTING STAFF.
Internal Medicine.
Dr. S. S. Adams. Dr. Sterling Ruffin.
Dr. G. W. Cook. Dr. James D. Morgan.
1 Resigned. a Position vacant.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 629
General Surgery.
Dr. L. H. Taylor. Dr. Chas. S. White.
Dr. G. T. Vaughan. Dr. James F. Mitchell.
Dr. W. P. Care.
Gynaecology.
Dr. Joseph Taber Johnson. Dr. I. S. Stone.
Dr. J. W. Bovee.
Ophthalmology.
Dr. D. K. Shute. Dr. W. K. Butler.
Laryngology.
Dr. C. W. Richardson. Dr. W. A. Wells.
Dr. J. J. Richardson. Dr. F. T. Chamberlain.
Genito-Urinary Diseases.
Dr. E. F. King. * Dr. D. Percy Hickling.
Medical Zoology.
Dr. C. W. Stiles. Dr. Thomas A. Claytor.
Dermatology.
Dr. Randolph Bryan Caemichael. Dr. H. H. Hazen.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Washington, D. C, July i, 1916.
Sir: The Board of Visitors for St. Elizabeths Hospital have the
honor to submit the sixty-first annual report of the hospital, consist-
ing of the report of the superintendent for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916, and his recommendations.
Respectfully.
Wm. C. Gorgas,
President of the Board of Visitors.
Wm. A. White, M. D.,
Superintendent, Secretary of the Board ex officio.
The Secretary of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT.
MOVEMENTS OF POPULATION.
On June 30, 1916, there were remaining in the hospital 3,193
patients, as against 3,076 remaining June 30, 1915, an increase of 117
patients over the previous year. There were admitted during the
year 815 patients, being the largest number ever admitted in the
period of a single fiscal year, the highest admission rate heretofore
being for the year 1903-4, which was 766, so that during the past
year there have been 49 more patients admitted than for the highest
number admitted during any year preceding. The total number of
patients treated during the year was 3,891. The number of dis-
charges, including deaths, was 698. The daily average population
was 3,123.50, as against 3,032.50 for the year 1914-15, an increase
of 91 patients.
Movement of population, fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1,844
510
405
107
532
113
295
85
3,076
815
Admitted during fiscal year 1915-16
Total number under treatment during the year
ending June 30, 1916
2,354
512
645
380
3,891
Discharged:
96
39
60
17
215
13
13
14
2
56
26
17
14
4
41
15
12
16
2
26
150
81
104
25
Died
338
Total discharged and died
427
98
102
71
698
Remaining June 30, 1916
1,927
414
543
309
3,193
631
632 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT.
OFFICE OF STEWARD AND DISBURSING AGENT.
Farm and garden products raised during the year ended June SO, 1916.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
187
$187. 00
579
868.35
103
154. 03
165
219. 26
7,435
223. 05
557
695. 63
27
33.75
7,537
376. 85
16, 750
502. 50
12, 640
632.00
710
71.00
313
50.56
36,971
369. 71
1,650
16.50
10
1.00
- 3,962
954.14
7,217
360. 85
1
.30
16,002
480. 06
444
399. 23
10, 684
534. 20
146,416
29, 283. 20
Articles.
Value.
Apples:
Crab bushels.
Green barrels.
Beans:
Lima bushels .
String barrels.
Beets bunches .
Cabbage barrels.
Cabbage sprouts do...
Cantaloupes single.
Carrots bunches .
Celery do . . .
Cherries quarts .
Chicken pounds.
Corn, green ears.
Cucumbers single.
Currants quarts .
Eggs dozen .
Eggplant single.
Figs peck.
Grapes pounds .
Kale barrels .
Lettuce heads.
Milk gallons .
Onions:
Dried bushels . .
Green bunches . .
Parsley do
Pears bushels..
Peas:
Green do
Blackeye do
Peppers, green do
Parsnips barrels. .
Pork, fresh pounds. .
Plums bushels. .
Potatoes:
Sweet do
Irish do
Pumpkins single..
Radishes bunches. -
Spinach barrels. .
Squash, summer single . .
Tomatoes, green bushels..
Turnips do
Watermelons single..
$32.20
1,338.30
412.80
446. 00
26.00
5.48
297.75
54.75
2,170.30
58.50
220. 85
637. 65
70.36
251.97
33.44
271.92
1,016.16
168. 80
222. 90
Total 44,149.30
Forage and feed raised on farm during year ended June 30, 1916.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Corn:
Ear barrels . .
218
171
844
39
30
109
$413. 93
126.65
6,330.00
292.50
225.00
817.50
Hay, green (tons)— Contd.
( lover and orchard grass . .
Millet
62
48
20
30
15
$465.00
360.00
Oats
150.00
Hay, green (tons):
Wheat
225.00
Straw, rye tons..
Total
112. 50
Cowpeas and orchard
9,518.08
Work of seioing and mending rooms during the year ended June 30, 1916.
ARTICLES MANUFACTURED.
Articles.
Aprons:
Barber
Dining room
Gingham
Gingham, boys'..
Rubber
White
Bags:
Clothes
Jelly
Bedsides, canvas
Binders, baby
Bibs
Blouses
Canopies, mosquito . .
Caps:
Dairy
Rubber
Cases, pillow, rubber
Cases, pillow
Cases, pillow, linen. .
Centerpieces
Quantity.
Value.
1
$0.26
131
23.45
155
21.70
12
4.08
2
1.50
935
116. 41
10
2.28
2
.16
15
8.80
3
.20
24
2.64
712
1,861.80
2
.36
6
.78
82
12.79
5
3.77
5,246
767.06
2
.56
S
.10
Articles.
Chemise
Cloths, table:
Long
Short
Coats:
Citizens
Dairy
Overall
Cornerpieces. . :
Covers:
Bookcase, silkaline....
Bureau
Bureau, Swiss
Car
Couch, brown linen...
Corset
Cushion, brown linen.
Cushion, silkaline
Piano
Screen
Screen, denim
Screen, silkaline
Quantity,
1.207
255
227
340
3
279
12
57
14
10
11
1
364
2
S
Value.
$369.61
717.97
389. 14
625.56
27.84
303.08
1.12
87.72
4.36
23.70
20.65
2.20
3.65
69.37
.56
.68
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 633
Work of sewing and mending rooms during the year ended June 30, 1916 — Contd.
ARTICLES MANUFACTURED— Continued.
Articles.
Covers— Continued.
Silkaline ,
Sideboard ,
Stand ,
Table, brown linen .
Table, cotton
Curtains:
Bookcase
Sash, cotton -
Sash, Swiss
Swiss ,
Rubber
Disrobing room
Window
Drawers:
Boys' canton flannel
Boys' cotton
Men's canton flannel
Men's cotton
Women's cotton
Dresses:
Baby
Denim
Gingham
Night, long
Night, short
Percale
Gowns:
Nurses
Operating
Rubber
Hose:
Men's cotton
Women's cotton
Pants:
Boys'
Citizens'
Dairy
Overall
Outing
Soldiers
Quantity.
10
35
1,017
10
1
2
4
8
48
1
14
870
8
10
2,428
10
677
413
319
721
4 87
40
9
2
lf.O
1,26
4
700
Value.
$2.10
17.20
270. 35
7.77
.12
.40
.73
2.19
76.32
2.76
19.96
639. 15
2.96
1.90
1,207.18
3.80
174.27
1.20
120. 29
1,527.89
151.08
251. 47
779.93
24.22
9.33
3.58
6.99
107.99
8.41
683.92
32.76
424. 82
1.60
1,812.36
Articles.
Petticoats
Sacks, dressing
Sheets:
Clinic
Double
Single
Slings
Shirts:
Baby
Gingham
Canton flannel, men's.
Check
Night
Outing
Shirtwaists:
Gingham
Percale
Skirts:
Denim
Gingham
Strainers, linen
Suits, canvas
Ticks:
Mattress, double
Mattress, single
Pillow
Towels:
Barnsley
Bath
Tubs, canvas bath . .
Underhandkerchiefs .
Waists:
Boys' gingham . .
Gingham
Boys' percale —
Denim, dress —
Total.
Quantity.
1,047
3
3
657
440
2,563
3,218
2,199
5
876
19
3
Value.
$448.11
2.16
.72
37.07
3,071.14
.20
.39
2.10
1,269.39
1,085.77
761.37
1.88
6.94
1.32
5.91
20.50
4.47
575.09
256.30
366.97
326.44
19.61
87.60
4.71
.98
2.56
2.13
22,385.88
REPAIRS AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Aprons made (labor only)
Bags, clothes (labor only)
255
12
149
1,336
143
16
287
8,088
1,109
$15.30
.48
5.96
46.76
22.88
15.20
11.48
25.57
18
196
1
202
42
38,033
$0.63
11.76
Bags, laundry (labor only). . .
1.26
Blankets hemmed
Suits cleaned and pressed
Ticks mattress made (labor
48.48
Drawers made (labor only) . . .
Dresses made (labor only) ....
5.04
Gloves made (labor only)
Names sewed on
Articles repaired, miscellane-
1,521.32
Napkins hemmed (patient
labor)
Total
1, 732. 12
Articles made in bakery during year ended June 30, 1916.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Bread
953,175
2,379,832
68,102
$24, .f>28. 72
Rolls
12,542.53
3,861.81
Pastry
Total
40,933.06
634 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Work done in laundry during year ended June 30, 1916.
Articles.
Quantity.
Value.
Pieces:
3,504,496
1,389,447
1, 967, 670
457,811
$11, 218. 33
4,079.35
2, 264. 01
7, 606. 13
Dried
Total
25,167.82
Articles made in Howard Hall workroom during year ended June 30, 1916.
Brooms 2, 628
Brooms, whisk 108
Hats, straw 420
Articles made in brush shop during year ended June 30, 1916.
Brushes :
Bath 240
Clothes 228
Hair 300
Horse 12
Scrub 708
Scrub (deck) 96
Shoe dauber 108
Work done in mattress shop during year ended June 30, 1916.
Mats:
Braided 53
Drawn ■_ 137
Mattresses made and made over :
Hair, single 1, 069
Hair, double 6
Straw 22
Pillows made and made over :
Hair 1,087
Feather 2
Hair, old, renovated pounds.- 26,000
Clothing repaired 151
Canned fruits and vegetables, preserves, jellies, etc., prepared in hospital
kitchens during year ended June 30, 1916.
Apples, canned quarts..
Blackberries, canned do
Catsup bottles..
Cherries, canned quarts..
Jelly :
Apple do
Currant do
Blackberry do
Grape do
Jam:
Blackberry do
Grape do
Juice, grape bottles..
Onions, pickled quarts..
92
1,832
2,140
198
1,216
4
376
180
160
300
49
110
Peaches, canned quarts 9
Pears, canned do 128
Pears, preserved do 607
Pears, pickled do 24
Pineapples, canned do 14
Plums :
Canned do 20
Preserved do 447
Pickled do 20
Sauce, chili do 800
Strawberries, canned do 440
Tomatoes, pickled do 1,388
Watermelon, pickled do 56
Mince meat pounds 2, 843
Power, heat, and lighting plant. — At the close of the last fiscal
year contracts were let for equipping the power plant with auto-
matic stokers, coal and ash handling machinery, soot blowers,
meters, and coal- weighing devices. The six boilers in the new boiler
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 635
house have been completely equipped with stokers, and have been
in successful operation for some time. The five boilers in the old
boiler house have recently been equipped, but at the close of the
fiscal year have not as yet received their final tests. Our experience
thus far with the stokers indicates that they will be a very great
improvement over the hand firing, both from the point of view of
efficiency and the elimination of smoke. Indications are that not
only will some labor be saved, but that a material saving will be
effected in the amount of coal used. It is gratifying also to note
that with this method of firing the discharge of smoke from the
stack is practically entirely eliminated.
The contract for the automatic coal and ash handling machinery
was completed at the end of the fiscal year, but owing to certain
defects in the installation, namely, in the columns which hold the
coal bunkers, this installation has not as yet been finally accepted.
These defects, however, have not been such as to prevent the opera-
tion of this machinery, and it would seem that the coal crushers and
conveyors, the feeders to the boilers, and the ash-handling machinery
are all going to give most admirable service and be a saving in
labor and result in a materially increased efficiency.
The soot-blowing apparatus is still in process of installation, the
contract not having been completed and the final tests made.
The weighing devices for weighing fuel as it is used are in place,
and as soon as the whole outfit is ready for acceptance these will
also be ready for operation. They will enable us to tell exactly
the amount of coal used by each boiler and be of material assist-
ance in furnishing data for our cost system. The steam-flow meters
water meters, and other devices for measuring the steam made,
water used, refrigeration, ice manufactured, and air condensed
for pumping purposes are all going into place, and will, like the
coal- weighing machinery, give us increased accuracy of informa-
tion regarding our various operations which will be valuable for
cost accounting.
Pumping station. — At the close of the last fiscal year contracts
were awarded for new pumps and air compressors. At the close of
the present year the installation of this apparatus has been com-
pleted. The old boiler house at the pumping station has been dis-
mantled, the boilers torn out and disposed of in part payment of
the contract, and the pumps, which are of the centrifugal type, are
operated by electricity generated at the main power plant. The
new machinery has been supplying continuous service during the
past nine months, with complete satisfaction.
Boilers. — The two 300-horsepower boilers contracted for with the
E. Keeler Co. have been in operation during the past year.
The boiler inspector of the District of Columbia inspected our
boilers, and condemned the tubes in the five boilers in the old boiler
house and the lower line of tubes in the four older boilers in the
new boiler house. These tubes were replaced promptly.
Eleven 8-inch double-acting nonreturn valves have been installed
in connection with each boiler. These valves are what are known as
automatic cut-off valves which will at once, in case a leak should
occur in any one of the boilers, shut this boiler off from the steam
line connected with all the other boilers and thus localize a break,
636 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
minimizing the damage which would result therefrom by confining
the escaped steam to the single boiler involved.
Howard Hall. — The results of placing the wall about Howard Hall
are now sufficiently well defined so that it is worth while to review
what has been accomplished by so doing, especially as there have been
some criticisms implying the Heedlessness of this construction.
In the first place, it will be remembered that previous to building
this wall the Howard Hall building stood unprotected from approach
from any direction. There were upwards of 300 windows opening
directly from the wards and the rooms occupied by patients to the
outside, and no amount of ordinary vigilance could prevent the use
of these windows by confederates of the prisoners outside for getting
tools or weapons to the inmates with which they might effect their
escape. In addition to this, the bars which protected the windows
were not of especially strong construction, but even so were only
secured in a wooden framework which was already old and more or
less rotten in places, and could be with a fair degree of ease knocked
out by a strong man with a suitable implement, such as, for instance,
one of the floor brushes in daily use on the wards. All of these ele-
ments made the building not only insecure for keeping these patients
safely within, but it placed opportunity in their way for getting out,
which they only needed the courage to utilize. When it is realized
that many of the men who are imprisoned in this building are in the
full possession of their intellectual faculties and have a full realiza-
tion of the fact that they are considered to be insane and therefore
probably would not be held responsible for any act of violence which
they might do, you can get some idea of the exceedingly great danger
which surrounded the problem of Howard Hall. However, this dan-
ger was by no means a theoretical one. We not only had from time
to time escapes of dangerous patients, but in effecting their escape
these patients upon more than one occasion showed a desperation
which had no respect for human life, and in two or three instances
within my own recollection it was just by good luck that homicide
was avoided. Under all these circumstances and in view of the fur-
ther fact that this building was located in the city of Washington,
than which there is no other city perhaps in the world that contains at
certain times of the year more men of prominence and distinction and
of great influence politically or otherwise, it seems that it would have
been, to put it very mildly, the part of unwisdom to have gone on
without making some effort at increased safety and protection, and
if these arguments were not enough there is the additional fact that
the most desperate criminals in the Federal prisons deliberately so
conducted themselves as to cause their transfer to this institution,
because they realized that here they had a far greater opportunity
for escape than they did in prison. The population' of Howard Hail
was therefore rapidly becoming a population of the most desperate
criminals in the United States in a comparatively unprotected build-
ing within the National Capital. Whatever may be our sentimental
feeling toAvard making a prison out of a hospital for the insane, I
do not think that any reasonable individual presented with these facts
could have any hesitation in recognizing that for this peculiar group
of desperate criminals ordinary considerations of the protection of
society from their depredations indicated a larger measure of safety
than was provided by the old construction.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL EOR THE INSANE. 637
Now as to the results which have been obtained from putting this
wall about Howard Hall. From my description of the conditions
preceding its erection you can easily understand that escape was
within the power of any one inmate who was desperate enough to be
willing not to stop at the taking of human life. Therefore all of
these desperate criminals were more or less on the lookout for oppor-
tunity and had more or less in mind the hope that some day they
would make the dash. As a result the attendants who care for these
men were all of them also at great tension, expecting desperate acts
at any moment, and so in the face of the mildest disturbances the
tendency was to become somewhat stampeded, and the result was
often a very much greater amount of repression than really was
necessary, because of the tension both of the patients and the attend-
ant. The whole situation was a veritable powder magazine fraught
with constant danger to all. Now the wall, since it has been placed
about the building, has changed all this. The patients know that
they can not get out and the attendants know they can not get out;
therefore every little disturbance is not erected in the imagination
of the attendant into a possible attempt to escape. There is, there-
fore, no longer the same tension either on the part of the patient or
the attendant. The whole situation has calmed down, and there has
actually been a wonderful change within Howard Hall for the benefit
of all concerned. The patients are happier and more contented and
they are better cared for. Added to this fact is the exceedingly sig-
nificant one that the desperate criminals in the Federal penitentiaries
are no longer making an effort, by misconducting themselves, to get
sent to this hospital because they know that once here they are just
as securely kept as they are in a prison, and that if we should happen
to think them still insane at the expiration of their sentence it is much
more difficult to get out, so that they rather avoid the hospital than
seek it. And I may add that every well-educated crook in the country
whose specialty carries him in the direction of offenses against the
Federal statutes knows perfectly well about the construction of this
wall.
And so the wall is justified in every way. It benefits the patient
and it protects society. It expresses the duty of the hospital and
replaces danger by security. Sentiment may be offended when the
reasons are not inquired into, but when they are I think it wrill be
seen that the results that have been effected by the erection of this
wall are all good and nothing of any value has been sacrificed.
In addition to the benefits outlined above, the ground inclosed by
the new wall, comprising some 6,480 square yards, has been graded
and placed under cultivation. Cucumbers, radishes, watermelons, to-
matoes, cabbages, potatoes, corn, etc., have been planted. About
1,000 square yards of cement walk has been laid, some 16 cement
settees placed in various positions about this walk, and sanitary
drinking fountains also installed. This garden gives occupation for
a considerable number of the patients, most of whom are glad of
the opportunity to work and take a great interest in its cultivation.
Some of the one-time most dangerous patients in the hall are now
working faithfully and with great interest. A considerable propor-
tion of this land has been planted with broom corn, it being hoped
that enough of this material may be raised in the future to supply
the broom shop, which is also in the basement of Howard Hall.
638 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
The general improvement in the condition of the patients in this
building since the introduction of industries has been most marked.
It may be said that the most restless, discontented, and dangerous
element of our population has become quiet, industrious, interested,
and relatively contented.
Cow barns. — The new cow barns, which were completed at the
time of the last report, have been continuously occupied and are
giving good service. The ground around them has been graded and
sown in grass.
Piggery. — -The piggery, which was also completed a year ago, has
been in continuous operation. Since then a considerable area sur-
rounding the hogpens have been inclosed by wire, which forms a run-
way of soft earth for the pigs, giving them an opportunity to get
off of the cement flooring.
During the year we have had rather bad luck with our hogs as
a result of outcrops of hog cholera, and at the present time our herd
is very much reduced. We have, however, purchased some first-class
boars and hope to be able to raise a herd large enough to be of very
material economic value.
Old buildings. — The old cow barns fronting on Nichols Avenue
and the old piggeries which lay back of it and on the road to the
stables have all been torn down, thus very materially improving the
appearance of the east side of Nichols Avenue. The old material
from these buildings has been used for a number of purposes,
namely, to build a small building for the isolation of sick cows, con-
taining an operating room, one for housing tools, and a wagon
shelter back of the stable. Some of the material has also been used
for constructing box stalls in the old cow barn, which remains
standing.
Cows. — The cows were tuberculin tested as usual, and of the 198
cows and bulls that were examined only 1 apparently reacted. This
cow was at once slaughtered, but despite a most careful examination
there were no possible lesions of tuberculosis. Microscopical exami-
nation, however, showed tubercular bacilli in some of the lymph
glands. This is the first reaction to the tuberculin test during a
period of six years, and as autopsy showed this case to be in its
earliest phase of infection it demonstrates that we are very well
protected.
Milk. — During the past year our herd has produced 146,416 gallons
of milk, being practically an increase of 50 per cent in quantity
during the past 10 years. During the year 1915 there were 169 cows
that were in the herd during the whole year. These cows averaged
7,840 pounds, or 980 gallons, of milk during the year. The average
bacteriological test of 21 samples of milk was 16,371. Three of the
samples averaged 122,000 bacteria, while the other 18 samples aver-
aged 4,827 bacteria. The samples of pasteurized milk averaged
3,675 bacteria. The average of the herd has improved 63 per cent
during the past 8 years, and the number of cows in the year's test
increased 74 per cent. The milk averaged about 3 \ per cent butter
fat.
Store. — The old house known as the Barrett house, used by a for-
mer herdsman, has been moved across Nichols Avenue and set up
near the detached kitchen and remodeled for use as a store. The
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 639
store has been in operation now for several months and has fully
justified itself.
This store was decided upon only after a long and painful ex-
perience in endeavoring to get along without it. Numerous little
stores grew up above the hospital reservation and made all sorts of
bids for the custom both of our patients and employees. Unfor-
tunately these people, well intended though they might be, did not
understand the problem and responsibilities of caring for this sort
of the population and were constantly disposing of goods which it
was undesirable that patients should have. In addition to this there
were repeated instances of complaint to the department when any
administrative necessity seemed to dictate an action which interfered
with the free ingress and egress of patients and employees from that
portion of the ground contiguous to these stores. On the other hand,
other members of the population adjoining the hospital reservation
were with equal frequency complaining to the department of the
freedom with which patients went in and out, and in several in-
stances of particular occurrences which caused them to be appre-
hensive. In this way the situation was a source of constant irritation
to the hospital management and was unsatisfactory from every
point of view. It was therefore decided to establish the present
store, and it has been placed in charge of two old employees of the
hospital, who understand the patients, their needs, and the re-
sponsibilities of the institution and who in addition are responsible
to the office for their conduct. The office also maintains the right of
supervision over the store in every detail, and particularly exercises
it with reference to the character of supplies carried.
In the few months which this store has been established it has
proved a beneficence to the hospital population. Patients with small
amounts of money take very great enjoyment in having a place to
go within the grounds and are not tempted to the same extent to go
outside and perhaps get into trouble. The employees also avail
themselves freely of the opportunity offered, as do visitors who find
it very much to their convenience to purchase small articles, fruit,
etc., for their friends and relatives when they call upon them. In
every way, therefore, the store has been of great convenience to a
large number of people and a source of much joy and gratification
to a great many patients.
Detached dining hall. — The remodeling of the detached dining
hall, which was mentioned in the last report, has been completed.
The old wooden floor has been replaced by tiling and a tall tile wains-
coting has been extended to a height of 5 feet about the room. The
radiators have been replaced by steam pipes run along the wall, and
the portion of the room previously occupied by a stage has been
bricked up and made into a pantry and dishwashing room. The
whole dining room has been thoroughly gone over with paint and the
general improvement in every way is marked. The odor which used
to be noticeable as a result of the damp wood has entirely disappeared
and the whole room has a much more cheerful and sanitary appear-
ance. At the close of the present fiscal year arrangements have been
completed for the furnishing of white enamel japanned iron tops
for the tables, which will add further to the appearance of the room.
640 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE.
Employees' dining room. — The old bakery adjoining the general
kitchen, and which was removed when the new bakery was rebuilt
has been remodeled as a dining room for employees. A tile flooring
was laid containing floor lights for the rooms below. The whole
room has been plastered and painted and a set of urns have been
installed so as to insure hot coffee. The food service in this dining
room, being so close to the kitchen, is very good and appears to be
giving much satisfaction.
Dix-3 Building. — Dix-3 Building has been entirely renovated and
was reopened and occupied on the 29th of June with a capacity of
25 patients.
Industries. — We have been continuing our efforts during the past
year to increase the work done by the patients in the industrial de-
partments. The farm in connection with Howard Hall has already
been described. The broom-making machinery, the installation of
which was mentioned in the last annual report, has been in constant
operation, turning out all of the brooms and whisk brooms needed
for use in the institution.
In addition to the above a complete outfit of brush-making ma-
chinery was installed under the large dining hall of the detached
group, where we are already making approximately all of the brushes
of certain classes used in the hospital, particularly scrubbing brushes,
shoe brushes, hairbrushes, bath brushes, and clothes brushes. All
that the hospital uses of these different kinds of brushes are now
being produced.
A stocking-knitting machine was purchased some months ago and
several patients have been instructed in its use. Additional ma-
chines will be installed and we will soon be in a position to make a
very considerable portion of the stockings that are used.
For some time past we have been saving the straw that comes about
tea chests. This has been turned over to patients, who have braided
it and from the braided straw have made hats. A large number
of these hats have been made, and for rough wear serve the purpose
very well.
In addition to the above, a considerable increased quantity of
patient labor has been utilized in different parts of the hospital,
particularly in the laundry, where it has been possible to pick up
the work of quite a considerable number of employees as they have
left, and so the patient workers in this department have been very
materially increased during the past year.
Library. — The library continues to grow, and at the close of the
year contains 3,941 books in the medical library and 6,352 books in
the circulating library for patients. There are about 1,200 books
in circulation at the present time, the average number issued on
library days being about 200. We have purchased approximately
650 books during the past year.
Entertainment. — In addition to the usual entertainments that have
been held heretofore, on Wednesday afternoon a motion-picture
show has been given of late. This affords an opportunity for a
certain class of patients who can not come out in the evening, either
because they are too old or feeble, or for other reasons, to see one
of these performances.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 641
Cost system. — The cost system mentioned in the annual report has
been in operation now for some seven months. The object of this
system is not quite the same as the object of such a system employed
in a commercial house. It is not aimed to get the exact cost of dif-
ferent items so much as it is to get the relative cost — that is, a basis of
comparison — so as to show that a certain department is, for example,
running at a certain increased cost, so as to warrant an investigation
of what this increase may be due to. The system is giving satisfac-
tory service, but will be very greatly improved when all of the various
measuring devices planned, such as the flow meters, shall be in satis-
factory operation.
In inaugurating this system it became necessary to concentrate the
bookkeeping force in one office, and this involved the transfer of the
clerical force, which had been located in the storehouse building, to
the administration building and rearrangement of the force in this
building to accommodate the new conditions.
Population. — During the fiscal year we have admitted 815 patients,
which is considerably larger than any previous year in the history
of the institution. The total number under treatment during this
past fiscal year has also been considerably larger than ever before.
The passage at the close of the year of military measures have very
greatly increased the population from which the hospital will draw
patients. Provision has been made for material increase of both
branches of the military service, while the federalization of the Na-
tional Guard will add several hundred thousand men from which
the hospital will undoubtedly soon begin to draw patients. With the
hospital filled to capacity at the close of the year, this will not only
mean additional appropriations based upon a larger population, but
the necessity for building in the very near future. We are already
beginning to give serious thought to this problem, so as to be able
to meet it as promptly as conditions demand.
Accountant of House committee. — The House Committee on the
District of Columbia, which has been investigating the account be-
tween the Government Hospital for the Insane and the District of
Columbia on account of board and medical treatment of patients
admitted to the hospital and chargeable to the District of Columbia,
has made its final report. _ Acting upon this report, Congress included
an item in the sundry civil bill to reimburse the United States in full
on account of additional sums claimed to be due the hospital from
the District in excess of the board charged to and paid by said Dis-
trict of Columbia during the fiscal years 1879 to 1912, inclusive,
amounting to $282,754.26.
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
Training school. — The training school for nurses had the largest
number in its class of any year since its inception. Seventy-two
passed the entrance examination and entered the junior class, and 52
composed the senior class. Of the 72 who entered the junior class 45
successfully completed the course and are now ready to enter the
senior class. Of the seniors 35 graduated.
Staff conferences. — During the year 926 cases were presented to
conference for consideration. Four hundred and ninety-five of these
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 41
642 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
shown below were presented for the first time, 431 having been pre-
viously presented:
Cases before staff conferences.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Discharge.
Visit
Parole
Diagnosis.
Opinion . .
Total.
Second presentation
Third presentation
Fourth presentation
Fifth presentation
Sixth presentation
Seventh presentation
Eighth presentation
Other presentations (ninth to twenty-first, 1 each).
Total.
Total presentations
Other presentations, total.
First presentations . .
235
103
168
124
340
340
355
231
231
91
140
333
191
170
144
926
237
111
39
15
9
3
4
13
431
431
495
Visits made:
Male-
White..
Colored .
Female—
White-
Colored ,
Work of field officer.
Total 11
Contagious diseases. — During the year there were a considerable
number of instances of measles in the population, there being 19 em-
ployees and 4 patients. Three male employees have had varicella,
and 2 male employees have had mumps.
Physical diseases reported during the fiscal year July 1, 1915-June 30, 1916.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
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General diseases.
Alcoholism
1
2
1
1
2
Anaemia
2
Anasarca
1
Carcinoma:
Breast
l
l
l
l
Liver
1
Pancreas
1
Uterus
1
1
2
Diabetes insipides
1
Diabetes mellitis
2
3
Diphtheria
1
1
Epithelioma
3
6
3
Erysipelas
2
1
9
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 643
Physical diseases reported during the fiscal year July 1, 1915-June 30, 1916 — Con.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
P-.
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General diseases— Continued.
2
2
25
1
37
1
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,
4
l
l
1
3
4
6
3
61
1
10
5
5
16
2
1
— ££•
9
2
77
27
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
6
1
Rheumatic fever:
6
8
r
5
18
36
8
4
10
9
37
42
1
8
20
1
4
7
3
2
1
13
2
66
35
6
Diseases of nervous system and organs
of special sense.
2
2
2
2
1
1
11
1
1
3
1
1
.....
6
21
3
1
2
6
1
Conjunctivitis:
23
1
2
1
10
8
49
Chronic
2
1
1
1
4
1
2
8
2
2
16
Iritis
2
3
3
5
8
Mastoiditis
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
7
5
2
1
11
11
1
Neuritis
2
3
1
5
1
7
5
2
20
Paresis
5
1
2
1
Status epilepticus
5
7
Diseases of circulatory system.
Angina pectoris
2
5
2
Arteriosclerosis
5
1
1
3
10
8
8
4
1
7
5
9
Cardiovascular disease
5
4
1
2
9
7
1
8
4
24
20
Gangrene, arteriosclerotic
2
3
14
21
1
5
2
1
37
Myocarditis
32
Phlebitis
2
Rupture of heart
1
7
1
101
2
1
7
Disease of respiratory system.
Asthma
39
1
28
2
2
47
3
1
30
i
Bronchitis:
249
Chronic
4
644 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Physical diseases reported during the fiscal year July 1, 1915-June 30, 1916 — Con.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
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Disease of respiratory system— Con.
1
9
3
1
10
4
1
6
2
.....
2
5
1
3
1
2
19
5
3
2
5
2
.....
2
24
14
1
Pneumonia:
18
1
9
2
74
21
1
38
22
19
196
Diseases of digestive system.
Abscess:
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
6
1
2
2
9
1
3
1
4
6
30
18
3
4
20
11
50
2
. 1
112
34
2
2
1
1
14
28
1
2
4
2
7
2
2
::::.::
3
Gastritis
:::::::
15
4
2
4
44
Gastroenteritis
39
Gingivitis
2
1
1
1
Hernia, inguinal
1
2
1
Hyperchlorhydria
5
2
1
25
4
11
Intestinal obstruction
2
1
8
2
Pharyngitis
5
9
27
3
77
1
Ptyalism
5
14
6
1
47
5
Pyorrhoea alveolaris
i"
12
7
26
Stomatitis
4
3
21
1
Tonsillitis
23
5
21
9
21
1
126
Volvulus
1
Nonvenereal diseases of genito-urinary
system and adnexia.
Abortion
1
3
1
1
9
1
Albuminaria
2
5
Carcinoma, uterine
1
6
12
Dysmenorrhea
9
7
25
3
Metrorrhagia
1
1
3
5
1
Miscarriage
1
Nephritis:
2
20
1
1
.....
1
1
1
17
6
17
2
12
Chronic
62
Orchitis
2
Prostatic hypertroph v
3
5
1
1
Ulcer, labia majora
1
1
Uterine fibroma
1
1
Obstetrics.
Childbirth, normal
1
1
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 645
Physical diseases reported during the fiscal year July 1, 1915-June 30, 1916 — Con.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
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Diseases of skin and cellular tissues.
65
8
22
1
1
11
6
7
120
I
1
6
5
12
4
5
14
1
2
2
5
6
2
10
Cellulitis
1
13
7
2
1
2
2
2
29
7
Eczema
4'
4
4
2
1
2
13
24
4
Impetigo
Ingrowing nail
Intertrigo
1
1
4
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
5
4
1
1
1
2
Tinea ..
1
j
1
4
j
Ulcer. . .
1
8
i
1
1
1
1
14
Urticaria
j
1
3
Diseases of bones and organs of locomo-
tion.
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
20
Affections due to external causes.
Burns
7
1
6
4
10
1
12
60
Decubitus
1
1
3
10
3
17
Dislocation:
Metacarpal
1
Fractures:
Clavicle
1
Femur
5
2
1
3
1
2
Humerus
2
4
4
1
1
5
4
Metacarpal
4
Patella
1
Phalanx
1
2
1
1
2
Rib
3
1
1
3
Skull..
Tibia
1
2
1
P upture of bladder
1
2
Ankle
1
.....
1
Hand
1
2
1
Spine
1
1
Thumb
Wrist
1
1
2
Stings
1
Suicide, strangulation
210
22
29
244
Contused
17
7
8
45
19
14
15
77
4
2
8"
43
42
25
6
2
2
3
2
36
23
19
6
i"
331
112
Infected
100
388
Total
1,361
285
534
20
570
128
360
2
3,260
646 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Physical diseases reported during the fiscal year July 1, 1915-June 30, 1916 — Con.
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
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Minor operations.
!
1
2
2
Excision:
l
1
Nail. .
1
1
1
53
4
203
35
3
119
3
1
1
2
64
Skin
Ulcer
7
15
18
395
30
8
6
5
94
Injection:
22
598
65
3
91
13
1
39
262
Paracentesis:
4
1
Thoracic
1
2
2
S
38
10
18
4
1
1
26
149
X-ray photograph
5
Total
491
10
595
47
8
72
1,223
Deaths during the year ended June 30, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Abscess:
1
1
1
1
Liver
Alcoholism
1
Anasarca
1
1
Angina pectoris
1
Apoplectic dementia
1
1
Aortic insufficiency
1
1
Arteriosclerosis, cerebral
1
1
Carcinoma:
Breast
1
1
Cervix
1
2
Liver
1
1
Pancreas
2
5
1
Cardiac dilatation
2
I
13
3
Cardiac incompensat ion
3
Cardiovalvular disease
1
19
Cerebral abscess
1
4
1
1
Cerebral hemorrhage
9
5
2
20
Cerebral tumor
1
Cerebral syphilis
2
1
2
Cholecystotomy
1
Chorea, Huntington's
3
3
Cirrhosis, liver
1
1
Cystitis
1
1
Diabetes
1
6
1
2
2
Endocarditis
1
3
1
1
12
Enteritis
Enterocolitis
1
1
1
1
1
39
1
3
Fracture of skull
1
Gangrene, arteriosclerotic
1
Hernia, strangulated
1
Intestinal obstruction
Myocarditis
8
5
1
53
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 647
Deaths during the year ended June 30, 1916 — Continued.
Male.
Female.
' Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Nephritis:
1
27
7
1
2
1
1
17
1
2
1
2
32
8
1
34
1
1
19
1
4
1
56
3
1
Pneumonia:
4
3
26
1
1
1
8
1
1
3
1
12
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
18
1
1
2
6
Suicide:
2
1
3
8
3
3
1
32
1
Total
215
56
41
26
338
One white male employee died of chronic nephritis.
One white waif died of chronic myocarditis.
Operations. — The following surgical operations were performed
by the consulting staff:
Major operations performed by the consulting staff.
Amputation, finger 1
Appendectomy 1
Bursitis, suppurative, incision and drainage 1
Cast applied, fracture of tibia and fibula 1
Cellulitis of foot, incision and drainage 1
Cellulitis of perineum 1
Cholecystotomy 1
Excision, cancer, vagina 1
Excision, lipoma 1
Excision, tuberculous cervical glands 1
Hemorrhoidectomy 1
Herniotomy 3
Lacerated vulva 1
Laparotomy, exploratory 2
Peripatellar abscess 1
Reduction of Colles's fracture 1
Reduction of dislocated shoulder 1
Rectal fistula ,. 1
Wired fracture 1
Total 22
The operations were performed by the following consulting
surgeons :
Dr. White 11
Dr. Taylor 6
Dr. Vaughan 3
Dr. Stone 2
Total 22
648 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Work of the hydr other apeutie department.
Male,
white.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
113.1
1,736.2
20,835.0
64.0
2,125.0
25, 505. 0
58.2
2,432.5
29, 191. 0
235.3
6,293.7
75,531.0
Dr. A. D. Weakley, in charge of the dental department, submits
the following report of work during the year :
Work of dental department during year ended June 30, 1916.
Extractions 2, 463
Treatments 1 J 775
Fillings 1, 274
Cleanings 260
Artificial dentures:
New 59
Repaired 63
Crown and bridges reset 20
Two maxillary fractures were reduced and made good recoveries.
Assistance was given Dr. Stiles, of the Public Health Service, in
an effort to determine the importance of the elimination of the
ameba gingivalis in Riggs's disease, as will be shown in an article
soon to appear over the names of Dr. Stiles, Weakley, and Harper.
Dr. Arthur H. Kimball, in charge of the eye, ear, nose, and throat
department, submits the following report of the work done during
the year :
Work of the eye, ear, nose, and throat department during the year ended
June 30, 1916.
Number of visits 54
Number of patients 518
Errors of refraction 264
Other diseases of the eye 143
Diseases of the ear : 55
Diseases of the nose and throat 56
Minor operations 8
REPORT OF THE CLINICAL PSYCHIATRIST.
This list does not include May and June, work having been sus-
pended because of other duties.
Cases studied with junior physicians :
Alcoholism, chronic 7
Alcoholic psychosis 9
Anxiety neurosis 2
Arteriosclerotic dementia 87
Cerebral syphilis 15
Confusion associated with cerebral lesions 1
Dementia precox types 220
Drug habitues . 2
Infection-exhaustion psychosis 9
Manic-depressive types 70
Mental defectives 23
Paranoid types 19
EEPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 649
Cases studied with junior physicians — Continued.
Paresis 58
Prison psychosis 3
Psychoneurosis 2
Psychopathic personality 1
Psychosis associated with epilepsy 14
Senile dementia 50
Symptomatic depression 1
Undifferentiated psychosis 6
Not insane 1
Total 600
Cases studied with senior physicians : Dementia precox type 1
Cases given special psychotherapeutic attention (the treatment of many of
these cases covered periods longer than a month; each case given con-
sistent attention is tabulated for each month) :
Anxiety states 2
Dementia precox types 65
Manic-depressive types 12
Paranoid states 11
Psychopathic personalities 1
Psychosis associated with epilepsy 1
Psychoneurosis 5
Obsession, grave 1
Total 98
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.
Personnel. — During the year, in addition to the scientific director,
the pathologist, the janitor, and the technician, who were on the
rolls last year, there have been working in the laboratories the
following members of the staff, in accordance with the scheme of
rotation laid down in last year's report :
Dr. Shockley, who was assigned to the pathological laboratory,
finished his term of duty in the laboratory during the year. In
addition to performing the regular duties of examinations of speci-
mens, etc., he was given the task of comparing the results of the
clinical examinations with the autopsy findings in cases which re-
cently came to autopsy for the purpose of discovering difficulties
and discrepancies. His report of this examination and comparison
was read at one of the evening staff meetings, and it tended to
show that although the percentages of clinically recorded patho-
logical conditions were high there was room for improvement.
The work has a tendency to make the examinations more systematic
and careful and to make the recording of the findings a matter of
more than former consequences.
Dr. Evarts completed a three months' period of similar service.
Dr. Evarts undertook to make a comparison of the clinically re-
corded findings with the pathological lesions in a certain number
of selected cases. Her report on the matter is now in the hands of
the scientific director. Whether or not it will be made the basis of
a report for publication is undecided.
Dr. Scheetz completed her tour of three months' duty in the psy-
chological laboratory. During the time of her duty there she carried
out work especially in connection with old-standing paralytics. A
650 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
report of this work, which was continued by Dr. Wilson, is men-
tioned subsequently in this report.
Dr. Wilson also has a period of three months in the psychological
laboratory. During that time she mainly carried out on paralytics
the procedures used in the previous work of Dr. Scheetz. The
cases with which she worked were in the main different, and the
results were not only confirmatory of the results obtained in the
work of Dr. Scheetz, but they added considerably to our knowledge
of the conditions of recovery from paralysis.
Dr. K. S. Lashley was appointed at the end of the year to carry
out work in the psychological laboratory. His work will be men-
tioned later.
During the year three visitors have made use of the laboratory.
Dr. C. W. Stiles, who had been conducting work in the pathological
laboratory, finished this work. Dr. J. D. Stout carried on work on
aphasics in the psychological laboratory. This work will be made
the subject of a report. During the month of June Dr. E. A. Bott,
of the University of Toronto, came to the psychological laboratory
to investigate the methods of dealing with paralytics and aphasics.
Dr. Bott has carried out the procedures which we have found bene-
ficial on some long-standing paralytics, and has assisted in the work
on aphasics and other cases which is being done in the laboratory.
Course for internes. — No course for internes was given during the
year on account of the fact that only one interne expected to remain
at the hospital for a sufficient time. It is expected that the course
will be given to those internes who will be appointed soon.
Rotation of junior physicians. — The matter of having the junior
physicians rotate in the laboratories in order that they might become
acquainted with some of the methods used in investigation and in
the finer methods of examination has not been carried out according
to schedule, on account of the losses of other members of the staff,
and the consequent necessity of using the internes for ward duties.
Drs. Shockley and Evarts had their three months' transfer to the
pathological laboratory and Drs. Scheetz and Wilson a similar duty
in the psychological laboratory.
Examination and consultation on the so-called organic cases. — The
scientific director has been called upon to examine and to advise
regarding many so-called organic cases. Those which were sent to
the laboratory for this purpose were mainly from the Howard Hall
and from the male receiving services. A special survey was made
of all the available paralytic cases in the hospital, for the purpose
of selecting those who, it was expected, would be improved by treat-
ment.
Pathological laboratory. — On account of the amount of work in
clinical pathology which the pathologist has been compelled to per-
form the histological examinations of the brains have not been kept
up to date, although autopsies have been performed in a regular
manner. The number of autopsies during the year is 158, the num-
ber of histological examinations which have been reported is 33.
Clinico-pathological laboratory. — In the clinico-pathological lab-
oratory the work has been conducted by Dr. Pfeiffer, who has for part
BEPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 651
of the time been assisted by Drs. Shockley and Evarts. There have
been reported for the clinical records the following examinations :
Urine 1,246
Sputum 168
Cytology of blood 68
Pus 39
Feces 10
Ascitic fluid 1
Pleuritic fluid 1
Cerebrospinal fluid 127
Wassermanns — 1, 461
Psychological laboratory. — During the year the main emphasis in
the laboratory has been placed upon the organic cases. The attempt
was made to reeducate aphasics and to get a return of motor function
in. long-standing hemiplegias. In the former work the psychologist
has had the assistance, for a time, of Dr. J. D. Stout, and in the latter
work the assistance of Drs. Wilson and Scheetz. Latterly some of
this work has also been carried out by Drs. Lashley and Bott.
The work on aphasics is, in a way, a continuation of work begun
by the psychologist 10 years ago, when he found that it was a com-
parative simple matter to get an aphasic individual to reacquire
certain speech habits. The attempt in the work which is still in
progress is to discover the methods of reeducation, i. e., the course
and the best way of approach, and in that way to set down the lines
of approach to this class of patient. Although it has been known
for many years that aphasics could recover a certain amount of their
former ability to speak, the accounts of the process have been so
general that no definite conclusion can be drawn from them.
It was believed and it is still believed that for a perfect understand-
ing of the matter of aphasia we must consider not only what the
patient has lost but, perhaps of more interest and value, to deal with
the possibility of reaction in the different kinds of aphasics. In other
words, it is considered to be necessary for a good understanding of
aphasia that we do not limit ourselves to the consideration of the
obvious defects, but to include the possibility of function, but not
only the possibility at or immediately after the cerebral accident.
With respect to the paralysis cases which have been dealt with, it
may be mentioned that this work was considered to be a promising
line of investigation before any actual experiments had been per-
formed because of the results which had been obtained with animals.
It has been known for a long time that destruction of the so-called
motor area, or the fibers emerging from the cells in that region, in an
animal might be carried out, and the animal, although at first par-
alyzed, recover to a very great extent the normal ability of move-
ment. It has also been known that if a second experiment be made
of destroying the other motor cortex, after the recovery of the one
side has taken place, there is produced a paralysis on the other side,
but the " recovered " side remains the more capable in a motor way.
Although the general statement regarding the possibility of recovery
of motor function in human, paralytics is very positive in a negative
way, there appeared to be no obvious reason to conclude that men,
although endowed with a more complex nervous system than the ani-
mals, would not also recover at least some of his motor ability if he
652 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
were properly dealt with. In fact, the results of the work carried
out in connection with Drs. Scheetz and Wilson, and subsequently
by Dr. Bott, demonstrate that if given special attention thefe is a
very considerable tendency to recover the ability to move. Although
at the present stage of the investigation it is not possible to determine
the extent of the possible recovery, one of the cases with which we
worked gave results which indicate that the possibility is limited only
by the individual's normal capabilities. In other words, it would
appear that with sufficient attention, with suitable environmental
conditions, and with the application of such appliances as will give
the patient some hope or suggestion of hope of improvement we may
expect a very great amount of return of motor ability. At the same
time the suggestion may not be out of place that even should it be
found impossible to bring about a "cure" in each and every case
there is in every case a definitely known possibility of overcoming the
deformity of contracture which accompanies the paralysis. The
effort to do the latter is not great, although in some cases it appears
that much time will have to be given to individuals who have been
permitted to get into what may be conveniently a hemiplegic " habit."
In connection with this work one of the students at the George
Washington University Medical School has inaugurated a series of
experiments with monkeys intended to show the factors concerned
in the recovery in hemiplegia. The monkeys were operated upon so
that the motor cortex was destroyed, and the animals dealt with in
different ways to see what the variations in treatment would result in.
At the present time the indications are that passive movements and
massage are of only subsidiary importance, the main element in the
recovery being the attempt on the part of the patient to move. This
bears out the remark made in the preliminary account of the work
with our human patients to the effect that the paralyses are probably
not inabilities to move, but rather disinclinations to move. Perhaps
to that statement should be added one indicating that perhaps one
element of importance is a lessened ability to move, the lessening be-
ing in the directions of force and accuracy.
In very close association with the work described another investi-
gation into the motor functions of the cerebrum in the monkey has
been made by Dr. Scheetz in connection with her studies looking
toward the degree of doctor of philosophy. A special effort was
made to investigate the motor area lying within the central fissure
and to compare the distribution of the motor zones there with the
distribution on the more easily approached convexity of the hemi-
spheres. It is expected that the results of the work will soon be ready
for publication.
At the present time in addition to the continuation of the work on
paralytics and aphasics, Dr. Lashley is carrying out some new work
on cases of lenticular disease, which shows the characteristic symp-
toms described by other authors. He is attempting to get an improve-
ment in certain aspects of their condition, which will be related to
the improvements obtained with paralytics and aphasics.
Photographic department. — During the year the photographer
made 775 plates of patients, and from them and from X-ray plates,
etc., made 813 prints. In addition there were made by him 34 plates
and 71 prints for the general administration department of the
hospital.
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 653
Incidence of tuberculosis. — The usual data regarding the incidence
of tubercular conditions found at autopsy are given in the accom-
panying table :
Pulmonary tuberculosis in those who died during the years ended June 30,
1885-1916.
Date
m
TO
1
1
a
C3
®
a
s
a
3
o
a
-d"
a>
0 .
si
^a
o
a
xn
to
b
1
a
13. a
O
°3
^B
TO
A
to
If
a „
U
ts 23
« B
:§.a
TO^
8a°
Is
■go.
43 -a
t*>d
<-i --5
11
a a>
r* TO
£<£ .
c3 d
o3"£
§d§
o o «
ases of pulmonary tubercu-
losis among those not ex-
amined by autopsy, based
upon clinical diagnosis.
otal of all cases of death
with pulmonary tubercu-
losis, clinical and post-
mortem.
ercentage of pulmonary tu-
bercular cases among those
that died, recognized clin-
ically and at autopsy.
ercentage of those exam-
ined, post-mortem, which
showed pulmonary tuber-
cular lesions.
1-
s|
d
-go.
o3 .:
--d-52
% o
TO g.Q
c3 -d-^
fi
Ph
O
A
o
En
o
En
Ph
Ph
Q
1885........
105
69
36
13
18
3
21
2
23
21.9
30.4
92
1886
102
72
30
24
26
1
27
8
35
34.3
37.5
78
1887
92
49
43
13
9
1
10
9
19
30.6
20.4
79
1888
120
79
41
14
14
6
20
8
28
23.3
25.3
106
1889
114
67
47
23
19
3
22
10
32
28.0
32.8
91
1890
140
108
32
20
22
10
32
6
38
27.1
29.6
120
1891
128
79
49
21
13
5
18
13
31
24.2
22.7
107
1892
153
96
57
13
13
9
22
9
31
20.2
23.0
140
1893
181
117
64
22
34
9
43
8
51
28.1
36.7
159
1894
167
115
52
28
27
13
40
13
53
31.7
34.7
139
1895
179
125
54
18
20
6
26
11
37
20.6
20.8
161
1896
187
119
68
21
23
11
34
12
46
24.6
28.5
166
1897
162
90
72
13
15
4
19
9
28
17.2
21.1
149
1898
197
85
112
19
17
3
20
14
34
17.6
23.5
178
1899
193
81
112
31
22
3
25
20
45
23.3
30.8
162
1900
184
94
90
25
17
6
23
10
33
17.9
24.4
159
1901
226
109
117
31
27
14
41
16
57
25.0
37.8
195
1902
177
92
85
19
20
7
27
7
34
29.3
29.0
158
1903
258
125
133
36
25
18
43
15
58
22.5
34.4
222
1904
243
103
140
28
15
5
20
13
33
13.6
19.4
215
1905
236
114
122
28
18
6
24
12
36
15.2
21.0
208
1906
202
114
88
29
18
11
29
11
40
19.8
25.4
173
1907
216
128
88
33
16
15
31
17
48
22.2
24.2
184
1908
201
128
73
14
12
15
27
4
31
15.4
21.0
187
1909
255
164
91
38
30
29
59
9
68
26.6
35.9
217
1910
260
161
99
25
21
28
49
16
65
25.0
30.5
235
1911
280
165
115
41
28
29
57
8
65
23.2
31.7
239
1912
332
183
149
44
21
59
80
27
107
32.2
43.9
288
1913
321
173
148
40
35
48
83
17
100
31.2
47.9
281
1914
322
123
199
30
14
26
40
16
56
17.7
32.5
292
1915
337
159
178
33
22
20
42
17
59
22.7
26.4
304
1916
338
157
181
32
17
18
35
16
51
15.0
22.2
303
Total..
6,608
3,612
2,966
819
6-48
442
1,089
383
1,472
22.3
30.1
5,786
PUBLICATIONS.
The following publications by members of the hospital staff have
appeared during the year:
White, William A., superintendent :
Social utility — the new standard of conduct. (Report of the proceedings of
the New Jersey Conference of Charities and Corrections, fourteenth an-
nual meeting at New Brunswick, N. J. ) 1915, pp. 35-44.
Outlines of psychiatry (fifth edition). Nervous and Mental Disease Mono-
graph Series No. 1. New York, 1915, pp. 1-320.
Wish fulfillment and symbolism in fairy tales. (Translation of Dr. Franz
Ricklin.) Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series No. 21. Ner-
vous and Mental Disease Publishing Co. New York, 1915, pp. 1-90.
(With Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe, of Neiv York City.) Diseases of the Nervous
System. A Text Book of Neurology and Psychiatry. Published bv Lea
& Febiger, Philadelphia and New York, 1915, pp. 1-796.
Dangers of the continuous bath. The Modern Hospital, Vol. VI, No. 1,
January, 1916, pp. 10-11.
654 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
White, William A., superintendent — Continued.
Insanity and criminal responsibility. Report of Committee " B " of the
American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Jour, of Crim.
Law and Criminology, Vol. VI, No. 5.
Critical historical review of Reil's Rhapsodieen. Journal of Nervous and
Mental Diseases, Vol. XLIII, No. 1, January, 1916, pp. 1-22.
Symbolism. The Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. Ill, No. 1, January, 1916,
pp. 1-25.
(With Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe, of Netv York City.) Principles underlying
the classification of diseases of the nervous system. Journal of the
American Medical Association, Mar. 11, 1916, Vol. LXVI, pp. 781-783.
Examination and diagnosis of mental diseases. Reference Handbook of
the Medical Sciences, Vol. VI, No. 25, pp. 386-392.
Alcoholism, a symptom. Interstate Medical Journal, Vol. XXIII, No. 6,
June, 1916, pp. 404-407.
Franz, Shepherd Ivory, scientific director :
The functions of the cerebrum. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 4,
April, 1916, pp. 149-173.
Physiology of nerves. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, 1916,
Vol. V, pp. 732-738.
The functions of a psychologist in a hospital for the insane. American
Journal of Insanity, vol. 72, No. 3, January, 1916, pp. 457-464.
The constant error of touch localization. Journal of Experimental Psychol-
ogy, vol. 1, No. 2, April, 1916, pp. 83-98.
(With Drs. M. E. Scheetz and A. A. Wilson.) The possibility of recovery
of motor function in long-standing hemiplegia. A preliminary report.
Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 45, December, 1915,
pp. 2150-2154.
Kempf, Edward J., clinical psychiatrist:
Some studies in the psychopathology of acute dissociation of the per-
sonality. The Psychoanalytic Review, October, 1915, vol. 2, No. 4,
pp. 361-389.
Two methods of subjective learning in the monkey macacus rhesus.
Journal of Animal Behavior, May- June, 1916, vol 6, No. 3, pp. 256-265.
O'Malley, Mary, senior assistant physician:
Relation of pellagra to nutrition. The Southern Medical Journal, June,
1916, Vol. IX, No. 6, pp. 498-500.
Glueck, Bernard, senior assistant physician :
The Malingerer : A clinical study. International Clinics, Vol. Ill, series
25, pp. 1-52.
The God Man or Jehovah Complex. New York Medical Journal, Sept.
4, 1915.
Lind, John E., senior assistant physician :
Statistical study of hallucinations in the manic-depressive type of psy-
choses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 42, November, 1915,
pp. 727-735.
Hassall, James C, senior assistant physician:
The r61e of the sexual complex in dementia precox. The Psychoanalytic
Review, vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1915.
Murphy, John P. H., assistant physician:
The wounded mind. International Clinics, vol. 1, series 26, pp. 102-116.
Pfeiffer, John A., assistant physician:
A practical method for estimating the protein content of cerebrospinal
fluid. Medical Record, No. 2, Vol. LXXXIX, Jan. 8, 1916.
Case of chronic chorea. Southern Medical Journal, No. 9, Vol. VIII,
September, 1915, p. 779.
(With P. A. Kooer and Cyrus W. Field, New York.) Nephelometric
study of the proteins of cerebrospinal fluids. — 1. Relation of Englobulin.
Total-globulin and total-protein to the Wassermann Reaction. Proceed-
ings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. No. 7. Vol.
XII, 1915, p. 152.
Wilson, Anita A., assistant physician:
(With Drs. Franz and Scheetz.) The possibility of recovery of motor
function in long-standing hemiplegia. Journal of the American Medical
Association, December, 1915.
Peripheral Neuritis with Korsakow's Symptom Complex. Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 43, No. 4, April, 1916.
KEPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 655
Murphy, Dennis J., assistant physician:
A contribution to the study of progressive muscular atrophy and a report
of four cases with mental disorders. Alienist and Neurologist, August,
1915, pp. 215-230.
Scheetz, Mildred E., assistant physician :
The sensibility of the nipple area with reference to mental disease. Ameri-
can Journal of Insanity, Vol. LXXII, No. 4, April, 1916. pp. 611-621.
(With Drs. Franz and Wilson.) The possibility of recovery of motor
function in long-standing hemiplegia. Journal of the American Medical
Association, vol. 45, December, 1915, pp. 2150-2154.
Davidian, Hagop, junior assistant physician :
Athetosis. Review of the literature with clinical report of a case. Alienist
and Neurologist, Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, August, 1915, pp. 269-295.
Harrison, Forrest M., assistant physician:
The role of hallucinations in the psychoses, based upon a statistical study
of 514 cases. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, March, 1916.
Nack, Joseph, junior assistant physician :
A review of the study of the psychoses associated with cerebral arterio-
sclerosis. The Medical Record, Dec. 11, 1915, p. 11.
Sheehan, Robert, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy :
Exclusion of the mentally unfit from the military service. U. S. Naval
Medical Bulletin, April, 1916, pp. 213-249.
Classification of mental diseases. U. S. Naval Medical Bulletin, vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Smith, Floyd L., captain, Medical Corps, United States Army, formerly on
duty at this hospital :
Syphilis as a cause of mental disease in the military service. (Written
from the Government Hospital for the Insane.) Military Surgeon, Nov.,
1915, No. 5, p. 447.
Woodson, Thos. D., Medical Corps, United States Army :
War neuroses and psychoses. (Translation of Karl Birnbaum.) The
Military Surgeon, Mar., 1916, No. 3, p. 428.
STAFF CHANGES.
The following resignations took effect during the year: Waldo E.
Preston, medical interne; Forrest M. Harrison, assistant physician;
Joseph L. Gariss, junior assistant physician; Francis M. Shockley,
assistant physician; William F. Rice, junior assistant physician;
and John R. Ernest, junior assistant physician. Dr. George H.
Schwinn, first assistant physician, died on February 6, 1916.
The following new appointments were made: Dudley C. Kalloch
was appointed as medical interne and Karl S. Lashley, Ph. D., was
appointed as assistant in psychology. Dr. Paul L. Freeman, captain,
Medical Corps, United States Army, was assigned to duty in this
hospital.
Report of activities of the clinical society of the hospital for the year 1915-16.
Meetings were held every month at the hospital beginning on
October 25, 1915, and ending on April 25, 1916. No meetings were
held in December on account of the Christmas holidays.
The following cases were presented and papers read before the
society :
October 24, 1915 : " The possibility of recovery of motor function in hemiplegias
of long standing." (A preliminary report with exhibition of a few cases).
By Dr. Scheetz.
The presentation of a case of musculo-spiral paralysis, by Dr. D. J.
Murphy.
Presentation of several cases showing results of treatment for recovery
of function in hemiplegias of long standing, by Dr. Wilson.
656 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
November 22, 1915: "A correlation between the clinical findings and post-
mortem anatomical lesions in a series of 200 consecutive autopsies per-
formed in this hospital." By Dr. Shockley.
January 24, 1916: An informal talk on psychoanalysis. By Dr. Kempf.
"A review of the current medical literature." By Dr. Lind.
Presentation of a case of fibrosum molluscum. By Dr. Kalloch.
February 28, 1916 : " Ontogenesis v. Philogenesis in the colored race." By Dr.
Evarts.
Presentation of a case of progressive muscular atrophy and two cases of
cerebral lues. By Dr. Sheehan.
March 27, 1916: "Association neurones of the cerebral cortex." By Dr.
Pfeiffer.
" Oral prophylaxis and its abuses." By Dr. Harper, D. D. S.
April 25, 1916 : " The wounded mind." By Dr. J. P. H. Murphy.
Presentation of a case of a " Neurosis following electrical shock " simu-
lating ataxic paraplegia. By Capt. Freeman.
NEEDS OF THE HOSPITAL.
The appropriations recommended for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1918, are as follows :
During the past year there have been admitted to the institution
815 patients, which is 159 more than the previous year. The total
number under treatment during the year was 3,891, which is 173
more than during the previous year. The daily average in the hos-
pital for the past year was 3,123, showing an increase over the pre-
vious year of 91. It would seem, in view of the foregoing, that the
amount needed for next year is as follows: That is, based on 3,375
patients, each at $220 per capita, together with the $55,000 for
general repairs and improvements and $5,000 for roadways, walks,
and grading, would amount to $802,500. This would seem to be a
conservative estimate in view of the recent legislation materially
increasing the military forces. It can, of course, be little better than
a guess until experience is had with the new conditions. Pursuing
the usual method of calculating, the District of Columbia's share
for 1,800 patients should be $421,161, and the balance for 1,575 pa-
tients, amounting to $378,303, should be provided for by Congress
in the sundry civil bill. Of the sum to be provided in the sundry
civil bill, $318,230 should be for support, clothing, and treatment;
$55,000 for general repairs and improvements; and $5,000 for road-
ways, walks, and grading.
New building for receiving service. — It is necessary to provide
additional quarters for both male and female patients. There are
at the present time few vacant beds, and additional numbers of
patients are being continually received. There is no vacant ground
in the section of the hospital devoted to female patients. It is there-
fore recommended that the present male receiving ward, known as
B Building, and which is adjacent to this portion of the institution,
be turned over to the female department for its use. This will give
additional accommodation for 140 patients, relieving the present
crowded condition and taking care of the new admissions for several
years to come. Before this could be done, however, it would be
necessary to provide another building for the male receiving service.
We have no building at present which is available for that purpose.
There is a piece of vacant ground close to the entrance of the north
gate adjacent to the group of buildings known as the detached serv-
ice, upon which such a building could be erected. This building must
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 657
be large enough to accommodate 140 patients. To erect this build-
ing, provide the necessary furniture, and equip same with heat,
light, and sewer facilities would require an appropriation of $165,000.
Cottages for male service. — It is necessary to provide an additional
number of beds for the male service, the hospital at present being
overcrowded. Our recent experience in erecting small buildings for
tubercular patients has seemed so successful that we believe that the
best interests of the patient, at a great deal less cost, can be con-
served by building additional cottages of this class for epileptics
and feeble-minded patients and utilizing the buildings which they
will vacate for other classes of patients. We could provide seven
cottages of this class — that is, constructed of woodwork covered
with plaster and stucco — each building to accommodate 20 patients,
together with all furniture and equipment for heat, light, steam,
water, sewers, and tunnels and kitchen to provide food for same for
$60,000.
Gatehouse. — We have a new entrance; the road has been cut
through and completed, and only the new gatehouse and gates are
needed. This hospital has many visitors — relatives and friends of
the patients, in addition to sight-seers — and some accommodation
should be provided not only as a convenience while waiting for cars,
but also in the way of a public-comfort station for the visitors while
waiting and for general use.
Staff quarters. — Additional quarters should be provided for the
hospital staff. At the present time they are quartered on the second
floor of the administration building and in various parts of the in-
stitution. The office part of the administration building is at present
crowded for room, and it will not be long before it will be necessary
to provide additional room for the various offices. The growth of
the institution has been so rapid of late — the increase in the number
of patients, together with the number of records required — that a
great deal more space for administrative purposes is needed. In
line with this it will soon be necessary in seeking additional room
to go to the second floor of the administration building, now being
used by the staff officers for their residences. Therefore it is recom-
mended that an appropriation be secured to provide staff quarters to
house these officers.
Reclaimed land. — The hospital has suffered for some time owing to
the lack ttf the proper amount of land for farming and gardening
purposes. Each building that is erected reduces the amount of land
under cultivation. Therefore, as the institution grows and more sup-
plies are needed, instead of having additional land upon which to
raise them, under the present conditions we have less. Several recom-
mendations have been made to purchase additional land adjacent to
the institution for this purpose, but so far without securing favor-
able action by Congress. It would seem now that it is possible to
secure this additional land without incurring an expense or the ap-
propriation of a single dollar. I refer to securing possession of the
reclaimed land lying along the Anacostia Flats adjacent to the
hospital. In this connection it is hoped that Congress will enact
legislation authorizing the Secretary of War to grant a revocable
permit to the hospital for the use of such portions of land as are at
present not under lease, and such other portions thereof when the
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 42
658 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
existing lease may expire, of that portion of land lying along the
Anacostia Flats which has been reclaimed by the engineers of the
War Department and is valuable for farming property adjacent to
the hospital reservation.
Isolation building. — For the construction of an isolation building,
$5,000. In a large community such as this is getting to be, contain-
ing now more than 4,000 individuals, it must of necessity happen
that from time to time there will be cases of contagious and infectious
disease, which should be isolated and cared for separately from the
rest of the population. In past years we have had a considerable
number of cases of measles, a few cases of diphtheria, and sporadic
instances of other contagious or infectious disease that required such
treatment. In the past we have taken care of this class of cases in
one of the Dix cottages. Aside from the fact that this cottage is
now constructed in a way which makes its use for this purpose de-
sirable, it is large enough for upward of 20 patients, and in the
present crowded condition of the hospital we are no longer in a po-
sition to set aside a building which can accommodate so many pa-
tients for the treatment of one or two cases. It is therefore desir-
able to build an isolation building which will accommodate about 10
patients and the nurses necessary to care for them, and thus perma-
nently release the Dix cottage for occupation by the general patient
population.
Summary of appropriations recommended.
Support $742, 500
General repairs and improvements 55, 000
Roadways, walks, and grading 5, 000
New building for receiving service 165, 000
Cottages for male service 60. 000
Gatehouse 8, 000
Staff quarters 25, 000
Isolation building 5, 000
Total 1, 065, 500
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Admissions and discharges.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Remaining June 30, 1915:
802
290
40
712
52
14
5
334
854
304
45
1,046
854
1
1
305
U. S. Public Health Service
45
Civil life
531
295
82(5
1,872
Total
1,844
405
2,249
532
295
827
3, 076
Admitted during the year 1915-16:
Army
231
68
13
198
12
3
2
90
243
71
15
288
243
71
U. S. Public Health Service
15
Civil life
113
85
198
486
Total
510
107
617
113
85
198
815
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 659
Admissions and discharges — Continued.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Discharged during the year 1915-16:
Recovered—
47
26
2
21
4
51
26
2
30
51
26
U. S. Public Health Service
Civillife
2
9
26
15
41
71
Total
96
13
109
26
15
41
150
Improved—
9
8
1
10
8
10
1
1
9
U S Public Health Service
Civil life
22
12
34
16
12
28
62
Total
39
11
3
13
52
17
12
29
81
Unimproved—
11
3
11
3
U. S. Public Health Service
Civil life
46
14
60
14
16
30
90
Total
60
14
74
14
16
30
104
Not insane—
4
1
4
1
4
1
U. S. Public Health Service
Civil life
12
2
14
4
2
6
20
Total
17
2
19
4
2
6
25
Deceased —
113
25
5
72
8
121
25
6
119
121
25
U.S. Public Health Service
1
47
6
Civil life
41
26
67
186
Total
215
56
271
41
26
67
338
Remaining June 30, 1916:
850
295
46
736
51
17
6
340
901
312
52
1,076
901
312
U. S. Public Health Service
52
Civillife
543
309
852
1,928
Total
1,927
414
2,341
543
309
852
3,193
Admissions and discharges, classified according to sex, for the year ended June
30, 1916, and since the opening of the hospital in 1855.
Year ended June 30,
1916.
Since
opening of the
hospital.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
617
198
81
17,696
5,267
22,963
Discharged:
Recovered
128
52
74
271
2,341
47
29
30
67
852
175
81
04
338
3,193
5,673
2,450
953
6,279
1,355
940
384
1,736
7,028
3,390
1,337
8,015
Improved
Unimproved
Died.t
Remaining
Total admissions
17, 696
5,267
22,963
660 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Percentage of total admissions recovered, improved, etc.
Male.
Female.
Total.
32.06
13.84
5.39
35.48
13.23
25.72
17.86
7.32
32.94
16.16
30.62
14.76
5.82
Died
34.90
13.90
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
Monthly changes of population.
Date.
Admitted.
Discharged.
Died.
Total
died and
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
dis-
charged.
1915.
July
43
• 57
64
29
77
43
37
28
62
43
59
75
13
28
13
7
21
10
9
19
19
25
15
19
56
85
77
36
98
53
46
47
81
68
74
94
23
16
31
14
16
25
19
18
28
22
20
22
4
13
6
10
11
15
8
12
6
4
9
8
27
29
37
24
27
40
27
30
34
26
29
30
11
16
22
21
24
31
26
32
32
24
19
13
9
14
5
3
20
30
27
24
28
35
33
33
38
27
26
17
47
59
64
48
55
75
1916.
January
60
February
63
March
72
April
53
May
55
June
47
Total
617
198
815
254
106
360
271
67
338
698
Ages of patients admitted during the year ended June 80, 1916.
Age.
3 to 15 years.
15 to 20 years
20 to 25 years
25 to 30 years
30 to 35 years
35 to 40 years
40 to 45 years
45 to 50 years
Male.
Female.
Total.
7
2
9
21
13
34
97
15
112
89
20
109
61
25
86
54
21
75
59
22
81
41
19
60
Age.
50 to 60 years
60 to 70 years
70 to 80 years
80 to 90 years
Unknown...
Total..
Male.
617
Female.
Total.
815
Civil condition of patients admitted during the year ended June SO, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Single
368
167
69
3
10
71
76
49
439
Married
243
Widowed
118
Divorced
3
Unknown
2
12
Total
617
198
815
BEPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 661
Ages of patients who died during the year ended June SO, 1916.
Age.
15 to 20 years
20 to 25 years
25 to 30 years
30 to 35 years
35 to 40 years
40 to 45 years
45 to 50 years
Male.
Female.
Total.
1
3
1
4
1
10
2
12
17
5
22
26
3
29
29
5
34
20
6
26
Age.
50 to 60 years .
60 to 70 years .
70 to 80 years.
80 to 90 years.
Over 90 years .
Total...
Male
271
Female.
67
Total.
338
Duration of mental disease of patients who died during the year ended June SO,
1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
9
5
14
24
3
27
20
2
22
21
3
24
17
3
20
19
2
21
26
2
28
27
1
28
33
7
40
Male.
Female.
16
7
14
8
14
9
7
5
8
1
16
9
271
67
Total.
Under 1 month
1 to 2 months
2 to 4 months
4 to 6 months .......
6 to 9 months
9 to 12 months
12 to 18 months
18 months to 2 years
2 to 4 years
4 to 6 years . .
6 to 10 years.
10 to 15 years .
15 to 20 years
20 to 25 years .
Over 25 years
Total..
338
Ages of patients discharged recovered during the year ended June 30, 1916.
15 to 20 years
20 to 30 years
30 to 40 years
40 to 50 years
50 to 60 years
60 to 70 years
Over 70 year/3
Total..
Male.
Female.
Total.
150
Duration of residence in the hospital of those recovered during the year ended
June 30, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
20 to 30 days
1
4
10
12
18
20
6
16
9
2
2
3
4
1
4
3
4
3
2
5
1 to 2 months
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
2
9
2 to 3 months
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
17
3 to 4 months
15
4 to 6 months
27
6 to 9 months
27
9 to 12 months
13
1 to 2 years
22
2 to 4 years
15
Total
96
13
26
15
150
662 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Nativity of patients admitted during the year and since opening of the hospital
in 1855.
During
year.
Since
1855.
During
year.
Since
1855.
Native born:
Alabama
4
3
81
45
3
45
20
142
16
43
3,026
25
159
320
323
19
2
79
69
322
72
174
1,725
636
150
42
73
196
3
17
100
224
5
1,402
226
786
5
5
1,175
76
96
208
95
3
84
2, 235
104
98
1,324
Foreign born— Continued.
British East Indies
1
1
9
2
British possessions
4
1
4
15
3
3
191
1
Chile
2
District of Columbia
130
Coast of Africa
3
Florida
1
2
10
16
9
10
1
Denmark
3
10
60
England. . .
448
1
Iowa
7
3
12
Finland
2
34
1
15
Kansas
France
113
Kentucky
Germany
1,773
21
Greece
6
60
11
8
5
1
8
Guatemala . . .
1
Holland
2
22
33
1
Minnesota
Ireland
25
7
2,451
121
Mississippi
Italy
Missouri
Japan
16
Montana
Korea
1
Nebraska
1
1
10
Malta
3
New Hampshire
17
4
2
5
New York
47
13
25
1
New Granada
1
North Carolina
Norway
3
78
Ohio
Nova Scotia
25
Oklahoma
Panama
1
Oregon
Philippine Islands
2
13
39
4
6
10
8
39
Rhode Island
Portugal
9
South Carolina
Prince Edward Island . . .
3
Tftnnpssfip. ,
Prussia
42
Texas
Porto Rico
1
1
4
Utah
China
6
Vermont
2
84
3
3
105
Roumania
8
12
124
West Virginia
Hawaiian Islands
3
Wisconsin
Saxony
7
United States
Scotland
1
116
Sicily
3
Total
661
16, 078
Spain
10
6
2
128
Foreign born:
Alsace
1
3
116
1
17
9
2
13
1
Switzerland
86
10
Armenia
Wales . . .
24
Austria
10
West Indies
1
9
Bahamas
At sea
Bavaria
18
623
Total
Bermuda
154
6,885
1
Grand total
Brazil
815
22,963
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 663
Forms of mental disease of patients admitted during the year ended June 80,
1916.
Male.
White. Colored.
Female.
White. Colored.
Total.
Infection-exhaustion psychosis:
Symptomatic psychosis
Toxic psychosis:
Exogenous
Endogenous
Alcoholic psychosis
Korsakow's psychosis
Psychosis associated with organic brain disease.
Cerebral arteriosclerosis:
Confusion
Dementia
Depression
E xcitement
Paranoid state
Cerebral syphilis
Psychosis associated with epilepsy
General paresis
Senile dementia
Dementia praecox:
Hebephrenic
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Manic-depressive psychosis
Paranoia
Prison psychosis
H ysteria
Defective states:
Idiocy
Imbecility
Moronism
Constitutional inferiority
Constitutional psychopathy
Undifferentiated psychosis
Confusion
Depression
Excitement
Paranoid state
Unclassified psychosis
Alcoholic hallucinosis
Chronic alcoholism
Morphinism
Not insane
2
2
13
5
5
10
74
1
4
1
12
13
104
73
104
14
56
129
01
20
5
5
5
18
5
1
13
Total.
510
107
113
85
815
Forms of mental disease in patients discharged as recovered during the year
ended June 30, 1916.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Toxic psychosis:
3
1
4
3
9
2
1
9
41
2
8
1
4
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
4
1
8
1
2
9
4
Manic-depressive psychosis
1
3
1
1
3
3
2
21
Dementia precox:
8
3
12
3
56
Excitement, undifferentiated
2
Depression:
Symptomatic
1
1
3
g
Undifferentiated
1
1
1
1
3
Prison psychosis
1
6
Psychosis associated with—
Cerebral syphilis
2
4
Arteriosclerosis
1
3
Epilepsy
1
2
2
Defective states:
Congenital
5
Hysteria
1
1
Total
96
13
26
15
150
664 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
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REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 665
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666 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Detailed statement of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1915 — Additional.
EECEIPTS.
On hand:
Support, 1915 $8, 801. 80
Buildings and grounds, 1915 —
General repairs and improvements 4, 629. 80
Roadways, grading, and walks 7. 91
Barns and piggeries 2. 00
Provision for criminal insane . 97
Power, heating, and lighting plant 51, 961. 07
Received for board of patients 373. 57
$65, 777. 12
EXPENDITURES.
Provisions and stores:
Laundry supplies 37. 27
Household supplies 1, 646. 76
1, 684. 03
Furniture and bedding: Carpets, etc 2,573.92
Dry goods and clothing:
Clothing material 1, 925. 47
Hosiery 126. 50
Shoes and slippers, men's 150. 00
2, 201. 97
Miscellaneous :
Entertainment of patients 222. 50
Miscellaneous 5. 27
227. 77
Farm and garden : Horticultural supplies 209. 24
Construction :
Engineer's supplies 1, 101. 30
Electrical supplies 51. 00
1, 152. 30
Buildings and grounds:
General repairs and improvements . 4, 269. 16
Power, heating, and lighting plant 35, 804. 39
40, 073. 55
Pay roll : Ward service . 50
Balance in United States Treasury:
Support, 1915 1, 125. 64
Buildings and grounds, 1915 371. 52
Power, heating, and lighting plant, 1915 16, 156. 68
17, 653. 84
65, 777. 12
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 667
Expenditures of the Government Hospital for the Insane, by classes, for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1915 — Additional.
Date.
Item.
Amount.
1915.
Sept. 3
23
3
Nov. 4
Dec. 21
1916.
Jan. 8
1915.
Dec. 21
Sept. 20
1916.
Apr. 7
1915.
Aug. 21
26
31
Sept. 3
21
23
Nov. 3
1916.
Jan. 22
24
1915.
Aug. 31
Corn Products Refining Co., voucher No. 495, class 17
Pickering Manufacturing Co., voucher No. 680, class 21
W. B. Moses & Sons (Inc.), voucher No. 496, class 31
W. & J. Sloane, paid by auditor, class 31
Harry Kaufman, paid by auditor:
Class 33
Class 36
Class 38
Harry Kaufman, paid by auditor, class 33
Arthur T. Beddington, paid by auditor, class 47
Thomas A. Edison (Inc.), voucher No. 671, class 53
Refund on account board of patient, paid by auditor, class 59
Republic Flow Meters Co., voucher No. 437, class 65
The Ashcroft Manufacturing Co., voucher No. 445, class 65
Franklin Electric Manufacturing Co., voucher No. 446, class 66
Oliver Machinery Co., voucher No. 453, class 65
The Schaeffer & Sudenburg Manufacturing Co., voucher No. 454, class 65
L. B. Jacobs, voucher No. 442, class 78
John Mitchell, jr., Co. (Inc.), voucher No. 443, class 73
Thomas Somerville Co., voucher No. 455, class 73
The Safety Insulated Wire & Cable Co., voucher No. 457, class 78
The Washington Times Co., voucher No. 493, class 78
The American Machinist, voucher No. 494, class 78
American Mosaic Co., voucher No. 678, class 73
E. Keeler Co., voucher No. 681, class 78
Southern Electric Co., paid by auditor:
Class 78
Class 73
Detroit Stoker Co., paid by auditor, class 78
Diamond Power Specialty Co., paid by auditor, class 78
Guarantee Construction Co. (Inc.), paid by auditor, class 78
L. B. Jacobs, paid by auditor, class 78
Annie E. Hevener, voucher No. 439, class 81
Total
$37. 27
1,646.76
90.35
2,483.57
1,181.87
126. 50
150. 00
743.60
209. 24
222.50
5.27
972. 50
12.00
51.00
92.00
24.80
375. 00
8.12
628. 04
50.00
5.70
4.20
573.00
846. 50
020.49
60.00
425. 00
105. 50
7,591.00
7,375.00
.50
48,123.28
Detailed statement of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1916.
EECEIPTS.
Appropriated for —
Support, 1916 $285, 250. 00
District of Columbia patients 385, 000. 00
Board of Marine Hospital Service patients 10, 981. 06
Buildings and grounds, 1916:
General repairs and improvements 55, 000. 00
General repairs and improvements, disallowance . 54
Roadways, grading and walks 5, 000. 00
Board of patients 47, 837. 48
Sale of stock, etc 4, 544. 87
793, 613. 95
EXPENDITURES.
Provisions and stores:
Class 1. Farinaceous foods $40,640.83
2. Yeast 769. 85
3. Meats, fresh 65, 543. 77
4. Poultry 3, 489. 33
5. Meats, salt and smoked 29,596.02
6. Fish, fresh 3,278.57
7. Fish, salt 3,376.69
668 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Provisions and stores — Continued.
Class 8. Vegetables, fresh $8, 525. 16
9. Vegetables, canned 2, 459. 75
10. Fruits, fresh 2,509.81
11. Fruits, dried 3, 125. 50
12. Dairy products 23, 008. 27
13. Groceries, wet 6, 129. 13
14. Groceries, dry 35, 161. 73
15. Condiments 291. 22
16. Laundry supplies 5, 739. 73
17. Crockery and china 1, 738. 46
18. Tin and iron ware 333. 16
19. Cutlery and plated ware 67. 88
20. Household supplies 2,058.85
21. Toilet articles 1,104.69
22. Fuel 59, 237. 07
$298, 185. 47
Furniture and bedding:
Class 23. Furniture 343. 70
24. Bedding 12,504.55
25. Window furniture 1,683.53
26. Table linen 1,758.79
27. Upholstery and furniture material
28. Sewing-machine supplies 129. 49
29. Carpets, etc 350.60
16, 770. 66
Dry goods and clothing:
Class 30. Clothing, new 2, 924. 77
31. Clothing material 9,793.15
32. Hats, straw 66. 00
33. Hats, felt 321.84
34. Hosiery 1, 315. 81
35. Haberdashery 277. 80
36. Shoes and slippers, men's 6, 207. 18
37. Shoes and slippers, women's 607. 98
21, 514. 53
Medical supplies:
Class 38. Medical supplies 6, 264. 56
39. Surgical supplies 1,215.84
40. Laboratory supplies 125. 62
7, 606. 02
Farm and garden:
Class 41. Wagons and harness 1, 111. 90
42. Farm and garden implements 642.09
43. Lawns and grounds
44. Farm supplies 107.32
45. Horticultural supplies 1, 457. 95
46. Stable maintenance 314. 45
47. Live stock 90.00
48. Farm feed 9,689.07
49. Dairy feed 19,373.93
50. Poultry feed 702.99
33, 489. 70
Miscellaneous :
Class 51. Entertainment of patients 1, 937. 16
52. Traveling expenses
53. Supply transportation
54. Return of escaped patients 145.00
55. Messages 1, 523. 41
56. Miscellaneous 1, 602. 79
57. Transportation of patients 5. 00
5, 213. 36
Books and stationery:
Class 58. Stationery supplies 280.00
59. Printing 17. 70
60. Books 255. 46
61. Periodicals 93.71
646. 87
$10, 732. 77
53, 467. 48
REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 669
Construction :
Class 62. Engineer's supplies $3, 053. 16
63. Electrical supplies 3,849.96
64. Carpenter's supplies 390. 96
65. Tinner's supplies 326.44
66. Painter's supplies 3,112.25
Buildings and grounds:
Class 67. Pay roll, roadways, etc 2, 345. 44
68. Roadways, grading and walks 1, 768. 71
69. Pay roll, repairs and improvements 28, 591. 24
70. General repairs and improvements 20, 762. 09
Pay roll:
Class 71. Officers 43, 840. 33
72. Administrative 28, 820. 73
73. Ward service 130,079.43
74. Domestic service 2, 756. 31
75. Kitchen service 25,507.77
76. Industrial 5, 321. 20
77. Laundry 11, 534. 57
78. Fire department 825.00
79. Engineers 31, 118. 38
80. Carpenters and builders 5, 671. 00
81. Tinners 450. 00
82. Construction 2, 068. 25
83. Painters 3, 242. 25
84. Electricians 4, 700. 00
85. Farm and garden 17, 247. 08
86. Stable 6, 450. 64
87. Dairy and cow barns 5, 310. 66
88. Lawns and grounds . 5, 712. 78
On hand:
Support, 1916 8, 797. 65
Buildings and grounds, 1916:
General repairs and improvements 5, 702. 21
Roadways, grading and walks 830. 85
330, 656. 38
15, 330. 71
793, 613. 95
Summary of expenditures.
Current expenses:
Salaries and wages $330, 656. 38
Clothing .__ 21, 514. 53
Subsistence 325, 935. 44
Ordinary repairs ! 10, 732. 77
Office, domestic, and outdoor expenses 35, 976. 64
724, 815. 76
Extraordinary expenses :
Permanent improvements to existing buildings.
53, 467. 48
Grand total 778, 283. 24
Male.
Female.
2,249
827
617
198
525
173
2, 341
852
2,294
829
555
305
Total.
Patients at beginning of fiscal year
Patients received during the year
Patients discharged and died during the year
Patients remaining at end of fiscal year
Daily average number of patients during year
Average number of officers and employees during year
3,076
815
698
3,193
3,123
REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR
THE DEAF.
671
OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION.
Patron. — Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States.
President. — Percival Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Secretary. — Charles S. Bradley, Esq.
Treasurer. — George X. McLanahan, Esq.
Directors. — Hon. John F. Shafroth, Senator from Colorado; Hon. William
E. Humphrey, Member of Congress from Washington; Hon. John E. Raker,
Member of Congress from California, representing the Congress of the United
States; Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D., of Connecticut; Hon. John
W. Foster, ; Hon. Francis M. Cockrell ; * Theodore W. Noyes, Esq. ; Charles H.
Stockton, LL. D. ; Rev. U. G. B. Pierce, of the District of Columbia ; John B.
Wight, Esq., of New York; the president and the secretary of the institution.
FACULTY OF GALLAUDET COLLEGE, 1916-17.
Emeritus president and professor of moral and political science. — Edward
Miner Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D.
President and professor of applied mathematics and pedagogy. — Percival
Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Vice president and professor of languages. — Edward Allen Fay, M. A., Ph. D.,
Sc. D., Litt. D.
Professor of English and history. — John Burton Hotchkiss, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of mathematics and Latin. — Amos G. Draper, M. A., Litt. D.9
Professor of natural science. — Charles Russell Ely, M. A., Ph. D.
Professor of English and biology. — Herbert E. Day, M-. A.
Professor of mathematics and engineering. — Isaac Allison, E. E.
Assistant professor of Latin and in charge of the college women. — Elizabeth
Peet.
Librarian and instructor in English and mathematics. — Helen Northrop, B. A.
Instructor in Latin and natural science. — Victor O. Skyberg, M. A.
Instructor in mathematics and physical director. — Frederick H. Hughes, M. A.
Instructor in agriculture. — Harley D. Drake, B. A.
Instructor in drawing. — Arthur D. Bryant, B. Ph.
Instructor in English and history. — Irving S. Fusfeld, B. S., B. Ped.
Instructor in domestic art. — Agnes Suman.
Instructor in gymnastics. — Helen Devereux.
DEPARTMENT OF ARTICULATION AND NORMAL INSTRUCTION,
1916-17.
In charge. — Percival Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Instructors. — Lyman Steed, M. A. ; Annie E. Jameson ; Sarah H. Porter, M. A.
Normal Fellows. — Grace Decker Coleman, B. A., Greenville Women's College,
South Carolina ; Urath McCall, B. A., Synodical College, Missouri ; Herschel R.
Ward, B. A., Mississippi College, Mississippi.
Normal students. — John Keble Cloud, Smith Academy, Missouri; Elizabeth
B. Thompson, Council Bluffs High School, Iowa.
FACULTY OF THE KENDALL SCHOOL, 1916-17.
President.— Percival Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Principal. — Lyman Steed, M. A.
Instructors. — Helen Fay, Musa Marbut, M. A.; Edetha Williams, B. A.;
Grace D. Ely; Mary Burch.
Instructor in art and manual training. — Beulah Stebbins.
Instructor in cooking and sewing. — Agnes Suman.
1 Died December 12, 1915.
8 On leave of absence.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 43 673
674 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT, 1916-17.
Supervisor and disbursing agent. — Louis L. Hooper, M. A.
Attending physician. — Harry H. Donnally, M. D.
Dentist.— J. A. Taylor, D. D. S.
Matron, Gallaudet College. — Mrs. Cora V. Troup.
Girls' matron, Kendall School. — Harriet M. Van Deventer.
Boys' matron, Kendall School. — Mrs. Carrie R. Timberlake.
Boys' supervisor. — Robert Unsworth.
Girls' supervisor. — Jennie Kennedy.
Master of shop. — Norman Herrington.
Gardener. — Edward Mangum.
Farmer. — Harley D. Drake, B. A.
Chief Engineer. — William J. Muir.
REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
Columbia Institution for the Deaf,
Kendall Green, Washington, D. C, September 15, 1916.
Sir: The number of deaf pupils and students remaining in the
institution on July 1, 1915, was 118; admitted during the year, 45;
total, 163 ; admitted for the school year 1916-17, 55. From July 1,
1915, to July 1, 1916, there were under instruction 88 males and 75
females, a total of 163, of whom 115 have been in the collegiate de-
partment, representing 37 States, the District of Columbia, and
Canada; and 48 in the primary department. Of these, 36 were ad-
mitted as beneficiaries of the District of Columbia. During the
fiscal year 49 were discharged from the institution by graduation and
otherwise.
A list of the names of students and pupils who have been under
instruction in this institution since July 1, 1915, including those ad-
mitted for the school year 1916-17, will be found appended to this
report.
HEALTH.
The health of the students and pupils of the institution during the
year has been excellent. There have been no serious cases of illness
whatever throughout the year. Inoculation of all new students and
pupils against typhoid fever was continued.
Another careful examination of all employees of the dairy was
made, and all were found to be in good physical condition. The
dairy cattle of the institution again passed the Government test for
tuberculosis.
Dental work has been continued for both college students and Ken-
dall School pupils during the past year with good results.
One of the saddest occurrences for many years in the history of the
institution was the death of Oscar Ray dinger, a student in Gallau-
det College from Tennessee, who left the college during the month of
February evidently under great mental disturbance, and while in
Louisville on his way home killed himself. Efforts to place the
young man through friends, through the railroad agencies, and
through the local detective force, made promptly after his disappear-
ance from college, failed to locate him until it was too late for
friends to reach him and prevent his suicide.
CHANGES IN THE CORPS OF OFFICERS AND TEACHERS.
Dr. Amos G. Draper, who entered the advanced department of the
institution in 1868 and became a member of the faculty on his gradu-
ation in 1872 and has served with success and distinction as teacher,
instructor, assistant professor, and professor since the latter date, a
675
676 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
period of 44 years, has been granted leave of absence for the nine
months from October 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917.
Mr. Irving S. Fusfeld, a graduate of Columbia University with
the degree of B. S., and of our own normal department with the
degree of B. Ped., has been made instructor in the collegiate depart-
ment for the college year 1916-17.
Miss Mary Helen Ferris, matron of the collegiate department,
has left, and Mrs. Cora V. Troup has been promoted from boys'
matron of the Kendall School to Miss Ferris's place.
Mrs. Carrie E. Timberlake has been appointed boys' matron in
the Kendall School to succeed Mrs. Cora V. Troup.
Mr. Robert Unsworth has been appointed boys' supervisor in the
Kendall School to take the place of Mr. Cyril Hansell, resigned.
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.
The course of instruction in the primary and grammar department,
known as the Kendall School, as now given is as follows :
FIRST YEAR.
Sense training. — Form, color, touch, number, motion.
Speech reading. — Single objects, commands, simple sentences.
Speech. — Elements, combinations, diagrams, breathing exercises.
Language. — Simple sentence. Intransitive verb, past tense first. Transitive
verb and object. Compound predicate. Common and proper nouns. Plural
of nouns. Nominative and objective pronouns. Prepositions " in," " into,"
" on," " under." Five-slate system.
Number. — Time phrases, simple journals, calendar work, action work.
SECOND YEAB.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Five-slate system, Miss Sweet's No. I, simple sentences, para-
graphing, question forms, present, past, and future tenses affirmative and
negative, nouns, verbs, special drill on "to have" and "to be," pronouns,
prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, time phrases, journals, letters, descriptions,
chart stories, action work.
Arithmetic. — Reading and writing numbers to 50. Adding and subtracting
to 10. Oral and written language problems.
THIRD YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Five-slate system, Miss Sweet's No. I, drill on question forms,
journals, letters, descriptions, story work, action work, easy direct and indirect
quotation.
Arithmetic. — Reading and writing numbers to 100. Adding and subtracting
numbers to 50. Simple language problems. Rapid mental work.
FOURTH YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Five-slate system, Miss Sweet's No. II, action work, direct and
indirect quotation, comparison, journals, letters, description, stories.
Geography. — Nature study, points of the compass, direction, study of school-
room, schoolhouse, school grounds, and city.
Arithmetic. — Reading and writing numbers in words and figures, Roman
notation to XX, adding and subtracting, a little multiplication and division,
tables memorized, language problems. United States money, rapid mental work.
FIFTH YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Five-slate system, Miss Sweet's No. II is finished, journals, news,
letters, original compositions, direct and indirect quotation, reading simple
books.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF. C>
! i
Geography. — Washington, District of Columbia, Maryland, United States,
stories of Washington, Lincoln, etc.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth's Elementary. All multiplication tables, short divi-
sion, simple denominate numbers, oral and written language problems, using
proper arithmetical terms and such phrases as " to cost," " more than," " cheap,"
"expensive," etc., mental work.
SIXTH YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Five-slate system, Miss Sweet's No. Ill, direct and indirect quota-
tion, journals, letters, news, description, original stories, changing simple poems
to prose, reading simple books.
Geography. — Miss Beattie's first lessons.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth's Elementary. Four rules reviewed, short and long
division, least common multiple, greatest common divisor, Roman notation to C,
Simple fractions, rapid mental work, oral and written language problems.
History. — Anna Chase Davis's Stories of the United States for Youngest
Readers. Simple history stories.
SEVENTH YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
Language.— Miss Sweet's No. IV, all parts of speech, all question forms,
idioms, journals, news, letters, descriptions, original stories, changing poetry
to prose, reading.
Geography. — Frye's First Steps.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth and Smith. Fractions.
History. — Montgomery's Elementary.
Physiology. — Lippincott's.
EIGHTH YEAB.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Drill on the analysis of sentences, review all parts of speech,
compositions from outlines, stories, journals, current events, descriptions, original
stories, reproduction of stories, sketches, etc., changing poetry to prose, required
reading.
Geography. — Frye's Complete.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth and Smith. Fractions, decimals, denominate num-
bers.
History. — Montgomery's Elementary.
Physiology. — Lippincott's.
NINTH YEAB.
Speech and speech reading.
Language. — Longman's Briefer Grammar. Composition and required reading.
Geography. — Frye's Complete.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth and Smith. Practical measurements, percentage.
History. — History of Britain and the British people.
Physiology. — Lippincott's.
TENTH YEAR.
Speech and speech reading.
English. — Longman's English Grammar, Welsh's Composition. Study of
classics, biographies, reading.
Arithmetic. — Wentworth and Smith. Interest, proportion, roots, stocks and
bonds, discount, exchange, measurements of solids.
United States history. — Montgomery's Leading Facts.
Civil government. — Dawes.
Physics. — Culler's First Book.
ELEVENTH YEAR (HIGH CLASS ).
Speech and speech reading.
English. — Simple rhetoric, composition, work on the classics required by
Gallaudet College, English and American literature, reading.
Mathematics. — General review of arithmetic and first lessons in algebra.
United States history. — Montgomery's Leading Facts.
General s Hence. — Caldwell and Eikenberry.
678 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
TWELFTH YEAH (HIGH CLASS ).
Speech and speech reading.
English. — Composition, work on the classics required by Gallaudet College,
English and American literature, reading.
Mathematics. — Wentworth's New School Algebra.
Note. — Pupils of this class have review work or study subjects not completed
in the lower grades in addition to the regular course. Sometimes all of the
reading required for college entrance is done in this grade.
The course of training now given to students of the normal depart-
ment is as follows :
FIRST TERM.
The language of signs ; the use of the manual alphabet — one hour daily.
Speech teaching, voice training, visible speech — one hour daily.
Observation and practice in speech classes — one to two hours daily. Note-
books giving details required.
Lectures on the manual alphabet; the classification of the deaf; the ear;
the throat and voice ; the history of the education of the deaf in America ;
child study — aggregating two hours weekly.
Topics for study and written report: Causes of deafness; number of the
deaf ; occupations of the deaf, etc. — one topic each week.
Thesis: History of the education of the deaf.
SECOND TERM.
Instruction in finger spelling and signs, as in the first term.
Practice in speech teaching — one hour daily.
Observation and practice in manual and speech classes — one to two hours
daily.
Lectures on aural development, musical vibratory massage.
Lectures on pedagogy, psychology, and principles of teaching with special
reference to the needs of the deaf — two hours daily.
Topics for study and written report : Physical training ; the schoolroom ;
school records, etc. — one topic each week.
Thesis : On subject chosen during the term.
THIRD TERM.
Instruction in signs and spelling, as in first and second terms.
Practice in speech teaching — one hour daily.
Observation and practice in classes in geography, history, arithmetic, and
language — one to two hours daily.
Lesson planning and practice teaching under supervision and criticism.
Lectures on child study, methods of instruction in language, arithmetic,
geography, and history — an aggregate of two hours weekly.
Topics for study and written report: Textbooks, marks, examinations, out-
door work, etc. — one topic each week.
Thesis on the teaching of some special subject, as arithmetic or language.
Some of the books of reference used are Page on Teaching, by
W. H. Payne, published by the American Book Co. ; Mottoes and
Snider's Life of Froebel, Sigma Publishing Co., Chicago; Bell's
Visible Speech in Twelve Lessons, Volta Bureau, Washington, D. C. ;
Guttman's Voice Training, published by E. S. Werner, 48 Uni-
versity Place, N. Y. ; Arnold's Teachers' Manual, Hazell, Watson &
Viney, London ; Reports of the Convention of American Instructors
of the Deaf ; the American Annals of the Deaf.
The course in the advanced department known as Gallaudet Col-
lege has been enlarged by the following requirements :
During the third term of the freshman year all young men will
take work in surveying and all young women a course in right living.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
679
Throughout the sophomore year a half course in agriculture or any
other acceptable elective course will be required of all young men
and a half course in domestic art, library cataloging, or some other
elective will be required of all the young women of this class.
Throughout the junior year a half course will be required of all
the students; the young men will pursue chemistry, agriculture, or
any other elective subject agreed upon by the faculty, and the young
women domestic art, library cataloging, or some other elective
approved by the faculty.
These additional requirements for degrees will take effect at the
beginning of the college year 1916-17.
An outline of the required work of Gallaudet College for the year
1916-17 follows:
FIRST TERM.
Plane Geom. (3 hrs.).
Adv. Algebra (2 hrs.).
Latin.
English Comp. (3 hrs.).
Ancient Hist. (2 hrs.).
Also drawing 1 hour per week required of all.
PREPARATORY YEAR.
SECOND TERM.
Plane Geometry (3).
Adv. Algebra (2).
Latin.
English Comp. (3).
Ancient Hist. (2).
THIRD TERM.
Plane Geometry (3).
Adv. Algebra (2).
Latin.
English Comp. (3).
Ancient Hist. (2).
FRESHMAN YEAR.
FIRST TERM.
SECOND TERM.
THIRD TERM.
Plane Geometry (3 hrs.).
Adv. Algebra (2 hrs.).
Caesar.
English Comp. (2 hrs.).
Mediaeval Hist. (3 hrs.).
Plane Trigonom.
Mechanics.
Surveying or Right Living
(2).
Cicero.
English Comp. (2). English Comp. (2).
Mediaeval Hist. (3). Modern Hist. (3).
Also 2 hours per week in business methods required of all freshmen during first and
second terms.
FIRST TERM.
Physics.
Chemistry.
English Comp. (1 hr.).
English Liter. (3 hrs.).
Public Speaking (1 hr.).
Also one elective 2 or 3 hours per week.
SOPHOMORE YEAR.
SECOND TERM.
Physics.
Chemistry.
English Comp. (1).
English Liter. (3).
Public Speaking (1).
THIRD TERM.
Botany.
Qualitative Analysia
English Comp. (1).
Rhetoric (3).
Public Speaking (1).
JUNIOR YEAR.
FIRST TERM.
SECOND TERM.
THIRD TERM.
French.
Zoology.
Philology
French.
Physiology.
English Literature.
Also one elective 2 or 3 hours per week.
SENIOR YEAR.
French.
Political History of the U. S.
Ethics and Political Econ-
omy or Electricity.
FraST TERM.
SECOND TERM.
German.
Elements of Law.
Logic.
German.
Astronomy.
Civil Government and In-
ternal Law.
THIRD TERM.
German.
Mineralogy and Geology.
Psychology.
680
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOE THE DEAF.
Optional courses are to be offered in the following subjects:
American literature, third term, freshman year.
Greek, freshman, sophomore, and junior years.
Descriptive geometry, freshman year.
Analytic geometry, sophomore year.
Calculus, junior year.
Mechanics of materials, senior year.
Electricity, junior and senior years.
Quantitative chemical analysis, qualitative chemical analysis, organic chem-
istry, chemical preparations, soils and fertilizers, determinative mineralogy, and
assaying, open to students who have had proper preparation in elementary
chemistry.
LECTURES.
The following special lectures have been delivered during the year :
IN THE COLLEGE.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Vice President Fay.
Mythical History and Myths in History Dr. Hotchkiss.
Footprints Left by Man Dr. Draper.
Heredity Prof. Day.
The War and American Industries Dr. Ely.
Some Aspects of the World War Prof. Allison.
Corneille and His Tragedy of Polyeucte _.Miss Peet.
Rabindranath Tagore Miss Northrop.
The Kensington Runestone Mr. Skyberg.
Some Actual Instances of Dual Personalities Mr. Hughes.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
Short Stories „ Mr. Steed.
Captains Courageous Mr. Mclntire.
Superstitions Mr. Fusfeld.
Polyanna Miss Ely.
Polyanna Grown Up Miss Cam.
The Merchant of Venice Miss Deem.
FINANCES.
Receipts and expenses.
Receipts.
Expenses.
Receipts.
Expenses.
HOUSEKEEPING DEPART-
MENT.
Salaries
$5, 110. 16
5,734.33
3,733.79
1, 629. 91
2,219.05
1,599.38
190.65
355.58
513.54
1,335.62
653.50
111. 05
ADMINISTRATION AND
office— continued.
Auditing and account
Meat
$146. 08
1.35
.14
.78
.08
$S58. 70
10.13
Fruit and vegetables
Dairy produce
Total
$85.92
8,766.99
Bread and crackers
Fish
GROUNDS.
Salaries
Prepared deserts
3,441.60
454. 75
Ice
Supplies
3.60
127. 77
284.00
Sundries
1.00
27.05
Board and care of horses . .
5.00
Board
Sundries
149. 82
220.00
Total
Total
176.48
23,186.56
153.42
4,533.12
LAUNDRY.
Salaries
ADMINISTRATION AND
7,065.13
278. 61
94.01
709.46
350.95
1,314.71
OFFICE.
Suppl es
236. 10
Salaries
22.56
Supplies
27.38
Total
Communication services . .
85.92
1,600.75
Printing
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
Receipts and expenses — Continued.
681
Receipts.
Expenses.
Receipts.
Expenses.
FARM.1
$2,613.17
2,622.58
164.59
406.79
1,169.80
117.28
76.75
89.54
115.01
IMPROVEMENTS, RENEW-
ALS, AND REPAIRS.
Salaries
$4.25
25.73
$4,219.46
Feed
$3.87
Materials and supplies
Equipment
2,496.76
66.39
Contracts
43.43
2,971.37
7.70
Sundries
2.75
Total
73.41
9, 756. 73
KENDALL SCHOOL.
Salaries
Milk
769.37
26.20
39.11
453. 38
18.87
Fruit and vegetables
8, 853. 99
Supplies
466. 67
Equipment
348.22
50.13
Medical expenses
235. 12
34.08
57.62
1,318.50
7,425.64
Total
34.08
9,961.62
21,207.13
284. 82
199. 09
406.06
1,039.18
844.04
18.50
LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER.
Salaries
1, 704. 50
Coal
3,369.43
Library supplies and
1.76
Gas
971. 25
Supplies
168. 22
Laboratory supplies and
228. 85
Sundries
19.20
3.90
Total
8,461.45
92.65
MISCELLANEOUS.
Sundries
10.86
492. 16
115.00
88, 921. 53
3,000.00
4,275.00
208. 37
1,070.32
98.31
23,998.82
330.20
Total
Students' merchandise
Presents, subscriptions,
and advances
559. 17
1,738.42
117.92
NORMAL DEPARTMENT.
United States appropria-
tions
7.70
Salaries
Tuition,Gallaudet College.
Tuition, Kendall School..
Equipment, produce, and
600.00
176. 42
150.42
580. 00
343. 46
5.75
64.49
Total
Gasoline and oil
3.74
98,093.24
1,079.48
Grand total
Cash on hand July 1, 1915. .
Cash on hand June 30, 1916
100,037.10
845.07
100,365.63
Repairs
Sundries
516. 54
Total
3.74
1,856.05
100, 882. 17
100,882.17
1 In addition, the housekeeping department received produce valued at $4,305.06 as follows: Milk, $3,334. 75
meat, $601.36; fruit and vegetables, $177.91; dairy produce, $191.04.
Statement of the treasurer for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916.
GENEEAL FUND.
1915.
July 1.
By balance $1, 069. 77
By 2 Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co. coupons, at $25- • 50. 00
By 8 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. coupons, at $22.50 180. 00
By 2 Riggs Realty Co. coupons, at $12.50 25. 00
By 6 months' interest to Dec. 31, 1915, on balance in Union
Trust Co 14.88
By 6 months' interest to June 30, 1916, on balance in Union
Trust Co 12. 80
1, 352. 45
Aug. 24. To Percival Hall, president, for purchase of Ford automo-
bile 404. 75
Dec. 31. To G. X. McLanahan, bookkeeping expenses, treasurer's
office, to Dec. 31, 1915 50.00
682 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
1916.
Mar. 7. To American Surety Co. of New York, premium on bond
of treasurer to Mar. 19, 1917 $25. 00
Apr. 5. To Union Trust Co., rent of safe deposit box to Apr. 16,
1917 4. 00
June 30. To balance 868.70
. 1,352.45
MANUAL LABOR FUND.
1915.
July 1. By balance $632. 90
By 8 Southern Railway Co. coupons, at $25 200. 00
By 2 Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. coupons, at $22.50 45. 00
877. 90
Oct. 16. To Percival Hall, president, salary of manual training
teacher for 9 months 360.00
1916.
June 28. To Union Trust Co. for check of Union Trust Co. to Percival
Hall, president, account of salary of manual training
teacher 100.00
June 30. To balance 417.90
877. 90
MEMORIAL ART FUND.
1915.
July 1. By balance $174.93
By 5 United States 1898 coupons, at $0.75 3. 75
By 3 Washington Railway & Electric Co. coupons, at $10__ 30. 00
By check of Columbia Institution for the Deaf, refund of
unused amount of check of Oct. 28, 1915, for $140 8. 50
217. 18
Oct. 28. To Percival Hall, president, for frames, repairs, and retouch-
ing portraits 140. 00
1916.
June 30. To balance 77.18
217. 18
Summary of balances June SO, 1916.
General fund $868. 70
Manual-labor fund 417. 90
Memorial-art fund 77. 18
Total 1, 363. 78
ESTIMATES FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918.
The following estimates for the fiscal year to end June 30, 1918,
have. already been submitted:
For the support of the institution, including salaries and inci-
dental expenses, for books and illustrative apparatus, and for gen-
eral repairs and improvements, $88,200.
For repairs to the buildings of the institution, including plumbing
and steam fitting, and for repairs to pavements within the grounds,
$6,000.
For the equipment of a printing plant, including typesetting and
type-casting machinery, cylinder press, small job press, necessary
motors for operating same, stitching and cutting machinery, and
other necessary furniture and equipment, $7,000.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF. 683
An additional $5,000 is asked for current expenses to provide for
an additional salary and for increase in the cost of food and ma-
terial used in the support and upkeep of the institution, $2,000
of the additional sum is asked from the District of Columbia for
the maintenance of an increased number of pupils who have already
applied for admission and are of school age. An increase of $1,500
should certainly be allowed to provide for the continued increase in
the cost of food supplies necessary for the use of the advanced depart-
ment and for the increased cost of supplies absolutely necessary for
the general repairs needed by the institution.
The other $1,500 additional is asked to provide a salary for an
instructor in typesetting and for necessary current expenses in oper-
ating a first-class printing establishment for the instruction of our
students. The elements of printing and even the use of typesetting
machinery have been taught in the State schools for the deaf for
many years. Printing is one of the standard occupations of deaf
men, and a number of deaf machine operators are now earning good
salaries in various parts of the country. By giving first-class instruc-
tion in the operation of tyepsetting and printing machinery to those
of our students who have already mastered part of the work in the
State schools, a useful occupation will be at once opened to them
which affords as good or better salaries than those offered in many
avenues now open to graduates of our institution.
NEW DORMITORY.
At the close of the fiscal year and during the summer Congress
provided $143,000 for the removal of the college women's dormitory
and for the construction of a new dormitory to replace it and for the
provision of temporary quarters for officers and students of the insti-
tution. Arrangements have been made for the temporary cafe of
all those formerly housed in the old building.
In accordance with the appropriation acts, all work in connection
with the new building and expenditure of the appropriation is un-
der the charge of the Superintendent of the Capitol Building and
Grounds.
The response of Congress to the pressing need of the institution
for safe, modern quarters for the young women of the college has
been most gratifying to the board of directors and the alumni and
students of the college.
EXERCISES OF PRESENTATION DAY.
The public anniversary of the collegiate department was held in
the college chapel on Wednesday, May 3. Eev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce,
of All Souls Church, offered the opening prayer.
Orations and dissertation given by members of the graduating
class were as follows:
ORATIONS.
Reminiscences of a Shuttlecock, by Frank H. Thompson, of Washington.
The Tendency of the University, by Henry J. Stegemerten, of the District of
Columbia.
First Impressions, by Amy Alice Fowler, of Kentucky.
684 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAP.
DISSERTATION.
The Heart of the Hills, by Ashland Davis Martin, of Kentucky.
Candidates for degrees were presented by Dr. Charles R. Ely,
Vice President Fay, and President Hall as follows:
For the degree of bachelor of pedagogy.
NORMAL FELLOWS.
Helen Elizabeth Cam, B. A., George Washington University, District of
Columbia.
Lois Ely, A. A., Lindenwood Junior College, Missouri.
Irving S. Fusfeld, B. S., Columbia University, New York.
O. L. Mclntire, B. A., Westminster College, Missouri.
For the degree of bachelor of arts.
Frank Albert Andrewjeski. Arthur Siegfrid Rasmussen.
Amy Alice Fowler. John Leonard Kendall, jr.
Alfred Charles Keeley, jr. Walter Clinton Rockwell.
Kate Orr Keeley. Russell Roberts Shannon.
Ashland Davis Martin. Henry John Stegemerten.
Elsie Therese Peterson. Clifford Myron Thompson.
Frank Hunt Thompson.
For the degree of bachelor of philosophy.
Arthur Breyer Classen. James Stanley Light.
Frances Rebecca Rumsey.
For the degree of bachelor of letters.
Frances Gladys Clark. Marian Louise Sadelmyer.
For normal student's diploma.
Mary Dobyns Deem, State Normal College, Mississippi.
Hon. Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War, addressed the graduat-
ing class.
The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Oliver J. Whildin, Epis-
copal minister to the deaf, Baltimore.
CONFERRING OF DEGREES.
On the closing day of the term, June 21, 1916, degrees and certifi-
cates were conferred in accordance with the recommendations of
presentation day with three exceptions.
Miss Gladys Clark was granted a certificate instead of the degree
of B. L., and the degrees of Messrs. Keeley and Easmussen were
withheld for the completion of certain regular requirements.
The honorary degree of doctor of letters was conferred upon War-
ren Robinson, a graduate of Gallaudet College of the class of 1884,
in recognition of his success as a teacher and editor, and of his untir-
ing efforts to improve the industrial education of deaf people.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOE THE DEAF. 685
In recognition of 50 years of service as a member of the faculty
of Gallaudet College and of distinguished attainments as editor,
author, and scholar, the board of directors of the Columbia Institu-
tion for the Deaf authorized the president of the institution to confer
upon Dr. Edward Allen Fay, vice-president of the college, the de-
gree of doctor of letters. This degree was conferred at the com-
mencement exercises.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Percival Hall,
President.
The Secretary of the Interior.
APPENDIX A.
FACULTY OF GALLAUDET COLLEGE, 1915-16.
Emeritus president and professor of moral and political science. — Edward
Miner Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D.
President and professor of applied mathematics and pedagogy. — Percival Hall,
M. A., Litt. D.
Vice president and professor of languages. — Edward Allen Fay, M. A., Ph. D.,
Sc. D., Littv D.
Professor of English and history. — John Burton Hotchkiss, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of mathematics and Latin. — Amos G. Draper, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of natural science. — Charles Russell Ely, M. A., Ph. D.
Professor of physics and biology. — Herbert E. Day, M. A.
Professor of mathematics and engineering. — Isaac Allison, E. E.
Assistant professor in English and in charge of college women. — Elizabeth
Peet.
Librarian and instructor in English and mathematics. — Helen Northrop, B. A.
Instructor in Latin and natural science. — Victor O Skyberg, M. A.
Instructor in English and Latin. — Frederick H. Hughes, M. A.
Instructor in agriculture. — Harley D. Drake, B. A.
Instructor in drawing. — Arthur D. Bryant, B. Ph.
Instructor in gymnastics. — O. L. Mclntire, B. A.
DEPARTMENT OF ARTICULATION AND NORMAL INSTRUCTION,
1915-16.
In charge. — Percival Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Instructors. — Lyman Steed, M. A. ; Annie E. Jameson, Sarah H. Porter, M. A.
Normal Fellows. — Helen E. Cam, B. A., George Washington University, D. C. ;
Lois Ely, A. A., Lindenwood Junior College, Missouri ; Irving S. Fusfeld, B. S.,
Columbia University, New York ; O. L. Mclntire, B. A., Westminster College, Mo.
Normal Student. — Mary Dobyns Deem, State Normal School, Mississippi.
FACULTY OF THE KENDALL SCHOOL, 1915-16.
President. — Percival Hall, M. A., Litt. D.
Principal. — Lyman Steed, M. A.
Instructors. — Helen Fay ; Musa Marbut, M. A. ; Edetha Williams, B. A. ;
Grace D. Ely; Mary Burch.
Instructor in art and manual training. — Beulah Stebbins.
Instructor in sewing and cooking. — Agnes Suman.
DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT, 1915-16.
Supervisor and disbursing agent. — Louis L. Hooper, M. A.
Attending physician. — Harry H. Donnally, M. D.
Dentist.— J. A. Taylor, D. D. S.
Matron, Gallaudet College. — Mary Helen Ferris.
Matron, Kendall School. — Harriet M. Van Deventer.
Boys' matron, Kendall School. — Mrs. Cora V. Troup.
Boys' supervisor. — Cyril Hansen,1 Robert Unsworth.
Girls' supervisor. — Jennie Kennedy.
Master of shop. — Norman Herrington.
Gardner. — Edward Mangum.
Farmer. — Harley D. Drake, B. A.
Chief engineer. — William J. Muir.
1 Resigned.
686
APPENDIX B.
CATALOGUE OF STUDENTS AND PUPILS, BY STATES.
IN THE COLLEGE.
Alabama :
Grace, William P.
Harper, Florence.
Rhodes, Luther.1
Arkansas :
Wade, Sarah Frances.
Wallace, Mamie.
California :
Guire, Oscar D.1
Peterson, Lewis I.1
Valiant, Walter P.
Whitworth, George H.
Colorado :
Barnett, Vern.
Braddock, Guilbert C.
Frewing, Robert H.1
Gilbert, Foster D.
Lawver, Esther.1
Matthew, Tom.1
Olinger, Hugh.
Studt, Ada R.
Wilson, Powell.
Connecticut :
Bouchard, James.1
Lewis, Florence.1
Rockwell, Walter C.
Sullivan, James A.
District of Columbia :
Lynch, Ulen.
McAvoy, Monica.
Stegemerten, Henry J.
Florida :
Austin, Henry S.
Townsend, William H.
Idaho :
Thompson, Clifford M.
Illinois :
Burns, Robey S.
Degener, Fred.
Munger, Kenneth.
Peard, Forrest.
Indiana :
Schowe, Ben M.
Iowa :
Dobson, Everett.1
Pearson, Mabel.
Rasmussen, Arthur S.
Rebal, Frank, jr.1
Rendall, J. Leonard, jr.
Schmidt, Charles J.
Waggoner, Mildred.
Kansas :
Atkins, Ruth.
Bradshaw, Mamie.
Kansas — Continued.
Davis, LeRoy.
Dohrmann, Frank.
Ferguson, Gerald.
Hodges, Maude E.
Houze, Clyde M.1
Loucks, Hazel.
Paxton, Lawrence.1
Riley, Sylvan J.
Sawhill, Edith.
Smith, Harley.
Kentucky :
Fowler, Amy.
Hertzman, Roy.
Kannapell, George.1
Martin, Ashland D.
Louisiana :
Courrege, Armand.
Maine :
Eustis, Augusta.1
Wadlin, Ernest.1
Maryland :
Hetzler, Wroth.
Moss, Elizabeth.1
Prediger, Harry.1
Weinstein, Jacob.1
Massachusetts :
Cohen, Blume.1
Light, J. Stanley.
Minnesota :
Doran, Ethel.
Koenig, Theresa.1
Post, Eunice.
Rosen, Alex.1
Mississippi :
Gwin, Lilly.
Pearson, Lawrence S., jr.
Netterville, Irvin T.
Williams, Eleanor.
Missouri :
Armstrong, Eugene.1
Shannon, Russell.
Toner, Isabelle.1
Wear, Carl.1
Wolf, Caroline.1
Montana :
Cole, Julia.1
Gibson. Wallace.
Preston, Glenn.1
Nebraska :
Andrewjeski, Frank A.
Clark, Gladys.
Cowen, Ella.
Cuscaden, Scott.
* Admitted for the school year 1916-17.
687
688
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
in the college — continued.
Nebraska — Continued.
Hladik, Emil.
Marshall, Charles.
Maxwell, Estella.1
Newman, Harold G.
Olson, Regina.
Pearson, Ellen.
Treuke, Oscar.
Weseen, Effie.
New Jersey:
Dobbins, Charles.
New York :
Pulver, Henry J.
Pusrin, Sarah.
Rozboril, Matthew.1
Tredwell, Sara.
North Carolina :
Boggs, Edith.
Hardin, Alice.1
Jones, Jennie.
North Dakota :
Billigmeier, Herbert,
De Lance, John.
Francis, Doris.1
Haley, Wendell.
Heupel, Philip.
Knutson, Alfred F..1
Schlenker, Emil.
Ohio:
Bamberg, Eva.
Bennett. Merritt.
Bower, Lloyd S.
Conarroe, Grace.
Jecmen, Frances.
Jones, Helen L.1
Myers, Veda.
Pilliod, Norbert.
Rumsey, Frances.
Oklahoma :
Harold, Ethel.
Oregon :
Kau, Marguerite.
Mokko, Lilly.
Walker, Clyde.1
Pennsylvania :
Bates, Gladys.1
Davies, George.
Goldstein, Jacob.1
Harmon, Edward.1
Pennsylvania — Continued.
Pennell, Mary.1
Sadelmyer, Louise.
Sterck, Emily.
South Carolina:
Boatwright, Sophia.
South Dakota:
Hoisington, Flossie.
Jungwirth, Annie.1
Sloan, Ollie.1
Tennessee :
Olinger, Oscar.a
Osborne, Thomas W.
Ozier, Claude V.
Texas :
Caps, W. J.
Gerber, Leoma.*
Hill, Troy E.1
Hinsley, Georgia.
Stevens, Kelly.
Varley, Teet (Miss).
Utah :
Hitesman, Cora.1
Hunter, Maree.
Keeley, Alfred C, jr.
Keeley, Kate Orr.
Richey, Leo.
Wenger, Arthur.
Wenger, Ray.
Wright, Naomi.
Virginia :
Mclnturff, Oliver W.
Washington :
Classen, Arthur B.
Loveall, Mary.
Mellis, William.
Peterson, Elsie.
Thompson, Frank.
Willman, Kenneth.
West Virginia:
Watts, Lula.
Watts, Narcissa.
Wisconsin :
Conover, Dorothy.
Kallenbach, Maria.
Lind, Harry.
Nueske, Arthur.
Ontario :
Burk, Elsie.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
Alberta, Canada:
Rosenroll, Richelda.
Delaware :
Ellingsworth, Ida.
Johnston, Florence.
Johnston, Robert.
Lynch, Edward.
McCabe, Ella.
Peterson, Olivia.
Roberts, Pearl.
Sines, Mabel,
District of Columbia:
Ball, Annie.
Berman, Frank.
Boisseau, Sue.
Bostwick, Mabel.
Cissel, William.
Cooper, Albin L.
Covington, Alice.
Craven, Jack.
Culverwell, Esther,1
Dolan, James.
1 Admitted for the school year 1916-17.
*Died Feb. 2, 1916.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
689
in the kendall school — continued.
District of Columbia — Continued.
Dunn, Delma.
Esterly, Guy L.1
Flacconiis, Benedetta.1
Furr, Anna.1
Goetz, Frances.
Hill, Frederick.
Hutchins, Elsie.
Looney, Thomas.
Miller, John.
Miller, Frances.
Miller, Mildred.
Minter, Leonidas.
Moore, Agnes.
Moore, Cecil.
Neitzey, Annie.
Norcia, Rosie.
O'Neil, Virgie.
Panholzer, Mary.
Pearson, Pearl.
Pucci, Luiggi.
Reed, Florence.
District of Columbia — Continued.
Ridgeway, Francis.
Rowzee, Reuben.
Scott, Carlisle.
Sullivan, Charles.
Thompson, Philip.
Werdig, Robert.
Wheeler, Clara.1
Wright, Grace.
Louisiana :
Tobey, Vasco.
Manitoba :
Nicholson, Ethelwynne.
Maryland :
Bowen, Clyde.
Ohio:
Krohngold, Walter.1
Pennsylvania :
Cusack, Daniel.1
Tennessee :
Shawl, Arthur L.
Admitted for the school year 1916-17.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
44
APPENDIX C.
ADDRESS OF HON. NEWTON D. BAKER, SECRETARY OF WAR, FIFTY-
SECOND ANNIVERSARY, GALLAUDET COLLEGE, PRESENTATION
DAY, WEDNESDAY, MAY 3, 1916.
Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Board of Directors, Young Ladies
and Young Gentlemen of the Graduating Class :
I am often impressed with the fact that those things which we
least expect are the things that most often happen. Twenty-seven
years ago I was a student in the Episcopal High School of Vir-
ginia, over near Alexandria, and each year a strong and vigorous
group of men from Gallaudet College used to come over and ad-
minister a more or less sound thrashing to the pride of our hearts,
which in the fall was our football team, and in the spring was our
baseball team. I never had seen Gallaudet College, but I have
always nourished a kind of grievance against it, and I Avondered
if, in the whirligig of time, an opportunity would ever come for me
to get even. [Laughter.] Now I find myself not only in a place
where I can get even with you, but where you have actually been
so injudicious and unwise as to invite me to come and get even.
[Laughter and applause.] I have not made any recent inquiry,
but as these are times of progress I hope you have reformed your
habits and that you no longer defeat the Episcopal High School.
As a matter of fact, I do have a very happy recollection of those
days, and I remember that even though I was then but a very small
boy in knickerbockers I had impressed upon my youthful mind and
imagination the fact that a mere disability of hearing was a thing
that did not deprive life of its opportunities, and I had an example
before me in the brave and successful endurance of your athletes,
of the fact that the inner man is the thing that really counts in the
building of a career in life.
Now, this afternoon I am specially interested in an idea, which is
not addressed to you as people who do not hear, but as members of
a community as wide as the Nation, having an equal interest, an
equal opportunity, and an equal responsibility. You are about to
leave this college. You have now matured yourselves and prepared
yourselves and been prepared by your faculty to go out into life, and
while we sat here on the stage young men came from some place back
there and presented to you flowers — many of you — and I thought
that the symbol was a very fitting one, that as we enter upon the real
responsibilities of life we are about to gather the flowers of our ex-
perience. You are about to go out into life. You will melt into the
community. You will be found in places of industry and commerce.
Careers of usefulness and happiness are open to you on every hand.
In the city from which I came when I came to Washington there
are two or three graduates of this very institution in the employ of
690
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF. 691
the city itself. One of them, Mr. Neillie, who may be known to some
of you, is one of the most distinguished entomologists we have in
Cleveland, and the man to whom that great city owes much of what
has been preserved of the beauty of her parks. While just across
the hall from my own office was the room in which David Friedman
works, a young graduate of this institution, employed by that city as
a chemist, testing the quality of the cement that goes into the various
building enterprises of that city, relied upon, a trusted, competent,
and responsible public officer.
May I add just one word of personal reminiscence about David. I
discovered shortly after I became mayor of Cleveland that among
my unsuspected powers was the power of marrying people, and the
way I discovered it was that before I had been many days in office
David Friedman came quite blushingly to ask me to marry him. So
that I did perform the marriage ceremony for a former graduate
of this institution, now a highly trusted officer of that great city.
This, however, is merely to get rid of the superficial aspect of our
relation this afternoon. You are graduating, or being presented for
degrees. You are going out into life where there will be no class dis-
tinctions that will separate you from your fellows. The whole process
of civilization, as a matter of fact, is a process for the removal of
artificial distinctions. It is said of firearms, for instance, that they
have made all men the same size. It used to be that the man who was
6 feet or 7 feet tall, and strong of arms and legs, was not only the
biggest man in the community but the chief of the community. But
now, since the leveling effect of the removal of artificial distinction
by the introduction of these modern equalizers of strength, we esti-
mate men very much more by the size of their heads and the quality
of their hearts than by the mere gross size of their stature. [Ap-
plause.]
So as you go back into your life you will find class distinctions
constantly being removed. You will find that there will settle down
upon you, wherever you may be, whether teaching or preaching,
working in industry or commerce, whether at a profession or at a
trade, you will find that your place in life, working through whatever
instrumentalities are available to you, that your place in life will
be like that of all your other fellow citizens, and your success and
happiness in life, just as theirs, will depend not upon the particular
avenue through which your soul is susceptible of address, not upon
whether you get your relations with life through the ear or the eye.
Whether the spoken word or the printed word carries the message
will be a matter of diminishing and minor importance. But the
message that you get and the quality of the reception you give it,
what response you make to the stimuli of life, will be the thing
measuring not only your own happiness and success, but the worthi-
ness of your contribution to your age and generation.
Now, this modern time is a particularly fruitful time for us to
reflect upon large subjects. This is the most disturbed era that the
world has ever known. There has never been, since the days of
Noah and the great flood, so much destruction upon the face of the
earth. I imagine that if any hundred years of destruction and war
were compressed into a single period of two years it would still be
less destructive, less wasteful, with less misery and less suffering than
the last two years' history of the world has shown. And that has
692 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
had these two effects, I think : It has first demonstrated to mankind
all the world over the extent to which we are related to one an-
other and depend upon one another. Individualism has had and is
having the shock of its existence in this great conflict. If we were
to go to-day to. any country in Europe we would find that that
universality of demand for sacrifice and the assumption of responsi-
bility are the things that characterize the life of that nation. Every
man and every woman, whether in Germany or in France or in
England, is beginning to feel a sense of responsibility for his part in
the preservation of the national destiny. In every one of those
countries women are doing the work of men who are at the front,
and little children are being taught that the welfare of the state can
even be made to rest upon their infant shoulders and their untrained
hands. So that, all over Europe, the sense of responsibility for
national welfare, the universality of the belief in social preservation,
is the lesson that is being taught.
And then it has had this other effect. Over there and, to some
extent, over here, prior to the breaking out of this war, there was a
certain international light-mindedness that characterized the whole
face of the earth. We had made enormous and rapid progress in
the development of mechanical arts and inventions. The struggle
for existence against the forces of nature had been made much
easier to man than it used to be. It was very much easier to get
the earth to yield a bushel of wheat by the mechanical processes
that Cyrus McCormick and all the other agricultural implement
inventors had devised than it used to be in the old-fashioned days
when the sower went out to scatter the seed on the ground and let
chance take care of the increase. There was enormous amplification
of the resources available for man, and we had ceased, I think, to
feel the seriousness of life quite so much as we used to feel it when
life was a harder struggle than it had come to be, and as a conse-
quence of that, both abroad and here, I think we may say that there
was a certain light-mindedness as a characteristic of our modern
civilization.
Perhaps I can illustrate to you what I mean by asking you in your
minds to compare any newspaper printed in 1913 with a newspaper
printed in 1813. I do not know whether there were any newspapers
in 1813, but, if there had been one, what would it have talked about?
Would it have talked about murders and suicides and divorce scan-
dals? Would it have talked quite so much about baseball, the stock
markets, and the things that modern newspapers used to talk about
so exclusively? I think not. I think a newspaper in 1813 would
have pictured as its chief impulse the aspiration of a new people on a
new continent for the development of a new kind of liberty and free-
dom in the world. It would have been frequent in its assertion of the
fact that an experiment was being tried on American soil, an experi-
ment of the greatest importance in the history of the world — that an
attempt was being made for the first time in human history actually
to work out conditions under which democracy could have a trial,
and it would have been very solicitous for the welfare of that experi-
ment. It would have been tremendously concerned to cultivate and
preserve what we have since come to know as that spontaneous up-
ward tendency that is the distinguishing characteristic of American
life.
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF. 693
Well, our experiment got pretty well established. America
became an established and accepted ideal in the world, and then
riches came upon us, and strength such that we no longer had to
consider defense either against others or against adversities of our
own, and as a consequence we acquired light-mindedness, and then
all of a sudden we awoke to a new realization about America. We
had spent a lot of time breaking down artificial distinctions. We
had equalized the stature of men perhaps by the introduction of
firearms. We had multiplied the conveniences of life and enor-
mously increased the capacity of man to triumph over nature. But
we had allowed a great lot of other artificial distinctions to be
created among us. When we began to survey ourselves, we found
that instead of women living in their homes and taking care of their
family affairs and their children, something over six millions of
them were earning their own livings in factories and workshops.
We learned that very little babies, 4 and 5 years old, in tenement
houses in our great cities, were having their baby fingers taught
to weave paper flowers at 2 and 3 cents a dozen, not as a game,
not as something to amuse them and while away the time, but as
a means of acquiring the very necessaries, the simple necessaries
of life.
We awoke to a realization that we were neglecting the greatest
of our natural resources — building great dams, as was referred to
here, wise project though it is, irrigating those tracts of desert,
building railroads, and inventing wireless telegraphs and erecting
telephone lines, giving the world by electricity, as Lowell says, one
nervous system — but devitalizing, enervating and destroying the
human power in our society, taking away from women the oppor-
tunity to raise their families under circumstances that make the
families strong men and women, and taking away from children
the privilege of youth, the opportunity of education, coining them
into cloth and merchandise that left them with dwarfed and
unnatural bodies, and left the product of their toil a momentary
increase in the sum of our wealth.
When that realization came upon us, we found that America
needed preparedness; not cannon, nor powder, not so much armies
and navies, but men and women with a chance, with opportunity.
It needed a redressing of the soul of this country of ours, a redis-
tribution of the things that make for a national life, a reorganization
of the relations between men engaged in industrial and commercial
pursuits. And now all over America there is this emotional out-
burst for preparedness. And it is not military. It is not taking
that turn. Young men are going to Plattsburg and engaging in
drilling, but when they come away and you ask them what they
learned at Plattsburg, none of them ever tells you that he learned
how to keep step or how to sleep in a tent. They tell you that they
learned how to idealize America and live a higher ideal of it. In
the homes of this country everywhere this emotional demand for pre-
paredness is being transmuted into a demand for a higher form of
justice in our social and economic relations.
You young men and young women are going out into life. Some
of you, perhaps, will teach other young men and young women.
The clay will be brought to you as to a potter's wheel, and when
694
COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
you have finished with it a vessel will have been constructed, beau-
tiful if you are an artist, having the capacity for happiness and
usefulness if your touch gives that capacity. Others of you will
be engaged in professional and industrial pursuits. But all of you
will be something more than cogs in wheels. Each of you will be
a citizen, with a citizen's weight in the making and expression of
public opinion. Each of you will be a part of America. When
our nation comes to be weighed in the balance (and if the time
should ever come, which God forbid, when America is really to
be brought to the test as our sister nations in Europe have been
brought) , whether we triumph or whether we fail, whether we per-
sist with this glorious experiment or whether we are overcome
by the weaknesses of our own creation will depend upon the vigor
of the intellect and character of the aggregate of our people. Each
of us, however insignificant our station, however obscure our gen-
eral relations, however small we may think ourselves as bricks to
build a nation of, will yet contribute our strength or weakness to
America.
And so this afternoon, as you are presented for degrees, as you have
reached the time when flowers are presented to you, as you are about
to go out now and become a part of the life of this great community,
I want to congratulate our country that you will come into this
citizenship as young men and young women who have already
triumphed over a very great obstacle, who have shown the courage to
attack life when you did not have quite an even start with other
people — young men and young women who have done the thing under
harder conditions than most boys and girls have had to do it — and
therefore by the very necessity of the case bringing a firmer grip on
life, and a more serious purpose than the casual youth brings who
has been through collegiate experience. And I want to congratulate
you that having thus completed your collegiate experience, you start
out with flowers in your hands, and the realization that the habit
of cheerfulness and persistence in that indomitable courage which
has already enabled each of you to do so much will enable you to
make of life itself a garden in which you may continue to gather
flowers of happiness to yourselves and usefulness to your fellow
men and your country.' [Applause.]
APPENDIX D.
BEGULATIONS.
1. The academic year is divided into three terms, the first begin-
ning on the last Thursday in September and closing on the 24th of
December; the second beginning the 29th of December and closing
the next to the last Friday in March; the third beginning the fol-
lowing Monday and closing the last Wednesday in June.
2. The vacation is from the Wednesday before the last Wednesday
in June to the last Thursday in September.
3. There are holidays at Thanksgiving, Christmas, Washington's
Birthday, Easter, and Decoration Day.
4. Pupils may visit their homes during the regular vacation and on
the above-named holidays, but at no other time unless for some
special urgent reason, and then only by permission of the president.
5. The bills for the maintenance and tuition of pupils supported by
their friends must be paid semiannually in advance. .
6. The charge for pay pupils is $350 per annum. This sum covers
all expenses in the primary department except clothing and extraodi-
nary medical attention, and all in the college except clothing, books,
and extraordinary medical attention.
7. All deaf-mutes of teachable age, of good mental capacity, and
properly belonging to the District of Columbia are received without
charge. To students from the States and Territories who have not
the means of defraying all the expenses of the college course the
board of directors renders such assistance as circumstances seem to
require, so far as the means at its disposal will allow.
8. It is expected that the friends of the pupils will provide them
with clothing, and it is important that upon entering or returning to
the institution they should be supplied with a sufficient amount for an
entire year. All clothing should be plainly marked with the owner's
name.
9. All letters concerning pupils or applications for admission
should be addressed to the president.
10. The institution is open to visitors during term time on Thurs-
days only, between the hours of 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. Visitors are
admitted to chapel service on Sunday afternoons at 5 o'clock.
695
REPORT OF THE FREEDMAN'S HOSPITAL.
697
ROSTER OF OFFICERS.
STAFF.
W. A. Warfield, M. D., Surgeon in Chief.
S. L. Carson, M. D., Assistant Surgeon.
C. A. Brooks, M. D., Resident Physician.
Walter Van Swearingen, M. D., Patholo~
gist.
T. E. Jones, M. D., Anaesthetist.
NURSES.
Laura R. MacHale, Registered Nurse, New Jersey, Superintendent.
Emma M. Irwin, Registered Nurse, Illinois, Assistant Superintendent.
Martha E. Cabaniss, Registered Nurse, Virginia, Night Supervisor.
Mary S. Booth, Head Nurse.
M. M. York, Head Nurse.
Bartha J. Thomas, Head Nurse.
CLERK AND ASSISTANTS.
F. D. Henry, U. S. Games (stenographer), W. E. Cobb.
INTERNES.
C. C. Lathers, M. D.
H. C. Lynch, M. D.
A. B. McKinney, M. D.
L. J. Williams, M. D.
J. D. Williams, M. D.
R. H. Buckner, M. D.
William E. Davis, Pharmacist.
C. H. Garvin, M. D.
J. G. McRae, M. D.
E. A. Robinson, M. D.
P. M. Murray, M. D.
L. T. Wright, M. D.
J. M. Smoot, Assistant Pharmacist.
ADVISORY VISITING STAFF.
Edward A. Balloch, M. D.
Edward D. Williston, M. D.
J. E. H. Taylor, M. D.
Wm. F. Sowers, M. D.
Henry P. Parker, M. D.
Caryl Burbank, M. D.
Thomas Martin, M. D.
Robert W. Brown, M. D.
E. A. Balloch, M. D.
Wm. F. Sowers, M. D.
Wm. A. Jack, M. D.
W. A. Warfield, M. D.
Wm. C. McNeill, M. D.
Howard Hume, M. D.
Wm. A. Jack, M. D.
Jas. J. Richardson, M.
J. B. Nichols, M. D.
D.
VISITING STAFF.
INDOOR.
Medical.
J. B. Nichols, M. D.
E. H. Reede, M. D.
Lewis Ecker, M. D.
Assistant: E. J. Watson, M. D.
Surgical.
H. H. Kerr, M. D.
A. M. Curtis, M. D.
Assistant: P. M. Murray, M. D.
Gynecological.
J. E. H. Taylor, M. D.
H. W. Lawson, M. D.
Assistants: S. L. Cook, M. D.; H. R. Burwell, M. D.; J. W. Ross, M. D.
Obstetrical.
H. W. Freeman, M. D.
699
Edward D. Williston, M. D
N. D. Graham, M. D.
700 FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Ophthalmological.
Robert S. Lamb, M. D. Assistant: James C. Dowling, M. D.
Otology and Rhinology.
Jas. J. Richardson, M. D. Assistant: Hamilton S. Martin, M. D.
Neurology.
Tom A. Williams, M. D. Assistants: E. C. A. Wilson, M. D.; E. G. Mitchell, M. D.;
Harry A. Bishop, M. D.
Genito-Urinary .
H. A. Fowler, M. D. Assistants: Milton A. Francis, M. D.; R. Arthur Hooe, M. D.
Orthopedics.
Wm. G. Erving, M. D.; John Dunlop, M. D.; Chas. A. Allen, M. D.
Pediatrics.
Wm. J. French, M. D.; E. H. Reede, M. D. Assistant: A. B. McKinney, M. D.
OUTDOOR.
Medical.
W. E. Lewis, M. D. S. S. Thompson, M. D.
U. J. Daniels, M. D. Lee A. Gill, M. D.
C. A. Tignor, M. D. B. G. M. Robinson, M. D.
A. L. Curtis, M. D. F. D. Whitby, M. D.
Minor Surgery.
Wm. A. Jack, M. D.; C. W. Childs, M. D.; A. L. Curtis, M. D.
Ophthalmological .
R. S. Lamb, M. D. Assistant: James C. Dowling, M. D.
Otology and Rhinology.
Jas. J. Richardson, M. D. Assistants: Hamilton S. Martin, M. D.; U. L. Houston, M. D.
Neurology.
Tom A. Williams, M. D. Assistants: E. C. A. Wilson, M. D.; E. G. Mitchell, M. D.;
Harry A. Bishop, M. D.
Genito-Urinary.
H. A. Fowler, M. D. Assistants: Milton A. Francis, M. D.; Ivy Albert Pelzman, M. D.;
R. Arthur Hooe, M. D.
Gynecology.
Wm. C. McNeill, M. D. Assistants: Chas. H. Marshall, M. D.; H. R. Burwell, M. D.;
S. Le Count Cook, M. D.
Orthopedics.
Wm. G. Erving, M. D.; John Dunlop, M. D. Assistant: Chas. A. Allen, M. D.
Pediatrics.
John W. Mitchell, M. D.; Marie B. Lucas, M. D.
Dermatology.
H. H. Hazen, M. D. Assistants: C. C. Lathers, M. D.; Paul Zinkham, M. D.
Tuberculosis.
James T. Blue, M. D.
REPORT OF THE FREEPMEN'S HOSPITAL.
INTRODUCTION.
Washington, D. C, August 7, 1916.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the annual report of the Freed-
men's Hospital for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
The period covered by this report was an exceedingly busy one.
The professional activities were far in excess of those during any
previous year of the life of the hospital, while on the administrative
side the work was equal to, if not greater than, any previous year.
The efforts put forth to operate the hospital were directed along lines
that carry a maximum of effectiveness with a minimum of friction.
Not how much could be done for the hospital, but how much the
hospital could do for the sick within the means provided for care and
treatment, was kept constantly in view.
PATIENTS.
There were 180 patients in the hospital at the beginning of the
year, and 3,491, including 281 births, were admitted into the hos-
pital during the year, making a total of 3,671 indoor patients receiv-
ing treatment and care, as against 3,535 for the year just closed.
Of the number admitted, including births, 1,756 were District of
Columbia indigents, 1,436 were United States indigents, and 299 paid
for the services rendered them. A total of 281 births occurred; 16
were pay and 265 were indigent patients.
There were discharged during the year 3,456 patients, of whom
1,481 had recovered from their ailments, 1,451 improved, 228 un-
improved, 27 not treated, and 269 died. At the close of the year
there were 215 patients remaining. Of this number, 11 were pay,
111 United States indigents, and 93 District of Columbia indigents.
The percentage of deaths from all causes was 7, notwithstand-
ing a large number of patients when received were far advanced in
physical decay, helpless and hopeless. In noticing the residences
of the deceased, it is observed that the mortality rate of those who
came from, the States was 4.8 per cent, while it reached a little over
11 per cent of those who came from the District of Columbia.
Kidney and lung diseases were the leading causes of death, the
former being 18 per cent and the latter 12.5 per cent.
It is also noted that 65 per cent of the typhoid fever cases admitted
came from the State of Maryland.
701
702
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
In the surgical service 2,967 operations were performed, or 671
more than last year, taxing the surgical facilities to the limit. The
mortality rate in this service was 2.1 per cent, about the same as
the preceding year.
In the dispensary or out-patient department 7,341 were treated
as follows: Medical, 2,174; minor surgical, 308; orthopedic, 192;
dermatology, 529; pediatrics, 830; eye, 815; gynecology, 724; ear,
nose, and throat, 914; neurology, 223; genito-urinary, 556; and
tuberculosis, 76. The patients attending these clinics made 13,886
revisits and 1,876 surgical dressings were necessary during the course
of their treatment.
Patients admitted each year for the past 42 years.
Year ending June 30-
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
Year ending June 30—
190
1889
319
1890
500
1891
519
1892
642
1893
819
3894
892
1895
1,102
1896
1,373
1897
1,509
1898
1,794
1899
1,923
1900
2,017
1901
1,997
1902
Year ending June 30—
2,074
1903
2,392
1904
2,373
1905
2,331
1906
2,422
1907
2,801
1908
2,476
1909
2,596
1910
2,815
1911
2,355
1912
2,374
1913
2,427
1914
2,414
1915
2,408
1916
2,677
2,907
2,918
2,207
2,366
2,669
2,590
2,740
2,900
3,385
3,208
3, 144
3,348
3,491
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Statistical summary, all patients.
1916
1915
White
Colored.
"3
o
White.
Colored.
•
1
4
a
®
'a
a
J£
"3
.2
a
9
3
1
9
3
o
In hospital July 1, 1914
1
76
110
187
In hospital July 1, 1915:
5
38
22
10
61
40
15
101
64
2
1
1
1
1
Indigent, District of Columbia
1
Total
3
2
65
111
180
1
76
110
187
Admitted:
a
6
97
6
570
576
59
78
174
10
743
996
46.
82
283
16
1,331
1,596
105
160
2
2
85
13
560
622
56
68
168
15
680
863
68
86
257
28
Indigent, United States
15
18
3
6
21
29
6
3
1,267
1,517
Indigent, District of Columbia
Indigent, births, United States
124
Indigent, births, District of Columbia . .
1
155
Total admitted
39
15
1.386
2,051
3,491
53
11
1,404
1,880
3,348
Total under care, indoor
42
17
1,451
2,162
3,671
53
12
1,480
1,990
3,535
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Statistical summary, all patients — Continued.
703
1916
1915
White.
Colored.
*e8
O
White.
Colored.
©
©'
1
.2
i
©
to
©
"3
2
a
©
©
"3
6
"3
a
©
to
1
0
Stillbirths:
3
15
"""is"
3
15
17
32
28
Total
15
17
32
18
13
31
i
2
Deaths:
....
8
128
10
121
19
250
"2
..:.
139
11
96
19
237
Total
3
136
131
269
2
1
146
107
256
Discharged, including births:
Pay patients-
134
125
6
19
152
Improved
94
Unimproved
11
Not treated
Total
284
257
Indigent-
Recovered
1,347
1,326
222
8
1,407
Improved
1,173
Unimproved
250
Not treated
11
Total
2,903
2,841
Grand total discharged
3,456
3,354
In hospital, July 1, 1916:
3
8
11
5
10
15
Indigent, United States
2
2
42
38
65
55
111
93
2
1
1
1
38
22
60
40
101
Indigent, District of Columbia
64
Total indigent
2
2
80
120
204
3
2
60
100
165
Grand total remaining
2
2
83
128
215
4,433
39,504
34,902
38,399
3
2
65
111
180
Days maintenance:
Pay patients
4,247
38, 981
Indigent, United States
35,005
Officers and employees
38, 338
Total
117,238
116,571
=
==
=====
Cost of patients per day, based on gross ex-
pense
$1,285
228
167
213.3
1,756
1,436
$1. 289
Largest number of indigent patients at any
one time
244
Smallest number of indigent patients at any
one time .
166
Daily average number of patients, pay and
indigent
214.3
Number admitted from District of Columbia,
including births indigent
1,674
Number admitted from United States, in-
cluding births, indigent
....
1,383
1
704
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
BOARD OF CHARITIES ACCOUNT.
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916.
Adults.
Children.
Babies.
Total.
In hospital July 1, 1915
52
1,360
9
236
3
160
64
1,756
Total
1,412
245
163
1.820
Appropriation $35, 000. 00
Bills rendered 34, 999. 45
Unearned balance.
.55
ALLOTMENT OF APPROPRIATION FOR SALARIES.
|Under requirement of act of Congress approved June 25, 1909 (35 Stat., 992). J
Surgeon in chief
Assistant surgeon
Resident physician
Pathologist
Anaesthetist
Clerk
Assistant clerk (1)
Assistant clerk (1)
Pharmacist
Assistant pharmacist
Steward
Superintendent of nurses
Assistant superintendent of nurses
Night supervisor of nurses
Head nurses (2 at $480)
Engineer
Assistant engineer
Assistant engineer
Plumber
Firemen (3 at $720)
Per annum
.. $3,000
. . 1, 500
. . 1, 200
. . 2, 000
.. 1,200
.. 1,400
700
636
720
120
720
1,080
600
480
960
1,200
1,000
900
900
2,160
Per
Seamstress
Nurses (48 at $60)
Orderlies (2 at $300) . . .
Orderlies (4 at $240) . . .
Night orderly
Maids (3 at $168)
Head cook
Second cook
Third cook
Waiters (3 at $156)
Driver
Driver
Laundryman
Laundresses (5 at $156).
Watchman
Watchman
Laborer
Laborers (2 at $180)....
Total 32,640
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation, sundry civil act:
For support $28, 000. 00
Salaries 32, 640. 00
— $60, 640. 00
Appropriation, District of Columbia (under contract with
Board of Charities) 34, 999. 45
Pay patients 6, 078. 30
41,077.75
Total 101, 717. 75
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
705
DISBURSEMENTS.
Miscellaneous:
Fuel, light, clothing, forage, medicine, etc $33, 948. 68
Pay patients 2, 055. 79
Subsistence 28, 844. 02
Pay patients 1, 634. 24
Salaries 32,536.83
Pay patients 2,067.50
Refunds, pay patients 268. 45
Miscellaneous expenditures.
$101, 355. 51
362. 24
Class
No.
1916
1915
No.
1916
1915
Stationery and draft-
ing supplies ,
Hardware, metals,
leather, and sad-
dlery:
Hardware
Metals
Leather and sad-
dlery
Dry goods and wear-
ing apparel, cordage
Drugs and medicines:
Chemicals and re-
agents
Wines and whisky
Laboratory, hospital
appliances, surgical
instruments, etc.:
Laboratory
Hospital appli-
ances
Surgical instru-
ments
Electrical , engineering
and plumbing sup-
plies:
Electrical
Engineering and
plumbing
Lumber, millwork,
and building ma-
terials
Paints, oils, brushes,
etc.:
Brushes
Glass
Oils, paints, and
painters' sup-
plies
Furniture and floor
covering:
Furniture
Floor covering...
$397. 69
282. 16
37.25
1.94
2,417.06
4,229.00
156. 53
185.91
2,660.06
581.34
241. 19
522. 03
55.09
92.32
7.39
669. 46
137.05
238.88
$338. 15
485.09
37.32
.84
2,967.50
2, 772. 14
102. 43
221.60
3,529.06
196.95
120. 11
543.32
183.24
67.84
279.02
141.90
110. 60
10
Household supplies:
Cleaning
Laundry
Miscellaneous....
Forage and seed
Photographic supplies
Fuel:
Charcoal ,
Coal, anthracite..
Coal, bituminous.,
Wood
Incandescent electric
lamps
Heat, light, and power
service:
Gas
Hauling ashes
Telephone service,
Telegrams ,
Books and periodicals,
Sundries (unclassified
miscellaneous) ,
Repairs and construc-
tion:
Repairs —
Buildings
Furniture
Grounds
Heating sys-
tem ,
Instruments..,
Kitchen uten-
sils ,
Laundry ,
Office ,
Painting
Power plant..
Stable
Miscellaneous
Construction
Total ,
$221. 04
1,010.41
656. 08
249.00
299.43
13.84
221.40
12,226.90
167.47
950. 13
439.04
473.03
4.16
38.50
662.89
770.55
14.50
717.99
5.07
223.27
90.32
29.59
1.60
547.00
227.45
254.42
292.34
186.83
$196. 80
982.88
864.37
382.57
374. 15
15.75
264.00
11,593.00
62.00
92.24
863.94
478.55
441. 79
"64." 75
775.00
34.50
12.00
37.44
255.46
91.40
5.50
6.48
118.00
65.60
364.56
63.75
33,948.68
33,862.03
62656°— int 1916— vol 1-
-45
706
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Subsistence expenditures.
Class
No,
Beverages:
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Canned goods
Condiments and fla-
vors
Cereal food products:
Cornstarch
Barley
Bread
Crackers and cakes
Cream of wheat . . .
Flakes, corn
Flour
Hominy, coarse...
Hominy grits
Macaroni.
Meal, corn
Oats, rolled
Rice
Tapioca
Spaghetti
Unclassified
Dairy products:
Butter
Buttermilk.
Cream
Cheese
Milk, fresh
n Eggs
Fish:
Clam bouillon
Clams
Codfish
Fresh
Mackerel, salt
Oysters
Salmon
1916
$360.05
78.00
1 ^.94
1,238.76
159. 16
8.44
6.48
1,759.13
261.20
51.15
84.60
247.26
4.75
17.32
17.90
29.87
35.72
64.33
3.23
17.87
144.41
2,992.00
116.60
64.79
34.82
3,113.28
1,322.70
14.60
17.60
98.64
423.12
86.32
166. 73
45.98
1915
$327. 25
47.75
139. 18
1,154.27
173.43
6.81
7.69
1,825.12
263.80
51.21
72.12
287.98
8.54
16.38
15.78
46.37
28.17
73.56
4.08
13.63
528.40
3,158.19
100.00
46.20
35.20
3,202.32
1,441.35
69.35
116. 16
467. 82
67.14
242. 75
68.54
Class
No.
Fowl:
Chicken
Turkey
Fruits and nuts
Fruits, dried
Ice
Lard, pure hog
Meats:
Bacon-
Breakfast
Shoulder
Beef-
Fresh
Corned
Chipped
Tongue
Soup shanks.
Ham-
Bologna
Smoked
Lamb
Liver
Mutton
Pork, fresh
Sausage-
Smoked
Green
Veal
Saccharine products:
Molasses
Sugar-
Granulated...
Powdered
Sirup
Salt
Soft drinks, ginger
ale ,
Vegetables ,
Total
1916
$1,671.95
75.00
1,120.42
459.74
583.99
412. 14
500.76
378. 46
3,211.48
174.04
165. 28
119.33
235.06
43.37
476. 57
673.24
205.98
327.67
277.71
87.67
59.98
314. 20
4.70
1,659.20
1.56
15.12
25.41
148.63
2,165.61
28,844.02
1915
$1,838.90
55.00
965.04
502.22
558.68
334.23
577.49
480. 17
2,860.47
193. 18
190.40
307.20
38.54
549.18
74.46
210.82
906.33
255.93
114.81
30.68
221.30
6.72
1, 165. 05
3.49
36.80
18.98
127.88
2,114.10
28,881.50
Receipts and expenditures on account of pay patients.
1916
1915
Receipts:
Private-room patients, at $1.25 per day.
Ward patients, at $1.10 per day
Children, at 65 cents per day
Babies, at 40 cents per day
Operations
X ray photos
Use of delivery room
Examination of urine
$4,390.00
845.90
109.20
69.20
589.00
70.00
Expenditures:
Extra services (nurses, orderlies, maids)
Subsistence
Medical and surgical supplies
Miscellaneous (dry goods, painting, repairs)
Refund of overpayments by patients
Unexpended balance
5.00
6,078.30
2,067.50
1,634.24
906. 40
1, 149. 39
268. 45
6,025.98
52.32
$4,411.25
558.80
65.65
146. 40
505.00
38.00
25.00
5,750.10
2,040.00
412.04
924. 19
2,130.62
218. 70
5, 725. 55
24.55
freedmen's hospital. 707
NEEDS.
There are certain definite needs of the hospital which have been
urgent for several years and which experience of the past year has
made more evident than ever. First and foremost is tnat of a
pathological building, the one perhaps more glaringly evident from
its direct bearing on the medical and surgical work. The lack of
suitable quarters for laboratory study is a distressing drawback
to a complete scientific investigation of the diseases of the patients,
who expect and are entitled to all the benefits of modern research.
The need for more laundry space is equally as urgent as that for
pathological purposes. In providing for one, the other can be easily
accommodated. By locating the laboratory building on the west
side of the present laundry would give ample and convenient space
in its basement for all laundry needs. In this connection, attention
is invited to the following provision of the sundry civil act, approved
August 1, 1914:
To reimburse the United States the amount due on account of one-half of the
per capita cost of maintenance of indigent patients in Freedmen's Hospital from the
District of Columbia in excess of the number charged to and paid for by said District
during the fiscal year nineteen hundred and six to nineteen hundred and thirteen,
inclusive, there shall be transferred from the revenues of the District of Columbia
to the United States, beginning with the fiscal year nineteen hundred and fifteen the
sum of $37,996.70, which amount so transferred shall be covered into the Treasury
as miscellaneous receipts.
Thirty-five thousand dollars of the money credited to the mis-
cellaneous receipts of the United States Treasury by this act would
be sufficient to provide for the foregoing needs. It seems right and
just that this sum should be reappropriated by Congress for hospit al
purposes, inasmuch as the same was earned by the hospital in the
treatment and care of the indigent patients from the District of
Columbia.
The unkept and unsightly grounds about the hospital can not
be utilized for the benefit of the patients until funds are provided
for the necessary fencing and beautifying. Legislation should there-
fore be enacted by Congress authorizing this much-needed im-
provement.
A ward for the eye and nervous patients is greatly needed.
The following increase in the force of employees would add much
to the efficiency of the institution:
A storekeeper $1, 200
An assistant engineer 1, 000
An assistant anesthetist 900
A laborer 300
Two telephone operators, $300 each 600
The salaries of many of the low-grade positions should be increased
so that a higher grade of employees could be had. This would
relieve the embarrassing situations which sometimes arise and would
add much to the efficiency of the service. The frequent changes in
the force of employees are due primarily to inadequate salaries. It
is impossible to induce a high-grade employee to remain in the
service very long on a low-grade salary.
708 FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.
The training school for nurses was organized in 1894, with a course
of instruction covering only 18 months, thus displacing the old-
fashioned red-bandana nurse in this institution. In 1895 the course
was extended to two years and in 1909 to three years. Since its
beginning, 277 trained nurses have graduated, the large majority of
whom have succeeded in the practice of their profession in private,
institutional, and public-health service.
The graduating exercises were held May 29 instead of May 2, as
intended, on account of the prevalence of diphtheria in the hospital.
On this date 14 nurses were graduated, as follows:
Graduates. 1916.
Lola Montice Hammie, Washington, D. C.
Lucille Bernice Yeatman, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Nancy Jeanette Minnis, Norfolk, Va.
Fannie Geneva Walker, Lockland, Ohio.
Carrie Francis Graham, Boston, Mass.
Mary Viola Weeks, Norfolk, Va.
Josephine Julia Lightfoot, Berryville, Va.
Irene Rhodelia Scott, Atlanta, Ga.
Helen Healy Clifford, Martinsburg, W.Va.
Georgia Penn Smith, Manassas, Va.
Edith Berncenia Gill, Pittston, Pa.
Cora Lee Holmes, Norfolk, Va.
Louise Veronica Marsh, Norfolk, Va.
Charlotte King May, Holton, Kans.
Lectures.
The course of lectures was delivered by the following staff:
Gynecology J. E. H.Taylor, M. D.
Anatomy and physiology S. L. Carson, M. D.
Hygiene C. A. Brooks, M. D.
Theoretical nursing Laura R. MacHale.
Dietetics, practical and theoretical nursing Emma M. Irwin.
Diseases of the eye M. O. Dumas, M. D.
Medical nursing Caryl Burbank, M. D.
Diseases of children William French, M. D.
Obstetrics E. D. Williston, M. D.
Materia medica and therapeutics John W. Mitchell, M. D.
Urinalysis and bacteriology W. Van Swearingen, M. D.
Neurology E. C. A. Wilson, M. D.
Ear, nose, and throat M. O. Dumas, M. D.
Surgical nursing William A. Jack, M. D.
Applications, resignations, dismissals, etc.
Applications received during the year . 131
Applicants taken on probation 24
Accepted after probation 15
Not accepted after probation 3
».
7
Withdrawn during probation 2
Nursing staff.
Superintendent of nurses 1
Assistant superintendent of nurses 1
Graduate head nurses 3
Night supervisor of nurses 1
Graduate of class 1916 still in hospital 8
Senior pupil nurses 22
Intermediate pupil nurses 9
Junior pupil nurses 4
Probationers 4
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
709
Textbooks used.
Anatomy and Physiology — Kimber's.
Materia Medica — Foot's.
Theory and Practice of Nursing — Hamp-
ton.
Gynecology — McFarland.
Dietetics — Hall.
Bacteriology — Carey.
Fever Nursing — Paul.
Obstetrics — Cooke.
Care of Feeding of Children
Ethics — Aikens.
First year nursing — Good now.
Holt.
Nurses are required to furnish their own books.
Course of instruction.
First year:
Ethics — Five lectures.
Anatomy and physiology — Sixteen lectures, one hour each.
Hygiene — Eight lectures, 1\ hours each.
Bandaging — Two lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing— Two lectures a week, 1£ hours each, from
October 1 to May 1.
Second year:
Materia medica — Seven lectures, one hour each.
Bacteriology and urinalysis — Twelve lectures, one hour each.
Medical nursing, including the acute infectious diseases — Eight lectures, one
hour each.
Surgical nursing, including anaesthetics — Eight lectures, one hour each.
Dietetics — Ten lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing — One lecture a week, one hour each, from Octo-
ber 1 to May 1.
Third year:
Obstetrics — Eight lectures, one hour each.
Children's diseases, including the feeding of infants — Nine lectures, one hour each.
Diseases of the eye — Three lectures, one hour each.
Diseases of the ear, nose, and throat — Four lectures, one hour each.
Gynecology — Six lectures, one hour each.
Nervous diseases — Eisrht 1(
ight lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing — One lecture a week, one hour each, from Octo-
ber 1 to May 1.
First-year practical demonstrations.
[Each lesson one and one-half hours long.)
October:
First lesson — Bedmaking; management of helpless patients — moving, changing,
giving baths.
Second lesson — Note taking; pulse, temperature, respiration, mental condition.
Third lesson — The temperature; the thermometer, its use and care; excretions;
eruptions.
Fourth lesson — Pulse; quality, rhythm, number, etc.; hypodermic syringe, its
care and use.
November:
Fifth lesson — Fomentations; poultices; sand bags; ice cap, its care; ice coil.
Sixth lesson — The hot- water bag or bottle, use and abuse; care of instruments,
sterilizing, etc.; care of rubber gloves, methods of sterilizing.
Seventh lesson — Administering of enemata, douches, cantharides, etc.; Murphy
infusion.
Eighth lesson — Counterirritations, mustard, cantharides, etc.; physiological
action; dry cupping.
Ninth lesson — Hypodermoclysis; intravenous or infusion; preparation of solu-
tion; patient, instruments.
December:
Tenth lesson — Positions: Dorsal, Sims, Trendelenberg, Fowler's knee and chest;
lithotomy.
Eleventh lesson — Prevention and treatment of bedsores.
Twelfth lesson — Weights and measures, solutions.
Thirteenth lesson — Disinfection of clothing, excreta, sputum, etc.
710
FEEEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
January:
Fourteenth lesson — Bandages, making and use; material, Esmark.
Fifteenth lesson — Care of patient before, during, and after anesthesia.
Sixteenth lesson — Care of patient before, during, and after operation, and prepa-
ration of patient for operation.
Seventeenth lesson — Preparation of room for operation, sterilization, etc.
February:
Eighteenth lesson — Urine analysis, specific gravity, quantity reaction, Fehling's
and Heller's tests.
Nineteenth lesson — Contagious-disease nursing, care of convalescents, feeding in
particular.
Twentieth lesson — Infant feeding, sterilization, pasteurizing, child's first bath,
care of eyes, buttocks, etc.
Twenty-first lesson — Administration of drugs, use and effect.
March:
Twenty -second lesson — Care of the dead.
Twenty-third lesson — Fumigation.
Course in cooking, theoretical and practical.
THEORY. PRACTICAL WORK.
1 . Water food Coffee, tea, barley water, lemonade.
2. Carbohydrates — starch Gruels, toast, Zwieback.
3. Carbohydrates — cellulose Cereals and vegetables.
4. Carbohydrates — sugar Fruits, sirups, jelly.
5. Fats and oils— salads Salads, salad dressing, butter, cream.
6. Proteids — milk Pasteurized, peptonized, koumiss.
7. Proteids — eggs Cooked in shell, poached, omelets.
8. Proteids — milk and eggs Custards, eggnogs, egg lemonade.
9. Proteids — meat and fish Broiling, roasting, meat sandwiches.
10. Proteids — meat Beef juice, beef extract, broth.
11. Proteids — gelatin Chicken jelly, veal jelly, beef jelly.
12. Review carbohydrates Sponge cake, ice cream, water ices.
Three-year schedule.
Ward.
Day
duty.
Night
duty.
SURGICAL EXPERIENCE
Male
Female
Genito-urinary
Gynecological
Orthopedic
Emergency operating room
Main operating room
Obstetrical
MEDICAL EXPERIENCE.
Male ,
Female
Children
Diet kitchen
Total
Months.
2
2
1
4
1
1
25
Months.
Occupation and residence of graduates.
1896.
Ashton, Luci V. (Mrs. Woods), Kansas
City, Mo.
Blackburn, N. L., private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Burke, Julia (Mrs. Phillips), Jacksonville,
Fla.
Fleetwood, Sara I., deceased.
1896— Continued.
Foust, Isabella L., private nurse, Win-
ston, N. C.
Gibson, Katherine C, Bureau of Engrav-
ing and Printing, Washington, D. C.
Green, Anna N., deceased.
Owens, Laura A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
711
Occupation and residence
1896— Continued.
Pierce, Letitia (Mrs. Blair), Washington,
D. C.
Ricks, Antoinette M. (Mrs. Demby), Kan-
sas City, Mo.
Robinson, Annie B., superintendent and
matron, Good Samaritan Hospital,
Charlotte, N. C.
Shorter, Sarah A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Simms, Annie A. (Mrs. Johnson), Balti-
more, Md.
Smith, Gertrude (Mrs. Thorn), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Tyler, Elizabeth, district nursing, New
York City.
1897.
Caldwell, Amanda J. (Mrs. Darrell), Dal-
las, Tex.
Combs, Annie, massage specialist, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Green, Lucille (Mrs. Tibbs), St. Paul,
Minn.
Griffin G. Josephine, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Haithcock, Ada, private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
King, Annie C. (Mrs. Hughes), Rich-
mond, Va.
Rollins, Willie M. (Mrs. Frazier), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, S. May, private nurse, Troy,
N. Y.
Thomas, Annie M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thompson, Delia R. (Mrs. Davis),
Underhill, Katherine P. (Mrs. Wm. Mo-
ten), Washington, D. C.
Webb, Eva, private nurse, Washington,
D. C.
Warner, Florence A., private nurse,
Springfield, Mass.
Young, Lola E. M., private nurse, Green-
ville, S. C.
1898.
Bannister, Carrie J. (Mrs. Knox), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Bennett, Florence R., private nurse, Bal-
timore, Md.
Cabannis, Martha E., night supervisor,
Freedmen's Hospital, Washington,
D. C.
Carter, Edith M., private nurse, New
Rochelle, N. Y.
Davis, Annie M., private nurse, Shelby-
ville, Tenn.
Ennis, Sarah J. (Mrs. Brooks), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Gaines, Mary R., private nurse, Berke-
ley, Cal.
of graduates — Continued.
1898— Continued.
Geder, Isabella, private nurse, Bingham-
ton, N. Y.
Hurlong, Mary A., private nurse, Asne-
ville, N. C.
King, Carrie M. (Mrs. Foreman), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Robinson, Amelia A., private nurse,
Nashville, Tenn.
Russell, Ruby E., private nurse, Char-
lottesville, Va.
Stanton, Priscilla (Mrs. Todd), Pitts-
burgh, Pa.
Sumby, Lillie May, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Valentine, J. Ella, private nurse, Leba-
non, Ind.
Whitson, Clara E. (Mrs. Howe), Wash-
ington, D. C.
1899.
Banks, Effie P. (Mrs. Sykes), Indian-
apolis, Ind.
Brown, Agnes M., private nurse, Meyers-
dale, Pa.
Coleman, Georgia A., private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Dismond, S. Matthew (Mrs. Dibble),
St. Louis, Mo.
Francis, Bertha A., head nurse, Home
Hospital, Birmingham, Ala.
Hairston, Lulu C. (Mrs. Crews), Winston,
N. C.
Hankins, Mintha C, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hendricks, Eliza R. (Mrs. Brown).
Henry, Lillian M., private nurse, Down-
ingtown, Pa.
Hoge, Carrie M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Keemer, Jessie E. (Mrs. Robinson),
Providence, R. I.
McEwen, Irene O. (Mrs. Green), Pensa-
cola, Fla.
Rich, Anna, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
Scott, Helen V. (Mrs. Cole), Swansboro,
Ga.
Thompson, Isabella, private nurse, New
Orleans, La.
Wilson, Emma C, private nurse, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Williams, Elmira E., deceased.
1900.
Clarke, Mary F., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Hamilton, Priscilla, deceased.
Hawkins, Nannie E., private nurse,
Charlotte, N. C.
Hunton, Mary A. (Mrs. Gordon), St.
Louis, Mo.
712
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Occupation and residence of graduates — Continued.
1900— Continued.
Johnson, Hattie B. (Mrs. Cunningham),
Owensboro, Ky.
Lewis, Eva P., private nurse, Manassas,
Va.
Mickens, Marcella 0., private nurse,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Middleton, Haga H., private nurse,
Charleston, S. C.
Moody, Annie L., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, Cora V., private nurse, Camden,
N.J.
Winfield, Laura, private nurse, Ware,
Mass.
1901.
Allen, Margaret A., public health nurse,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Barks, Susan C., visiting nurse, Jackson-
ville, Fla.
Campbell, B. N., private nurse, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
ey, Mary
delphia, Pa
Dey, Mary L., private nurse, Phila-
Hackley, Mamie E. (Mrs. Ash), Phila-
delphia, Pa
Hanson, Carrie L., private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
Harrell, Catherine S. (Mrs. Butler),
Texas.
Hunter, Bessie., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Jackson, Eliza A., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Jones, Mary J., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Powell, Gussie D., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Rhone, Charlotte S., private nurse, New-
bern, N. C.
Robinson, Frances A., private nurse,
Newbern, N. C.
Thomas, Bertha J., head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, D. C.
Walcott, Louisa M., private nurse, Rock-
hill, S. C.
Whitley, Florence A., private nurse,
Newbern, N. C.
1902.
Adams, Ella C, private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Baker, Vera L., head nurse, State Hos-
pital, Goldsboro, N. C.
Booth, Mary S., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Delisse, Augusta V., private nurse, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
Dias, Frances C, private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Johnson, Gertrude B., private nurse,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
1902— Continued.
Irs. Avant), Char-
Mason, Corinna (Mrs. Phillips), Spring-
field, Mass.
Nichols, Florence L.
lotte, N. C.
Rogers, Amanda, private nurse, Indian-
apolis, Ind.
Roper, Maggie A., private nurse, Galves-
ton, Tex.
Thompson, Rachel A. (Mrs. Thomas), de-
1903.
Balentine, J. L. (Mrs. Dial), Jacksonville,
Fla.
Browne, E. M., head nurse, Douglass Hos-
pital, Philadelphia, Pa.
Baltimore, Mary E., private nurse, Har-
risburg, Pa.
Christie, Sarah E., private nurse, Chester,
Pa.
Coates, Maiella E., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hargrave, L. S., private nurse, Trenton,
N.J.
Johnson, L. D., private nurse, Warrenton,
N. C.
Johnson, Nellie V., private nurse, Abbe-
ville, S. C.
Latney, Carrie L. (Mrs. Bowie), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Love, Ellen V., private nurse, Lumber-
ton, N. C.
Purcell, E. J., private nurse, Brunswick,
Ga.
Rollins, Clara A., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Rutherford, Anna L., private nurse,
Kingston, N. C.
Sharp, Carrie M. (Mrs. Morgan), Peters-
burg, Va.
Yarborough, S. V. S., private nurse, Co-
lumbus, Ga.
1904.
Baker, Hattie E., private nurse, Darling-
ton, S. C.
Blackwell, W. Lucille (Mrs. Morris), New
York, N. Y.
Carter, Mary E., private nurse, Rippon,
W. Va.
Carter, Elizabeth V., head nurse, Mercy
Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.
Grant, Anna E. (Mrs. Millen), Savannah,
Ga.
Gilmore, Mary E., private nurse, Leaven-
worth, Kans.
James, Aleathia D. (Mrs. Franklin), Jack-
sonville, Fla.
Jeffries, Emma M., private nurse, Red-
bank, N. J.
Jones, Violet, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
713
Occupation and residence of graduates — Continued.
1904— Continued.
Lewis, Louzetta (Mrs. Mitchell), Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Richardson, Effie V. (Mrs. McCoy), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thomas, Marie E. (Mrs. Jones), Topeka,
Kans.
1905.
Braxton, Margaret, private nurse, Hart-
ford, Conn.
Brooks, Alpha E. (Mrs. Jones), Fairmont
Heights, D. C.
Carter, Marion M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Henderson, Hattie E., private nurse,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Holmes, Julia E., private nurse, Plain-
field, N. J.
Jefferson, Roxanna M., private nurse,
Bristol, Tenn.
Kidd, Bertha M. (Mrs. Harris), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Long, Ida E., private nurse, Newark,
N.J.
Maston, Mary J., head nurse, Red Cross
Sanitarium, Louisville, Ky.
Scott, Julia E., private nurse, New
Haven, Conn.
Teabout, Stella, private nurse, Richfield
Springs, N. Y.
Taliaferro, Olivia, private nurse, Anacos-
tia, D. C.
Terry, Jessie C, private nurse, Los Ange-
les, Cal.
Williams, Daisy M. (Mrs. Moten), Sher-
man, Tex.
Williams, Mary T., private nurse, Ware
Neck Va.
Wilson,' Annabel, private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
1906.
Barnes, Annie, private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Bearce, Daisy M., private nurse, Rye,
N. Y.
Burress, Mary E. (Mrs. Wormley), Ard-
wick, S. C.
Gordon, Mary B., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hall, Iona M., private nurse, Troy, Ohio.
Henderson, Sara 0., private nurse, New-
port, R. I.
Johnson, Harriett C, private nurse,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Lewis, Willie A., private nurse, Atlanta,
Ga.
Lucas, Marion V. (Mrs. Monroe), Wash-
ington, D. C.
McDougal, Colota M., district nurse, In-
dianapolis, Ind.
McKnight, Viola, superintendent of
nurses, Mercy Hospital, Philadelphia,
Pa.
1906— Continued.
Marshall, Mary E., private nurse, Morris-
town, Tenn.
Merritt, Mary E., superintendent of
nurses, Mitchell Hospital, Leaven-
worth, Kans.
1907.
Bullock, Blanche V., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Childs, Helen D., private nurse, Phila*
delphia, Pa.
E scoff ery, Lula M., private nurse, Atlan-
tic City, N. J.
Harmon, Nannie M., private nurse, Tip
Top, Va.
Porter, Susan H., dean woman's depart-
ment, Tuskegee, Ala.
Pay ton, Lillian M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Peck, Alice M. (Mrs. Anderson), Boston,
Rose, Julia M., private nurse, Lynchburg,
Va.
Slocum, Mary E., private nurse, Provi-
dence, R. I.
Smith, Minnie M., private nurse, Am-
herst, Mass.
Taylor, Loretta P. (Mrs Banks), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Wright, Nena J. (Mrs. Jackson), New
York City.
1908.
Briggs, Cornelia K., private nurse, Troy,
Ty.'
Denning, Clara S. (Mrs. Robinson), Balti-
more, Md.
Douglas, Kate E. (Mrs. Barter), Newark,
N.J.
Donaldson, Vesta I., private nurse, Ocean
Grove, N. J.
Fray, Julia (Mrs. Clark), Chicago, 111.
Henderson, Jamima S., private nurse,
Spring Lake, N. J.
Jones, Bertie L., private nurse, Harris-
burg, Pa.
Nicholas, Beatrice E., private nurse, Bal-
timore, Md.
Proctor, Eva M., private nurse, Newark,
N.J.
Robinson, Alice E., private nurse, Harts-
ville, S. C.
Reynolds, Agnes, private nurse, Ironton,
Oh'
>hio.
1909.
Allen, Irene P. (Mrs. Martin), deceased.
Burnett, Sarah L., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Coates, Nana E., Battle Creek, Mich.
Curtis, Minnie M., private nurse, Mari-
etta, Ohio.
714
Occupation and residence
1909— Continued.
Green, Lillian C. (Mrs. Davis), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Hall, Anita B., private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Hankie, Areatha B. (Mrs. Bailey), St.
Louis, Mo.
Johnson, Lillian A., private nurse, Pough-
keepsie, N. Y.
Lewis, Charlotte M., private nurse, At-
lanta, Ga.
Parker, Mary E., private nurse, Williams-
port, Pa.
Sheppard, Emma D., private nurse, Mey-
ersdale, Pa.
Smith, Annie M., private nurse, Jackson-
ville, Fla.
Spears, Lillian, private nurse, Provi-
dence, R. I.
Wainwright, Melinda E., Charles Town,
W.Va.
1910.
Amby, Grace, married, Baltimore, Md.
Brown, Nellie V., private nurse, Meyers-
dale, Pa.
Howard, Mrs. Sankey B., Goldsboro, N.C.
Gates, Eugene J. P., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Gilliam, Octavia T., private nurse, Han-
over, Va.
Hutchinson, Mabel M., private nurse,
Lockport, N. Y.
Jackson, Sara E., private nurse, Steelton,
Pa.
Jordan, Maggie M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
McClaine, Nettie L. (Mrs. George), Padu-
cah, Ky.
Richardson, Lizzette S., private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Reid, Marion M., private nurse, Denver,
Colo.
1911.
Blackburn, Clara E. (Mrs. Miller),
Wheeling, W. Va.
Clay, Eva Virginia, Central State Hospi-
tal, Petersburg, Va.
Coates, Edna Mav (Mrs. Gloster), Wheel-
ing, W. Va.
Green. Emilv Estella (Mrs. Allen), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Grisby, Sara Elizabeth, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Harris, Florence M., private nurse,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Hopkins, Jennie C, private nurse, New
York City.
Patton, Jesse Boyd, superintendent of
nurses, Mercy Hospital, Nashville,
Tenn.
Piper, Ida J. (Mrs. Robinson), Boston,
FEEEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
of graduates— Continued.
1911— Continued.
Price, Mae Irene, private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
Stevens, Nettie Bentley, private nurse,
Atlanta, Ga.
Thompson, Lulu E., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
York, Martella M., head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, D. C.
1912.
Abner, Carrie (Mrs. Bumbry), Chicago,
Butler, Marguerite C, private nurse,
Boston, Mass.
Carter, Elizabeth F. A., private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Christian, Estelle A., private nurse,
Richmond, Va.
Eaton Sadie E., private nurse, Raleigh,
#N. C.
Simmons, Mary A. (Mrs. Moore), Mag-
nolia, N. J.
1913.
Anderson, Maude H., private nurse,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Barnes, Mayme, Central State Hospital,
Petersburg, Va.
Berkley, Pearl B., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Davis, Alice E., private nurse, Frederick,
Md.
Elliott, Frances R., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Garrott, Roberta Lee, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Green, Cecilia M., head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, D. C.
Henry, Eva G., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Howland, Elizabeth B., private nurse,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Jackson, Edna V. (Mrs. Brooke), Kan-
sas City, Mo.
Jordan, Emily M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Kemper, Etta Q.. Barnett Hospital,
Huntington, W. va.
Lawson, Bessie M., private murse, Pitts-
burgh Pa.
Meredith, Angie E. (deceased).
Ockrey, Minnie, Edward's Hospital,
Bluefield, W. Va.
Russell, Josephine M., private Diirse.
Washington, D. C.
Wingate, Elizabeth E., private nurse.
Charleston, S. C.
1914.
Byrd, Carrie Lena, private nurse, Wil-
mington, Del.
Cargyle, Laura Aurelia, private nurse,
Atlanta, Ga.
FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
715
Occupation and residence of graduates — Continued.
1914— Continued.
Clark Ophelia Elizabeth, private nurse,
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jackson, Alice Veronica, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Jordan, Blanche Lillian, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Minor, Ethel Mae, private nurse, Blue
Plains, D. C.
Mundin, Maude E., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Robinson, Adaline, private nurse, Kan-
sas City, Mo.
Shelton, Willie Belle, private nurse,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Smith, Lena Mae, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thompson, Edna Sylvia, private nurse,
New York City.
Varner, Amanda Evalina, private nurse,
Atlanta, Ga.
Walker, Olive Glennie, public health
service, Cleveland, Ohio.
Very respectfully,
The Secretary of the Interior.
1914— Continued.
Williamson, Lulu Howard, Lomax Hos-
pital, Bluefield, W. Va.
1915.
Benson, Katherine Zada, private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Brown, Marion Hilda, private nurse, Blue-
field, W.Va.
Johnson, Helen Clotilda, private nurse,
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Lovett, Caroline Beatrice, private nurse,
Williams port, Pa.
Martin, Alice Ellen, private nurse, Bir-
mingham, Ala.
Owen, Christie Elaine, head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, D. C.
Sheppherd, Mary J., private nurse,
Meyersdale, Pa.
Spurlock, Pearl Mabel, private nurse,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
W. A. Warfield,
Surgeon in Chief.
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
717
718
ROSTER OF OFFICERS
BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR 1915-1916.
Ex-Chief Justice Stanton Jddkins Peellb, LL. D., president.
Stephen Morrell Newman, A. M., D. D., president of university.
George William Cook, LL. M., secretary and business manager.
Edward Lamay Parks, D. D., treasurer and registrar.
Term expires 1916.
Justice Thomas H. Anderson, LL. D., Washington, D. C
Justice Job Barnard, LL. D., Washington, D. C.
William Van Zandt Cox, A. M., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Feancis James Grimke, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Mr. Henry Edward Pellew, Washington, D. C.
Mr. Cuno Hugo Rudolph, Washington, D. C.
William Albert Sinclair, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.
Booker Taliaferro Washington, LL. D.,1 Tuslcegee, Ala.
Term expires 1917.
Mr. John Thompson Emlen, Philadelphia, Pa.
Rev. Alan Hudson, D. D.,1 Brockton, Mass.
Thomas Jesse Jones, Ph. D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Jesse Edward Moorland, D. D., Washington. D. C.
Hon. James Carroll Napier, LL. D., Nashville, Tenn.
Charles Burleigh Purvis, M. D., Boston, Mass.
James Henry Nelson Waring, A. B., M. D., Washington, D. C.
Marcus Fitzherbert Wheatland, M. D., Newport, R. I.
Term expires 1918.
Justice George Wesley Atkinson, LL. D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Harland Pall Douglass, D. D., New York City.
Andrew Franklin Hilter, A. B., LL. M., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Stephen Morrell Newman, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Ex-Chief Justice Stanton Judkins Peelle, LL. D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Ulysses Grant Baker Pierce, D. D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. Charles Herbert Richards, D. D., New York City.
HONORARY BOARD.
Hon. Joseph Hodges Choatb, LL. D., New York City.
Mr. John Adams Cole, Chicago, 111.
Bishop Benjamin Franklin Lee, D. D., Wilberforce, Ohio.
Hon. Joseph Draper Saybrs, Austin, Tex.
Hon. William Howard Taft, LL. D., New Haven, Conn.
Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner, LL. D., Philadelphia, Pa.
Bishop Wilbur Patterson Thirkield, LL. D., New Orleans, La.
Hon. George Henry White, Philadelphia, Pa.
PATRON EX OFFICIO.
Hon. Franklin Knight Land, Secretary of the Interior.
1 Deceased.
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Howard University,
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1916.
Sir: I have the honor to submit for Howard University the fol-
lowing report, showing the condition of the institution on the 1st
day of July, 1916, "embracing therein the number of pupils received
and discharged or leaving the same for any cause during the year and
the number remaining; also the branches of knowledge and industry
taught and the progress made therein, together with a statement
showing the receipts of the institution, and from what sources, and
its disbursements and for what objects."
REGISTRATION.
In spite of the fact that the summer of 1915 was a very hard one
for the great number of our students who support themselves by
service at hotels and for the Pullman Co., there have been in at-
tendance during the past year just about the same number as during
the last previous year. There has been considerable gain in the
school of medicine, especially in the dental college, a small gain in
the school of law, and a gratifying gain in the school of manual
arts and applied sciences. The total for the year has been 1,442, not
including 66 who took work by correspondence in the school of
theology. The students represent 38 States and 7 different foreign
countries.
Students during year ended June SO, 1916.
College of arts and sciences 367
Teachers' college : 191
School of manual arts and applied sciences 42
Conservatory of music 117
School of theology 69
School of medicine 311
School of law 110
Academy 276
Commercial college 93
Total 1,576
Names duplicated because of students taking special courses in different
departments 134
Net total 1, 442
Correspondence students not counted above 66
Final total 1, 508
The total number graduated was 239, distributed as follows:
Graduates in 1916.
College of arts and sciences i 49
Teachers' college 29
Normal course 8
Kindergarten 4
Domestic science 3
School of theology 7
719
720 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Medical college 12
Dental college 42
Pharmaceutic college 17
School of law 27
Academy 28
Commercial college 13
Total 239
We have added no new departments to the 10 well-established ones
under 10 different faculties, which we have had for some years. The
number is sufficient for our work as at present constituted.
Of our 10 departments, 3 are professional schools — viz, theology,
medicine, law.
THE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY.
No part of any appropriation by Congress has ever been applied
to support this department. It is under no outside control or direc-
tion. The school is interdenominational, and welcomes all who are
preparing for the best service in moral and religious work. During
the year much has been done to reorganize the courses in accordance
with the needs of the ministry at the present time, and plans are
being worked out for reaching in a helpful way the great mass of
colored ministers, especially throughout the South, who have never
had the opportunity of being helped in their knowledge of the
Bible and religious history. For this purpose the correspondence
work is to be enlarged into institute and library work.
The roll of students for the year was as follows :
Students in school of theology.
Seniors 17
Middlers 11
Juniors ^ 13
Unclassified 16
57
Evening institute : =
Fourth year 4
Third year 10
Second year 18
First year 23
55
Correspondence students matriculated as university students 12
Total 124
Correspondence students not matriculated as university students 66
Of these, 7 received degrees, 8 received diplomas, and 3 received
testimonials.
THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
The work of this school is divided into three colleges, viz, medical,
dental, and pharmaceutical. The school has a national reputation
among all who know of the progress of medical teaching. The re-
quirements for admission are strictly enforced, and the passing stand-
ard of marks from class to class is higher than in any other branch
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 721
of the university. During the past year the building and laboratories
have been still further improved. Two rooms have been added, one
for museum purposes and one as a class room in hygiene. The
museum has been rearranged and greatly improved by the addition
of many specimens and charts.
The removal of the medical library to the medical-school building
has been of marked benefit in stimulating research. The use of the
library is increasing very rapidly under these new conditions.
The faculty has shown the same enthusiastic and self-denying
interest as in years gone by, and few schools in the country have as
efficient teaching force.
I wish to quote a paragraph from my last report :
The greatest need of the department is for an adequate endowment, because
no high-class medical school like ours can be permanently conducted upon
tuitions. No congressional aid goes for payment of salaries in this department.
The increasing attention being given in the country at large to hygienic, sani-
tary, dietetic, and other preventive medical measures makes it especially impor-
tant that our school keep abreast of this form of service to the people. Trained
colored physicians should be familiar with this side of their work because of
the great need among their people. The department is adding to its facilities
in these respects.
The roll of students for the year was as follows :
Students in medical school.
Seniors 22
Juniors 18
Sophomores 33
Freshmen 25
Senior dental 47
Second-year dental 41
First-year dental 65
Senior pharmaceutic 16
Second-year pharmaceutic 19
First-year pharmaceutic 25
Total 311
Of these, 71 received degrees — 12 in medicine, 42 in dentistry, 27 in
pharmacy.
THE SCHOOL OF LAW.
A slight increase has taken place in this department. In this and
our other professional schools the establishment of combination
courses in accordance with the practice of the best institutions of
the country has induced ambitious students to carry their college
training to a higher point before beginning to specialize. This is a
great gain. During the past year six of our college seniors have
made use of the combination course in law.
Improvements are being made in our building, which is at 420 Fifth
Street NW., so as to renovate and strengthen it for future use. The
members of the faculty are able and devoted to the work. The con-
duct of the school has been quiet and prosperous for the year. The
average age of students is becoming less from year to year, and some
young men show too great haste to enter upon the study of law in
that they lack mental maturity for such a great task.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 46
722 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
The roll of students for the year was as follows:
Students in law school.
Seniors 29
Middlers 29
Juniors 42
Specials 10
Total 110
COLLEGIATE SCHOOLS.
Below our three professional schools we have five collegiate schools
THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
During the past year 333 students have registered, being an increase
of 21 over the registration for the previous year. In addition to
these regular students 291 students of other departments received
instruction in some of the classes of this college ; 9 students pursued
the combination course in medicine ; 6 in law ; and 2 in theology.
The courses of study have been regrouped under three heads, viz,
language, science, and social science. Several new courses have been
provided. Spanish has been made coordinate with French and Ger-
man, and many students are taking it. Our laboratories in chemistry,
zoology, and botany are overcrowded with students.
The roll of students for the year was as follows
Students in college of arts and sciences.
Seniors 40
Juniors 51
Sophomores 81
Freshmen 134
Part-course students 20
Specials 7
Total 333
Of these, 49 received degrees.
THE TEACHERS' COLLEGE.
Out of 191 students registered in this department the past year
35 have taken exceptional rank in making a grade above 80 per cent.
This is an indication of the better training they are able to get before
coming here. Inasmuch as almost all of the graduates of this depart-
ment go into teaching in the public schools of the West and South,
the effect of this better preparation and higher training will be
evident rapidly in public-school work. During the past year there
have been students of this department doing postgraduate work
at Clark University, Worcester, Mass., and at Radcliffe College.
Requests for teachers come to us in larger numbers and from all parts
of the country. Great satisfaction is expressed in the supply we are
able to give.
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 723
The roll of students, who come from 26 different States, is as fol-
lows:
Students in teachers'' college.
Postgraduates 6
Seniors 26
Juniors 25
Sophomores 52
Freshmen r 68
Part course 14
Total 191
Of these, 45 received degrees and diplomas.
THE SCHOOL OF MANUAL ARTS AND APPLIED SCIENCES.
In this department the number of students has increased 19 per
cent over the last year. Twelve have pursued regular courses in engi-
neering, 30 in home economics, and 95 in mechanical and free-hand
drawing, printing, wood turning and bench work. The courses have
been thoroughly revised and improved, new equipment has been
added for each branch of study until the facilities found here rank
well with those found anywhere else. Several teachers in the various
schools of Washington are proposing to take advantage of our work
to secure instruction which they can not secure elsewhere in Wash-
ington.
Of the new equipment very valuable additions have been made to
our printing and woodworking outfit. The testing laboratory for en-
gineering has been made practically complete for all commercial tests
upon all kinds of materials, cement, fuels, hydraulic and other engi-
neering apparatus.
In home economics a new laundry of the finest kind has been
added in thorough working condition. A new refrigerator and a
chemical supply case have been added to the kitchen laboratory. In
domestic art a hand loom for making rugs has been added with new
drafting tables, dress forms, and other apparatus. The teachers
are expert in their several branches and devoted to their work. The
department is exceedingly promising.
The roll of students for the year was as follows :
Students in school of manual arts and applied sciences.
Juniors 5
Sophomores 10
Freshmen 16
Part course 11
Academy 1 95
Total 137
THE CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC.
The removal of this department from the cramped quarters in the
basement of the chapel to King Hall has greatly benefited the work.
There has been an increase of 23 students over last year. There is
promise of rapid increase in the years to come. During the year we
724 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
were obliged to renew a large number of our practice pianos. Twelve
student recitals have been given in public as tests of proficiency.
The collegiate courses in music which were established last year have
been strengthened and simplified. The teachers in all branches —
voice, piano, organ, violin, harmony, and composition — have worked
with great fidelity. The quality of student ability is improving from
year to year very rapidly.
The roll of students for the year was as follows :
Students in the conservatory of music.
Vocal 22
Piano 97
Organ 5
Violin 10
Harmony 14
History 2
150
Names duplicated 33
Total 117
THE LIBRARY SCHOOL.
I repeat the statement of last year that those who wished to take
partial work in this school could not do so without overburdening
themselves and thus endangering their other academic courses. We
are sure that this school will be needed when students realize that
library work is a profession of high character and offers oppor-
tunities for service of great benefit to the people.
SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
Below our collegiate schools we have two secondary schools.
THE ACADEMY.
We report a decrease of students again this year, although the
number still remains large. A decrease is very natural in view of the
improvement of secondary schools throughout the country, making it
less necessary for young people to leave home in order to fit for col-
lege. Indeed, it would be a great advantage if the university could
confine its work to collegiate and professional training. The stand-
ard of our work is very high. Kevision of courses has taken place
in the direction of greater system. There are two groups, classical
and scientific, and the studies are such as have been proved by ex-
perience to belong to the best training.
Thirty-one young men and women were graduated from the
academy in May, 1915. A statement with reference to their distribu-
tion is of peculiar interest and is therefore added :
College of Arts and Sciences, Howard University 12
Teachers' College, Howard University 1
Medical School, Howard University 4
Cornell University, Howard University 1
Atlanta University, Howard University 1
Teaching 4
HOWAKD UNIVERSITY. 725
Housewife 1
At work (raising funds to enter college) 2
At work 3
Unreported 2
Total 31
The roll of students for the year was as follows :
Students in the academy.
Seniors 49
Middlers 52
Submiddlers 67
Juniors 72
Unclassified 36
Total 276
Of these, 28 received diplomas.
THE COMMERCIAL COLLEGE.
The number of students in this department remains about the
same as that of last year. In addition to those who are classified
there are always 20 or more from other departments who wish to
add to their academic training special knowledge of shorthand, type-
writing, and bookkeeping. Such students are able to embrace wider
opportunities than those untrained in these branches. The teach-
ing is very thorough. Some readjustment of courses has been made
in seeking greater results. The second number of comparative
studies, that upon negro insurance companies, was issued during the
year, following the one of the previous year upon negro banks.
The studies of the department include stenography, typewriting,
bookkeeping, English, mathematics, physics, political economy, civics,
commercial law, commercial geography, physiology, history of com-
merce, and other branches, all of which are necessary to make a busi-
ness man broad and comprehensive in his work.
The roll of students for the year is as follows :
Students of the commercial college.
First year 21
Second year ■ 28
Third year 12
Fourth year , 10
Special students 22
Total . 93
Of these, 13 received diplomas.
NEEDS.
There are two parts to the needs under the burden of which
Howard University is struggling with its limited means. On the
one hand are the greatly increased numbers in certain classes, forc-
ing us to divide such classes into sections too large for effective
teaching. For instance, 150 students in French of the freshman year
in our collegiate work oblige us to make at least six sections. It is
with difficulty that we can accommodate these sections without
726 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
crippling some other work. Larger sections mean inferior results.
The same condition prevails in other languages and in our science
work, especially in laboratories. We need funds for putting in
more instructors for present work, in order to get better individual
results, for which all institutions are striving.
On the other hand is the need of money to provide buildings and
courses in place of those which are either inadequate or do not
exist at all. Our work is crippled as long as we do not have an
auditorium capable of seating 1,500 or 2,000 persons. Our last two
commencements have been held necessarily on account of rain in
our chapel, which seats only 650 people. This year we gave almost
200 degrees in our different departments. It can readily be seen
that a large number of people are interested in these graduates,
and ought to see them take part in such an occasion. But other
occasions during each year force this need upon us. Our adminis-
trative work is cramped and hindered in inadequate quarters.
Several departments do not have adequate class rooms. Then we
need courses in several branches of study not represented in our
work at all, branches which every reputable institution must have
before it can meet the highest standards.
It is a painful matter to push ahead under such conditions, know-
ing all the time that the product we turn out is deeply affected by
such limitations. Officers and teachers are trying to do their duty
cheerfully and effectively.
REPORT OF TREASURER.
The financial statement for the year 1915-16 is appended. We
have retained during the year the same helpers in our accounting
room, and the auditing of all our accounts has been done under first-
class inspection. The expenditure of all money appropriated for our
use by Congress takes place under the rigid supervision of the De-
partment of the Interior.
Stephen M. Newman
The Secretary or the Interior.
President.
FINANCIAL REPORT.
Expenditures of appropriation for fiscal year ended June SO, 1916.
MAINTENANCE.
Administration :
President, in part $3,600.00
Secretary, dean of commercial college, and pro-
fessor, in part 2, 025. 00
Treasurer, registrar, and professor of economics
and political science, in part 2, 025. 00
$7, 650. 00
College of arts and sciences :
Dean and professor of mathematics, in part 1, 584. 00
One professor of biology, in part 1, 485. 00
One professor of history, in part 1, 485. 00
One professor of Latin, in part 1, 485. 00
One professor of chemistry, in part 1, 035. 00
One professor of physics, in part 1, 485. 00
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 727
College of arts and sciences — Continued.
One professor of Greek, in part $450. 00
One instructor in French, in part 1, 237. 50
One instructor in English, in part 720. 00
One instructor in English, in part 540. 00
One instructor in German, in part 675. 00
One instructor in German, in part 630. 00
One assistant professor in English, in part 990. 00
One assistant professor in chemistry, in part 855. 00
One instructor in physics, in part 455. 00
One instructor in chemistry, in part 1, 012. 50
One instructor in biology, in part 585. 00
One associate professor of mathematics, in part 1, 260. 00
Teachers' college :
Dean and professor of pedagogy, in part 1, 584. 00
One professor of nature study, in part 675. 00
One associate professor of mathematics, in part 1, 440. 00
One associate professor of practice teaching, in part- 1, 260. 00
One professor of educational psychology, in part 1, 305. 00
One instructor in teaching history, in part 675. 00
One assistant professor of English, in part 990. 00
One associate professor of history, in part 967. 50
Academy :
Dean and assistant professor of mathematics, in
part 1, 584. 00
One professor of Latin and Greek, in part 1, 440. 00
One instructor in English, in part 990. 00
One instructor in chemistry, in part 540. 00
One instructor in English, in part 630. 00
One associate professor of ancient languages, in
part 967. 50
One instructor in Latin and French, in part 585. 00
One instructor in mathematics, in part 540. 00
One instructor in physiology and history, in part 540. 00
Commercial college :
One instructor in bookkeeping, in part 900. 00
One instructor in English, in part 900. 00
One instructor in stenography, in part 765. 00
One instructor in typewriting, in part 990. 00
One instructor in bookkeeping, in part 585. 00
Conservatory of music:
One director of music, in part 1, 305. 00
One professor of pianoforte and organ, in part 1, 170. 00
One instructor of piano, in part 765. 00
Library :
One librarian, in part 800. 00
One assistant librarian, in part 675. 00
One cataloguer, in part 585.00
One assistant librarian, in part 405. 00
Bookkeeper, in part 1, 093. 93
Superintendent of buildings and grounds, in part 900. 00
Engineer, in part 916. 66
One clerk, in part . 630.00
One preceptress, in part 630. 00
One clerk, in part 750. 00
One cashier, in part 605.00
One resident head of Clark Hall, in part 405. 00
One assistant preceptress, in part 270. 00
One assistant preceptress, in part 180. 00
$17, 969. 00
8, 896. 50
7, 816. 50
4, 140. 00
3, 240. 00
2, 465. 00
6, 380. 59
728 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
School of law:
Dean and lecturer on contracts, constitutional law,
and statutory law, in part $1,006.25
One lecturer on pleading and practice, in part 1, 137. 50
One lecturer on torts, crimes and misdemeanors,
and corporations, in part 1, 312. 50
One lecturer on evidence, personal property ; also
librarian, in part 1,312.50
One lecturer on insurance, executors and adminis-
trators and instructor of pleading and practice,
in part 612. 50
One lecturer on commercial paper and real prop-
erty, in part 612. 50
One instructor in American cases on contracts 300. 00
Total salaries.
Ice
Stationery
$6, 293. 75
. 64, 851. 34
127. 76
20. 90
Total 65, 000. 00
MANUAL ARTS AND APPLIED SCIENCES.
One director and instructor in engineering $1, 500. 00
One instructor in domestic science 1,000.00
One instructor in domestic arts 850. 00
One instructor in printing 1, 200. 00
One professor of nature study, in part 750. 00
One instructor in electrical engineering 1, 000. 00
One assistant instructor in domestic science and domes-
tic arts 300. 00
One assistant in woodworking 63. 95
Janitors, by the hour 253. 95
$6 917. 90
Equipment 3, 011. 13
Supplies, etc 2, 070. 97
Total 12, 000. 00
NATURAL HISTORY STUDIES AND LABORATORIES.
Chemical laboratory $600. 00
Biological laboratory 600. 00
Physics laboratory 600. 00
Nature-study laboratory 200. 00
Total 2, 000. 00
REPAIRS OF BUILDINGS AND IMPROVEMENT OF GROUNDS.
Repairs to buildings $9, 009. 32
Improvement of grounds 990. 68
Total 10, 000. 00
LIBRARIES.
Academic and medical library books, etc $1, 227. 90
Law library books, etc ^ 272.10
Total 1, 500. 00
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
729
FUEL AND LIGHT.
Fuel and labor, central heating plant-
Other fuel
Total
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
Equipment and apparatus
Laboratory supplies
Repairs of laboratories and buildings
$3, 000. 00
500. 00
3, 500. 00
1, 010. 27
2, 957. 48
3, 032. 25
Total 7, 000. 00
Distribution of expenditures from Government appropriations.
Amount.
Expenditures.
Appropriations.
Current
fund.
Permanent
plant fund.
Disbursed through chief disbursing clerk of Interior Department:
Maintenance, salaries, etc
$65,000.00
Salaries
$64,851.34
127. 76
20.90
8,988.87
Ice
Stationery
Department of manual arts
12,000.00
1,500.00
$3,011.13
Libraries
Law
117. 80
154. 30
Medical
189. 63
Academic
536. 42
7,503.07
5,989.73
322.36
3,500.00
501.85
Improvement of grounds and repairs to buildings
10,000.00
7,000.00
2,000.00
3,500.00
2, 496. 93
School of medicine, repairs to laboratories, laboratory supplies
and equipment
1,010.27
Laboratories, apparatus, and material
1,677.64
Fuel and light
Total credited permanent fund account
9,041.75
Total credited current fund
91,958.25
91,958.25
Total appropriation
101,000.00
101,000.00
General summaries: Income and expenditures for the year ended June 30, 1916.
INCOME.
Current purposes other than school of medicine and academic
laboratories $136, 704. 51
Special purposes 390. 76
School of medicine 40, 925. 53
Total 178, 020. 80
EXPENDITURES.
Current purposes other than school of medicine and
academic laboratories $126. 419. 33
Improvements and equipment 8, 538. 30
Special purposes
School of medicine.
134, 957. 63
18.00
35, 228. 81
Total 170, 204. 44
SURPLUS.
Added to current funds $1, 746. 88
Held for special purposes 372. 76
School of medicine 5 696. 72
7, 816. 36
730 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
SUMMARY OF ALL INCOME AND EXPENDITURES.
Income as above $178, 020. 80
Additional income:
Academic laboratories (Governmeat appropri-
ation, $2,000 ; fees, $2,063.19) $4, 063. 19
Boarding hall 17, 999. 75
Dormitories 7, 926. 50
Athletic 2, 661. 72
Bookstore 495. 38
33, 136. 54
Total income for all purposes 211, 157.34
Expenditures as above 170, 204. 44
Additional expenditures :
Academic laboratories 4, 094. 30
Boarding hall 17, 712. 23
Dormitories 7, 926. 50
Athletic 2, 759. 18
Bookstore 495.38
32, 987. 59
Total expenditures for all purposes 203, 192. 03
SOURCES OF INCOMK.
Donations 2, 921. 50
United States Government appropriation 101, 000. 00
Income from endowments 13, 640. 00
From student fees 60,360.31
Miscellaneous 2, 098. 99
Additional income:
Academic laboratory students' fees 2, 063. 19
Boarding hall 17, 999. 75
Dormitories 7,926.50
Athletic 2, 651. 72
Bookstore 495.38
31, 136. 54
Total 211, 157. 34
Balance sheet, June 30, 1916.
Assets :
Cash on hand and in bank $5, 337. 30
Stock of supplies on hand 2, 410. 06
Interest and rents in arrear 1, 100. 91
Students' debit balances $14, 302. 04
Deduct reserve 4, 718. 12
9, 583. 92
Accounts receivable 712. 76
Unexpired insurance 809. 83
Current assets 19, 954. 78
Investments of endowment 308, 489. 25
Unproductive lands 95, 057. 03
Total 403, 546. 28
Cash in bank 2, 804. 58
406, 350. 86
Equipment, value June 30, 1915 139, 520. 20
Purchased during year 6, 638. 95
Buildings, value June 30, 1915 551, 923. 91
Additions, King Hall, etc 7, 085. 86
146, 159. 15
559, 009. 77
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 731
Assets — Continued.
Real estate, value June 30, 1915 $615, 691. 50
Additions, sidewalk 208. 72
$615, 900. 22
Total 1, 747, 374. 78
Liabilities :
Notes payable 2, 500. 00
Accounts payable 707. 93
Students' credit balances 460. 14
For special purposes 11, 522. 99
Current liabilities 15, 191. 06
Surplus account —
Balance June 30, 1915 2,589.69
Add adjustment of students' accounts, etc_ 427. 15
Surplus of income during year 1, 746. 88
4, 763. 72
Endowment funds 309, 413. 71
Land funds (unrestricted) —
Balance June 30, 1915 97, 987. 15
Deduct loss on sale of lots from book
value 1, 050. 00
96, 937. 15
426, 305. 64
Educational plant capital —
Balance June 30, 1915 1, 307, 135. 61
Add expenditure from general income 8, 538. 30
expenditure from medical income 1, 289. 90
increase in valuation of King Hall 4, 105. 33
1, 321, 069. 14
Total 1, 747, 374. 78
Income and expenditure, current fund, fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
INCOME.
For current purposes other than school of medicine
and academic laboratories:
Tuition and fees —
College of arts and sciences, etc $15, 669. 52
Manual arts and sciences 28. 00
School of theology 464. 25
Music department 3, 077. 79
School of law 5, 636. 00
Library 1, 154. 50
Gymnasium 1, 587. 25
From endowment investments —
For college of arts and sciences, etc 168. 11
For school of theology 3, 281. 81
For library 21. 25
For students' aid 3,262.07
For general purposes 6, 906. 76
United States appropriation —
For manual arts and sciences 12, 000. 00
For school of law 129.38
For library „ 1, 180. 99
For general purposes 78, 500. 00
$27, 617. 31
13, 640. 00
91, 810. 37
732 HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
For current purposes, etc. — Continued.
From donations —
For school of theology $2,450.50
For students' aid 365. 00
For general purposes 106. 00
$2, 921. 50
Miscellaneous-
Interest on bank balances, dumping privileges, post-office
boxes, etc 715. 33
Total 136, 704. 51
EXPENDITURES.
For current purposes other than school of medicine
and academic laboratories :
College of arts and sciences, etc. —
Salaries of instructors $50, 657. 73
Wages of clerks and janitors 3, 361. 18
Commencement expenses 756. 37
Chapel expenses (net) 508.54
Other supplies and expenses 614.36
School of theology —
Salaries of instructors 6, 983. 78
Traveling expenses, etc 345. 63
School of law —
Salaries of instructors 7, 712. 50
Wages of librarian and clerk 1, 096. 00
Heat, light, cleaning, etc 682. 75
Total 9, 491. 25
Deduct rent of offices 500. 00
Music department —
Salaries of instructors 3, 655. 88
Heat, light, cleaning, etc 711. 81
Manual arts and sciences —
Salaries of instructors 6, 663. 95
Students' labor 1, 192. 95
Supplies in divisions 2, 396. 22
Cleaning and expenses 924. 06
Total 11, 177. 18
Deduct printing office credits 2,238.51
Library —
Salaries of librarians 2, 725. 00
Heat, light, and cleaning 733. 88
Binding and periodicals 630. 14
Printing, stationery, etc 598. 53
Gymnasium —
Salary of directors 942. 06
Cleaning and expenses 111. 57
Y. M. C. A.—
Salary and expenses (net) 1,324.67
Deduct donations received 131. 50
$55, 898. 18
7, 329. 41
8, 991. 25
4, 367. 69
8, 938. 67
4, 687. 55
1, 053. 63
1, 193. 17
HOWARD UNIVERSITY. 733
For current purposes, etc. — Continued.
Dormitories —
Salaries and wages $3,696.02
Students' labor 580. 86
Repairs and renewals 2, 125. 89
Heat and light 840. 55
Other supplies and expenses 313. 20
Total 7, 556. 52
Deduct faculty and students' rents 7, 926. 50
—$369. 98
Maintenance —
Salaries of superintendent, etc 2, 180. 00
Outside labor 1, 119. 51
Repairs to buildings 5,899.27
Care and upkeep of grounds 2, 128. 75
Heat and light 1, 441. 56
Insurance, exhibits, etc 765. 61
13, 534. 70
Administration —
Salaries and wages 13,239.24
Printing, stationery, and postage 710. 44
Publications and advertising 2,625.78
Traveling expense 320. 58
Telephone and telegrams 486. 69
Bookstore (net loss) 70.02
Cleaning and expenses 690. 43
— ■ 18, 143. 18
Students aid : Scholarships and gratuities (net) 2, 651. 88
126, 419. 33
For improvements and equipment:
Land : Assessment for medical school sidewalk 208. 72
Buildings —
Cost of completing King Hall 2, 962. 47
Gas pipe in Carnegie Library 18. 06
Equipment —
For college of arts and sciences, etc 301. 00
For manual arts and sciences 3, 011. 13
For school of law 129. 38
For music department 748. 00
For library 722. 23
For gymnasium 34. 81
For general purposes 402. 50
2, 980. 53
5, 349. 05
8, 538. 30
School of medicine, income and expenditure, for year ended June 30, 1916.
INCOME.
Entrance fees and tuition from students $32, 743. 00
Government appropriation :
Equipment, laboratories, repairs, etc $7, 000. 00
Libraries, in part 189. 63
7, 1S9. 63
Endowment income transferred . 860. 00
Interest on bank balance 132.90
Total 40, 925. 53
734
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
EXPENDITUBE.
Salaries :
Professors . $22, 994. 59
Administration 2, 270. 00
$25, 264. 59
Laboratory supplies 3, 456. 86
Less receipts of infirmary 2, 460. 07
996. 79
Heat and light 581. 50
Publications and advertising 805.64
Care and cleaning 367. 75
Repairs and renewals 3, 962. 65
Office expenses 588. 43
Miscellaneous expense 1, 371. 56
33, 938. 91
Purchase of equipment 1,289.90
35, 228. 81
Surplus of income for year 5, 696. 72
Surplus forwarded from June 30, 1915 $2, 363. 15
Add accounts payable 1914-15 written off 1, 480. 00
Deduct students' accounts considered bad—
3, 843. 15
1, 696. 50
Surplus June 30. 1916
Current liabilities for special purposes, June 30, 1916.
2, 146. 65
7, 843. 37
Balance
June 30,
1915.
Received
Expended
Balance
June 30,
1916.
Alumni gymnasium building fund . . .
Stone professorship fund income
History department equipment fund.
School of medicine building fund
Organ fund (for conservatory)
Howard memorial fund
Smith textbook fund
Teachers' college aid fund
Maynard theological prize fund
Arts and sciences aid fund for girls . . .
School of medicine surplus
Athletic association
Dining hall, surplus for year. .
Laboratories, balance forward .
Total
$2, 100. 31
100. 85
67.70
58.18
23.23
.13
1.70
10.00
30.00
$130. 02
150.00
5.04
3.38
12.90
1.92
25.00
37.00
25. 00
.50
2,388.44
390. 76
S3. 00
15.00
18.00
$2, 230. 33
150.00
105.89
71.08
71.08
25. 15
21.87
35.30
35.00
15.50
2,761.20
7, 843. 37
52. 49
287. 52
578. 41
11,522.99
MEMORANDUM OF RECEIPTS.
Endowment interest transferred 1317. 50
Donations received 36. 26
Refund of students' aid 37. 00
Total 390.76
HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
Endowment funds, June SO, 1916.
735
Principal.
Income.
General and miscellaneous special purposes:
School of medicine
Hartford reading room
Henry G. Maynard prize debate
Intercollegiate debating fund
Gregory prize debate
General endowment fund
Total.
Professorslnps:
Stone professorship of theology
Emily H. Moir theological professorship .
Ewell theological professorship
School of theology alumni professorship . .
Thaddeus Stevens professorship ,
Grebel professorship ,
Whittier professorship ,
Alumni professorship
Wm. W. Patton memorial professorship..
Total.
Scholarships and students' aid:
Martha Spaulding aid
Frederick Douglas scholarship aid
Francis B. Schoals scholarship aid
William E. Dodge scholarship aid
John W. Alvord scholarship aid
Pomeroy scholarship
Mary B. Patton scholarship aid
Horace Ford scholarship aid
J. K. McLean scholarship aid
Orange Valley Church scholarship aid.
Wm. W. Patton scholarship aid
Thomas Cropper Riley scholarship aid.
Lincoln Memorial prize scholarship
Edward Smith textbook aid
J. P. Thompson scholarship aid ,
Caroline Patton Hatch student aid
Commercial (normal) department aid. .
General scholarship or student aid
Total.
Grand total
$15,000.00
425.00
500.00
88.50
100.00
161,007.42
177,120.92
40,000.00
22,700.00
1.000.00
721.00
2,200.00
2,450.00
875.00
25.00
12.10
69,983.10
8,828.26
8,503.11
6,000.00
5,000.00
4,000.00
2,500.00
1,200.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
700.00
500.00
260.00
200.00
107.00
19,511.32
62,309.
309,413.71
$750.00
21.25
25.00
2.65
2.00
6,906.76
7,707.66
2,069.28
1,135.00
47.98
29.55
110.00
122.50
43.75
1.25
.61
3,559.92
441.41
425.15
300.00
250.00
234.59
125.00
60.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
35.00
25.00
13.00
10.00
5.35
1,110.57
3,285.07
14,552.65
MEMORANDUM.
Additions this year were:
School of theology alumni professorship $260. 00
Gregory prize debate 100. 00
Intercollegiate debating fund 35. 50
Total 395.05
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF UNITED
STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
62656°— int 1 916— vol 1 47 737
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF UNITED STATES CAPITOL
BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
Office of Superintendent
United States Capitol Building and Grounds,
October £, 1916.
Sir: In the last annual report of this office some importance was
attached to work being done under the following subjects:
Kesurfacing plaza, etc.
Reconstructing central approaches, etc.
Resurfacing terraces, etc.
At that time the proposed work and work being done under the
acts named was set out with some detail, which can be referred to in
the report. These subject matters can now be brought to a continu-
ance and conclusion with brevity.
CAPITOL PLAZA.
This work is finished. The practical date of completion was July
31, 1915. In this connection I am pleased to state that by a judicious
arrangement of detail of work and expenditure much more has been
accomplished than was contemplated in the original estimate or
provided for in the appropriation, avoiding thereby a return to Con-
gress for additional funds. In the original estimate the grading and
paving of the south roadway leading from the crest of the hill down
to First Street west and the two small roadways leading from the
main plaza eastward to First Street was not included. These items
were left to the future. The terms of the appropriation did not limit
the amount of work to be done. We found in our rearrangements that
these needed features could be included, and the work was done. To
be specific, we added 17,670 yards of asphalt paving, 9,516 linear feet
of brick guttering, including all new drainage therefor, and 9,516
linear feet of granite curbing taken up, redressed, and reset on new
base where necessary. Summing up the total work done, which in-
cludes the incidentals, we have —
43,000 square yards of asphalt paving.
2,550 cubic yards of extra concrete base for same.
12,866 linear feet of curbing taken up, recut, provided with con-
crete base, and reset.
12,866 linear feet of vitrified-brick gutter of an average width of
18 inches, laid.
Total expenditure under the contract, $110,000.
RECONSTRUCTING ANTRAL APPROACHES.
This work has been completed, and, as suggested in the former report,
was ready for service in connection with the meeting of the Grand
Army of the Republic in September of last year.
739 *
740 UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
The old and much -worn steps of the central portico were re-
moved. The old foundations of rubble were taken out and replaced
with newT ones built of brick. Upon these were laid the new steps of
Stone Mountain granite the color and texture of which is in general
harmony with the central structure.
Total expenditure under the contract, $9,120.
RESURFACING TERRACES OF THE CAPITOL.
In view of the fact that this work was completed in time to give
the entire surface the benefit of a fall, winter, spring, and early sum-
mer test, with most satisfactory results, I deem it advisable to repeat
so much of my former report as relates to the method :
Naturally, the important part of any system of waterproofing is the quality
of material and method of laying. Having acquired what was considered the
best material, the exterior surface of the terrace was removed down to the large
expansion joints of the breaks which naturally occur in a structure of that
character. These joints having been thoroughly treated with a compound which
does not crack under a change of temperature, the structural surface was
brought to the level upon which was laid sheets of cotton saturated with the
material, all joints being carefully ironed so as to produce a continuous sheet.
Upon this surface was laid the ordinary cement pavement which finally forms
the walk surface of the exterior. Another important feature of the method used
is that it does away with metal flashing. The engineers will understand how
important this is. As the pavement was laid expansion joints were left at
certain distances, similar joints being laid along the balustrade and at all
other places where flashing would have been necessary. After the work was
completed the expansion joints were cleaned out thoroughly, dried, and poured
with this special compound, which seems to cling to properly prepared surfaces
with remarkable tenacity. The joints are not entirely filled, but sufficient
space is left for filling with a weak mixture of cement-pointing material.
The total area covered by the work was 22,222 square yards. This
included preparation, base, waterproofing, and concrete-finished sur-
face. A total of 7.500 linear feet of expansion joints were installed.
The total cost of the work including the above and all readjustment
of interior construction, changes of plumbing, steamfitting. etc., was
$83,612.98.
Under the head of special subjects little can be added to my former
report on the enlargement of the Capitol Grounds. Until all of the
property set forth in the act of authorization has been acquired no
definite proceedings toward actual plans or work of improvement as
contemplated can be taken. Such a situation is unfortunate. The
special commission named by Congress to succeed the original com-
mission and to acquire further properties under certain restrictions
has done apparently all that it can do and has reported the results
to Congress. There is left, however, a large area of properties not
acquired, and no satisfactory judgment can be formed at present as
to when such action will be taken. In the meantime all this office
can do is to smooth over the acquired area, keep it in as sightly a con-
dition as possible without waste of public money, and hope for some
early action that will enable us to proceed with certainty to the end
contemplated by the act of authorization. I repeat, the situation is
unfortunate. The original scheme means much to the improvement
of Washington, and I propose, as the supervising officer designated
by law, to again approach Congress through the proper channels,
asking that some steps be taken to untangle the knot of the present
situation.
UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS. 741
Columbia Hospital for Women has been completed and occupied
since January of the present year. I wish to testify to the liberality
of Congress in connection with this institution. No request for
funds which I have made and which you have always approved has
been rejected by that body. The net result is, as I am informed by
competent medical authorities, that this hospital, though small, is
one of the best equipped institutions of its character. The operation
of Columbia Hospital at present offers opportunity for some sug-
gestions, which I hope may be taken in good spirit by the parties
interested. I am sure that all concerned have done and are doing
all that can be done for the success of the hospital. It has hitherto
been supported by moneys received from charity patients placed
there by the District and paid out of appropriations made by Con-
gress. Further support is given by private funds received from
" pay patients," so called. The general management is under control
of a board, on which Congress has representation. Lately Congress
has come forward with a law placing the real estate supervision in
the hands of the Superintendent of the United States Capitol Build-
ing and Grounds (who supervised the construction) , and, further, has
provided funds for the heating, lighting, and power. Thus it ap-
pears that we have an unnecessary and anomalous situation. It
seems to me that best judgment would suggest that the hospital be
federalized — if I may use the term — and the whole question be re-
ferred to Congress, with the purpose in the background to have the
supervision of the hospital placed under the control of the Secretary
of the Interior.
The preceding paragraph must be taken as a more or less personal
observation on my part and with the hope that the Secretary may
look into the subject and offer, if he chooses, any necessary sugges-
tions to Congress.
THE CAPITOL.
General repairs and improvements to the Capitol Building and
the various operative departments connected therewith have been
continued during the past fiscal year. In general, they have been
of domestic nature. Some restrictions as to purport and character
of these have been due to the almost continuous session of Congress,
in this as in prior years. In brief, the following justify mention :
CENTRAL PORTION OF THE CAPITOL.
The Supreme Court room, conference and robing rooms, clerk's
office, marshal's office, law library, all toilet rooms attached, and ad-
jacent corridors and stairways have been painted, and the skylights
and roof over this section repaired. One 24-light and one 13-light
crystal electric-lighting fixtures have been installed in the offices of
clerk of the Supreme Court. New water supply has been installed
for lavatories in the clerk's office and extended therefrom to the upper
story. Four of the terrace rooms have been refloored in concrete,
plastered, and painted.
SENATE WING OF THE CAPITOL.
The following rooms have been either painted, painted and dec-
orated, or retouched, including all woodwork :
President's room, Vice President's room, Senate Chamber and
cloak rooms, marble room, Senate reception room, office of the Ser-
742 UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
geant at Arms, rooms of the Secretary, press gallery, Official Re-
porter's room, the rooms of the Committees on Appropriations,
Private Land Claims, Library, Pensions, Pacific Railroads, Terri-
tories, Census, Corporations, District of Columbia, Geological Sur-
vey, Finance, Military Affairs, Education and Labor, Indian Af-
fairs, Printing, Patents, Expenditures in Navy Department, Manu-
factures, Minority, Privileges and Elections, Post Offices and Post
Roads, Philippines, Foreign Relations, Contingent Expenses, Agri-
culture, and Judiciary. Also the document room, restaurant, toilet
rooms, and corridors and elevator inclosures and shafts.
Four 2-light and twelve 1-light crystal electric-lighting fixtures
have been placed in the Senate cloak rooms.
Changes in plumbing have been made in the room of the Senate
Committee on Finance and in the Senate library and adjoining
rooms. In the private toilet room of the Senate Chamber new flush
tanks have been installed.
In the Senate restaurant, steam tables have been removed from the
kitchen floor and installed in the main rooms above.
HOUSE WING OF THE CAPITOL.
The Hall of the House of Representatives and the adjacent cloak-
rooms, lobbies, and corridors have been thoroughly cleaned and the
Hall and lobby retouched by painting. The painting and retouching
was carried furtluer in the rooms of the House Committees on Labor,
Enrolled Bills, Accounts, Ways and Means, Invalid Pensions, In-
dian Affairs, Printing, to the Speaker's private room, Official Re-
porters' rooms, index room, room used by the House pages, rooms
of the House press gallery, House restaurant and kitchen, and Mem-
bers' barber shop. Toilet rooms and elevator shafts were also
painted.
The following electric lighting fixtures have been installed: One
4-light basin bowl electrolier in the minority room of the House,
one 12-light electric chandelier in the Committee on Accounts of the
House, four 12-light electric chandeliers in the Committee on Indian
Affairs of the House.
The Members' toilet room has been overhauled and new seats,
flushing tanks, and piping put in. Three new fixtures have been
installed. New fixtures were placed in the toilet room connected
with the press gallery, and new washstands erected in the office of
the enrolling clerk. The Members' toilet room in the old library
space has been remodeled by furnishing a new water supply and in-
stalling eight new fixtures. In the public toilet room eight new
flushing tanks with all necessary connections have replaced the old
and similar fixtures. Six new toilet fixtures have been installed in
the sub-basement.
GENERAL.
Incidental to the annual overhauling and repair of the heating,
lighting, and ventilating apparatus throughout the building, and
which has, during the past fiscal year, together with its operatives,
rendered excellent and efficient service under sometimes trying con-
ditions, I desire to mention the extension of the steam-heating sys-
tems, particularly in the Senate wing; the renewal of cables and
machinery parts connected with the elevator service; the care and
UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GKOUNDS. . 743
repair of the power motors, of which there are a large number; and
the multitude of minor repairs. All of these have been attended to
by the department employees, and, in large measure, repair parts
have been made in our own shops.
CAPITOL POWER PLANT.
This plant has continued in successful and efficient operation and
without interruption during the past fiscal year. The advantage
of a trained operating force has been shown by the economy in
repairs made. The so-called depreciation factor is smaller than
normally expected. Unobtrusive in one sense, it is in another the
very vitals of the domestic occupation of the Capitol, the Senate and
House Office Buildings, and in considerable degree the Congressional
Library Building.
CAPITOL GROUNDS.
Under this head the lawns — outside and court — of the Senate and
House Office Buildings are included. The general upkeep, condi-
tion, and growth of trees and shrubs during the past year may be
stated as satisfactory. Work on decaying trees has in some meas-
ure been continued, as well as necessary seeding and sodding. The
trees have been successfully sprayed, preventing the propagation
of destructive insects. The walks have been kept in repair and the
edge curbing kept free of overhanging grass. Considerable plant-
ing has been done and special attention given to the clumps of
shrubbery adjacent to the terrace walls. The appearance of these
latter shows marked improvement during the past year.
Many ornamental iron fenders at the intersection of walks and
roadways have been repaired, reset, and painted. The structure
known as the grotto has been supplied with new arrangements for
drinking purposes.
The work of waterproofing the terraces included the plant cases
thereon. After that work was completed the cases were replanted.
At the same time the large ornamental bronze fountains at the east
of the building were waterproofed. Later on these will be filled
with suitable shrubs for the winter months.
ENGINE HOUSE, SENATE AND HOUSE STABLES.
Engine house No. 3 has received new floors for the stalls. The
interior has been overhauled and painted where necessary. Repairs
to the roof of the engine house and stables have been made. In the
stable proper, the old stalls, no longer in use, were removed and a
new floor of concrete laid making that portion suitable for use as
a garage. A new steam-heating system — boiler and piping of suffi-
cient capacity to take care of all buildings — was installed.
The floor of the House stable has been renewed in concrete, the
stalls and roof repaired, new doors, new locks, and gas fixtures put
in and the interior of building and sheds whitewashed.
COURTHOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
A large number of the usual and ordinary repairs to this building
have been made, including repairs to window frames and sash,
744 UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
glazing and painting same, installation and glazing of new sash
frames, etc., in eight instances, repairs to concrete floors, extension
of gas and electric service, the latter through third floor to attic
space; fitting up of new shelves and cases and general repairs to
roof.
New radiators were installed in the offices of the register of wills
and recorder of deeds, in which latter office a new lavatory was
placed in room No. 23. Repairs were made to the heating apparatus
and whitewashing done in the basement rooms and corridors.
A partition has been placed across a portion of the west attic space,
south section, and the room thus formed opened into the third-floor
corridor. A concrete floor, replacing a wooden one, was put down in
the main office, recorder of deeds. The bailiffs' room received four
new lockers. Painting has been done in circuit courts Nos. 1 and 2
and in equity court No. 2. The rooms occupied as chambers by three
of the justices, including anterooms, were painted. Similar work
was done in the rooms occupied by the marshal and in one of the
rooms occupied by the assistant district attorney and those occupied
by the probation officers.
COURT OF CLAIMS BUILDING.
The general repairs made to this building included a new roof and
the erection of a new iron stairway. Important was the electric
rewiring of the building, the installation of a new switchboard and
a new distributing board. Indirect illumination for six rooms was
provided and 30 portable lights installed.
UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN.
Mr. George W. Hess, superintendent, reports as follows :
.The fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, was a very busy one for the Botanic
Garden. The annual distribution of plants under the authority of Congress
has been steadily increasing for the past few years, and has now reached great
proportions. A total of over 4,000 requests were complied with, representing
approximately 300,000 plants, trees, shrubs, etc. Since the Inauguration of the
Sunday opening feature the garden has been a rendezvous for the flower-loving
public, giving those who can not spare the time during the week a chance to see
the most complete collection of plants in the United States.
The Bartholdi Fountain, one of the main attractions of the Botanic Garden,
has been overhauled and put in first-class condition, after having been idle for
several years. The old gas-lighting system has been discarded and replaced by
electricity. The entire structure and illuminating standards were given two
coats of bronze-green paint. Numerous fancy sprays were spaced in the basin.
This fountain in full play presents a beautiful effect, especially when reflecting
the rays of the sun.
The trees and shrubs were given their usual spring and fall spraying and
the necessary pruning.
During the winter one of the boilers in the main conservatory sprung a leak.
This boiler having been in continuous service for over 15 years and being
beyond repair was replaced by a new and more modern one.
All necessary glazing, painting, and repairing has been carried on from time
to time under the various appropriations allotted by Congress.
The usual financial statements follow.
Respectfully,
Elliott Woods,
Superintendent U. S. Capitol Building and Grounds.
The Secretarf or the Interior.
UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS. 745
EXPENDITURES.
Capitol Building and repairs, 1916.
Pay rolls $20, 383. 10
Machinery, ironwork 670. 47
Brushes, sponges, soap 807. 55
Lumber and millwork : 937. 19
Hardware and tools 1,395.26
Lime, brick, cement, sand 168. 60
Paint, oil, glass 3,152.18
Stone and marble work 233. 00
Legislative bell service 221. 21
Photographic and blue-print material 341.84
Office vehicle 1, 342. 79
Hauling, telegrams, express 16. 67
Plumbing and material 4, 330. 03
Elevators and repairs 418.93
Roofing and repairs 290. 69
Decorating and painting 1,201.41
Tile and tiling A 42. 40
Repairs, ranges, etc 88. 06
Stantionery and books 182.93
Flags 146.96
Miscellaneous 102. 78
Reserved for unpaid bills 25. 95
Total 36, 500. 00
Amount appropriated sundry civil act Mar. 3, 1915 30, 000. 00
Amount appropriated urgency deficiency bill Feb. 28, 1916 6, 500. 00
36, 500. 00
Improving Capitol Grounds.
Pay rolls $23, 892. 24
Removing snow 216. 00
Plants and seeds 734. 76
Fertilizers 2, 683. 41
Tools and machinery 483. 38
Brushes, brooms, etc 321. 84
Soil and sod 351.26
Motor and hand mowers 876. 66
Cement, lime, etc 10. 62
Plumbing materials 14. 91
Paving and repairs 175. 28
Freight and express 6.03
Hose and couplings 10. 10
Lumber , 20. 74
Reserved for unpaid bills 55. 47
Trees 147. 30
Total 30, 000. 00
Amount appropriated by sundry civil bill approved Mar. 3, 1915 30, 000. 00
Engine house, Senate and House sialics, 1916.
Pay rolls and vouchers
Lumber and millwork
Brick, sand, cement, etc
Hardware
Roofing and tin work
Paint, oil, glass
Reserved for unpaid bills .
Total
Amount appropriated by sundry civil bill approved Mar. 3, 1915
$719.
21
365.
53
24. 95
38.
10
14.
85
106. 03
231.
33
1, 500. 00
1, 500.
00
746
UNITED STATES CAPITOL BUTLDTNC AND GROUNDS.
Capitol power plant, 1915.
Pay rolls— $71, 473. 77
Office supplies and expenses 92. 56
Power-plant building 661. 19
Miscellaneous power-plant equipment 2, 484. 20
Turbines and motor generators 285. 00
Switchboards and equipment 74. 84
Boilers and stokers 2, 047. 00
Miscellaneous steam equipment 1, 490. 20
Pumping station and waterway 38. 65
Steam transmission and tunnel 82. 82
Electric transmission ducts, etc 34. 18
Electric apparatus and accessories 276.95
Wire and material 4,312.44
Fixtures 2, 332. 06
Incandescent and arc lamps 5, 477. 25
Hauling, express, telegrams, etc 4. 79
Gas and electric current 892.15
Fuel, oil, and waste 64, 753. 07
Advertising * 120. 10
Traveling expenses 32. 10
Reserved for unpaid bills 15, 958. 68
Total 172, 924. 00
Amount appropriated sundry civil bill approved Mar. 3, 1915 172,924.00
Repairs to courthouse. District of Columbia, 1916.
Pay rolls $3, 466. 34
Elevator and repairs 99. 88
Roofing and tin work 177. 27
Brick, sand, cement, etc 41.25
Paint, oil, glass 374. SO
Lumber and millwork 232.31
Plumbing and material 521.64
Hardware 60. 36
Reserved for unpaid bills 26. 15
Total 5, 000. 00
Amount appropriated sundry civil bill approved Mar. 3, 1915 5, 000. 00
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTEDENT OF
NATIONAL PARKS.
747
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS,
Department of the Interior,
National Park Service,
Washington, November 10, 1916.
Sir : It is with pleasure that I submit to you my first annual report
as Superintendent of National Parks. The primary reason for this
is that I feel, although we have just begun the solution of many
of the numerous questions that have to be dealt with in the
national-park work, and for the handling of which we have until re-
cently had no coherent organization, yet a great deal has been at-
tained through the efforts of yourself and the assistant to the Secre-
tary in bringing to the country and to Congress a more intimate
knowledge of the national parks and in administering them in an effi-
cient manner and to the end that all of our people may get the
greatest possible benefit and enjoyment from them. These efforts
have borne fruit in the display this year of more interest by people
all over the country in the national parks, and in the enactment by
Congress of laws which there is no doubt will have greater results
toward the efficient and proper management of the parks than any-
thing that had theretofore been done. The national parks and their
possibilities, both in the way of enjoyment by the people and of profit
to the Nation, have in the past been greatly neglected. Our scenic
domain can and will be made as readily accessible to all of our citi-
zens as are similar scenic and recreation areas in other countries, and
much has recently been done to effect this.
FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL PARKS.
The following is an extract from the report made by former Super-
intendent Daniels last year, which I believe to be worthy of repeti-
tion, as it so ably explains the functions of the parks :
That the expenditure of money for the maintenance and development of our
scenic reservations has an economic as well as aesthetic justification there can
be no doubt, for each year large sums of money have left this country to be
spent by tourists in foreign lands in search of scenic beauty. The fact that no
material proportion of this sum returns is only less provoking than the knowl-
edge that the money thus taken abroad by Americans is spent to view natural
attractions that are inferior to those which may be found at home. In your
report of 1913 you stated that land is not always land, but is sometimes coal,
sometimes timber. One might add that it is sometimes scenery and, as such,
merits the careful study and development that would be extended to other
national resources.
The condition of travel in foreign lands has stimulated the interest of our
people in the merits of similar pleasures in this country. Never in history has
there been so great a volume of travel in the United States. Surely it is the
part of wisdom to retain this great advantage and to crystallize upon a general
policy for the administration of our national parks.
749
750 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
The first step in the consideration of a general policy for the administration
of the national parks is the determination of just what functions they perform.
Clearly they are not designated solely for the purpose of supplying recreation
grounds. The fostering of recreation purely as such is more properly the func-
tion of the city, county, and State parks, and there should be a clear distinction
between the character of such parks and national parks. The latter should
constitute a class that is of national interest. In the category of national parks
should be no reservation that is of local interest only. What, then, are the
functions of our national parks as distinguished from State and local parks? As
I view this question our national parks should serve three distinct functions :
1. The stimulating of national patriotism.
2. The furthering of knowledge and health.
3. The diverting of tourist travel to the scenic areas of the United States.
NATIONAL PATRIOTISM.
We, as a people, have been accused of lacking in that love of country with
which our neighbors in Europe are so plentifully blessed. Whether such a
criticism is merited or not, it is certain that local patriotism has rapidly grown
in this country more or less at the expense of patriotism for the country as a
whole. This condition would not exist if our people knew their country.
To love a thing one must know it. The Belgian knows each hill and dale of
his small country and loves it with an intensity that has become proverbial.
And so it is with the Swiss, the French, the English. These peoples know their
lands and love them. But ours is a great country, stretching from sea to sea,
and a knowledge of all its glories is given to but few. What more noble purpose
could our national parks serve than to become the instrument by which the
people shall be lured into the far corners of their land that they may learn to
love it? For one who will encompass the circuit of our parks, passing over the
great mesas of Colorado, crossing the painted desert, threading the sparkling
Sierra Nevada, and viewing the glaciers and snow-capped peaks of the great
Northwest will surely return with a burning determination to love and work
for and if necessary to fight for and die for the glorious land which is his.
KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH.
I have said that it is my opinion the Federal Government is not justified in
maintaining a national park for recreation purposes alone, yet it is readily seen
from the character of our reservations that each has its recreational feature. I
do believe, however, that objects and districts of great educational value should
be reserved and placed in the category of national parks. Natural phenomena,
great canyons, ruins of antiquity, waterfalls — all are objects of grent interest
and possess an educational value that can not be estimated.
In Yellowstone are the geysers, in Yosemite the highest of waterfalls, in
Sequoia the largest and oldest trees on earth, trees that were 8.000 years old
when Christ was born. In Wind Cave National Park is a cave that comprises
over 90 miles of sparkling passages. At Arkansas Hot Springs and Piatt.
National Park are medicinal waters that have dispelled the pain of legions of
sufferers. In Mesa Verde National Park are the crumbling dwellings of a for-
gotten race.
Pregnant with mystery and romance, these ancient, ruins beckon the traveler
across the great green mesa and cast about him the spell of endless conjecture.
If for no other reason, the value of these treasures as a medium for the further-
ing of knowledge and health fully justifies the plea for further aid, both moral
and financial, from our Federal Government.
If this aid is granted and a systematic effort is put forth to send our people
out into the hinterland of this country, we shall be confronted by the problem
of caring for a flood of tourists whose needs must be anticipated.
THE TOURIST.
The first logical step to be taken in an analysis of the conditions of tourist
travel is a study of the tourist himself. Primarily, the tourist takes the line
of least resistance. This means that he seeks the path that presents the best
accommodations for the least cost. From a record of travel in our parks it
may be shown that the finest scenery without accommodations will not receive
so large a travel as an inferior character of scenery which has a better type
of accommodation.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 751
The tourist who, upon the strength of literature issued by the department,
travels to our parks is more or less justified in holding the Federal Government
responsible for his comforts or discomforts while there. Nor is he backward
with criticism. He demands that he be instructed as to the merits of this trail
or that, this camp or that. He not infrequently is disappointed in not finding
luxuries that he would not expect in similar places under other than Federal
eontrol. He invariably overlooks the fact that he, in a way, is part of the
Government, and therefore indirectly responsible for the conditions he finds.
Nevertheless, his demands must be respected if it is hoped to direct his foot-
steps to travel in our country.
The three potent factors in influencing tourist travel are publicity, accommo-
dations, and transportation. Obviously, the tourist must be informed of the
merits of the district to which it is desired to bring him. He must then be
shown that the accommodations at that place are satisfactory ; and, last, he
must know that the transportation facilities to, through, and from the location
are good and may be had at reasonable cost. These three factors should con-
stantly be borne in mind in any planning for the development of tourist
travel.
The three general classes of tourists who visit our parks are : Those to whom
the expense is of little moment ; those who, in moderate financial circum-
stances, travel in comfort but dispense with luxuries ; and, third, those who,
fired with the love of God's out-of-doors, save their pennies in anticipation
of the day when they may feast their eyes upon the eternal expanse of snow-
clad peaks and azure skies. It is of this latter class that I would speak.
Many of our parks are truly vast in area, encompassing within their bounda-
ries innumerable wonders. To reach these the tourist, upon arriving at the
park, must hire saddle animals, pack animals, a guide, cook, and other help.
The expense of such an outfit is prohibitive to all but the wealthy. Those who
have waited and saved their money are denied the fuller enjoyment of our
parks, for they can not bear the expense of transporting their supplies over the
trails. There is but one solution of the problem of caring for this class of
tourists, and that is the establishment of small inns at convenient intervals,
so that tourists may travel the trails afoot, purchasing their provisions and
other necessities as they go. As you are aware, the first steps in an effort to
bring about such a condition have been taken in Yosemite National Park. If
this work is carried through a blessing will have been conferred upon those
whose lack of money has shut them from the greater part of our national
parks. It will also be, in my opinion, the most potent factor in retaining,
through the medium of our parks, a material percentage of tourist travel and
will necessitate a careful consideration of the problem of a general policy.
Any plan, however, which may be devised for the management of our national
parks should not be predicated upon the assumption that their function is solely
to accommodate and retain our tourists in this country.
A GENERAL POLICY.
A policy to be efficient must be functional. One for the parks, therefore,
must take into consideration the distinctive characteristics of national parks
which, as before stated, are -relative to the furthering of a national patriotism,
public knowledge and health, and tourist travel in the home land. Upon con-
sideration it will be seen that the first two follow as a natural consequence
of the last. In the consideration of a general policy we are concerned pri-
marily, therefore, with tourist travel.
To foster tourist travel it will be necessary to develop the roads, trails, and
other accommodations in the parks to a point where the traveler will not be
subjected to serious discomfort. This means the expenditure of money upon
a larger scale than has been the practice heretofore, and the first question
that should be settled is, What shall be the source of supply?
There are but two practical sources from which funds may be secured,
namely, by Federal appropriation and by revenues from the parks themselves.
Both resources are now resorted to, each of which is inadequate. If the
Federal Government is to support the parks then they should be operated so
as to make the cost to the tourist as low as possible. If not, then the various
sources in the parks themselves should be developed sufficiently to supply the
needed money.
752 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
The sources of revenue from the parks fall into four classes:
1. Automobile permits.
2. Concessions of various kinds.
3. Receipts from public utilities operated by the Government, such as light,
telephone, etc.
4. Natural resources, such as timber, stone, fuel, etc.
Of these four sources it will be seen that they may all be classified as taxes
in proportion to the benefit received rather than the ability to pay. An
analysis of this character may help in the decision of the policy to be pursued,
but it can do no more. The decision must be made in the light of public
needs, and the park supervisors should know whether they are to develop
the park revenues to their maximum or whether the park is to be administered
at the lowest possible cost to the tourist.
If the question of finances were settled, in so far as the source is concerned,
and a well-crystallized policy looking toward the development of the parks
along lines that will foster the increase of tourist travel in this country is
established much of the delay and confusion in the field will be eliminated.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.
There has heretofore been no service to which the duty of admin-
istering the national parks has been delegated. The work has been
done by a small and inadequate force in your office, the members of
which have had their regular departmental duties to perform and
have given such time and overtime as has been possible to the
park work. Upon your recommendation Congress has recently
enacted a law (Public, No. 235) establishing the National Park
Service. This act provides for the appointment by the Secretary
of the Interior of a director, assistant director, chief clerk, and other
employees of the National Park Service, and puts under the direc-
tor, subject to the supervision of the Secretary, the supervision,
management, and control of the national parks and monuments and
of the Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, which have heretofore
been administered by the Interior Department. The act also pro-
vides that the Secretary may make rules and regulations for the
use and management of the reservations and prescribes punishment
for the infraction of such rules and regulations; it also gives power
to the Secretary to grant privileges, leases, and permits for the use
of the lands, for the accommodation of visitors in the reservations,
for periods not to exceed 20 years and for areas not to exceed 20
acres in any one place, and to grant grazing privileges in any of
the reservations except the Yellowstone National Park when such
use of the lands does not interfere with the primary purpose for
which the park was created. This act, however, carried no appro-
priation for the organization of the service and no such appropria-
tion has as yet been made. Each of the national parks has been
created by a law differing more or less from the law creating each
of the other parks, and heretofore they have been administered as
individual reservations with no particular relation to each other.
This method of handling the parks has, for reasons that are quite
apparent, been both inefficient and unsatisfactory.
The work of administering the national parks has been intrusted
to the Department of the Interior. On June 5, 1914, you appointed
Mark Daniels, a landscape engineer, of San Francisco, Cal., general
superintendent and landscape engineer of national parks, and on
December 9, 1915, he resigned to continue his private business. On
December 10, 1915, 1 was detailed from the United States Geological
Survey to the department as Superintendent of National Parks.
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SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK.
THE GENERAL SHERMAN TREE.
This park contains more than a million sequoia trees, of which 12,000 are more than 10 feet in
diameter, and some twice that, and several from 25 to 36 feet through from side to side. Some
of these trees are older than human history. As John Muir says of them, "When the storm
roars loudest they never lose their god -I ike composure, never toss their arms or bow or wave
like the pines, but only slowly, solemnly nod and sway, standing erect, making no sign of strife,
none of unrest, neither in alliance nor at war with the winds, too calmly, unconsciously capable
and strong to strive with or bid defiance to anything."
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MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
CLIFF PALACE.
This park hides in its barren canyons the well-preserved ruins of a civilization which passed
out of existence so many centuries ago that not even tradition recalls its people.
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK.
ICEBERG LAKE.
This park was made by the earth cracking in some far-distant
time and one side thrusting up and overlapping the other. It
has cliffs several thousand feet high, and more than 60 glaciers
feed hundreds of lakes.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS, 753
With a view to securing a more effective administration of the parks,
it was deemed advisable in 1914 to provide for a general superintend-
ent, with headquarters at San Francisco, Cal. Experience, however,
of over a year under this new system demonstrated the advisability
of dispensing with a general superintendent having permanent head-
quarters away from Washington, and the urgent deficiency bill
passed February 28, 1916, authorized the superintendent to remain
in Washington, D. C, to June 30, 1916, and the sundry civil act
passed July 1, 1916, authorized you to employ in Washington and
pay from park appropriations and revenues a Superintendent of
National Parks and four other employees, and under this authoriza-
tion you continued my appointment as superintendent. On July 16,
1916, Joseph J. Cotter, formerly assistant attorney in the department
and recently in charge of mails, files, and appointments, was ap-
pointed Assistant Superintendent of National Parks. Three clerks
were also appointed. While this organization has not been adequate
to handle all of the work in Washington, and we are still dependent
upon the department for assistance, yet I think I am justified in
saying that much has already been done toward coordinating the
work, and when Congress shall see fit, which I hope it will early in
the next session, to make possible the complete organization of the
National Park Service by providing an appropriation for that pur-
pose, the entire work in connection with the administration of these
areas may be taken over and done in a much more comprehensive
and satisfactory manner than has been possible in past years.
SCENERY OF THE FIRST ORDER.
It has been said that in some respects American scenery is un-
equaled abroad. There are more geysers of large size in our Yellow-
stone National Park, for instance, than in all the rest of the world
together, the nearest approach being the geyser fields of Iceland and
far New Zealand. Again, it is conceded the world over that there is
no valley in existence so strikingly beautiful as our Yosemite Valley,
and nowhere else can be found a canyon of such size and exquisite
coloring as our Grand Canyon of the Colorado. In the Sequoia
National Park grow trees so huge and old that none quite compare
with them. These are well-known facts with which every American
ought to be familiar.
The 10 national parks of the first order are the Mount Rainier
National Park in Washington, the Crater Lake National Park in
Oregon, the Yosemite, Sequoia, and Lassen Volcanic National Parks
in California, the Glacier National Park in Montana, the Yellow-
stone National Park, principally in Wyoming, the Rocky Mountain
and Mesa Verde National Parks in Colorado, and the Hawaii Na-
tional Park in the Territory of Hawaii. With these must be classed
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in i^rizona, which, though still
remaining a national monument, is one of the great wonders of the
world.
The principal difference between a national monument and a na-
tional park is that a national monument has merely been made safe
from encroachment by private interests and enterprise, while a na-
tional park is also in process of development by roads and trails and
hotels, so as to become a convenient resort for the people to visit and
enjoy.
G26560— int 1936— vol 1 48
754 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
NATIONAL PARKS AND NATIONAL FORESTS.
One must not confuse the national forests with the national parks.
The national forests aggregate many times the area of the national
parks. They were created to administer lumbering and grazing
interests for the people ; the lumbering, instead of being done by pri-
vate interests often ruthlessly for private profit, as in the past, is
now done under regulations which conserve the public interest. The
trees are cut in accordance with the principles of scientific forestry,
which conserve the smaller trees until they grow to a certain size,
thus perpetuating the forests. Sheep, horses, or cattle graze in all
pastures under governmental regulation, while in national parks
horses and cattle only may be admitted where not detrimental to the
enjoyment and preservation of the scenery. Regular hunting is per-
mitted in season in the national forests, but never in the national
parks. In short, the national parks, unlike the national forests, are
not properties in a commercial sense, but natural preserves for the
rest, recreation, and education of the people. They remain under
nature's own chosen conditions. They alone maintain "the forest
primeval."
EACH A PERSONALITY OF ITS OWN.
One of the striking and interesting features of the national parks
of our country is that each one of them is quite different from all the
others; each has a marked personality of its own.
It will be seen that one may visit a new national park each year
for more than a decade and see something quite new and remarkable
at each visit.
INFORMING THE PEOPLE OF THE PARKS.
Through the cooperation of a number of railroads it has been
possible to publish a collection of illustrated booklets known as the
" National Parks Portfolio," which became so well advertised and
known all over the country that although an edition of 300,000 was
printed we were not able to supply the demand for them. It is
planned now to issue a sale edition, which may be purchased from the
superintendent of documents at the Government Printing Office, and
which it is expected will be available this winter. This portfolio was
prepared, as was also a smaller publication called " Glimpses of Our
National Parks," which described briefly the important features of the
various parks, under the direction of Robert Sterling Yard, editorial
assistant. It is trite to say that in the absence of information on the
part of the public as to what the parks are, where they are, and for
what reason created, the end for which they were established will not
be attained. Yet it is pertinent, for this lack of information has ob-
tained to a great extent, in fact to the extent that Mr. Yard found it
advisable in the " Glimpses of Our National Parks " to explain that
the parks are not beautiful tracts of cultivated country with smooth
lawns and winding paths like city parks, but are " large areas which
nature, not man, has made beautiful and which the hand of man
alters only enough to provide roads to enter them, trails to penetrate
their fastnesses, and hotels and camps to live in." This condition is
rapidly being remedied by the distribution of such publications as the
" Portfolio " and the " Glimpses."
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
755
GENERAL PUBLIC INTEREST IN NATIONAL PARKS.
The general public interest in national playgrounds may be evi-
denced by the number of bills now pending in Congress calling for
the creation of 16 new national parks, as follows :
Cabinet National Park, in the extreme northwest corner of Montana.
Cliff Cities National Park, in the northern part of New Mexico.
Denver National Park, in the north-central part of Colorado, near Denver.
Mammoth Cave National Park, in the west-central part of Kentucky.
Mescalero National Park, in the southern part of New Mexico.
Mount Hood National Park, in the northern part of Oregon.
Mississippi Valley National Park, in the southwestern part of Wisconsin
and northeastern part of Iowa, near McGregor, Iowa.
Mount McKinley National Park, in the southern part of Alaska.
Mount Baker National Park, in the extreme northwestern part of Washington.
Mount Katahdin National Park, in the central part of Maine.
Olympic National Park, in the northwestern part of Washington.
Palo Duro National Park, in the northwestern part of Texas.
Rio Grande National Park, in the southwestern part of New Mexico.
Sand Dunes National Park, in the extreme northwestern part of Indiana.
Sawtooth National Park, in the south-central part of Idaho.
Sierra Madre National Park, in southern California.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS.
By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled " An act for the preser-
vation of American antiquities," the President of the United States
was authorized to declare to be national monuments by public procla-
mation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and
other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon
the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United
States. Under this authority the President has created a number of
monuments, 21 of which, listed below, are administered by the In-
terior Department:
National monuments administered by Interior Department.
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Devils Tower
Montezuma Castle
El Moro
Chaco Canyon
Muir Woods2
Pinnacles
Tumacacori
Mukuntuweap
Shoshone Cavern
Natural Bridges 3
Gran Quivira
Sitka
Rainbow Bridge 4
Lewis and Clark Cavern .
Colorado
Petrified Forest
Navajo *
Papago Saguaro
Dinosaur
Sieur de M onts
Capulin M Duntain
Wyoming...
Arizona
New Mexico.
....do
California.. .
do
Arizona
Utah
Wyoming...
Utah........
New Mexico.
Alaska
Utah
Montana
Colorado
Arizona
do
do
Utah
Maine
New Mexico.
Jan.
Jan.
Sept.
July
Sept. 24, 1906
Dec. 8, 1906
do
Mar. 11,1907
9, 1908
16,1908
15,1908
31,1909
Sept. 21,1909
Sept. 25,1909
Nov. 1,1909
Mar. 23,1910
May 30,1910
May 16,1911
May 24,1911
July 31,1911
Mar. 14,1912
Jan. 31,1914
Oct. 4,1915
July 8,1916
Aug. 9,1916
Acres.
1,152
160
160
20, 629
295
2,080
10
1 15, 840
210
J2,740
160
57
160
160
13,883
25,625
360
2,050
80
!5,000
681
1 Estimated area.
2 Donated to the United States.
3 Originally set aside by proclamation of Apr. 16, 1908, and contained only 120 acres.
4 Within an Indian reservation.
756 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
During the past session Congress appropriated $3,500 for preserva-
tion, development, administration, and protection of the national
monuments, and work is now being undertaken.
LEGISLATION.
The States of Washington and Oregon ceded jurisdiction to the
Federal Government over the lands embraced in the Mount Rainier
and Crater Lake National Parks, respectively, and by acts of Con-
gress dated June 30, 1916, and August 21, 1916, the cessions of juris-
diction were accepted. The Federal Government now has juris-
diction over these parks.
It is hoped that at the next meeting of the legislatures of the several
States in which other national parks are situated jurisdiction will be
ceded to the Federal Government, so that it may be able to make uni-
form rules and regulations that can be locally administered. In this
way much more satisfactory results will be obtained than are practi-
cable under present conditions.
Congress also enacted a law (Public, No. 115) amending the act of
May 7, 1894, entitled "An act to protect the birds and animals in
Yellowstone National Park and to punish crimes in said park, and for
other purposes," so as to change the penalty for violation of the
provisions of the original act from a fine of not more than $1,000
and imprisonment not exceeding two years to a fine of not more than
$500 and imprisonment not exceeding six months. The original act
evidently contemplated that the offenses be dealt with as misdemean-
ors and the offenders tried and punished by the commissioner of
Yellowstone Park, but in view of the term of imprisonment pro-
vided— not exceeding two years — the offenses had to be treated as
crimes under the Constitution and the offenders tried by indictment
in the regular way. The new law makes it possible to treat the
offenses as misdemeanors and to try the offenders before the local
commissioner in the park. This means a better and more expeditious
and inexpensive enforcement of the law.
NEW PARKS AND MONUMENTS.
LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PABK.
The act of Congress of August 9, 1916, established the Lassen
Volcanic National Park, in the Sierra Nevada, in the State of Cali-
fornia. This park has an area of 79,561.58 acres and includes the
only region in the United States exhibiting recent volcanic action.
In addition to its numerous volcanoes it contains hot springs and
mud guysers, lakes and trout streams, ice caves and lakes of volcanic
glass, and beautiful canyons. An appropriation of $5,000 for the
administration of this park was asked for in the last deficiency bill,
but this item was not included in the act. Therefore there is as yet
no money available for this park, and the Secretary of Agriculture
has generously consented to continue the patrol of the lands by the
Forest Service, the lands having heretofore been within a national
forest, until an appropriation is made and it is practicable for this
department to administer the park.
LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK.
This park contains the only active volcano in the United States, as
well as hot springs, mud geysers, ice caves, majestic canyons,
numerous lakes, and fine forests. Lassen Peak is 10,465 feet in
altitude, while Cinder Cone is 6,879.
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HAWAII NATIONAL PARK.
This park consists of three separate areas, two, Kilauea, which has been continuously active for
a century, and Mauna Loa, altitude 1 3,675, the largest active volcano in the world, erupting every
decade, on the island of Hawaii. The third, Haleakala, on the island of Maui, is a volcano
which erupted less than 200 years ago. It is 10,000 feet high, with a tremendous rift in its
summit 8 miles across and 3,000 feet deep, and contains many cones, gorgeous tropical
forests, mahogany groves, and lava caves.
STANLEY LAKE, IN PROPOSED IDAHO (SAWTOOTH) NATIONAL PARK.
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MOUNT McKINLEY, IN PROPOSED MOUNT McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 757
HAWAII NATIONAL PARK.
The act of Congress of August 1, 1916, established the Hawaii
National Park, in the Territory of Hawaii. This park has an
area of 75,295 acres and includes two of the most famous active
volcanoes in the world and another which erupted less than 200 years
ago, in addition to the wonderful lava lake which is a mass of fire
1,000 feet in diameter. The act provides that no appropriations for
this park shall be made until conveyance shall be made to the United
States of such perpetual rights of way over private lands within the
exterior boundaries of the park as the Secretary of the Interior shall
find necessary to make it reasonably accessible in all its parts, and
that when such rights of way have been conveyed the Secretary shall
submit report to Congress. The matter of obtaining definite infor-
mation as to the conveyance of these rights of way has been taken
up through the governor of Hawaii.
SIEUR DE MONTS NATIONAL MONUMENT.
The Sieur de Monts National Monument, in Maine, was created by
presidential proclamation of July 8, 1916, and includes more than
5,000 acres on Mount Desert Island, covering 4 lakes and 10 moun-
tains. The lands included in this monument were never a part of
the public domain, but were presented to the United States by the
owners, the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations. This
monument is the first created on the Atlantic coast. There is nothing
just like it elsewhere on the continent. A noble mass of ancient
granite that once bore up an alpine height has been laid bare by
time and carved into forms of bold and striking beauty by recent
ice-sheet grinding. It is a unique and splendid landscape, revealing
the ocean in its majesty as no lesser or more distant height can do.
and exhibiting the interest and beauty of the northern vegetation.
CAPULIN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MONUMENT.
The Capulin Mountain National Monument, in New Mexico, was
created by presidential proclamation August 9, 1916, and has an area
of about 681 acres. The Capulin Mountain cinder cone is one of the
geologically recent cones in the United States which are of excep-
tional scientific interest.
DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT.
The Dinosaur National Monument, in Utah, was created by presi-
dential proclamation October 4, 1915, and has an area of approxi-
mately 80 acres. This monument contains embedded in its rocks
fossils of dinosaurs and other reptilian monsters of great scientific
interest which it is believed should be protected from exploitation,
at least until the Government is able to obtain a complete collection
for the National Museum.
PROPOSED NEW PARKS.
GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK.
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the greatest natural
wonders of America, the gorge itself being one of the largest and
758 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
most magnificent in the world, and from its rim the traveler over-
looks a thousand square miles of pyramids and minarets rising from
the floor of the canyon and ever changing in color. It is at present
a national monument, administered by the Department of Agricul-
ture, and the officials of that department and of the Forest Service
have agreed that it should be made into a national park, as in this
way it would be more practicable to develop the reservation through
the construction of roads, trails, and such other improvements us
would offer increased attractions for visiting tourists. It is pro-
posed to include in the park an area of greater extent than is at
present covered by the monument. The Grand Canyon is now one
of the most popular show places of the United States, and if im-
proved and made convenient for tourist travel the number of visit-
ors would be multiplied. I strongly recommend that this national
park be established during the next session of Congress.
ENLARGED SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK.
A bill was introduced in Congress to enlarge the boundaries of
the present Sequoia National Park, in California, to include the
Kings and Kern River Canyons, and it is hoped this bill will be en-
acted at the next session of Congress. This would make the area ap-
proximately 1,600 square miles, an increase of 1,335 square miles over
its present area. The park at present has no exceptional scenery
except the three groves of Sequoia washingtoniana, which it was
originally created to preserve, while just to the east of it lies some of
the most magnificant scenery to be found anywhere in the world.
I earnestly recommend the proposed extension which includes a por-
tion of the great Western Divide and the crest of the Sierra topped
by Mount AVhitney, the highest point in continental United States.
MOUNT McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK.
A bill was introduced in Congress for the establishment of the
Mount McKinley National Park, in Alaska. As this is the loftiest
mountain in North America (altitude 20,300 feet) and the highest
peak in the world above the line of perpetual snow, it is one of
the noblest spectacles of its kind in the world. The Government
railroad, which is now being built in Alaska, runs within about
45 miles of Mount McKinley, and the creation of this national park
would, no doubt, result in additional traffic for this road and addi-
tional visitors to Alaska, and would give an impetus to the settling
of the country. Also the reservation of this land by the creation of
the park would mean the establishment of what would probably be
our greatest big game preserve, with moose, caribou, and bighorn
sheep. This bill passed the Senate at its last session and it is hoped
that it will be enacted during the next session of Congress.
MOUNT HOOD NATIONAL PARK.
A bill was introduced in Congress for the creation of the Mount
Hood National Parks, in the State of Oregon. This bill proposed
to embody in the parks eight noncontiguous tracts of land. A
national park should be made of Mount Hood, but it is not considered
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 759
advisable that it consist of these separated tracts of land. You rec-
ommended in your annual report to the President in 1915 that this
national park be established, and this year you submitted to Con-
gress a draft of proposed legislation creating a park comprising one
undivided tract of land.
IDAHO (SAWTOOTH) NATIONAL PARK.
A bill was introduced in Congress to establish the Sawtooth Na-
tional Park, in the State of Idaho. The land proposed to be included
in this park is practically in the center of the State of Idaho, and
has an area of about 329,910 acres, less than 4,000 acres of which is
affected by any sort of private claim. This State has no national
park, and the proposed new park would be readily accessible from
various branches of the Oregon Short Line. It is not far distant
from the regularly traveled automobile highway through Twin Falls
and Shoshone, and could be readily visited, and no doubt would be,
by visitors from the Yellowstone National Park. It would consti-
tute a most important link in the chain of national parks, located
as it is between the Yellowstone and the Mount Rainier Parks. The
proposed park contains an unusually interesting portion of the Saw-
tooth Range, which shows the characteristics of the three main
mountain ranges in the United States. The southern portion re-
minds one of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, the middle resem-
bles the Sierra in California, and the northern end exhibits the
characteristics of the Cascade Range in Washington. It should be
known as the Idaho National Park rather than the Sawtooth.
MOUNT BAKER NATIONAL PARK.
A bill was introduced in Congress for the creation of the Mount
Baker National Park in the State of Washington. Mount Baker
is the farthest north of America's high mountains, outside of Alaska,
and overlooks a scene of wildest grandeur. It is a dome-crowned
bulk of vast extent, nearly 11,000 feet high, and is deeply grooved
by 12 glaciers. From the mountain itself stretches a bewilder-
ing panorama of mountain and valley, forest and field, threaded by
numerous clear streams, and on clear days the sea can be seen in
the distance.
PRIVATE HOLDINGS.
In several national parks, notably Sequoia, Glacier, Mount Rainier,
and Yosemite, there are large tracts of land held in private owner-
ship— property acquired under the general land laws prior to the
creation of the parks by acts of Congress. Many of these tracts
embrace scenic features of rare charm, and in at least one park —
Sequoia — the natural features of greatest importance, the very fea-
tures that were sought to be preserved forever by the establish-
ment of the park, are in private hands. I refer to the enormous
sequoia trees (Sequoia w ashing toniana) in what is known as the
Giant Forest. For many years efforts have been made to acquire
title to these timberlands and revest the same in the Federal Gov-
ernment, and measures designed to accomplish this end were intro-
duced in Congress from time to time.
During the season of 1915 the assistant to the Secretary visited
the Giant Forest and ascertained the names and addresses of the
760 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
owners of the tracts of lands on which most of the giant trees are
standing. Some intimation of the price that would be asked for
these holdings and the conditions upon which they would be disposed
of were also obtained. Subsequently the department recommended in
its estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the enactment of
legislation authorizing the Secretary of the Interior in his discretion
to expend $50,000 in the purchase of " such private holdings in the
park as in his judgment are desirable for the better administration
of the reservation."
Later an option on a group of the largest holdings was obtained. The
purchase price of these holdings was fixed at $70,000. An appropria-
tion of $50,000, as recommended, was made by Congress in the sundry
civil act, and the additional $20,000 will be subscribed by public-
spirited citizens and organizations. Thus will be consummated a
transaction which will go far toward freeing the wonderful Giant
Forest of private holdings. But more remains to be done. There
will still remain in private ownership several tracts of land contain-
ing numerous big trees, and they will continue a menace to good
administration of the Giant Forest if not purchased. Hotels and
other concessions might be erected on these holdings and be abso-
lutely free from departmental regulations in the interest of the
public; the big trees on the lands would remain subject to the fire
hazard, and no provision could be made for clearing away under-
brush, dead and down timber, and otherwise making the trees as
attractive and accessible as other sections of the Forest under Federal
control.
A further appropriation is needed to complete the purchase of
these important Giant Forest lands.
In Glacier National Park the private holdings which are sought
to be extinguished are practically all on the west side of the Conti-
nental Divide. The principal holdings lie on the shores of Lake
McDonald and along the road leading to the foot of this lake from
Belton, the western entrance point on the Great Northern Railway.
This Belton-Lake McDonald road, through its entire course of
nearly 3 miles, has been constructed over privately owned lands
which are covered with valuable merchantable timber. These hold-
ings extend to the south boundary of the park, the north shore of
the Flathead River, and it has thus been impossible to establish
the headquarters of the park on public land at a point which would
be accessible to the tourists. Several years ago the supervisor's
office was located on the southwestern shore of Lake McDonald at
a point which has proven to be a most undesirable location from
every point of view. The logical location for the park headquarters
is the tract of land on the north shore of the Flathead River and
across the river from Belton. Fortunately there now exists an
opportunity to secure this tract for an administrative site.
We are now developing plans which will enable us to take advan-
tage of this opportunity, but congressional action will be necessary
to fully consummate them.
Should Congress make possible the consummation of these arrange-
ments many of the difficulties resulting from private ownership of
lands in Glacier Park will be obviated.
It is unfortunate that a tract of land in private hands near the
head of Lake McDonald is to be developed as villa sites. The pro-
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 761
motion of projects of this character is regarded as inconsistent with
the purposes of Congress in setting aside lands for national park
purposes, and they can not be considered as objects worthy of Federal
assistance or encouragement.
A bill, S. 778, authorizing the exchange of lands along roads in
the scenic sections of the park for lands of approximately equal value
in other portions of the park, and in national forests of Montana,
passed the Senate recently and is now pending in the Committee on
Public Lands of the House of Representatives.
In Yosemite National Park there are numerous tracts of land of
extraordinary scenic beauty which are in private hands. Among
them may be mentioned the beautiful meadows and alpine park
lands near Lake Tenaya, at White Wolf and Aspen Valley, a villa
site on the Big Oak Flat road near the north wall of Yosemite
Valley, and a number of tracts of timberland with exceedingly heavy
growths of large sugar and yellow pine.
All private holdings should ultimately be extinguished, and title
to the same returned to the United States. By acts of Congress
approved April 9, 1912 (37 Stat., 80), and April 16, 1914 (38
Stat., 45), authority was granted for the exchange of lands of this
character along the park roads for lands of equal value in other sec-
tions of the park, and under certain specified conditions in the Sierra
and Stanislaus National Forests, in the State of California. Under
the provisions of these laws, several tracts of private lands have been
exchanged for lands in the park and adjacent national forests.
Among the private holdings, however, the existing toll roads are the
most embarrassing to the administration of the reservation at the
present time. These highways should be secured by the Federal
Government as soon as possible, and improved and maintained as
parts of the general road system.
In Mount Rainier National Park the lands in private ownership
at Longmire Springs should be acquired for park purposes. On
these there is a hotel which is not subject to departmental regula-
tions, and no control can be exercised over the sanitation and general
upkeep of these premises. There are other private holdings of more
or less importance in the park, which should ultimately be secured.
Acquisition of the Longmire Springs property, however, is very es-
sential to the proper development of this section of the reservation.
RANGER FORCE.
Special attention was given to the ranger force in each park during
the season 1916 while discussing plans with the supervisors. Gen-
erally it was found that conditions were not conducive to best service.
During the coming winter there will be presented for your considera-
tion a plan which I believe will remedy the present situation. I
strongly recommend that each member of the corps be appointed
in the National Park Service, rather than as at present to the park
in which they are to work, so that an employee in one park may be
readily transferred to another park, where his training and experi-
ence make him more valuable to the service.
The ranger force in reality makes the success or failure in admin-
istering the parks, and I feel that there should be a civil-service
examination to determine the educational qualifications of the
762 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
rangers. While such an examination can not determine the most
important requirements, temperament, tact, etc., it would give an
assured fundamental base to build upon, and after one season's trial,
before a permanent appointment was made, the department would
know if the ranger had the desired all-around qualifications for the
ranger corps.
The longer a man is in the service the more valuable he is, and,
therefore, I think a ranger should enter the service with the desire
of making if his life's work, and after the service is once fully or-
ganized, promotions to higher positions should be made in the corps,
so that each man would have the fullest incentive to give his best
service, knowing that advancement would be based solely on char-
acter and general efficiency.
CONSTRUCTION WORK.
The apparent policy in the past in making appropriations for
road and trail construction has been to give only enough to provide
for the most immediate needs. This is most unfortunate and ex-
pensive. It adds to the final cost easily 25 per cent, whereas if there
were appropriated at one time sufficient to construct the road to final
completion, the department would plan in a businesslike way and
acquire the necessary machinery, etc., to do the work properly. It
must be remembered that on account of the weather conditions in
practically all the national parks the summer season is the only time
road work can be done, and the appropriations being usually avail-
able on July 1 (some years later), the working season is cut in
half and part of the appropriation is left to be expended before
July 1 of the next year. As the department does not know when the
appropriations for the new year may be made, nor the amounts that
will be available, it is sometimes impossible to expend economically
these appropriations. In fact, in any field service where appropria-
tions lapse on June 30, at least 25 per cent additional is added, be-
cause of forced work, to the cost.
I therefore recommend that all appropriations for construction in
the national parks be made immediately available and that they
continue to be available until expended.
I shall present for your consideration during the coming winter
an estimate of the cost for the full development of the national
parks, which, in my judgment, is necessary in order to make them
easily accessible and available for the fullest enjoyment and benefit
of the people.
YOSEMITE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT.
The sundry civil appropriation act approved July 1, 1916, carried
an item of $150,000 for the erection of a new power plant in the
Yosemite National Park. This plant is now under construction and
will be finished by June 30, 1917. The intake, a small diversion dam,
is located at the head of the rapids in the Merced River near Pohono
Bridge and the power house will be near Cascade Creek. This
seemed the best location and fortunately is below the floor of the
valley and does not affect any of the falls and rapids above the lower
end of the valley at Pohono Bridge. It is being constructed with
special care so as to be as inconspicuous as possible along El Portal
Road. The plant when completed will generate approximately 1,500
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 763
kilowatts during high water and approximately 750 kilowatts
during the low water in the fall. This will furnish sufficient power
for lighting all camps and the new hotel under construction, as well
as all the main roads and footpaths in the Yosemite Valley, and for
heating and cooking at the hotel and permanent camps.
This work is being done by the department under the supervision
of the Superintendent of National Parks, through Galloway and
Markwart, supervising electrical engineers of San Francisco, Cal.
SANITATION.
Mr. J. A. Hill, of Chicago, who has had wide experience in hand-
ling hotels and has made a speciality of sanitary conditions in con-
nection with the operations of hotels, was appointed inspector and
assigned to the detailed examination of all hotels and camps in the
several national parks. His report is exhaustive and valuable in-
deed, and his recommendations will be adopted and put into opera-
tion as fast as possible, as I believe they will add much to the com-
fort and safety of the tourists.
During my visit of general inspection to the national parks, during
the season of 1916, I was constantly impressed with the total lack of
any systematic sanitary arrangements. The national parks, to give
full benefit and enjoyment to our people, must be kept in the best
possible sanitary condition. There is not an adequate sanitary sys-
tem in a single park, and the great increase in travel to all the parks
in the last two years makes the sanitary problem the most important
question in every park.
In the Yosemite, for instance, on July 4 last on the floor of the
valley, in an area of about 1 square mile, there were 5,000 people, and
during the season of 1916 some 33,000 people — a good sized city — and
yet here there is nothing that can be called a sewer system. In the
Sequoia, in an area of approximately one-fourth square mile, there
were 10,687 people during about four months, and in General Grant
during the same time, in an area of approximately one-eighth square
mile, there were 15,226 people, and in neither of these parks is there
any kind of sanitary system, save the crude dry-box toilets. Crater
Lake is no better, Mesa Verde is even worse, and in fact all the parks
are in a deplorable condition in this respect, and I shudder at the
probability of an epidemic of typhoid fever or some other common
epidemic that could be directly charged to the lack of proper sanita-
tion. In connection with the necessity for sanitation there is also
need for an adequate water system for each park. Therefore, I can
not too strongly urge that the estimates submitted to Congress for the
next fiscal year, containing recommendation for appropriations for
sanitation and water supply, receive the favorable consideration of
Congress and that the funds authorized be made available for imme-
diate expenditure.
ADMISSION OF AUTOMOBILES TO PARKS.
All of the parks are now open to motorists and practically all ob-
jectional restrictions that were imposed in the past have been elimi-
nated. Automobiles were first admitted to the Mount Rainier Na-
tional Park in 1908, General Grant in 1910, Crater Lake in 1911,
Glacier in 1912, Yosemite and Sequoia in 1913, and Mesa Verde in
704 SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS.
1914. Automobiles are permitted in the Rocky Mountain, Piatt,
Wind Cave, Sullys Hill, and Casa Grande Ruin, and in the Hot
Springs under special conditions and on special occasions.
During the season of 1915, private automobiles, used for pleasure
purposes only, were admitted in the Yellowstone National Park
under schedule that did not interfere at all with the regular horse-
drawn stage coaches, and in 1916 free shelter garages were con-
structed at the principal points of interest. The admission of pri-
vate automobiles in the Yellowstone has proven a tremendous success
during two seasons, and now that the roads have been greatly im-
proved it is planned to discontinue the horse-drawn stage and use
automobile transportation entirely in this park beginning with the
season of 1917. When this is accomplished, transportation by the
concessioners in all of the parks will be by automobile.
The automobile revenues are growing and in time will be the prin-
cipal revenue from the parks. Every effort is, therefore, being made
to give to the motorist every opportunity to use the parks, such as
good safe roads, supply stations, camp grounds, shelter garages, etc.
The road leading from Cody, the home of Buffalo Bill, up the
Shoshone River to the lake formed by the impounding of the river
waters by the great Shoshone Dam, thence up the North Fork of this
river to the eastern entrance to Yellowstone Park, which is just below
the beautiful Sylvan Pass in the Absaroka Range, was opened this
season for the first time as a general highway for tourist travel.
More than 3,300 people entered or departed from the park via this
route during the summer, and this " Cody Entrance," as it is called,
has been described by many who enjoyed its wonders as the " sensa-
tion of the season."
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad extensively advertised
this new entrance to the park, and maintained excellent train service
to Cody from various Middle West points. By direction of the de-
partment and under permit from it a company was organized to
operate an automobile stage line between Cody and the Lake Hotel,
where connection was made with the belt-line stages for the regular
park tour. This company, which was known as the Cody-Sylvan
Pass Motor Co., was organized by the transportation concessioners
and camping companies holding concessions in the park, and was thus
given a direct connection with long-established park enterprises.
New and comfortable automobile busses of the latest model were
operated by the Cody-Sylvan Pass Co. and service first class in every
respect was rendered.
The large increase in automobile travel to all the parks during the
season of 1915 seemed to warrant the issuance of special guide maps
and automobile regulations combined for use of automobilists, and an
experiment was made in issuing a guide map. For the Yosemite and
Yellowstone approximately 17,000 each were distributed through
automobile clubs and chambers of commerce and to individuals. The
appreciation of the.users of these maps was shown by the considerable
increase in travel. It is therefore planned to issue similar maps for
each park for the season of 1917.
Respectfully submitted, R. B. Marshall,
Superintendent of National Parks.
The Secretary of the Interior,
Washington, D. G.
16 NATIONAL PARKST«SS-
21 NATIONAL MONUMENTS "WHS-
EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS OF SUPERVISORS OF
NATIONAL PARKS.
The following are excerpts from the reports of the supervisors
(whose title was changed from that of superintendent during the past
year) of the various national parks:
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
Dr. William P. Parks, Supervisor, Hot Springs, Ark.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
There were given this year 544,371 paid baths in the several bathhouses,
which is an excess of 64,144 baths, the total given last year having been 480,227.
The total receipts of the different bathhouses this year were $243,568.29, and the
total receipts last year were $200,629.21, making a net gain of $42,939.08. Dur-
ing the month of March this year the total receipts of the bathhouses were
$43,062.53, and for the month of March last year, $28,669.38, making a net
gain for the single month of $14,393.15. The month of March is always con-
sidered the banner month of the year. It is estimated that approximately
125,000 persons visited Hot Springs during the past fiscal year.
In addition to the 544,371 paid baths shown above there were given 2,243
complimentary baths in th<a> pay bathhouses, 103,398 baths at the Government
Free Bathhouse, and 4,284 baths at the Levi Memorial Bathhouse, making a
total of 654,296 baths during the past fiscal year.
LEGENDARY HISTORY.
The Hot Springs of Arkansas are 50 miles southwest of Little Rock, Arkansas's
capital. Just how long hot water has been issuing from the earth at this point
we do not know, nor can we ever know. Twenty:three hundred years is the
minimum estimate of scientists. It is also equally as uncertain when the first
human being penetrated the wild and lonely mountain fastnesses and discovered
this marvelous gift of a beneficent God. I shall not dwell on the romantic
legends which tell us how adventurous Indian tribes battled from time to time
for control of the hot waters in which they believed the " Great Spirit " to be
ever present, and how a truce was finally declared, under which their benefits
were extended to the sick of all tribes.
It is recorded that the Spaniards under De Soto were the first white men to
look upon and drink of the waters of the Hot Springs. This leader, with his
proud chivalric band of Castilians, reached the springs in the autumn of 1541.
Old court records show that the Spaniards when in possession of the country
just before it passed to the United States realized the value of the springs and
made a futile attempt to wrest them away from the effects of the Louisiana
purchase of 1803.
The earliest settlement of which we have any positive information was the
building of a cabin at the springs in 1807 by Manuel Prudhomme. Mr. Hemp-
stead, in his history of Arkansas, reproduces a letter written in the year 1829,
from " The Hot Springs of the Washita," which says : " Until this season everyone
who came here was obliged to provide for himself shelter and provisions as
he could. This year a boarding house has been established by a family from
Boston, and the accommodations are quite comfortable. I do not doubt but
that this will be kept up * * * boarding for man and horse is one dollar per
day." The first bathhouse of which we have any knowledge was erected in 1830.
In 1827 application was made for a patent to the land embracing the springs,
but it was withheld on the ground that the Indian title had not at that tim<»
been extinguished, and afterwards withheld on the advice of the Attorney Gen-
eral that the New Madrid certificates, upon which the claim was based, were not
locatable south of the Arkansas River.
765
766 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
In 1832 our Government, believing that the All-Wise Architect of the Universe
had a purpose in creating these fountains of health almost midway between our
ocean boundaries, and that such a priceless gift should be free from monopoly
and exploitation, set aside for the future disposal of the United States, not to
be entered, located, or appropriated for any other purpose whatever, the hot
springs and four sections of land surrounding them, then making the first
national park reservation of the country and preserving forever the waters for
the use of all.
But, notwithstanding the act of Congress, the title to the springs remained in
dispute. There were three claimants to the property, and litigation over it,
which began in 1852, ended in 1876 by a decision of the Supreme Court of the
United States in favor of the Government against all claimants.
In 1877 the commissioners of the Government settled the right of possession
and purchase as between several thousand different individuals who had set-
tled on the property, holding by lease or purchase. Valuations were placed on
the different parcels, and the commissioners decided who were entitled to pur-
chase the same. These adverse claims and resulting litigations retarded the
growth of the city of Hot Springs, but the permanent settlement of title and
the multitudinous questions involved marked a new era in the city's history,
as is now evidenced by a beautiful city.
The Hot Springs Reservation now has an area of 911 acres, consisting of
five units — viz, Hot Springs, North, West, and Sugar Loaf Mountains, and
Whittington Lake Reserve Park, but the hot waters issue forth only from the
west slope and at the base of Hot Springs Mountain which embraces 264 acres,
and the 47 springs with an average daily flow of 848,000 gallons and an
average temperature of 135° F. are confined within an area approximately 500
by 1,400 feet.
THE CITY OF HOT SPRINGS.
The city of Hot Springs is located in a spur o£ the beautiful Ozark Moun-
tains, and enjoys ideal climatic conditions similar to those of southern Cali-
fornia or southern Italy, abounding in sunshine and balmy weather in the win-
ter and relatively cool summers, all of which tend to popularize it as a re-
sort. It is a municipality governed by State and municipal laws, and the
Department of the Interior exercises no control or supervision over any mat-
ters connected with the city.
It has a population of 16,000 exclusive of its suburbs, and ranks in size ns
the fourth city in the State. It is cosmopolitan in character, having visitors
at times from all parts of the world, and classes in this respect, with other
cities many times its size.
The elevation of the central part of the city is 600 feet above sea level, and
the surrounding mountain tops 500 to 600 feet higher.
Doctor drumming as now carried on is consummated by first obtaining the
confidence of the prospective victim, and later by various means causing the
patient to go to some physician who is willing to give up half the fee in order
to secure the patient. This is a most vicious practice and should be eliminated
loot and branch. In taking affidavits in this office it is not an infrequent
occurrence that the drummer first steers the patient to some drug store, and
through an understanding with the druggist the patient is recommended to
the doctor to whom the drummer desires him to go.
Constant and timely investigations of all complaints are made by this office
and in this manner the evil has been curtailed to a great extent but not elim-
inated, as it has been difficult to secure evidence which the department deemed
sufficient to take action. The supervisor has spent much time in the investi-
gation of these cases and so far as is in his power has made an earnest effort
to carry out the rules and regulations.
EMPLOYEES.
There are at present 30 regular employees engaged in the administration,
maintenance, protection, and care of the interests of the reservation. All of
these employees were appointed from Arkansas under civil-service rules.
i
THE OERTEL SYSTEM OF MOUNTAIN CLIMBING.
The Oertel system of graduated exercise laid out in four courses on Hot
Springs and North Mountains and completed last year has been the source of
much benefit to the visiting public, and a large number of persons avail them-
selves of these courses for their exercise.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 767
There has been quite a demand for the map showing these courses, and phy-
sicians as well as patrons seem highly pleased that these courses have been
established. They will be used more from year to year when the public becomes
better acquainted with this scientific method of exercise. This being the only
course of the kind in this country, the people naturally have to become ac-
quainted with the benefits to be derived from its use.
IMPROVEMENTS.
Roads and bridges have been repaired and rubble-stone retaining walls con-
structed in various places on the reservation where required.
The necessary repairs have been made to the free bathhouse and various
pavilions and to the supervisor's office and residence.
In addition there has been much time and labor spent in the beautification
and maintenance of Reserve Park, as well as Whittington Lake Park, in the
way of cultivating flowers and shrubbery, planting and trimming hedges, main-
taining and cutting lawns, pruning trees, and work generally necessary to
promote the beauty of the park, and it is safe to say that the Hot Springs
Mountain Reservation never looked better than at the present time.
new spring.
During the latter part of September, while excavating for the foundation of the
Superior Bathhouse, there was developed a flow of hot water from a point
near the Superior Reservoir at the northeast corner of the men's bathing hall
of the bathhouse. This spring had a flow of approximately 22,000 gallons every
24 hours and the temperature being 147° F. Upon instructions from the depart-
ment the water was secured and piped into the general supply line connected
up with the main impounding reservoir in the rear of the supervisor's office.
ADMISSION OF AUTOMOBILES ON WEST MOUNTAIN ROAD.
The department under date of February 7, 1916, authorized the superin-
tendent to permit automobiles to use the main West Mountain Road, and
accordingly, after due notification through the newspapers, this road was opened
to automobiles on February 22, 1916, under certain regulations approved by the
department January 22, 1916.
GOVERNMENT FREE BATHHOUSE.
The Government Free Bathhouse has been operated during the past year for
the indigent in accordance with the acts of Congress of December 16, 1878, and
March 2, 1911, with the following results :
Total applications for free baths 6, 328
Number refused 281
Tickets issued to —
White males 3, 793
White females 566
Colored males 1, 053
Colored females 635
Total tickets issued on original applications 6, 047
Tickets reissued to —
White males 774
White females 122
Colored males 219
Colored females 57
Total tickets reissued 1, 172
Total tickets to —
White males 4, 567
White females T 688
Colored males 1, 272
Colored females 692
Total tickets, including reissues . 7. 219
768 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Baths given :
White males 64, 448
White females 10, 154
Colored males 19, 026
Colored females 9, 770
Total baths given 103, 398
Average number of persons bathed daily, 336+.
Examination of the above table shows a decrease of approximately 18 per
cent in the number of tickets issued, baths given, and daily average, due to the
rigid enforcement of the acts of Congress and of the rules and regulations
governing the bathhouse and to the investigation of a number of cases resulting
in the baths being denied to a number of persons who had been bathing for
some time when they did not require the baths or were able to pay for them
elsewhere. It is believed that all persons now bathing in this bathhouse are
actually indigent within the full sense and meaning of the law and are entitled
to the baths.
FREE CLINIC.
In compliance with a request from several of the registered physicians and
in accordance with my recommendation the department under date of March 15,
1916, authorized these physicians to use the vacant rooms over the Government
Free Bathhouse for clinic purposes, and also granted them the use of the equip-
ment which had heretofore been purchased by the department for the use of
the former medical director.
On April 1, following the authority, a free clinic was organized for the pur-
pose of giving medical treatment to patrons of the Government bathhouse who
were unable to obtain means to pay for medical treatment, and also to ascertain
as nearly as possible the effects of the hot water on cases not under medical
treatment.
This work is in its infancy and so far much good has resulted and benefits
rendered to these unfortunate people. The clinic is operated, between the hours
of 1 and 3 p. m. every day except Sundays and holidays, and the physicians who
arc giving their time to this work are to be commended for their efforts. Upon
the reconstruction or remodeling of the free bathhouse it is intended to finish up
a modern clinic, and when this shall have been accomplished to fully equip it
in such a manner as to better facilitate the work.
The monthly reports from the clinic indicate that they have observed 382
cases from April 1 to June 30, inclusive.
PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS OF THE WATER.
The purpose of organizing a free clinic at the Government Free Bathhouse
was largely to observe the physiological effects of the hot water and its thera-
peutic value. This is being done to determine the effects of the waters upon the
pulse, temperature, and blood pressure, as follows:
1. Determination of atmospheric temperature in the bath hall and the temper-
ature of the water in each pool.
2. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure before the bath.
3. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure in the bath at
various intervals.
4. Recording the duration of the bath.
5. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure after the baths
at various intervals to determine the degrees of reaction and the duration of
same.
6. An observation of the results to determine the influence on the reaction
obtained on persons of widely different ages, the number of previous baths, air
temperature in the bathhouse, temperature of the water, and duration of the
baths ; also the rapidity and duration of the reaction.
Also observation is being made on the blood pressure, the effects of the hot
water on the leucocytes, the polynuclear cells of the blood, and its phagocytic
power.
We hope to be able during the next year by observing closely the above plan
to furnish some interesting data concerning the therapeutic value of the waters.
i map; the larger numbers c
f the squirts.
Superintendent's office.
1 1 Imperial Kthlwnw
15. Itectar bathhouse
buthhoUNO
19. Oreet Northern Hotel an
20. Postollloe.
Jl. Business Mens League.
22. Rock Island station.
30. Moody Hotel a
27. City Hall and .
28. = Electric street car
29. Main entrance to reeorval
30. Park Hotel and l»ths.
31. Eastman Hotel and bath:
32. Arkansas National Hank
40. First Presbyterian Chu
II. Whlttinglon Lake Pari
O. High-school building.
North, West, and Hot springs Ma
OF A PORTION OF HOT SPRINGS.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 769
RADIOACTIVITY OF THE WATERS.
In 1904 the Secretary of the Interior authorized Dr. Bertram B. Boltwood, of
Yale University, to report on the radioactivity of the waters. The following
resume of Dr. Boltwood's conclusions appeared in the annual report of the
Secretary of the Interior for 1904 :
" * * * The results of the electroscopic tests of the gases obtained by
boiling the waters were very satisfactory, as they showed that the waters
at Hot Springs are radioactive to a marked degree; and from other tests,
taken to determine the properties of the emanation from the waters, it was
found that the properties of these radioactive gases were identical with those
of the radium emanation.
" On the other hand, when water from which the gas had- once been taken
was boiled a second time, after being allowed to stand, no radioactivity was
detected in the gas obtained from the second boiling, and it was therefore con-
cluded that little or no radium salts existed in the waters. This conclusion was
strengthened by the fact that a test of the residue of the waters which had
been left by evaporation also failed to disclose any sign of radioactivity of this
solid substance. A sample from the tufa deposit, formed by some of the
springs on issuing from the ground, was also tested, and it was found that the
amount of radium contained in 100 grams of tufa was less than one one-
millionth of the quantity of radium, associated with an equal weight of uranium
in pitchblende. Samples of the gas which arose from the springs were also
tested, and its radioactivity was found to be less than of an equal volume of
gas obtained by boiling the waters from the springs. The following conclu-
sions are reached by Dr. Boltwood as to the result of his investigations :
" 1. The waters of the springs on the Hot Springs Reservation are all radio-
active to a marked degree.
" 2. The radioactivity of the waters is due to dissolved radium emanation
(a gas), and not to the presence of salts of radium or other radioactive solids."
THE PAY BATHHOUSES.
It is with much pride that Hot Springs is enabled to boast of the most
magnificent and palatial bathhouses to be found anywhere. There is no
question that these bathing facilities are superior to anything of this kind now
in existence. A high standard of efficiency is maintained in the operation of
practically all of these bathhouses, and the rules and regulations governing
their operation are strictly enforced. The supervisor makes frequent inspec-
tions of each and every bathhouse receiving hot water from the Hot Springs
Reservation and by this means soon ascertains if there is any delinquency on
the part of the management or the attendants. Whenever any unsatisfactory
condition is observed, no matter how small or trivial it may be, the matter is
brought to the attention of the management in order that it may be remedied
at once. ^
This year has been a prosperous one for the bathhouses.
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
The receipts and disbursements on account of the Hot Springs Reservation
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, were as follows :
Proceeds, sale of lots, special fund.
July 1, 1916, balance remaining to credit of fund of .$82,518, derived
from the sale of Government lots $4, 972. 49
Protection and improvement, Hot Springs Reservation, indefinite {revenue fund).
July 1, 1915, balance to credit of revenue fund $63, 023. 81
Receipts, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive:
Water rents 1 $27, 810. 00
Ground rents 10, 100. 00
Sale of 3 bath attendant's badges, at 24 cents, and
39 bath attendant's badges, at 40 cents 16.32
Sale of 1,500 Oertel system maps, at $1 per 100 15. 00
37, 941. 32
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 49
770
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Protection and improvement, Hot Springs Reservation, indefinite (revenue
fund ) — Continued.
Receipts, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive — Contd.
Repay by W. P. Parks, special disbursing officer,
of amount disallowed in his accounts for March,
3915 quarter, by Auditor for Interior Department,
on traveling expenses of himself, paid in quarter
ended Mar. 31, 1915 $2. 85
Total receipts : $37, 944. 17
Total available 100,967.98
Disbursements :
Salaries of supervisor and reservation employees,
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive $26, 598. 92
Improvements, repairs, incidentals, and miscel-
laneous supplies 12, 922. 34
Expended by supervisor 39, 521. 26
Additional expended by the department 739. 88
Total disbursements 40,261.14
Available balance, July 1, 1916 60, 706. 84
There are at present 19 pay bathhouses in operation in Hot Springs, re-
ceiving hot water from the Hot Springs Reservation, with the following rates
for baths, approved by the Secretary of the Interior, in effect therein, since
January 1, 1916:
Bathhouse.
Albambra
Arlington.
Buckstaff.
Eastman.
Fordvee..
Hale
Imperial..
Lamar....
Magnesia.
Majestic. .
Single
Course of
bath.
21 baths.
$0.40
$7.00
.65
12.00
.60
11.00
.55
10.00
.65
12.00
.50
9.00
.55
10.00
.45
8.00
.40
7.00
.55
10.00
Bathhouse.
Maurico
Moody
Ozark
<>/.ark Sanatorium
Pythian (colored)
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Superior
Single
bath.
$0.60
.50
.40
.45
.25
.45
.45
.50
.45
Course of
21 baths.
$11.00
9.00
7.00
8.00
4.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
8.00
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
771
There are at the present time 26 leases of hot-water and ground privileges
in force.
Hot-water and ground leases.
Name of bathhouse, etc.
Tubs.
Date of lease.
Expiration.
Alhambra
Arlington '
Buc1 staff
Eastman i
Fordyce
Hale
Horse Shoe2
Imperial
Lamar
Levi Memorial
Magnesia »
Majestic l
Maurice
Moody i
Ozark'
Ozark Sanatorium
Parku
Pythian (colored )
Rector*
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary i.
Superior^
Waverly 7
Horse Pool * 8
Arlington Hotel, ground
lease.
Hot Springs Mountain
Observatory, ground
Alhambra Bathhouse Co
Arlington Hotel Co
Buckstaff Bath House Co
New York Hotel Co
S. W. Fordyce '. .
Mercantile Trust Co., trustee
D. Fellows Piatt
Chas. N . Rix
M. C. Tombler and G. H. Buckstaff
Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital Associa-
tion.
Chas. B . Piatt
Avenue Hotel Co
Maurice B ath Co
Nicholas M. Moody
W. S. Sorrellsand F. B. Latta
Ozark Sanatorium Co
Garland Hotel Co :
Knights of Pythias (colored)
Elias W. Rector
Mahala J. Rockafellow
Sister superior
Superior Bathhouse Co
New Waverly Hotel Co
Simon Cooper
Arlington Hotel Co
Hot Springs Mountain Observatory Co...
Mar. 1,1916
Mar. 21,1914
Jan. 1,1912
May 13.1912
Jan. 1,1915
do
Jan. 1,1895
Jan. 1,1912
Jan. 1,1897
Nov. 1,1914
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
July
Jan.
Sept.
May
Dec.
Apr.
July
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Oct.
Mar.
1,1895
1,1913
1,1912
1,1910
1,1901
17,1912
13,1912
16,1914
16,1914
1,1916
1,1914
15,1916
24,1893
30, 1912
21,1914
Sept. 1,1913
Feb. 28,1919
Mar. 3, 1932
Dec. 31,1931
May 12,1932
Dec. 31,1934
Do.
Dec. 31,1909
Dec. 31,1931
Dec. 31,1916
Oct. 31,1924
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
June
Dec.
Sept.
May
Dec.
Apr.
June
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Oct.
Mar.
31, 1909
31,1932
31,1931
30, 1920
31,1913
16, 1922
12, 1932
15, 1924
15,1924
30, 1918
31.1924
14,1936
23, 1913
30, 1917
3, 1932
Sept. 1,1923
i Water used in private bathrooms in portion of tubs leased.
2 Closed Dec. 31, 1915.
a Tenants holding over.
* Destroyed by fire Sept. 5, 1913.
6 Remodeled and reopened Apr. 18, 1916.
6 New building replacing old Superior Bathhouse completed and opened to public Feb. 16, 1916.
7 Destroyed by fire Jan. 23, 1910.
* Water sufficient to supply 2 tubs.
772
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
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774
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Fees received by bath attendants in the bathhouses during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916.
Bathhouse.
Alhambra
Arlington
Buckstaff
Eastman
Fordyce
Horse Shoe
Hale
Imperial
Lamar
Magnesia
Majestic
Maurice
Moody
Ozark
Ozark Sanatorium
Pythian (colored)
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Josephs Infirmary .
Superior
Total 89,688.50
Gross
amount.
166. 65
575. 90
081. 90
302. 05
609. 25
283. 85
307. 35
547. 00
017.35
212.35
005. 80
154. 45
157. 65
845. 90
824. 15
078. 10
418. 95
992. 45
531. 35
576. 05
Redemp-
tions.
$958. 95
415. 20
633. 90
246. 45
878. 65
139. 20
599. 40
506. 40
517. 35
778. 35
823. 60
821. 25
476. 40
1,144.54
192. 90
231. 60
40.20
581. 10
147. 60
481. 50
10,614.54
Net
amount.
$5,207.70
4, 160. 70
5,448.00
2, 055. 60
6,730.60
1,144.65
4, 707. 95
5,040.60
4,500.00
4,434.00
4, 182. 20
7,333.20
2,681.25
6,701.36
1,631.25
1,846.50
378. 75
5,411.35
1,383.75
4,094.55
79,073.96
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The supervisor recommends the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the
future improvement of the Hot Springs Reservation by a competent landscape
engineer under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, with an appro-
priation of $10,000 therefor ; the construction of a roadway 30 feet wide and
approximately 2\ miles in length through the "Gorge" at the east end of Hot
Springs and North Mountains, with an appropriation of $40,000 therefor ; the
paving of Fountain Street, from Central Avenue to boundary monument No. 36,
and Reserve Avenue, from Central Avenue to boundary monument No. 26, this
work to be done under an improvement district now being promoted in the city,
with an appropriation sufficient to meet the just assessments for this work;
the immediate reconstruction and remodeling of the Government Free Bath-
house, the tentative plans prepared by Mr. Gill, of the department, being satis-
factory to the supervisor, with an appropriation of $75,000 therefor; the con-
struction of a new greenhouse, with an appropriation or allotment of $3,000
therefor ; an appropriation of $237,840, which figures are based upon scientific
estimates, for the construction of a storm sewer and surface drainage system in
Hot Springs to care for the drainage from the reservation ; an appropriation of
$96,595, also based upon a scientific estimate, for the construction of a sanitary
sewer system in Hot Springs to care for the sewage from the reservation; the
securing and permanent maintenance of a band on the reservation, in which
plan it is suggested that the city might cooperate ; and the pursuance of a plan
to promote the publicity of the Hot Springs Reservation, -on the part of the
Government, suggesting in connection with the plan, that illustrated descriptive
pamphlets be sent out in large numbers.
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Lloyd M. Brett, Colonel of Cavalry, United States Army, Acting Supervisor
Yellowstone Park, Wyo., succeeded by Chester A. Lindsley, Acting Supervisor,
October 16, 1916.
general statement.
The Yellowstone National Park, set aside by act of March 1, 1872 (sees. 2474
and 2475, R. S. ; 17 Stat, 32), is located in the States of Wyoming, Montana,
and Idaho. It has an area of about 2,142,720 acres and an average altitude of
about 8,000 feet.
The military force available for duty in the park consists of a detachment of
200 soldiers of the Cavalry Arm of the service, trained in the different Cavalry
regiments and detached therefrom for this special service.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 775
The headquarters is located at Fort Yellowstone, but the command also garri-
sons 15 soldier stations scattered throughout the park, requiring 128 men during
the tourist season and 75 during the remainder of the year.
A telephone system connects the soldier stations and the post.
In addition to the military force which is maintained by the War Depart-
ment, the Interior Department furnishes certain civilian employees, namely, a
clerk, scouts, a buffalo keeper, etc.
The officers and men of the military command, and the civilian employees,
performed their duties in a most satisfactory manner.
TRAVEL.
A severe winter with deep snow was followed by a late spring featured by a
gale which continued for five days, doing great damage to the telephone system
and closing the roads with uprooted trees. The men of the command repaired
the telephone lines and made the roads passable for all kinds of travel.
Though there were many obstacles to overcome, such as deep snows and wash-
outs, the belt line and the north and west approaches were opened on schedule
time. The Cody-Sylvan Pass-Lake Road was opened to wagons on June 27, and
to automobiles on June 29. The Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co. began operations
on July 1, as advertised.
The first vehicle came in from the south on June 26.
The Chittenden Road, from the Canyon to Tower Palls, presented the greatest
difficulties, as the snow, from 4 to 30 feet in depth, was packed solid for some
6 miles in Dunraven Pass and its approaches. This road was open to wagons
on July 2, and to automobiles on July 6.
The aggregate number of persons making park trips during the season of
1916 was as follows :
Travel during the season of 1916.
Entering via the northern entrance with the Yellowstone Park Trans-
portation Co 3, 853
Entering via the western entrance with Yellowstone-Western Stage Co 3, 657
Entering via eastern entrance with Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co 1, 293
Wylie Permanent Camping Co. :
Entering via northern entrance 2, 155
Entering via western entrance 2, 879
5,034
Shaw & Powell Camping Co. :
Entering via northern entrance 1, 361
Entering via western entrance 369
Old Faithful Camping Co. (Hefferlin Camps) :
Entering via northern entrance 333
Entering via western entrance 53
1,730
With other licensees of personally conducted camping parties 288
Making park trips with private transportation:
With automobiles, trip tickets 12, 926
With automoBiles, season tickets 2, 004
14, 930
With other private transportation, as "private camping
parties " 2, 325
Miscellaneous short trips 280
Winter trips — special excursions to view game 2, 073
17, 255
2,353
Grand total 35, 849
- The Yellowstone Park Hotel Co. reports that 7,876 people were accommodated
at the hotels in the park during the season of 1916, of which 3,862 entered at
the northern entrance, 3,653 at the western entrance, and 361 at the eastern
entrance.
The Yellowstone Park Boat Co. reports that 2,558 people took the boat trip
across Yellowstone Lake during the season, of which 1,237 were traveling with
Yellowstone Park Transportation Co., 1,021 with Yellowstone-Western Stage Co.,
247 with Wylie Camping Co., and 53 with Shaw & Powell Camping Co.
776
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Travel by the different entrances.
From the north, via Gardiner, Mont 17, 589
From the west, via Yellowstone, Mont 13, 261
From the east, via Cody, Wyo 4, 593
From the south, via Jackson, Wyo 395
From the northeast, via Cooke, Mont 11
Total 35, 849
Automobile travel.
Automo-
biles.
Tourists.
Entering via the northern entrance.
Entering via the western entrance. .
Entering via the eastern entrance. .
Entering via the southern entrance.
Total automobile travel on trip tickets .
Automobile travel season tickets
Total automobile travel on paid tickets.
Entering with Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co. . .
Grand total of parties entering with automobiles.
1,264
1,291
754
31
,340
105
4,825
5,234
2,754
113
12,926
2,004
14,930
1,293
16, 223
The automobile travel is included in the aggregate number of tourists mak-
ing park trips as shown on the preceding page.
Attention is invited to the fact that parties traveling in automobiles are not
included in the reports of numbers accommodated during the season at hotels
and permanent camps.
During the year 1916 202 personally conducted camping permits were issued
as follows:
Entering at northern entrance 83
Entering at both northern and western entrances 37
Entering at western entrance 4
Entering at eastern entrance 68
Entering at southern entrance 10
The travel by way of Tower Falls by regular tourists returning to Mam-
moth Hot Springs from Grand Canyon was encouraged by some of the trans-
portation companies, the Yellowstone-Western Stage Co. alone transporting
over this scenic route 698 tourists. Most of those touring the park in auto-
mobiles took the Mount Washburn route and were most enthusiastic over the
scenery.
In addition to the transportation furnished by the regular companies, mov-
able camp licenses were issued during the season covering a total of 37 wagons
and 309 saddle and pack animals, and one special wagon for livery work.
The columns of the daily papers and the orders of the railroad officials to
stop the shipment of perishable goods which could not be delivered before the
day set for the strike and other reliable information convinced the president
of the hotel company that the railroad strike was inevitable. He, in accordance
with this belief, at 11 o'clock p. m. of August 30, decided that all tourists at
the hotels be taken direct to the railroad stations. The movement commenced
early the morning of August 31, and was so expeditiously managed that the
tourists had departed, the help sent away, and the hotels closed by September 2.
The imminence of the railroad strike deterred many from journeying far
from home. This is unmistakable, as the travel to the park which was excellent
prior to the alarming period of the contention fell to almost nothing for the
remainder of the season.
The Wylie Camping Co. closed to tourists early in the month of September.
The Shaw & Powell Camping Co. and Old Faithful Camping Co. continued to
give tourists full service, as advertised, to the end of the season.
CODY-SYLVAN PASS MOTOR CO.
On June 6, 1916, a concession was granted the Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co.,
authorizing it for the term of one year from January 1, 1916, to establish and
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 777
maintain an automobile transportation line for the accommodation of persons
desiring to enter the park via the eastern entrance. This company operated
from Cody, Wyo., to the eastern entrance, thence inside of the park to
the Yellowstone Lake, where they turned their patrons over to the transporta-
tion companies operating horse-drawn vehicles. The business of the new com-
pany was conducted in a very satisfactory manner. A total of 1,293 passengers
entered the park with it, of which 258 were turned over to the Yellowstone Park
Transportation Co., 113 to the Yellowstone-Western Stage Co., 710 to the
Wylie Permanent Camping Co., 134 to the Shaw & Powell Camping Co., and
the balance of 78 were transients. The company also carried a total of 3,109
tourists out of the park from Lake Outlet to the eastern entrance, which were
taken from the various transportation companies.
AUTOMOBILES.
There were 3,445 automobiles carrying 14,930 tourists from June 15 to Sep-
tember 30. Of these, 2,004 came in on season tickets and 12,926 on the regular
tickets of passage. These tourists came from 40 States, and nearly every
known make of automobiles was represented. This includes, in addition to the
regularly purchased tickets, complimentary tickets to county, State, and Fed
eral officials in the park on official business.
The automobilists almost without exception adhered closely to the automobile
regulations and followed strictly the schedules, which proved quite popular.
As the roads approaching the several entrances of the park improve, the auto-
mobile travel will increase, and the park will in time become one of the great
resorts of the country.
To make this a possibility, the Park-to-Park Highway Association held a
most enthusiastic convention at the Canyon Hotel July 24-25 and started a
movement for good roads from all the contiguous States to the parks and within
the States.
Mr. Robert I. McKay, of Cooke, Mont., to whom a permit was issued last
year to use automobile trucks and trailers for transporting ore and supplies
between Gardiner and Cooke, Mont., used but one truck and trailer and one
utility car last season, and up to this date he has failed to make arrangements
for renewal of his privilege. His reports indicate that he expended $11,857.63
in repairing the roads under his contract with the department. Similar permits
for use of the park roads between Gardiner and Cooke have been given for the
present season as follows :
One to Nels E. Solderholm, a merchant of Cooke, for use of one 2-ton truck for
hauling his own supplies and employees.
One to G. L. Tanzer, president of the Western Smelting & Power Co., of
Seattle, Wash., with mining interests in Cooke, for a 2-ton automobile truck, a
3-ton trailer for same, and a utility or repair car, with privilege of increasing
the number to 41 vehicles if desired. These permits were granted under the
same requirements as was Mr. McKay's last year — namely, that the licensees
pay a fee of $20 per annum for each truck used, $10 per annum for each trailer
used, and $10 per annum for the utility or repair car. Mr. Solderholm has had
his truck in commission since about July 1. Mr. Tanzer has ordered a truck
and trailer, but it has not been received and put into commission.
More than 50 motor cars and trucks have been in use by the different
branches of the Government and concessionaires in the park in hauling supplies
and work other than transporting tourists.
STREAM GAGING.
Mr. G. Clyde Baldwin, district engineer of the water-resources branch of the
United States Geologicel Survey, with headquarters at Boise, Idaho, who has
charge of this important feature, has furnished the following report on this
work for the year :
Records were obtained from the following gaging stations, which were estab-
lished during June, 1913 :
Madison River, near Yellowstone, Mont.
Gibbon River, at Wylie Lunch Station, near Yellowstone, Mont.
Yellowstone River, above Upper Falls, near Canyon Station.
Snake River, at south boundary Yellowstone National Park.
During July, 1915, the sum of $1,000 was apportioned from Yellowstone Park
funds to assist in carrying on the stream-gaging work during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1917. In consequence plans were made for the installation of
778 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
a water-stage recorder at the station on Yellowstone River and for the purchase
and erection of cables from which to secure current meter measurements at this
station and also at the one on Snake River.
The installation of this equipment, which was in progress at the end of Sep-
tember, 1916, will make it possible to secure dependable records at these sta-
tions for high stages of flow.
The water-stage recorder will be located close to the Upper Falls of Yellow-
stone River and will be housed in such a manner as to permit inspection by
tourists. Later it is proposed to post rating tables in prominent places in
order to enable tourists to determine from the observed gage reading the actual
quantity of water passing over these falls.
Detailed descriptions of the gaging stations, together with summaries of cur-
rent meter measurements and gage height and discharge data for each will be
published in the annual Water-Supply Papers of the United States Geological
Survey, Parts VI to XII, respectively, for Missouri River and Snake River
drainage areas.
ROADS.
The road work in the park is in charge of Maj. Amos A. Fries, Corps of
Engineers, United States Army, who has furnished the following notes on the
work in the park under his department.
The sundry civil bill of July 1, 1916, appropriated money as follows for
road work in Yellowstone National Park and the adjacent forest reserves on
the east and south :
" Yellowstone National Park : For maintenance and repair of improvements,
$152,500, including not to exceed $15,000 for maintenance of the road in the
forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, and not to
exceed $10,000 for maintenance of the road in the forest reserve leading out
of the park from the south boundary, and including not exceeding $5,000 for
purchase, operation, maintenance, and repair of motor-driven and horse-drawn
passenger-carrying vehicles to be used for inspection of roads and road work,
to be expended by and under the direction of the Secretary of War: Provided,
That no portion of this appropriation shall be expended for the removal of
snow from any of the roads for the purpose of opening them in advance of the
time when they will be cleared by seasonal changes.
" For widening to not exceeding eighteen feet of roadway and improving sur-
face of roads and for building bridges and culverts from the belt-line road to
the western border from the Thumb Station to the southern border, and from
the Lake Hotel Station to the eastern border, all within Yellowstone National
Park, to make such roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and motor-
propelled vehicles, $38,700.
" For completing the widening to not exceeding eighteen feet of roadway and
improving the surface of roads and for building bridges and culverts in the
forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, to make such
roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles, $6,000."
In addition there remained available on October 1, 1915, about $13,000 of
the $195,000 appropriated for the same purposes in the sundry civil bill of
March 3, 1915 (p. 9, report of acting superintendent, Sept. 30, 1915).
On account of early spring and the desire to expedite work jn anticipation of
record travel through the park during 1915, due to the combined influence of
the European war and of the San Francisco and San Diego Expositions, work
was vigorously prosecuted during the spring and summer of 1915 under the
appropriations for both the fiscal years 1915 and 1916, and consequently almost
all crews had either exhausted their apportioned funds or completed their
work prior to the date of the last report (Sept. 30, 1915).
The work during the present year included general repair and maintenance
of the entire system, including the belt line, the north, west, south, and east
approaches, both in the park and in the forest reserves on the east and south,
and the Cooke City road; widening and improving the west, south, and east
approaches, including the east forest reserve; sprinkling of 100 to 112 miles
of belt line and north and west approach road ; repair and construction of
bridges; construction of concrete, wood, and galvanized-iron culverts; clearing
of dead and fallen timber from the roadside; reshaping and ditching roads;
maintenance of trees, shrubs, vines, and lawns.
In the following summary the work will be divided into that done on the
belt line, the north approach, the west approach, the south approach, the east
approach, and the Cooke City road.
SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 779
BELT LINE.
General road repairs. — Owing to the very heavy snows of the past winter
and to the late spring, the road over the Continental Divide, between the
Upper Basin and the Thumb, was still impassable on account of snowdrifts
as late as June 15, and would have remained so for the first part of the tourist
season except for work done voluntarily on the part of the transportation com-
panies and others in shoveling and otherwise breaking a trail through the snow.
While this work served to render the road passable for horse-drawn vehicles
for the first tourists on June 17, much sooner than would have been the case
through the regular .seasonal thaw, it also had the effect of permitting the
passage of traffic through numerous snowbanks, the continuous melting from
which kept the roadbed in wet and poor condition. That, combined as it was
with restricting the travel to a narrow, single track, caused very severe rutting
of the roadbed, and required considerable urgent repair work to keep the road
from becoming impassable. The same was true of the Dunraven Pass road
from the Canyon to Tower Falls, and of parts of the east approach road in the
park, especially near Cub Creek, although both of these roads were not opened
up until somewhat later than the Continental Divide road.
The spring run-off from the deep snows of the winter also caused some wash-
ing out of roads over certain stretches, especially along Spring and Dry Creeks,
between the Upper Basin and the Thumb, and required the constant attention
of a small maintenance crew during the early part of the tourist season.
Early in July two flying-grader squadrons, consisting of about three graders
each, with a few extra laborers, were sent in opposite directions around the
belt line, starting from Mammoth Springs. These crews shaped up the roads,
repaired washouts, cleaned out ditches, and cleaned out and made minor repairs
to culverts. In addition, a special crew was necessary to repair the 6 miles
of road between Gibbon Meadows and Yellowstone Junction, which had become
very badly broken up with ruts and chuck holes. Bad chuck holes between
Mammoth Springs and the 15-mile post on the road to Norris were repaired by
an emergency crew of about three men sent out from Mammoth Springs in a
Ford touring car which was temporarily impressed into service as an emer-
gency repair car.
To assist in maintaining the roads during the tourist season, each sprinkler
crew was equipped with a split-log drag ; and whenever rainy weather, which
was rare during the season of 1916, gave an opportunity for so doing,, these
drags were used to reshape and smooth out the ruts in the roads. This process
is very necessary and would have been more efficacious had there been more
rain than was the case during the season just closed.
Sprinkling and dragging. — During the tourist season of 1916 a maximum of
110 miles of road was sprinkled, covering practically the same stretches of
road as the previous season, and including a portion of the north and west
approaches. Although water for sprinkling purposes was plentiful early in the
tourist season, continued dry weather during the summer caused some of the
wells from which water for sprinkling was drawn to go dry, so that toward
the end of the season it was found necessary to abandon several sprinkler runs,
as was the case in 1915. As already stated under "General road repairs," all
sprinkler crews were equipped with split-log drags, which were used whenever
rainy weather gave an opportunity for doing so, to reshape and smooth out the
roads.
Firehole River realignment. — This realignment, which will replace several
miles of the road lying between the Madison Junction and the Firehole Cascades,
was begun in June, 1915, and completed during the season of 1915 for a dis-
tance of about 3,500 feet. Work was resumed about the middle of July of this
year, and up to the present time about 1,200 feet additional has been com-
pleted, making the total completed distance to date about 4,700 feet. This new
location involves very heavy rock work, but it will greatly improve the grades
and will open up a fine stretch of river scenery, replacing with an unusually
attractive road one which is quite deficient in such qualities. The construction
of this new road has been greatly assisted by the recent installation on the
work of a f-cubic yard revolving steam shovel, which will serve to materially
reduce the cost of handling the rock material after being loosened by blasting.
It is expected that the realignment, the total length of which will be about 7,650
feet, will be completed next season.
Gibbon Canyon. — Two miles of the road along the Gibbon River, between the
15 and 17 mile posts from the west entrance toward Norris, was reshaped and
780 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
regraded, including two short realignments (300 and 600 feet long, respectively)
and the installation of about four corrugated-iron culverts.
Vicinity of Lake Hotel.— The first 5 miles of the road from the Lake Hotel
toward the Canyon and the first several miles of the road from the Lake Hotel
toward the Thumb was reshaped and regraded. Twenty-six corrugated gal-
vanized-iron culverts, mostly of 24-inch diameter, were installed in connection
with this work.
Freight road — Lower Geyser Basin. — The freight road, 4 miles long, which
parallels the main belt-line road between the Fountain Soldier Station and
the Excelsior Geyser, having been closed by reason of the unsafe condition of
the wooden truss bridge over the Firehole River, about 1 mile from the Foun-
tain Soldier Station, it was found desirable to reconstruct the bridge in question,
and also to generally put the road in shape for traffic. In addition to the
reconstruction of the bridge already named, the trusses of which were so weak
that they collapsed during the building of the new 50-foot bridge, there was also
reconstructed the 40-foot bridge over Nez Perce Creek, in the immediate vicinity
of the Fountain Soldier Station. The putting of this road into commission again
makes possible deviating over it considerable heavy freighting traffic, thus
reducing the wear on the main road between the Fountain Soldier Station
and Excelsior Geyser, and furnishing a shorter route for freight traffic, and
also gives opportunity for greater freedom in handling automobile traffic past
the Fountain Geyser Basin without interference with the horse-drawn traffic.
Resurfacing. — No resurfacing has been done on the belt line during the
present season. Two automobile dump trucks were purchased and recently re-
ceived, and are now in use on the west approach for hauling surfacing material
there. In order to take advantage of the cheaper hauling costs, such surfacing
as is contemplated on the belt line has been delayed until such time as these
trucks will be free to do the work, as the expense of hauling is much less by
truck than by team, and by the use of trucks it is therefore possible to surface
well and nt reasonable cost stretches of the road system which heretofore it
has been impracticable to surface except with the poorer materials immediately
at hand.
Bridges and culverts. — In line with the policy adopted several years ago of
reconstructing in permanent materials the bridges and culverts on the main
Belt line, there were built or installed this spring on the sections of road
between the Thumb and the Lake and between the Lake and the Canyon, six
reinforced concrete slab culverts, four of which were of 8-foot span and two of
3-foot span; and one double corrugated galvanized-iron culvert, 24-inch diam-
eter, with concrete head walls. All except two of the foregoing structures
require to be back filled in order to be placed in commission. Concrete hand-
rails were added to the 26-foot double-span reinforced concrete culvert built in
1914 over Otter Creek, about 2 miles from the Canyon Junction on the road to
the Lake Hotel. There were also installed some galvanized-iron culverts at
other parts of the Belt line, of 12, 18. and 24 inch diameter, as already noted
in connection with the reshaping of roads in the vicinity of the Lake Hotel and
between the 11 and 13 mileposts from Yellowstone toward Norris;*but also in
the replacement of small wooden and tile culverts at other parts of the Belt
line where they had been broken down and rendered unserviceable by the heavy
automobile truck traffic over them this season. In addition, a number of cul-
verts and small wooden bridges were repaired, strengthened, or reconstructed,
principally on the road between the Canyon and Tower Falls, many of these
being partially or entirely broken down by the automobile traffic. The high
steel bridge over the Gardiner River, on the road from Mammoth Springs to
Tower Falls, was refloored with lumber.
Guard rails. — Log guardrails were installed at the east approach of the Chit-
tenden Bridge over the Yellowstone River, on both sides of the road.
NORTH APPROACH.
On the north approach road, extending from the northern entrance at Gardi-
ner, Mont., to the Belt line at Mammoth Hot Springs, general maintenance and
repair work was done, as on the Belt-line road itself, and the first 3£ miles
from Mammoth Hot Springs toward Gardiner was sprinkled. The other mile
and a half of the road had been treated with a light oil and sand finish in the
spring of 1915 and did not require sprinkling during the season just closed.
Gardiner slide. — The slide in the Gardiner Canyon, about 2 miles from the
north entrance at Gardiner, Mont., which has given considerable trouble to the
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 781
Gardiner Road for a number of years, was cut back in the fall of 1914 and the
spring of 1915, so that at the beginning of the 1915 tourist season the road was
broad and in very good shape. During the summer of 1915 and the winter
following the slide gradually encroached upon the road, however, so that early
this spring the roadway had been reduced to a width of about 9 or 10 feet. In
addition to the old or main slide, the encroachment of which is gradual, there
developed in the fall of 1915 a new or secondary slide, several hundred yards
nearer Gardiner than the main slide. The slumping off of material at this new
slide caused the road about If miles from the north entrance at Gardiner to be
blocked several times during the fall of 1915, and four times during March and
April of the spring of 1916. By means of blasting and the use of graders, the
road was reopened within a half day ordinarily after the occurrence of slides.
In this work the quartermaster of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo„ cooperated by fur-
nishing teams and teamsters. In May the road at the main slide, which, as
already stated, had become extremely narrow, was very much widened by
blasting and grading, which process had to be repeated along portions of the
slide once during the summer. Grader work was also required from time to
time to smooth off the road surface, made necessary by the heaving up of the
same due to the pressure from the slide above. Considerably more work will
have to be done on the slide prior to the opening of the next tourist season.
Retaining wall. — Early in June a section of the concrete retaining wall which
protects the road in the Gardiner Canyon gave way, being undermined by the
high water in the Gardiner River, due to the melting of the very heavy snows
of the preceding winter. The break was repaired without serious injury to the
roadway by means of concrete and the free use of sand bags and steel rods.
An adjacent section of the wall was weakened later in the summer by blasting
operations in connection with the slide removal, but not so seriously as to make
advisable any repair work during the tourist season. The wall will be placed
in first-class condition during the present fall.
WEST APPROACH.
On the west approach road, which extends from the west entrance at Yellow-
stone, Mont., to the Belt line at Madison Junction, a distance of 13£ miles,
maintenance work similar to that on the Belt line, including sprinkling the 3£
miles nearest to Madison Junction, was done. In addition, the work of widen-
ing and improving the road to make it safe for animal-drawn and motor-pro-
pelled vehicles has been prosecuted as rapidly as possible since the funds for
the fiscal year 1917 were made available early in July.
Widening and grading. — During the year widening and grading of the west
approach has been extended to include the entire distance from Yellowstone
to Madison Junction, the work done this season covering about 2 miles between
the 11 and 13 mile posts from the west entrance.
Surfacing. — During the season of 1915 oil-macadam surfacing, 18 feet wide,
was completed for the first 5 miles of the approach, beginning at the west
entrance. During the present season a crushed-rock sub-base, 5 inches deep
and 10 feet wide, ready to be given an oil finish, has been constructed a distance
of 2$ miles, reaching as far as the bridge over the Madison River, about 7£
miles from the west entrance. The narrowing of the oil macadam from 18 to
10 feet has been made because the experience to date has shown that prac-
tically all traffic on the west approach is concentrated on the 10-foot strip, and
the expense of the greater width in further construction on the west approach,
at least for the immediate future, is not considered justified. To haul the oil
for the oil finish there has been purchased a 1,000-gallon, asbestos-covered oil
tank and distributor, which has recently been received and will be temporarily
mounted, whenever necessary for oiling operations, on the White 5-to:a truck
purchased by the engineer department last year. This equipment will permit
oiling of roads at considerable distances from the railroad without undue ex-
pense of hauling and without the necessity of reheating the oil en route. Two
5i-ton dump trucks have also been purchased to permit the more economical
hauling of crushed rock and other surfacing material on this and other work
in the park. Both trucks are for the present in use on the west road.
SOUTH APPROACH IN THE PARK.
In addition to general repairs, such as were made on the Belt line, the work
of widening and improving the south approach for combined horse-drawn and
automobile traffic, as specially appropriated for by Congress, was continued.
782 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Widening and grading. — The widening and grading of about 1$ miles of road
between 6 and 8 miles from the Thumb Soldier station, which was begun
during the season of 1915, has now been finished, and, in addition, the road has
been widened and graded for a distance of about 4 miles over the Pitchstone
Plateau, covering a stretch located between 17f and 21f miles from the Thumb
Soldier station. This latter work has been extremely difficult, the plateau
being strewn with large and small bowlders, and has included several minor
realignments where better grades and curves could thus be obtained, or where
the road could be built more economically on the new location. In doing this
work there was used to advantage a heavy power grader drawn by a steam
roller acting as a tractor, both of which machines have been newly purchased
this season. To complete the improvement of the south approach there is yet
required the widening and grading of about 3* miles of road (14i to 17| miles
south of the Thumb). This work will probably be completed in time for the
next tourist season.
Bridges and culverts. — The Moose Falls Bridge, about 1$ miles from the south
entrance, was redecked, and two small log bridges were constructed, one about
a mile south of the Thumb Soldier station and the other, a 12-foot span bridge,
about 4 miles south of the Soldier station. In addition, repairs were made to
other log culverts where necessary, and several small log and corrugated-iron
culverts were installed in connection with the widening and grading work re-
ported above.
Realignment 4 miles south of Thumb. — A short realignment, 400 yards long,
about 4 miles south of the Thumb, was constructed, including the 12-foot log
bridge reported above.
SOUTH APPROACH IN THE FOREST RESERVE.
Snake River Bridge. — During the present season the steelwork was erected
for the 100-foot span steel bridge over the Snake River, 24 miles south of the
park boundary, and the reinforced-concrete floor was also constructed. To com-
plete this bridge there is still required the construction of two short log bridges
at either end of the main bridge to form the approaches to the shores. These
log bridges are just now being started. Owing to the very poor condition of the
old wooden bridge over the Snake River, it is very urgent that the new bridge
be placed in commission at the earliest possible moment.
Dugout realignment.— A realignment, about seven-eighths of a mile long,
between approximately 5 and G miles south of the park boundary, to replace
the very bad stretch of road there known as the dugout, was constructed
during the present season. This realignment includes the construction of a
70-foot span log bridge and of a number of small log culverts.
General repairs. — In addition to the more important work in the south
forest reserve already noted, considerable work of a general maintenance and
repair nature was done to the first 7 miles south of the park boundary.
EAST APPROACH INSIDE THE PARK.
General repairs. — General repairs were made where necessary throughout
the entire 26 miles of the east approach inside the park. As already stated
under the work on the Belt line, constant attention was required early in the
tourist season to keep the east approach passable, owing to the melting of
snowbanks and to the single, narrow track which had been opened through the
snow and to which traffic was for the time being restricted.
Bridges and culverts. — The so-called Loop Bridge, east of Sylvan Pass, was
replaced by a 25-foot span wooden bridge and a large rock fill at the west
abutment of the bridge. The bridge over Pelican Creek was refloored, and
numerous other smaller bridges and culverts received repairs made necessary
by the heavy run-off from the winter snows and by the traffic of automobile
trucks and of the heavy transportation autos entering the park from the Cody
entrance. There were also installed a number of galvanized-iron culverts
in connection with the widening and grading work hereafter described.
Widening and grading. — The work of widening and improving the road to
make the same safe for both animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles under
the special appropriation for this purpose was resumed as soon as the new
funds became available in July. The work done during the present season
consisted of widening, reshaping, and regrading about 1£ miles of road just
east of Sylvan Pass. The improvement of the east approach has now been
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 783
brought to completion on all except about 3$ miles of the road, between the
9£ and 13 mile posts from the Lake Junction. Of this 3$ miles, a distance of
1£ miles, between the 9£ and 11 mile posts, had been previously partially
widened and improved, and work is now being begun to complete the entire
section of 3£ miles.
EAST APPROACH IN THE FOREST RESERVE.
Widening and grading. — The work of improving the road in the East Forest
Reserve to make the same safe for both animal-drawn and motor-propelled
vehicles under the special appropriation for the purpose was resumed in July,
and during the present season the 2£ miles between the 5 and 7£ mile posts
from the park boundary was widened and graded, thus completing the work
of widening and grading for the entire 27£ miles of the road.
Steel bridges. — Work has been continued on the steel bridge, 100-foot span,
over the North Fork of the Shoshone River, 2\ miles from the park boundary,
and on a similar bridge over Elk Fork, 23 miles from the park boundary.
Both of these bridges, as well as one over the North Fork, 21* miles from the
park boundary, were begun in 1915. During the past year the reinforced-
concrete floor of the Elk Fork Bridge was constructed, leaving only the
approaches yet to be built for this bridge. At the North Fork Bridge 21^
miles from the park boundary, the erection of the steelwork and the con-
struction of the reinforced-concrete floor and of the approaches remain yet
to be done. The steelwork of the bridge over the North Fork, about 2\ miles
from the park boundary, known as the Pahaska Bridge, was erected during the
year, and the approaches were constructed. This bridge is now complete
except for the construction of the reinforced-concrete floor, which it is expected
will be constructed the present fall.
General repairs. — General repairs were made to the road in the East Forest
Reserve wherever required, including minor repairs to log bridges and culverts.
The road was repaired and reshaped more extensively between the park
boundary and Pahaska, about 2\ miles from the boundary.
COOKE CITY ROAD.
Bridges and culverts. — Fourteen galvanized-iron culverts and one log culvert
were installed on the road leading from Tower Falls Soldier Station to the
northeast boundary of the park, between the Lamar River bridge and the
Buffalo Farm, about 4 and 12 miles, respectively, from the Tower Falls
Soldier Station.
Twin Lakes realignment. — During the present year there has been constructed
a realignment, about 3 miles long, of the road just east of the crossing of the
Yellowstone River. This realignment, which passes to the south of the so-
called Black or Junction Butte, replaces a portion of the road which was replete
with bad grades and curves, and some parts of which, during the spring of
the year, have at times been all but impassable because of the mud. The work
included the installation of a number of galvanized-iron culverts.
Work by Robert I. McKay. — The work done by Mr. Robert I. McKay and
associates, who have mining interests at Cooke City, Mont., about 4 miles
outside the northeast boundary, was continued last fall until interrupted by
the closing in of the winter season. Mr. McKay and his associates are inter-
ested in the upkeep and improvement of the road for the benefit of their motor
trucks and trailers, for the operation of which between Cooke City and
Gardiner, Mont., for the hauling of ore, Mr. .McKay has a permit from the
Interior Department. The work done last fall by these interests, after Sep-
tember 30, included a very desirable realignment between Fish and Pebble
Creeks, obviating the extremely bad grades of the old road, and the construc-
tion of two short realignments between the Soda Butte Soldier Station and
the Jackson Grade. Some light graveling was also done on portions of the road.
During the present spring Mr. McKay reconstructed the log bridge over Pebble
Creek, which was originally constructed by him in 1915, and the center pier
of which was undermined by the high waters of this spring.
FISH.
Mr. W. T. Thompson, superintendent of the United States fish hatchery at
Bozeman, Mont., who also has charge of the summer station on Yellowstone
Lake in the park, reports a fairly successful harvest of black-spotted trout eggs,
784 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
although his work was hindered to some extent by snow and floods, due to
melting of the heavy snows in the early part of the season, and later by the dry,
warm weather which lessened the stream flow so as to materially shorten the
run of the spawning fish. He also complains of considerable interference by the
bears, which were very plentiful and were the source of many complaints during
the summer. He reports, however, that notwithstanding these handicaps his
total harvest for the summer amounted to 7,435,800 trout eggs, which was
nearly 2,000,000 more than the previous year. As usual, most of these eggs
were " eyed " and shipped to county, State, and Federal hatcheries throughout
the United States, but about 200,000 of them that were taken early in the sea-
son were hatched out for restocking purposes in park waters.
The fish hatchery is located close to the Lake Hotel and some of the perma-
nent camps and is of great interest to tourists, who are always welcome to
observe and to whom an attendant is always ready to explain the workings
of the hatchery.
The eggs that were hatched were planted in Clear Creek, Columbine Creek,
Pelican Creek, and Bridge Creek, tributary to Yellowstone Lake, and 60,000
were sent out to be planted in Buffalo Fork of Slough Creek, but did not
stand the trip and died before reaching their destination.
Seventeen thousand young eastern brook trout furnished by the United
States fish hatchery at Bozeman, Mont., were planted in Nez Perce Creek on
June 30.
WILD ANIMALS.
Due to natural conditions, and the fact that wild animals have been pro-
tected for many years, the park is rapidly becoming known as the largest wild
bird and animal preserve in the United States, if not in the world. In addition
to 194 varieties of birds, including many varieties of waterfowl, that have been
observed and recorded in the park, antelope, deer (both black-tailed and white-
tailed), elk, moose, wild buffalo, bears, mountain sheep, coyotes, gray wolves,
and mountain lions are notable, and many of the smaller animals such as
beaver, foxes, lynx, otter, marten, mink, marmots, skunks, red squirrels, chip-
munks, weasels, badgers, porcupines, etc., are numerous.
ANTELOPE.
Most of the antelope winter in one herd near the north line of the park and
are held from leaving to the lower country outside by the high woven-wire fence
extending from the mouth of Gardiner River west to Sepulcher Mountain. The
antelope, together with the deer and mountain sheep, were fed hay during the
winter; 193£ tons that was on hand from the alfalfa field near the north
entrance was so fed, and as this was not sufficient, due to the very severe
winter, about 7 tons additional of baled hay was purchased for the purpose.
Improvements were made of the alfalfa field as follows: About 15 acres were
fertilized and the loose surface rock picked off. About 35 acres were disked,
reseeded in bare spots, and dragged. The work of irrigating the field, cutting,
curing, and stacking the hay, was again done by contract, at a cost of $5 per
ton for the hay in stack. About 120 tons, from two cuttings of the field during
the past summer, are on hand for the coming winter.
DEER.
Both the black-tailed and white-tailed varieties are very tame and seem to be
thriving. The black-tailed deer are quite numerous, and many of them, like the
elk, doubtless stray outside of the park and are killed by hunters in the open
season.
ELK.
The snow was very deep and winter very severe throughout the park, and
due to this fact the elk, which are by far the most numerous of any kind of
game in the park, came down to the lower levels in immense herds in January,
February, and March, so that the matter of capturing them for shipment was
a comparatively easy one, and there was no trouble in securing all that were
wanted for shipment. The unusual number of elk, antelope, deer, and moun-
tain sheep in the immediate vicinity of the northern entrance also attracted
many winter visitors. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. ran several special
excursion trains to Gardiner from Montana points during January and Feb-
SUPEKINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
785
ruary, and a total of about 1,992 tourists made special trips to see the game.
As high as 7,000 elk were counted between Port Yellowstone and a point about
a mile west of Gardiner — most of them along the main road — on January 27,
a day when the weather was particularly severe.
On account of the very severe weather it was predicted that the loss of game
during the spring months would be great, but this prediction did not prove
true, and the men who in April made a careful census of the elk reported but
few dead animals found, and that most of them were in excellent condition.
Due to the deep snows and a rather late spring the elk remained down in
the valleys and lower altitudes much later in the spring than usual. Under
authority of the department shipments of 618 head of elk were made during
the winter, as follows:
Pennsylvania ± 100 [ Utah 50
Alabama 50 Louisiana 40
Texas 20 New York 50
Minnesota 2 Idaho 50
Colorado 50 Washington 50
Georgia 2 Montana 50
Department of Agriculture 100 North Dakota 4
Under authority of the department dated February 15, 1916, representatives
of the United States Biological Survey and of the United States Forest Service
of the Department of Agriculture were in the park March 2 to 14, inclusive,
taking a census of the elk and studying their winter conditions, and such as-
sistance as was practicable was given them here. A copy of their complete
report has not been furnished this office.
In accordance with instructions from the department, beginning April 5, 1916.
a very careful census was made of the elk belonging to the northern herd in
the park and just along its borders outside on the north and northeast ; 29,544
elk were found in this herd and 1,958 more were accounted for — namely, 1,000
(estimated) killed in adjoining States during the open hunting season, 611
shipped from the park under authority of the department, 90 shipped from just
outside of the park by the authorities of Montana to other points in the State,
and 257 counted that had been killed for their teeth in the State of Montana
not far from the park line after the close of the open hunting season. An
unusual increase in the Jackson Hole herd south of the park, as found by the
representatives of the Department of Agriculture referred to above, indicated
that a number of the northern herd had probably migrated to the southern herd
during the past year.
The severe storms of the last days of December and the month of January
drove the elk out of the park in large herds. Certain lawless individuals took
advantage of this opportunity and slaughtered them recklessly. The section of
Montana where the unlawful killing of elk took place is a strip of rough coun-
try from 12 to 15 miles long, measured in the direction of the northern bound-
ary line of the park and extending northerly to a width of 8 miles, lying
wholly without the park and embracing the country about Gardiner and
Jardine.
The hunting season in Montana closed December 15, 1915, and there were no
elk reported outside the park in the section under consideration at that time.
So the slaughter took place during the closed season. A fairly careful search
by park scouts of the strip of country above mentioned resulted in the finding
of the bodies of 257 elk which had been killed for their teeth.
During the past summer more elk than usual have been seen along the trav-
eled roads, and patrols who have seen them in large herds at higher levels
state that there are an unusual number of young with the cows.
MOOSE.
Moose are so timid and are so much scattered in many sections of the park
that it is practically impossible to get a reasonable estimate of their numbers,
but they are frequently seen in small herds, and there is little doubt that they
have been on the increase for several years under the protection afforded them
by the park and the adjoining States. Last season the State of Wyoming sold
special licenses to kill one bull moose to each license during the open season,
and limited the number to 50. I am informed that those who bought such
licenses had no difficulty in securing their moose.
62656°- ant 1916— vol 1-
50
786
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
BUFFALO.
Wild herd. — In July and August a special attempt was made to look up the
wild buffalo in the park. Their condition was found very satisfactory. Sev-
enty-two in all were found, of which 10 were this year's calves.
Tame herd. — The main herd is kept on Lamar River, near the mouth of Rose
Creek, 30 miles east from headquarters. This herd now numbers 276 animals,
as follows:
Males.
Females.
Total.
Number Oct. 1, 1915 (last report)
122
34
117
22
239
56
156
10
139
9
295
Died or disposed of during the year
19
Balance now in the herd
146
130
276
Of those disposed of, one 5-year-old bull and one 6-year-old bull were shipped
to Corpus Christi, Tex. ; two 2-year-old bulls and four 3-year-old cows to Wind
Cave National Park; one 6-year-old bull to Kansas City, Mo. ; and one 4-year-old
bull to Denver, Colo., all donated by the department but shipped at the expense
of the parties receiving them. An 8-year-old cow and a 4-year-old bull were
killed by fighting among the herd. Two young cows that were not in very good
condition got into a swamp and were not strong enough to extricate themselves.
One of the oldest bulls in the herd was killed, apparently by a poisonous weed;
nnd an old cow died in the same manner and her calf was raised on one of the
domestic cows kept for that purpose. A 4-year-old cow was drowned in an
irrigation ditch in the lower field. An old bull that was not in good condition
was gored to death by the others while they were being " rounded up." A male
calf that was born late last fall, and had never been in good condition, also
died.
In the cases of those that died, whenever practicable, the heads, skins, skulls,
etc., were saved and shipped to the National Museum as specimens.
Sixteen of the old bulls were brought in to Mammoth Hot Springs on June 15,
where they were held during the tourist season as a show herd.
About 220 tons of excellent hay was cut and stacked at the buffalo farm on
Lamar River for winter use of the tame buffalo herd. The cost of cutting
and stacking this hay was about $4.72 per ton, plus the work of the regular
employees and the 4-horse work team used at the buffalo farm. About 400 rods
of the woven-wire fence around the upper field on Rose Creek was rebuilt and
minor repairs made to the balance of the fence. The roofs and trimmings of
the log buildings were painted, the work being done by regular employees.
Due to the increasing herd of buffalo, it will be necessary to plow up, fence,
seed, and irrigate additional land for meadows, and arrangements are being
made to do this late this fall or early next spring. The buffalo are grazed in
the open as much as possible. It was necessary to feed hay beginning January
13 last winter,
A veterinarian of the Department of Agriculture visited the park and vacci-
nated the young buffalo for hemorrhagic septicemia early in December.
BEARS.
Many complaints were received during the summer of depredations by bears,
which were particularly plentiful and very much in evidence during the tourist
season throughout the park. Many of those that live around the camps in sum-
mer get mischievous, and as they grow older they become bolder and finally are
positively dangerous and eventually have to be killed. Six black bears and two
grizzlies have been killed for this reason during the past season ; one small black
cub, with a can stuck on its foot, was killed to prevent further suffering, and two
small black bears died near headquarters from unknown causes. One tremen-
dous grizzly bear attacked and injured two men asleep in camp near Indian
Pond, on the Cody Road north of Yellowstone Lake, about the middle of August.
Efforts were made to locate and kill this bear, but without success. On the
evening of September 7 three men in the employ of the United States Engineer
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 787
Department were in camp on the Cody Road about 10 miles east from the outlet
of Yellowstone Lake. They were attacked in the middle of the night, apparently
without provocation, by a bear, which was probably the same one referred to
above, and one of their number, Frank Welch, of Electric, Mont, was dragged
some distance and so bady mauled and injured that he died a few days later
in the hospital at Fort Yellowstone.
Efforts were again made to kill this bear, and on the evening of September
8 a very large grizzly, believed to be the same one, was killed by exploding
a charge of dynamite under him by means of an electric battery.
Bears were captured and shipped from the park under authority of the
department as follows: On August 10 a pair of grizzlies, male and female,
2 to 3 years old, to the park commission at Virginia, Minn. The same date
a pair of yearling brown bears, male and female, to Madison Zoological and
Aquarium Society, Madison, Wis., and a young female grizzly to the commis-
sioner of sanitation, San Antonio, Tex. A young male grizzly was also sent
to San Antonio, Tex., on September 26. These shipments were all made at
the expense of the cities receiving the bears.
COYOTES AND WOLVES.
Coyotes are numerous. From October 6, 1915, to June 30. 1916, two special
rangers were employed by advice of the United States Biological Survey for
the purpose of exterminating carnivorous animals in the park. They succeeded
in shooting and trapping 83 coyotes, 12 wolves, and 4 mountain lions. The
skulls and such of the skins as were desired as specimens were sent to the
National Museum, and the other skins were sold and the money deposited to
the credit of the park revenues. Other park employees succeeded in killing 97
coyotes, making a total killed of 180. Two young male wolves captured in the
spring of 1915 by the employees at the buffalo farm were shipped alive on
November 16 to the National Zoological Park.
MOUNTAIN LIONS.
Mountain lions are quite in evidence during the winter, when their tracks
are found in the vicinity of the large herds of elk. Four were trapped and
killed last winter.
MOUNTAIN SHEEP.
The mountain sheep wintered in excellent condition. Signs of sheep scab
were noticed on three of them in Gardiner Canyon, and plans were made to
dip them, but by the time the arrangements were completed they had gone
so far back in the mountains as to make it impracticable to capture them, and
later reports indicated that those that were apparently diseased were much im-
proved as the spring advanced and grass was available.
BIKDS.
A number of new names were added to the list of birds observed in the park
through the observations of Mr. M. P. Skinner, who made the original list,
until it now totals 194 varieties. Several of the varieties of water birds are
found in the park the year round, as there is plenty of open water in winter
due to hot springs and geysers.
PROTECTION OF GAME.
Extra rangers were employed during the open season for hunting in the ad-
joining States in order to protect the park boundaries from hunters who might
purposely or accidentally stray over the line. The supervisors and other em-
ployees of the national forests adjoining the park, as well as the State game
authorities, cooperated with the park authorities in protecting game, and several
important arrests were made and convictions secured.
On June 28, 1916, an act of Congress was approved amending the act of
May 7, 1894, to protect the birds and animals and to punish crimes in the
park so as to provide a maximum penalty of $500 or six months' imprisonment,
or both, and costs, instead of $1,000 and two years as heretofore. This change
will greatly simplify the matter of trials for offenses in the park, as under the
original law the United States commissioner in the park was not authorized
to dispose of cases that came before him, but could only have a hearing, and
if the facts justified, hold the offenders to trial before the United States district
788 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
court, which made the proceedings tedious and often very expensive for the
Government.
Seventeen snowshoe cabins were repaired and supplied for winter use of
patrols.
VIOLATIONS OF LAW.
The highway robber who held up the coaches near Madison Junction on
July 9, 1915, has not been apprehended. Edward B. Trafton was tried in the
United States district court in Cheyenne, Wyo., in December, 1915, and found
guilty of holding up the coaches in the park on July 29, 1914. He is now
serving a five-year term in the United States prison at Leavenworth, Kans.
Most of the cases of persons found hunting in the park during the open
season in adjoining States were apparently accidental, due to ignorance of the
whereabouts of the park line, which is not always well marked, and in rough
country is sometimes hard to find. The cases of apparent willful violations of
law in regard to hunting occurred mostly during the closed season in the ad-
joining States by professional hunters.
SANITATION.
During the tourist season frequent inspections of hotels and camps were
made by officials of the Interior Department and officers of this command.
During July Mr. J. A. Hill made a special inspection of hotels and camps to
determine the quality and manner of handling of food supplies. An inspection
of the manner of slaughtering and handling the meat supply in the park was
made September 6-8 by an expert from the Department of Agriculture on request
of the Interior Department.
Two men with a 2-horse team and wagon were kept on the move all summer
keeping the camping grounds in a sanitary condition and caring for the earth
closets maintained for public use throughout the park.
Special sanitary camps for parties traveling in private automobiles and carry-
ing their own camp equipment, located at Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper Geyser
Basin, Grand Canyon, and Lake Outlet, were constructed in the early part oi
the summer. These camps consist of a large shed for housing of automobiles,
with a capacity of 12 cars at each point, toilets for men and women, and cook-
ing grates. Dry wood is provided at each place, and at Mammoth Hot Springs
electric lights and running water are also provided, all without charge to the
tourist. These facilities were appreciated and should be improved upon and
the sheds enlarged to provide for increased travel.
FOREST FIRES.
The latter part of the season was very dry and special attention had to be
given to fire patrols.
A forest fire was reported at Upper Geyser Basin, about 500 yards east from
Old Faithful Geyser, on August 2. It was controlled by the soldiers stationed
at that point, assisted by employees of the near-by permanent camps, after it
had burned over about 3 acres. It was kept under control by the soldiers for
several days until finally extinguished by a hard rain. It was probably started
by a picnic party.
On the afternoon of August 25 a small fire was reported about 7 miles south
from Fort Yellowstone and about a mile from the main road. One scout and a
detachment consisting of a noncommissioned officer and 10 soldiers were sent
out and succeeded in extinguishing it the same evening before much damage was
done, although it smoldered and had to be carefully watched for several days
afterwards. About half an acre was burned over. The cause of this fire was
not determined.
On the evening of September 18 a forest fire broke out on Cougar Creek,
about 5 miles from Riverside Station, in down timber and jack pines. Such
men as could be spared from a road camp in that vicinity assisted the men from
Riverside Soldier Station in extinguishing it after it had burned over about
4 or 5 acres. Under a high wind it broke out again on September 21 and spread
rapidly. The men from the road crew were again called upon, and 35 soldiers
from Fort Yellowstone, under a commissioned officer, were sent out to fight
the fire. The following day the number of soldiers was increased to 70 men,
and the fire was well under control by the morning of September 25 and was
extinguished completely by a hard storm ending in snow on September 26 and
27. This fire burned over a strip about 2 miles long and in places a half mile
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 789
wide, but no material damage was done, as the burning was mostly in down
timber and jack pines and in willows in the bottoms along the stream located
several miles from the main road.
IMPROVEMENTS.
Four sanitary automobile camps were established at Mammoth Hot Springs,
Upper Geyser Basin, Outlet of Yellowstone Lake, and Grand Canyon. At each
camp was constructed a shed 60 by 32 feet, 8 feet high at the eaves, frames
built of poles cut in the park and covered with 28-gauge corrugated steel roofing,
painted. The sheds are divided by rows of supporting posts into six double
stalls each 32 by 10 feet, each stall to hold two automobiles, making a total
capacity of 12 automobiles to each shed. The sheds cost an average of $292.81
NATURAL PHENOMENA.
No notable permanent changes were recorded in the action of the geysers and
hot springs during the year. Many of them appeared to be more active than
usual for a few weeks in the early part of the summer, due to the increased
amount of surface water from the exceedingly heavy snows of last winter.
Hymen Terrace, one of the most beautiful of the terraces at the Mammoth
Hot Springs, dried up last fall, but started up again the latter part of Febru-
ary and was fairly active until nearly the close of the tourist season, when it
dried up again and has broken out in a new place just above the old terraces.
A double vent geyser broke out at the Thumb of the Lake early in May, and
at first played every 2£ hours to a height of from 75 to 100 feet, but it
gradually dwindled and quit playing entirely the latter part of July.
Under special permit of the department a few parties visited the park during
the past winter for the purpose of taking moving pictures of game, and several
others visited the park during the summer season for the purpose of securing
moving pictures.
Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Stephen T. Mather, and
party visited the park officially from July 22 to July 31. The Superintendent of
National Parks, Mr. Robert B. Marshall, was in the park from September 3 to
14. Mr. Horace M. Albright, assistant attorney, Interior Department, was in
the park September 13 to 18.
The orders from the War Department direct that the military force now
guarding the park be withdrawn, Fort Yellowstone abandoned as a post, and
the guardianship of the park transferred to the Interior Department, effective
October 1, 1916.
The Interior Department is organizing a ranger force to replace the troops.
In 1886 troops of the Cavalry Arm of the military service marched into the
park, pitched camp, and took up the important duties of making this magnificent
reservation a pleasant place for people to visit and a home for the wild game.
Many officers and men look back upon their service here with" the keenest
pleasure. Their duties have been well and creditably performed, and the 30
years of military control will be memorable ones in the history of the Yellow-
stone National Park.
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
W. B. Lewis, Supervisor, Yosemite, Cal.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The Yosemite National Park, when created by the act of October 1, 1890 (26
Stat., 650), was situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, Madera, and Mono Counties,
Cal., and covered an area of about 1,512 square miles, being 36 miles wide by
about 40 miles long. Under the act approved February 7, 1905, entitled " An
act to exclude from the Yosemite National Park, California, certain lands
therein described and to attach and include the said lands in the Sierra Forest
Reserve," 542.88 square miles were excluded and 113.62 square miles were added
to the park, making a net reduction in area of 429.26 square miles, so that the
area, after the passage of the above act, was 1,082.74 square miles, the park
being situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, and Madera Counties. By act of June
11, 1906, entitled " Joint resolution accepting the recession by the State of
California of the Yosemite Valley grant and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove, and
including the same, together with fractional sections five and six, township five
790 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
south, range twenty-two east, Mount Diablo meridian, California, within the
metes and bounds of the Yosemite National Park, and changing the boundaries
thereof," there were added to the park the Yosemite Valley, 48.60 square miles ;
Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 4 square miles ; and a strip lying between the latter
and the park proper, 2.13 square miles ; and deducted by the change in the
southwestern boundary, 13.06 square miles; making a net addition to the area
of 41.67 square miles. The present area of the park is 1,124.41 square miles.
EOADS.
Of approximately 103 miles of roads under the control of the Government,
there is only about 1 mile of good, hard-surfaced road. There are about 2 miles
of water-bound macadam road on the floor of the Yosemite Valley, which it
has not been possible to keep in proper repair, with the result that it is becom-
ing badly rutted. About 5 miles of road on the valley floor have been surfaced
with river gravel. This gravel is of an inferior quality, which pulverizes
rapidly under wear, and necessitates heavy sprinkling to keep down the dust.
The remainder of the park roads are ordinary dirt roads, most of them built
years ago, and on account of sharp curves, steep grades, and their narrow
width, are not adaptable to automobile travel and the heavy trucking of the
present time.
The work, just begun, of the reconstruction of El Portal Road should be con-
tinued until the entire road is completed, with a maximum of 6 per cent grade.
This should be followed by the improvement of the other roads in the park,
in the near future, as the increase of travel will soon make demands upon the
present roads, which they will in no way be able to meet.
In order to successfully meet this growing demand, it is urgently recom-
mended that appropriations be made available for three years, or until expended
to put the roads in first-class condition. This would be a saving to the Govern-
ment in the long run, in the decrease in cost of maintenance, which cost is at
present very high as compared with the results obtained.
BRIDGES.
The question of bridges on the floor of the Yosemite Valley is one that should
receive the immediate attention of the department. There is but one bridge
at present which has a safe loading capacity of more than 6 tons. This, El
Capitan Bridge, a combined steel and wood truss, being safe up to 12 tons,
while the Sentinel Bridge, over which the bulk of the traffic passes, was con-
demned some three years ago for loads exceeding 3 tons.
The inconvenience to the park as a result of this condition is apparent when
the question of maintenance is considered, as the heavy road building and
sprinkling equipment owned by the park can pass loaded from one side of
the valley to the other over El Capitan Bridge only.
The low load capacity of the Sentinel Bridge lias resulted in excessive trans-
portation costs to the transportation companies operating in the park, as well
as to the park itself, due to the increased length of haul resulting thereby.
All freight trucks and heavy passenger trucks en route to points on the north
side of the valley are compelled to go via the Le Conte Road and Stoneman
Bridge, an extra haul of 2 miles.
The Sentinel Bridge should be first considered and replaced for the accomo-
dation of the transportation of freight and passenger trucks, and should be
followed by the replacement of the Pohono, Happy Isles, Stoneman, and Tenaya
Bridges with modern structures with load capacities of not less than 15 tons.
TRAILS.
Of approximately 650 miles of trails within the park; 175 miles can be classed
as good, requiring small improvements only to put in first-class shape. Some of
these, such as the Yosemite Falls Trail, the Nevada Falls Trail, and the Tenaya
Canyon Trail, have been constructed through extremely difficult country, and
are examples of first-class trail construction.
One hundred and forty-five miles of the park trails are classed as fair, while
the remainder, approximately 280 miles, should be reconstructed practically
throughout. These latter are located principally in the northern part of the
park, north of the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. This part of the park, here-
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 791
tofore little visited and practically unknown, is beginning to attract attention,
and will continue to do so still more with the establishment of lodges, as proposed,
for the accommodation of the tourist. It will, therefore, be necessary, in order
to popularize that part of the park, which possesses unsurpassed mountain
scenery, to reconstruct many of the trails, thereby insuring travelers against
danger.
It is urgently recommended that three entirely new trails be constructed
during the coming year, viz, the extension of the Washburn Lake Trail to join
with the Isberg Pass Trail near Harriet Lake, 3 miles ; from the McClure Fork
of the Merced, three-fourths mile above its junction with the Merced to Tuolumne
Pass, via Babcock and Emerick Lakes, 8 miles, replacing present trail from
same initial point to Tuolumne Pass, via Vogelsang Pass, 9 miles.
POWER PLANT.
The marked increase in the use of light and power, as compared with the
previous year, is shown by the increase of 65 per cent in the output of the
plant. In order to supply this demand, the plant has run practically to capacity
during much of the busy season, and it is fortunate that work is in progress for
the construction of a new plant which, in addition to supplying electricity for
light and power, will also be able to supply electricity for heating and cooking.
BUILDINGS.
The buildings in use for the housing of the Government employees are, for
the most part, the cottages formerly used by the War Department, located near
the Yosemite Falls Camp. All of these buildings, with the exception of three,
have been sealed and are fairly satisfactory as winter quarters. The other
three should be sealed before the coming winter, having been constructed, as
were the others, for summer use only.
WATER SUPPLY.
The increased demand for water, due to the installation of El Capitan Camp
and the laundry and swimming tank at Yosemite Falls Camp, has been such
that there have been occasions when it could not be supplied from the regular
water supply. In order to fill the Yosemite Falls Camp swimming tank, it has
been necessary to turn the river water into the mains at the power house.
This has been objectionable, resulting in bursting of pipes in one or two in-
stances, and the mixing of the river water with the domestic supply of pure
spring water has brought complaint from water users.
The present headworks at the spring develop probably 60 per cent of the
available supply. By additional headworks probably 90 per cent of the avail-
able supply could be developed. This amount, to be used for domestic purposes
only, would, undoubtedly, suffice for many years. In order that it would do so,
however, it would be advisable and necessary to develop a separate supply from
the river for use in swimming tanks and baths.
MEDICAL SERVICE.
The present building in use as a hospital is the same, slightly remodeled, as
formerly used for that purpose by the War Department, and contains three
rooms for patients, a small operating room, a nurse's room, and a reception
and consultation room. Three other rooms are utilized as living quarters by the
physician and his family.
One hundred twenty-three cases were treated in the hospital during the year
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, and 1,566 calls were made outside. As many as
seven patients have been cared for at one time in the hospital, necessitating
crowding and the utilization of all available space, the surplus being cared
for on cots placed in the operating and nurse's rooms.
The heavy tourist travel necessitates not only the maintenance of a medical
service and hospital, but the isolation of the park from first-class hospital fa-
cilities would seem to demand that such a service be of a high order. WTith the
present facilities nothing but emergency cases can be cared for, and in order
to supply the want it will be necessary to replace the present inadequate build-
ing with a new one with a capacity of about 25 beds. In connection with this,
but separate from the hospital, there should be erected quarters for the physi-
cian and his family, as the present condition of maintaining quarters in the
hospital is unsatisfactory, both from the view of the patients and the physician.
792 SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS.
SANITATION.
Up to the present time nothing has been done toward the installation of a
complete sanitary and sewage-disposal system. During the past season there
have been as many as 5,000 people in the valley at one time, and for a period
of three months the number has averaged close to 3,000. The danger of stream
pollution is evident when it is considered that much of the sewage empties
directly into the river or its tributary streams. That there has never been a
typhoid epidemic in the valley below, where people are dependent on the Merced
River as a water supply, as a result of stream pollution in the Yomesite Valley,
is nothing short of remarkable.
It therefore appears essential that steps be taken at once to install a com-
plete system of sufficient capacity to take care of the present and future needs
of the whole valley. The public camps should be supplied with flush toilets,
and a crematory for the proper burning of garbage should be installed to take
the place of the present primitive, even though effective, method of burning
in pits.
FOREST FIRES.
No serious damage was done by forest fires during the past year, all fires re-
ported having been easily brought under control by the park rangers, assisted
by other park employees.
CLEARING OF THICKETS AND UNDERBRUSH.
The existence of thickets and dense growths of underbrush in certain timber
areas on the floor of Yosemite Valley and in the Big Tree Groves and the
slashings left on the cut-over lands adjacent to the park timberlands along the
Wawona Road and along the west and south boundaries of the Mariposa Big
Tree Grove constitute a menace of large proportions in the consideration of fire
protection. Fires originating in such thickets or slashings, and with a favor-
able wind, quickly become uncontrollable and large areas are apt to be burned
over before they can be stopped from spreading.
Such thickets should be thinned out, and in cases where the slashings adjoin
park timberlands fire lanes should be cleared out of sufficient width to obviate
any danger of fires spreading to the timbered areas.
INSECT CONTROL.
Some three years ago the department realized the necessity of instituting a
campaign against the various classes of beetle depredating on the park forests.
Since that time much effective work has been done with the result that, with
one exception, all of the infested areas have been brought pretty well under
control. The one area which has failed to yield to control is located in the
Cathedral Basin, near Lake Tenaya. This area is forested almost entirely by
lodge-pole pine. While other areas, since control operations were initiated,
have shown each year a marked decrease in attacks, this one shows a very
marked increase. A recent examination by Assistant Forest Entomologist J. M.
Miller, of the Department of Agriculture, indicates that unless severe measures
are taken in this area in the near future the entire lodge-pole stand will be
exterminated. He estimates that under no condition can more than 50 per cent
of the stand be saved, and then only in the event control operations on a large
scale are promptly undertaken.
LOGGING OPERATIONS.
Logging operations on private and Government lands within the park have
been prosecuted on a large scale during the past year by the city and county
of San Francisco in its development of the Hetch Hetchy project and by the
Yosemite Lumber Co., but more principally the latter.
The latter company has cut over during the last year about 370 acres of
timberland lying within the boundaries of the park. A small percentage (42
acres) of this has been cut under restrictions whereby trees were left for seed
and scenic purposes.
The city and county of San Francisco has cut over about 900 acres of a
total area of 1,200 acres to be cleared in the Hetch Hetchy , alley. Of the total
1,200 acres to be cleared, about 400 acres is Government land. In addition to
this it has cut over 120 acres of its own lands on what is known as Canyon
Ranch.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 793
PATENTED LANDS.
Attention has been called in previous annual reports to the necessity for the
abolishment, either by purchase or exchange, of private land and timber hold-
ings within the park. Agreements have recently been made by which the Gov-
ernment acquires from the Yosemite Lumber Co. some 200 acres of timberland
along the Wawona Road and 360 acres from the city and county of San Fran-
cisco near Hog Ranch. This is in addition to acquisitions immediately follow-
ing the act of Congress of April 9, 1912. There is also a proposition now being
considered for an exchange between the department and the Yosemite Lumber
Co. by which the department would acquire the bulk of the lands within the
park boundaries in the vicinity of the Merced and Tuolumne Big Tree Groves.
BANGER SERVICE.
The present ranger force consists of 1 chief park ranger, 1 assistant chief
park ranger, 1 special park ranger in charge of maintenance of roads, trails,
etc., 1 special park ranger in charge of timber cutting in connection with the
operations of the Yosemite Lumber Co. and the city and county of San Fran-
cisco, and 3 regular park rangers, and 19 additional temporary rangers are
employed during the months of heavy travel.
INFORMATION BUREAU.
The bureau of information established last year was continued in operation
in charge of one of the park rangers.
The opening of the roads on the floor of the valley at the beginning of the
season of 1916 to general automobile travel greatly augmented the interest of
motorists in the park, and the consequent increase in motor travel during the
1916 season, as compared with that of 1915, demonstrates the popularity of this
action on the part of the department. The rule of one-way travel was rigidly
adhered to at the beginning of the season. Later, however, as dangerous curves
were eliminated, and narrow stretches of the roads were widened, the roads
were gradually opened to two-way traffic until at present the freedom of the
roads is given to the motoring public under proper speed regulation. With
such regulation of speed the valley roads are reasonably safe, and it is recom-
mended that during the coming season all restrictions as to direction of travel
be eliminated, except that of one-way traffic on the Big Oak Flat and Wawona
grades. On these grades travel should be restricted, as at present, to going and
coming on alternate hours.
The total number of automobiles entering the park during the period October
1, 1915, the date of the annual report, and September 30, 1916, was 4,043, of
which 3,843 were from California. This includes, in addition to the regularly
purchased tickets, complimentary tickets to county, State, and Federal officials
in the park on official business. The travel, segregated as to points of entrance,
was as follows :
Cars.
Alder Creek, Wawona Road 2, 370
Merced Grove, Coulterville Road . 426
Crane Flat, Big Oak Flat Road 553
El Portal, El Portal Road (cars shipped to El Portal over Y. V. R. R.)__ 6
Aspen Valley, Tioga Road 106
Tioga Pass, Tioga Road 578
Hog Ranch, Hetch Hetchy Road 4
Total , 4,043
Total for previous year 2, 270
Increase 1, 773
Increase over previous year 78 per cent.
Entering park in private automobiles during period Oct. 1, 1915, to People.
Sept. 30, 1916 14, 527
Entering park in private automobiles during previous year 7, 377
Increase over previous year : 7, 150
Automobile transportation service on the floor of the valley, initiated during
the season of 1915, was continued with increased facilities, running on regulai
schedules and at fixed rates between camps and hotels and to the various
points of interest in the valley.
794 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Visitors to the park during the period October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916.
reached a total of 33,396, an increase of 1,748, or 5.5 per cent, over the total
of the year ending September 1, 1915, the date of last annual report. This
increase is largely due to the increased freedom allowed private cars on the
park roads, especially on the roads on the floor of the valley.
FISH AND GAME.
Since the beginning of the 1916 season a more determined effort has been
made to enforce the park regulations as to fishing. The question of the con-
servation of fish in the park is an important one since fishing is, particularly
in the back country, one of the main attractions which draws the tourist to
those parts. The transportation of small fry to high mountain lakes and
streams is difficult as well as expensive. It is, therefore, very essential, as
a factor in fish conservation, that the regulation limiting the day's catch to
20 be rigidly enforced. In addition to this, the work of stocking lakes
and streams and restocking others should go on year by year so far as prac-
ticable in order that the demand may continue to be met.
Considerable good work is being done by the park rangers in transplanting
fish from streams already stocked to those where none exist. This is a very
effective method of stocking and should be encouraged.
Since the month of May the State law requiring a State fishing license has
been enforced in the park for the first time in many years.
The regulation prohibiting hunting inside of the park is rendering a great
service in the protection of game. The park has become, as a result, a great
summer feed ground and breeding place for deer, and it is understood from
those who are familiar with the conditions that all classes of game, particularly
deer, are on the increase. Unfortunately, however, with all its summer feeding
grounds and breeding places, the park has practically no winter feeding
grounds, due to the high altitude of all of the areas inclosed by the park
boundaries. The result is that much of the good work of protection within
the park goes for naught when in the fall the deer drift down to the lower
altitudes outside of the park boundaries, where they fall prey to hunters who
await their coming not far from the park boundaries. A possible solution of
this problem would be the creation of a neutral zone of 5 or 6 miles in width
along the southern and western boundaries of the park in which hunting would
be prohibited at all seasons of the year. Such a zone would open up winter
pastures at low altitudes and would do much for the protection and increase
of game life within and adjacent to the park.
FIREARMS.
Approximately 1,500 firearms of various sorts and calibers have been sealed
or taken up during the year. At present firearms carried by through automobile
passengers are sealed and the owners are permitted to retain possession. In
such cases the number of guns sealed is stated on the permit and the seals are
broken by the ranger at the point of exit. Those brought into the park by
people on foot or horseback are taken up and turned in to the supervisor's
office, whence they are shipped to the owner at the hitter's risk. This method
of handling firearms has proven very satisfactory. There should, however, be
incorporated in the firearms regulations a clause stating, in effect, that in cases
where arms once sealed are later found with seals broken, or in cases where
arms are brought into the park unsealed in direct violation of the regulations,
or in cases where there is any attempt to evade the regulations by denial of
possession or concealment, said arms shall be promptly confiscated and the
party shall forfeit all claim thereto.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
To meet ihe demand for new circuits next year, a new switchboard will have
to be installed.
It is urgently recommended that these lines be replaced by metallic circuits of
No. 9 wire, and of uniform construction.
BBQOO] \ Wl' 01 NEKAL GRANT
NATIONAL PAKKS
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SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 795
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
Walter Fry, Supervisor, Three Rivers, Cal.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The Sequoia National Park, set aside by act of September 25, 1890 (26 Stat.,
478), and act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650), is located in Tulare County,
Op.I. It has an area of 161,597 acres and ranges in altitude from 1,100 feet to
11,900 feet. The General Grant National Park, set aside by act of October 1,
1890 (26 Stat., 650), is located one-half in Tulare County and one-half in
Fresno County, Cal. It has an area of 2,536 acres and ranges in altitude from
5,250 feet to 7,631 feet. The Sequoia National Park derives its name and
much of its interest from the presence of many large groves of " big trees "
(Sequoia ivashingtoniana) , and the General Grant National Park was thus
named by reason of the " General Grant tree," so widely known for its size
and beauty. Both of these parks are situated on the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada and contain some of the most rugged alpine scenery to be
found on the continent. The magnificent forests within their borders can not
be considered their only striking feature. There is much to be seen that is
unique among the marvels of nature. The combination of rivers and lakes
with forest-covered mountains and here and there snow-capped summits reach-
ing far above timber line may well hold the traveler spellbound, for in but
few countries in the world may be seen its equal. Hidden in the fastness of
their towering mountains are found many wonderful and awe-inspiring scenes,
many of them equaling in grandeur and impressiveness those found in the
world-renowned Alps which for years have attracted the gaze of multitudes.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.
The rainfall and snowfall during the winter of 1915-16 were far above the
normal, resulting in much damage to roads and trails and delay in traffic
through high altitudes. Owing to deep snow and high waters in the higher
elevations traffic above the 7.500-foot level was not accomplished until July 1.
Repair and improvement work was commenced on roads, trails, and telephone
lines on April 15 and completed by June 30. The parks were opened for
accommodation of the public on May 25, at which time all park concessionaires
began active operations. There are hotels, stores, feed yards, post offices, tele-
phone stations, and photograph galleries in each of the parks, and physician
and surgeon in the Sequoia Park. Regular automobile transportation service
is operated between Lemon Cove Railroad Station and Giant 'orest in the
Sequoia Park and between Sanger and General Grant Park. The distance from
Lemon Cove to Giant Forest is 40 miles and from Sanger to General Grant
Park 46 miles.
REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS.
A new road 3,900 feet in length has been built to take the place of that
portion of the Mineral King Road at Lookout Point just inside the western
boundary of the park, thus doing away with that portion of the old road which
was too steep of grade to admit traffic feasible thereover. The new road is of
easy grade and good width.
Twenty-seven miles of the Giant Forest Road were graded and right of way
cleared of fallen timber, rocks, and landslides.
Sixty-seven miles of the Alta, Seven-Mile Hill, Black Oak, Colony Mill, Hos-
pital, and Middle Fork Trails have been improved by their being widened from
3 feet to 5 feet and the building of retaining walls on their lower side along
the steep mountain sides, thus insuring more safety to travel.
Fifty-four miles of the South Fork Trail and intersecting trails have been
repaired and are in good condition.
The old Marble Fork Bridge that collapsed during winter storms has been
repaired.
General Grant Par 7c— Three and one-half miles of the Stephens Grade Road
were widened from 10 feet to 16 feet. Four and one-half miles of the North
Park and Millwood Roads were graded and five additional passing points for
vehicles constructed.
796
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
GUARDING THE PARKS.
The supervisor is assisted throughout the year by three permanent park
rangers and during the summer months by eight additional park rangers in the
Sequoia Park, and by one permanent park ranger, and during the summer
months by one additional park ranger in the General Grant Park. Regular and
constant patrols are made by these men in all parts of the reservations. Four
of the above temporary park rangers were detailed to various road and trail
entrances to the Sequoia Park, whose principal duties were the issuing of auto-
mobile permits, checking of traffic, taking up of firearms, and the issuing of
instructions to and the registration of park visitors.
PARK- VISITORS.
Visitors throughout the season showed a gratifying disposition to observe the
park rules and regulations, and they seemed to enjoy the parks thoroughly.
More persons visited the parks this season than during any previous year.
Between March 1 and September 30 there were 10,780 visitors to Sequoia Park,
of whom 5,019 remained for a period of three days or more, and 5,668 were
transient tourists.
Travel to Sequoia Park by different entrances.
Giant Forest Road 4,808
Mineral King Road 1,653
Elk Park Road 1,531
South Fork Trail
Quinn-Little Kern Trail .
Kings River Trail
Black Oak Trail
Halstead Meadow Trail.
Hockett-Tar Gap Trail..
Seven-Mile Hill Trail
442
443
535
350
423
240
355
Total 10,780
Means of transportation to Sequoia Park.
Sequoia National Park Transportation Co., automobile stage 293
Automobile 3, 541
Motorcycle 6
Wagon 2, 846
Mounted on horse 3,695
Afoot 399
Total 10,780
Residence of visitors to Sequoia National Park.
United States :
Arizona 6
Alaska 8
California 10, 521
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia.
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Missouri
Nebraska
New York
Ohio
Oregon
11
14
12
9
2
21
7
14
11
14
10
18
12
19
United States — Continued.
Oklahoma
Texas
Washington
Wisconsin
12
7
21
6
Total 10, 755
Foreign countries
Australia
China
England
France
Japan
Total.
25
Grand total 10, 780
Between May 1 and September 30 there were 15,360 visitors to General Grant
Park, of whom 6,29S remained for a period of three days or more, and 8,928
were transient tourists.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PABKS.
797
Travel to General Grant National Park by different entrances.
Stephens Grade Road 10,464
Millwood Road 1, 879
Lake Road 2, 075
Halstead Meadow Trail 942
Total 15,360
Means of transportation to General Grant National Park.
Kings River-Hume Auto Service Co 1,386
Calvin Marple, automobile stage 251
Peter Haux, saddle and wagon transportation 199
Automobile 8, 551
Motorcycle 45
Wagon 2, 531
Mounted, horse 853
Afoot 1, 494
Total 15,360
Residence of visitors to General Grant National Park.
United States:
Alaska 4
Arizona 15
Arkansas 4
California 14, 992
Connecticut 5
Colorado 16
District of Columbia 14
Georgia 13
Illinois 71
Indiana 12
Iowa 46
Kansas 32
Missouri 27
United States — Continued.
Nebraska 46
New York 38
Oregon 7
Total 15, 208
Foreign countries:
Australia 10
Canada 8
Total 18
Grand total 15,360
EOADS.
The following is a report of the roads in the Sequoia and Gen. Grant National
Parks :
Sequoia Park. — The three roads entering the park are the Giant Forest, the
Elk Park, and the Mineral King, all of which lead out from the one county road
in the vicinity of Three Rivers west of the park and terminate at the following
points in th'.i high Sierras: The Giant Forest Road terminates at Wolverton, in
the northeastern portion of the park ; the Elk Park at Moro Creek, in the east
central portion of the park; and the Mineral King at Mineral King, 6 miles
east of and through the southern portion of the park. Of the Giant Forest
Road there are 29 miles within the park, of the Elk Park 10 miles, and of the
Mineral King 11 miles; thus aggregating a total of 50 miles of road system
within the park.
All the above-mentioned are earth roads located over a very rough mountain-
ous country, and the two former are what may be termed good mountain
roads but are yet lacking in proper width and drainage system, and in a few
localities their location should be so changed as to eliminate therefrom certain
sections that are too steep of grade. About one-half that portion of the
Mineral King Road within the park is too steep of grade to admit traffic
feasible thereover, and in such places the road should be relocated and a new
road built to take the place of the old road.
The difficult problems that obtain over all vhese roads are due to the fact
that each road runs to a certain different scenic portion of the park, where
they terminate; thus in every instance traffic is forced to return over the
same route as that of their entry, a fact undesirable. In order to obviate the
foregoing condition it is essential that these roads all be united by a road
system from north to south through the eastern portion of the park, the said
798 SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS.
system to begin at a point on the county road at Big Meadow north of the park,
thence to Wolverton, a distance of 16 miles ; thence from Giant Forest to Moro
Creek, 7 miles ; thence to Mineral King Road at eastern park boundary, 9 miles.
Thus it will be seen that by the construction of this 32 miles of road system
the Sequoia and Gen. Grant National Parks would be united by same, separate
routes for travel would be created, and it would make accessible to travel
210 miles of roads between Sanger in a northerly direction and Lemon Cove in
a southerly direction over the most scenic portion of the high Sierras, a fact
that will never be acquired otherwise.
Gen. Grant Park. — There are 13^ miles of earth roads within the park, with
names and different entrances as follows: The Stephens Grade Road enters
the park from the south, the North Park Road from the north, and the
Millwood and Lake Roads from the west. These roads should all be improved
in manner of their being widened and the construction of additional drain
culverts. The Stephens Grade-North Park Road, 4 miles in length, should be
macadamized, as this road forms the only connecting link from all county roads
from the San Joaquin Valley west of the park to the Kings River Canyon State
Highway to the east of the park, hence it is assured that traffic over the road
will always be very great and increase with enormous rapidity from year to year.
DEATH.
With sincere regret I record the accidental death near Visalia, Cal., on
April 22, 1916, of Charles Willard Blossom, chief park ranger of the Sequoia
National Park, which was caused by the overturning of his automobile in which
he was riding and driving. Mr. Blossom had taken the day on annual leave
and was returning from Visalia to duty in the park when the accident occurred.
Mr. Blossom had served as park ranger in the Sequoia National Park for
a period of over 13 years, and I do not know of a man in the service with a
better record. His intense love for the mountains and passion for the splen-
dors of nature lured him to the parks and fitted him for the work. He was a
man of understanding and a full sense of high honor. To his love for the
out of doors was added a love for his fellow man, which endeared him to all
who knew him.
FISH.
Fishing in the parks was seemingly better during the 1916 season in all the
waters other than that of Wolverton Creek and Marble Fork River in the Se-
quoia Park, upon both of which streams there has been heavy drain from
year to year by patrons of the Giant Forest tourist camp in the near-by vicinity.
Conceding the importance in bringing this class of sport to a higher degree
of attractiveness, a consignment of 78,000 rainbow trout was procured, by dona-
tion, by the California board of fish and game commissioners, and liberated in
waters of the Sequoia Park as follows: Middle Fork Kaweah River, 62,000;
Wolverton Creek, 16,000.
GAME.
All game in the parks is protected, except predatory animals and harmful
species of rodents which are permitted to be killed by the park rangers. Deer
and bear are numerous and usually very tame. Elk are occasionally seen,
but more often outside than within the parks. Their range has been materially
extended of recent years. They now roam to the headwaters of Tule River to
the south, Sheep Creek to the north, Redwood Meadow to the east, and Manikin
Flat to the west ; thus comprising a range area of some 195 square miles. Wild
turkeys are fairly abundant in the Sequoia Park in the vicinity of the junction
of the Middle Fork and Marble Fork of the Kaweah Rivers, and there is every
indication of their having become firmly established. Of the three different
types that were placed in the park during the seasons of 1909-10, viz, Mexican
gray, Arizona bronze, and Texas black, the two former species seem to have
entirely disappeared. This fact is attributed to their either having died, been
caught by predatory wild animals, or blended to such extent as to form inter-
gradation to the latter mentioned species. It would seem, however, the latter
to be the most feasible of the three causes given. The turkeys range in two
separate groups ; one that ranges at the mouth of the Marble Fork is quite tame
like most other birds of the parks but the other has a higher altitudinal range
several miles in extent and are so wary it is difficult to ever see them. Grouse
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 799
and quail are abundant, although quail are not so numerous as last year. Last
winter severe weather drove the quail to lower altitudes and many of them
west of the parks, where hunting parties killed a great many of them. Squirrels,
rabbits, and wild pigeons seem to be about holding their own, but there is
marked decrease in the number of doves. Owing to the refilling with water
again last winter of the Tulare Lake region west of the parks, thus providing
ample water and food for all species of ducks and geese, but few of such ever
drifted into the parks.
GAME PRESERVE.
The Sequoia and General Grant National Parks are of particular importance
as a game preserve because, of all American possessions, they are among the
ones in which frontier conditions promise to last the longest. Notwithstanding
their vast wealth in forests and scenic attractions, their territory will never be
populated, and as a consequence all animal and bird life will prosper.
Even if game remained abundant in some portions of the United States, still
the game of these parks would be of special interest because they include
many species of animal and bird life quite different in kind and habits. The
wholesome interest in nature study and outdoor life recently awakened in the
United States is likely to be permanent, and future generations, whether hunt-
ers, naturalists, animal photographers, or simply lovers of nature, will set a
high value upon the possession of this undespoiled territory furnishing primi-
tive haunts for many species of birds and wild animals.
FAUNA AND FLORA.
The number of species of fauna and flora in the Sequoia and General Grant
National Parks proves to be very large. This is accounted for practically by
reason of the very great variety of climate they possess, greater than occurs
in any other park in the Union, grading all the way from the upper austral
zone of the San Joaquin Valley to the arctic climate of perpetual snow on the
summits of the high Sierras. They possess a range of climate comprising four
different life zones of habitation, and in some portions a climate peculiar to
the region alone.
POST OFFICES AND MAIL FACILITIES.
On December 23, 1915, the name of the Ranger post office in the Sequoia
National Park was changed to tiiat of Giant Forest.
No contract has yet been awarded for supplying mail to this office, and
under the present system mail is carried thrice a week between the park
office and Lemon Cove, Cal., a distance of 40 miles, the first-class mail being
carried for two-thirds the cancellation thereon and the parcel-post matter at
the rate of 2 cents per pound. The present system is very unsatisfactory and
bids should be solicited whereby the office be supplied with a daily mail service
under contract, Sundays excepted, for the period June 1 to September 30 of
each year.
The thrice-a-week mail route that applied between General Grant National
Park and Badger, Cal., was discontinued and a new contract put into effect
on June 10. 1916, for daily service, Sundays excepted, between Sanger, Cal.,
and the park. Nothing more appropriate could have been accomplished than
this change looking to the welfare of the park visitors.
FOREST CONDITIONS.
The forests of the parks are in healthy condition. The past season has
been the most favorable in the past 10 years for the rapid growing and the
prolific germinating of all species of the coniferse family. The restocking
with seedlings over former burnt areas has made rapid progress. There is
heavy undergrowth everywhere. The rate of growth varies greatly, not only
according to soil and moisture, but also according to exposure and the in-
fluence of surrounding vegetation. Almost invariably the restocking has been
with the same species that occupied the ground before. The cold, freezing
weather that prevailed in the parks all above the 3,000-foot elevations, covering
a period May 18 to 21, inclusive, destroyed practically all the 1916 seed crop
of the eoniferae species other than that of the sequoia ; also many species of
800 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
the oak seed were destroyed from the same cause ; hence but little or no repro-
duction may be expected next year from those affected species.
FOREST INSPECTION.
During the months of July, August, and September of the present year in-
spection was made of practically all the coniferous forest belt of the parks,
comprising an area of approximately 133,920 acres. This inspection was per-
formed by the park rangers and in connection with their regular patrol duty.
No new outbreaks of insect or disease enemies of the forests have been detected.
FOREST FIKES.
Three forest fires were started in the Sequoia Park during the season, two
set by lightning and one cause of origin unknown, but were detected and extin-
guished by park rangers before damage was done. Two fires that started in
the vicinity west of the park and threatened serious damage thereto were
extinguished prior to their entering the park by park and forest rangers,
volunteer and paid fire-fighting men.
TRANSFER.
Mr. Oliver R. Prien, park ranger, Yosemite National Park, was transferred
to duty in the Sequoia National Park, effective May 15, 1916, to fill the vacancy
of Charles W. Blossom, deceased.
WEATHER CONDITIONS.
The past season was a dry one ; only upon three occasions after May 18 was
there precipitation over the park areas, and that practically of no consequence.
The weather was generally clear and the atmosphere cool and pleasant.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
(1) That United States Congress be requested to provide measures whereby
title to the deeded land within the Sequoia and General Grant National Parks
be acquired by the United States Government ; (2) that the State of California
be requested to cede to the United States Government entire jurisdiction of the
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks; (3) that the boundaries of the
Sequoia National Park be extended to conform to those suggested by Mr.
R. B. Marshall, Superintendent of National Parks.
MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
D. L. Reaburn, Supervisor, Ashford, Wash.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
Mount Rainier National Park was created by act of Congress approved March
2, 1899, and exclusive jurisdiction of the territory so set aside was ceded to the
United States by act of the Legislature of the State of Washington approved
March 16, 1901. Exclusive jurisdiction of the reservation was accepted by act
of Congress approved June 30, 1916.
The park is located in the western part of the State of Washington, imme-
diately west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, and about 40 miles
southeasterly from the southern end of Puget Sound. It is situated largely in
Pierce County, but a portion lies in Lewis County. The main entrance to the
park is located near the southwest corner, distant by automobile road 93 miles
from Seattle, 56 miles from Tacoma, and 6£ miles from Ashford, on the Tacoma
Eastern Railroad, a branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway.
Longmire Springs, distant 6£ miles by automobile road from the main en-
trance, is the headquarters within the park of the park supervisor, the Rainier
National Park Co., and other concessioners. Longmire Springs is connected by
telephone to Seattle, Tacoma, and the principal camps and ranger stations
within the park.
Mount Rainier National Park is in charge of a supervisor, who is assisted
throughout the year by a clerk-stenographer and three permanent park rangers.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 801
During the summer season the local force was increased by 6 temporary park
rangers, a construction foreman, a locating engineer, and from 50 to 150 men.
The local post-office address is Ashford, Wash.
TOPOGRAPHY.
The northwest corner of the park, by road and trail travel, is about 45 miles
southeast from the tidewaters of Pnget Sound, an arm of the Pacific Ocean,
from which waters and the country surrounding the main object of interest in
the park, Mount Rainier, appears during the prevalence of ordinary clear weather
as a most imposing spectacle — an ice and snow clad dome 14,40S feet high.
The park reserve is a nearly perfect square, the sides of which are 18 miles
in length, and contains, therefore, 324 square miles, or sections of 640 acres
each (207,360 acres), and is completely surrounded by lands embraced within
the Rainier National Forest.
Near the center of the park is the summit of Mount Rainier, from which
radiates a system of glaciers, ranking in importance with any similar system
or group of glaciers in the world. There are more than a score of these
glaciers, from which originate four important rivers — the Nisqually, the Puyal-
lup, the White, and the Cowlitz — the three first named having large electric-
power generating plants located on them at points outside the park, but all
dependent upon this glacial system and the waters originating therein. The
Cowlitz is as important as the others in this respect, but as yet completed de-
velopment of power-generating plants has not been accomplished.
The general elevation at the boundary lines of the park of the glacial valleys
is 2,000 feet above sea level. From the boundary lines these valleys afford a
comparatively easy grade to the lower ends or " snouts " of the various glaciers,
approximately an average additional elevation of 2,000 feet. At these glacial
snouts the real Alpine nature of Mount Rainier National Park territory is
thrust upon the traveler, and from, over, around, and alongside the glaciers
trails have been constructed with a view to making the wonders of nature
within the park easily accessible as well as to provide patrol routes for the
protection of the forests and game. These trails lead to the camps or park
known as Paradise Valley (Camp of the Clouds), Indian Henrys Hunting
Ground (Wigwam Hotel), Van Trump Park, Cowlitz Park, Ohanapecosh Valley,
and Silver Spray Falls, Moraine Park Grand Park, Elysian Fields, Spray Park,
Natural Bridge, Cataract Basin, St. Andrews Park, Glacier Basin, etc.
The main wagon road to this vast wonderland leads out from Tacoma and
Seattle and is a highly improved thoroughfare for a greater part of the distance
from these cities to the park entrance, near the southwest corner of the park,
a distance of oQ miles from Tacoma and 93 miles from Seattle. At the park gate
this road is met by the road built and maintained by the Government within
the park. The Government end of this road is 20.4 miles in length, leading
from the entrance gate (elevation, 2,003 feet) to Longmire Springs (6.6 miles;
elevation 2,750 feet) ; thence to foot of Nisqually Glacier (5.3 miles; elevation
3,909 feet) ; thence to Narada Falls (4.1 miles; elevation 4,572 feet) ; thence to
the Camp of the Clouds, in Paradise Valley (4.4 miles; elevation 5,557 feet).
To this point the road is open to automobiles during the summer months. The
road above Nisqually Glacier was opened to automobiles for the first time on
June 20, 1915.
FOEEST CONDITIONS.
More than 200 square miles of the park lands are densely timbered. Douglas
fir, white cedar, Alaska cedar, and hemlock are the predominating varieties.
In addition to those named, the following varieties are found at various points
within the park: Lovely fir, Noble fir, Alpine fir, silver fir, Alpine hemlock,
spruce, white pine, black (or lodge pole) pine, alder, cottonwood, quaking aspen'
broad-leaf maple, vine maple, and smooth-leaf maple.
At an approximate general elevation of 4,500 feet the density of timber
growth gradually diminishes until the extreme timber line is reached. The
intervening areas, which are usually benches or plateaus on the long, sloping
ridges separating the various glacial basins, form beautiful natural parks in
some of which tent camps or hotels are established and to which tourists resort
in large numbers for rest and recreation. These natural parks and tent camps
serve as bases for the arduous task of ascending to the summit of Mount
Rainier, and for exploring the lesser mountain peaks, the glaciers, snow fields
and canyons so numerous within the park areas and in the areas surrounding!
62656° —iNT 1916— vol 1 51
802 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
These upland meadows, benches, plateaus, or natural parks are beautifully
adorned by nature with flowers and shrubs of infinite variety and color and fur-
nish to the most skilled botanist, not to speak of the amateur and the mere
lover of the beautiful, problems in nature study never ending. Nearly 400
varieties of plant life are known to grow within the park.
South Side Road. — The Government road from the southwest corner of the
park to Paradise Valley, 20.4 miles long, was constructed under direction of the
War Department at an original cost of $240,000, and was opened for travel
in 1910.
The section of road above Nisqually Glacier was opened to automobiles on
June 20, 1915. It is operated on a one-way schedule, by which automobiles
leave Nisqually Glacier and Paradise on each hour, passing at Narada Falls on
the half hour. This traffic is controlled by three park rngers in telephone com-
muniction. The system has proved very satisfactory, and seems to have met
with the approval of the public.
During the past two seasons about 9,000 automobiles and 50,000 people have
passed over this section of road without an accident.
White River Road. — During the seasons of 1914, 1915, and 1916 the Mount
Rainier Mining Co., under a permit from the department, has constructed a
wagon road up the north bank of White River from the ranger station at
boundary post No. 62 to Glacier Basin, a distance of about 12 miles.
The road was built for use by the company in connection with its mining
operations in Glacier Basin. It follows practically the water grade of White
River, which runs from 1\ per cent in the lower sections to 13J per cent at the
extreme upper end. Only one or two short sections are over 11 per cent. It
is a single track wagon road, graded to a uniform grade, 12 feet wide inside of
ditches. The bridges and culverts are 16 feet wide and are well constructed.
A considerable portion of the road has been surfaced and the company is now
operating an auto truck over it.
After the completion next year of the McClellan Pass Highway to the ranger
station, there will be a strong demand from tourists and park visitors to the
north side to use the road.
ROAD IMPROVEMENT.
During the past three seasons the following amounts have been expended on
maintenance and improvement of the South Side Road :
July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915 $32, 364. 19
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916 17, 865. 94
Since July 1, 1916 (approximately) 11,000.00
Total 61, 230. 13
The work has included general repair and maintenance, consisting of widen-
ing, construction of wood and concrete culverts, reshaping and ditching, con-
structing rock and timber crib retaining walls, guard rails, construction and
repair of concrete and wooden bridges, clearing of dead and dangerous timber
from the roadside, and surfacing with 6 inches of cement gravel.
During the season just ending the old horseshoe bridge above Narada Falls,
which was partially destroyed during the winter by a snow slide, was replaced
by a high rock fill constructed on a sharp curve. This work cost about $1,000,
which included grading and surfacing the approaches for a distance of about
500 feet.
The timberwork in the old truss bridge over Van Trump Creek at Christine
Falls is badly decayed and the bridge has been condemned for the 1917 season.
A new 60-foot span bridge is now being constructed across the box canyon close
in to the falls, which involves some heavy excavation in solid rock on the ap-
proaches.
ROAD SURVEYS.
Carbon River Road. — During the months of October and November, 1915,
location surveys by a party in charge of Engineer J. G. Morgan were made for
an automobile road up the Carbon River Valley, in the northeast corner of the
park.
SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 803
The line follows practically a water grade up the south bank of the Carbon
River to Cataract Creek near the snout of Carbon Glacier. The grade varies
from 2$ per cent at the lower end to 6 per cent at the upper end.
This road when constructed and connected with the State and county highway
system will shorten the distance to the national park boundary from Tacoma
21 miles and from Seattle 41 miles under the present traveled route through
Ashford, and will open up and make accessible to tourist travel the most rugged
side of the mountain.
East Side Road. — Location surveys by Engineer Morgan are now under way
for an automobile road, starting from the south side road at Inspiration Point
(elevation 4,850) above Narada Falls and following via Reflection Lakes,
Stevens Canyon, south end of Cowlitz Divide, Ohanapecosh and Chinock Rivers,
to connect with the McClellan Pass State Highway in Cayuse Pass (elevation
4,600). The survey is being made on a maximum grade of 6 per cent and the
total length is about 26 miles.
When completed it will open up the park to the Yakima Valley and the entire
eastern part of the State and make it possible for automobilists west of the
Cascades to completely encircle the mountain, entering the park via the south-
west gate and leaving by the White River entrance, or vice versa.
The park trail system, which now entirely encircles the mountain, has a total
length of about 150 miles. -^
The trip around the mountain can be made in about seven days, and with
proper advertising should become a very popular feature. By making camp
each night at certain points in the natural parks and upland meadows the
tourist can travel on foot by the shortest route between camps, crossing the
glaciers, well above timber line, and obtain a magnificent view of the mountain
and surrounding country from all angles, affording one of the most interesting
scenic trips in the world.
No fires occurred within the park during the season of 1916, but there were
numerous fires outside the park, and the smoke drifted into the park at times
to such an extent that sight-seeing was impossible except in the early morning
hours.
GAME.
Hunting is absolutely prohibited in park territory, and every precaution is
taken by park officers to prevent poaching, but the densely wooded nature of
the territory adjacent to the park boundary makes it impossible to entirely stop
the practice. A great many deer are driven down into the lower elevations by
the fall and winter snows. They find their way across the boundary into the
favorite hunting grounds, where they are killed in large numbers.
It is recommended that steps be taken to create a game preserve surrounding
the park.
A great many deer and bears have been observed in the park during this sea-
son. Bears have broken into the meat houses in the construction camps on sev-
eral occasions and carried away considerable quantities of fresh and cured
meats.
MINING CLAIMS.
Mining operations are confined to claims located prior to the act of Congress
of May 27, 1908, prohibiting the location of mineral claims within the national
parks.
The Mount Rainier Mining Co. have been operating for several years, under
permit from the department, on the development of its claims in Glacier
Basin. During the past three seasons it has constructed a wagon road up
the valley of White River to Glacier Basin and has installed a sawmill, a
power and light plant, an aerial tramway, and have driven several hundred feet
of tunnels in addition to the construction of several permanent buildings.
Its working force has consisted of from 40 to 50 men working the year round.
In the vicinity of Longmire Springs the Eagle Peak Copper Mining Co. is
working toward the development of two claims, and Sherman Evans and Ike
Evans two claims. The Eagle Peak Copper Mining Co. has driven a tunnel
410 feet long and installed a power plant, consisting of a 14-inch turbine
wheel, operating under a head of 55 feet generating about 20 horsepower.
804 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Water is conveyed from Paradise River through a flume to the wheel. The
power is used to operate an 8 by 8 inch Ingersoll Rand compressor with a ca-
pacity of 90 cubic feet per minute. Fifty feet of tunnel was driven this year
and about 100 feet last year.
The Mount Rainier Mining Co. has made several shipments of ore, which
assays about $60 per ton. No shipments except for test purposes have been
made by the Eagle Peak Co.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
The principal mineral springs, and the only ones of easy access to the tourist,
are those located on the patented land at Longmire Springs. Several kinds of
mineralized water spring from the ground on this* tract. Some of this water
has a temperature of 70° F. on reaching the surface. It is heavily charged with
sulphur, and a swimming tank is provided in order that visitors may take a
"sulphur plunge." Other waters are charged with iron, and still others are
sweet, cool, and sparkling.
But little care has been exercised in the past to prevent pollution of these
springs. During the past season the property was leased to a company known
as the Longmire Springs Hotel Co. This company has constructed 16 new cot-
tages and has done considerable work toward cleaning up the springs and
grounds. A new two-story hotel building 50 by 100 feet is now under construc-
tion, and they plan to construct a new garage for use next season.
The Ohanapecosh hot springs, near the southeast corner of the park, are very
hot and are noted for their curative qualities. Very little development work
has been done on them, and they are accessible by trail only, 13 miles from
Lewis, Wash., or 15 miles from Narada Falls. They are located just south of
the park boundary in the national forest. The small amount of land involved
should be added to the park, so that it may be properly developed by the
park service and made available for use of visitors.
Fine mineralized water has been discovered along the recently constructed
West Side Trail on the South Fork of the Puyallup River, near boundary
post No. 16.
TRAVEL.
The tourist season began at a very late date owing to the heavy snowfall
during the past winter, which prevented opening the road to automobiles until
the following dates :
To Longmire Springs, May 18; to Nisqually Glacier, June 15; to Narada
Falls, July 14; to Paradise Valley, August 24.
Up to July 31 only 5,597 visitors registered at the park gate, as compared
with a total of 16,057 for the season of 1915.
During the period August 1 to September 15, 14,572 people entered, against
16,031 for the corresponding period last year. The total registration for the
season, up to September 30, was as follows :
At the main entrance 22, 189
At the Ohanapecosh 100
At the Carbon River and the White River 1, 700
Total - 23,989
Distribution of visitors registering at the main entrance:
From Tacoma 6,968
From Seattle 6. 718
From other points in the State of Washington 4, 762
From points outside the State of Washington 5. 541
Total 23, 989
Number entering in private automobile 17, 795
Number entering by Ashford stage 2, 274
Number entering by Seattle and Tacoma stage 1, 586
Number entering by motorcycle 150
Number entering by horse-drawn vehicle 1,600
Number entering on foot 584
Total 23,989
It is estimated that 3,000 people came into the park for camping purposes.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 805
AUTOMOBILES AND MOTORCYCLES.
During the year ended September 30, 1916, 2,926 automobile entrance permits
and 97 motorcycle permits were issued.
HOTELS AND CAMP ACCOMMODATIONS.
Rainier National Park Co. — This has been the first season of operation for
the Rainier National Park Co. This organization was formed in March, 1916,
accepting a 20-year concession from the Government for hotel, camp, and trans-
portation privileges in Mount Rainier National Park. The company is capi-
talized at $200,000.
Operations of the company for 1916 season have been camps at Paradise
Valley, Nisqually Glacier, and park entrance ; automobile and auto-stage trans-
portation from point to point within the park ; also from Tacoma and Ashford
to points within the park, and a garage in Paradise Valley. The company is
constructing a hotel at Paradise Valley, to be known as Paradise Inn.
The extreme lateness of the season, on account of heavy snowfall in the park,
has seriously interrupted all operations undertaken by the company. This has
been especially true in regard to the construction of Paradise Inn. Some of
the heavy material for this structure was placed on the ground last fall, hence
it was possible to begin operations on the building before the roads were opened
for travel. Foundation work was begun about July 20. Timber work was
begun on August 23. Notwithstanding these serious delays, the officials of the
company feel confident that the new hotel will be completed this fall and opened
to the public on July 1, 1917.
Paradise Inn is of unusual construction. The frame is made entirely of
weathered logs from the silver forest near by. These logs show entirely to the
ridgepole in the big lounging room, which is 50 by 112 feet. The dining room
is practically the same size. The hotel will accommodate about 400 guests.
Cost will be very nearly $100,000.
The camp at Paradise Valley has been operated by the company under great
disadvantages ; snow conditions prevented automobile travel to the valley until
August 25. Prior to that date passengers were transported over the pony trail
from Narada Falls to Paradise Valley. All supplies had to be transported in
the same manner. Notwithstanding these difficulties, some 4,000 guests have
been accommodated at Paradise Camp during the past season.
The company's camp at Nisqually Glacier was completed and opened to the
public July 7, fully 30 days later than contemplated. Snow conditions made
earlier opening impossible. This camp consisted of a lunch pavilion, where
meals were served a la carte. Sleeping accommodations were provided by a
group of 10 bungalow tents. These were heated and lighted by electricity
furnished by the company's new hydroelectric plant. Glacier Camp was favor-
ably considered by the public, and the company now plans increasing the bunga-
low tent equipment so that there will be 20 double bungalow tents at this
location next year. The tent lunch pavilion, in use during the past season,
is now being replaced by a neat structure, using weathered logs from the
Silver Forest.
The camp installed and operated by the company at Park Entrance consisted
of a waiting room and lunch pavilion, also three double bungalow tents for
use as sleeping quarters. This camp was installed to serve those who might
be delayed at this point on account of independent automobile service operating
to Park Entrance only. Changes in the plan of admitting independently
operated automobiles to the park made the camp at Park Entrance unnecessary,
and it was closed on August 7.
The company's transportation service from Ashford and from point to point
within the park employed six 12-passenger automobile stages and three 7-
passenger touring cars. The service from Tacoma to points within the national
park employed from four to six 7-passenger touring cars.
To serve Paradise Inn, Glacier Camp, and its other developments later on the
company has installed a 250-horsepower hydroelectric plant on Van Trump
Creek at Christine Falls. This location is approximately 1 mile from Glacier
Camp and 2\ miles from Paradise Camp. The plant has been in operation
since July 15 and has been giving satisfactory service.
National Park Inn.— The franchise to operate this hotel, located at Longmire
Springs, is held in the name of the Tacoma Eastern Railroad and expires
May 1, 1921.
806 SUPEKINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS.
The building is a 2£-story frame structure 125 feet long and 32 feet wide.
There are 36 guest rooms in the main building, and through the use of tents
250 guests may be accommodated. There is in addition a very attractive club-
house or assembly room built of pine logs. Water is taken from the Nisqually
River for the operation of an electric light and refrigerating plant, which also
supplies electric light to all Government buildings at Longmire Springs.
INFORMATION BUREAU.
A bureau of information in charge of Prof. J. B. Flett, park ranger, was
maintained at Longmire Springs for the purpose of keeping visitors informed
in regard to points of interest in the park, assigning parties to the public
camp grounds, etc.
Prof. Flett's intimate knowledge of the flora, trees, and points of scenic
interest in the park was a source of much interest. This information was
sought by large numbers of visitors.
CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.
Will G. Steel, Supervisor, Medford, Oreg.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
Crater Lake National Park was created by act of Congress, approved May 22,
1902, and is located on the crest of the Cascade Mountains, in southern Oregon,
about 60 miles from the California line. It is approximately 13^ miles east and
west and 18 miles north and south, and contains 249 square miles, including
the wreck of Mount Mazama, at one time a giant among the mountains of the
earth. Subsequently all that portion above 8,000 feet elevation disappeared —
sank into the bowels of the earth, leaving a vast crater 5£ miles in diameter,
which gradually filled with pure, crystal water to a depth of 2,000 feet, on all
sides of which the walls of the caldron still tower to a height of from over
500 to nearly 2,000 feet.
It was first discovered by white men on June 12, 1853. There were 22 pros-
pectors in the party, of whom the leader, Mr. John W. Hillman, then of Jack-
sonville, Oreg., was the last survivor. Mr. Hillman died in Hope Villa, La.r
February 19, 1915, at the advanced age of 83 years.
It was but little known, even among residents of southern Oregon, when the
present supervisor, Will G. Steel, on August 16, 1885, started a movement for
the creation of a national park, which was successful only after 17 years of
strenuous labor. Then came a long struggle for development, which is just now
beginning to bear fruit. Probably the first step in that direction consisted in
stocking the lake with rainbow trout in 1888, when the supervisor carried a
few minnows nearly 50 miles and got them into the waters of the lake in
good shape. The fishing now is unsurpassed and the fish are of excellent
quality.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
About 47 miles of excellent dirt roads have been constructed in the park
under the direction of the Secretary of War, which consist of 8 miles from the
Klamath, or southern entrance, to park headquarters; 7 miles from the Med-
ford, or western entrance, to the same point; 5 miles from park headquarters
to the rim of the lake at Crater Lake Lodge; 6 miles from the Pinnacles, or
eastern entrance, to the rim of the lake at Kerr Notch; and 22 miles from
Cloud Cap, on the eastern side, to a point about 1£ miles south of Llao Rock,
to the west of the lake, thus leaving 12 miles to complete the circle of the lake,
which latter it is hoped will be finished during the season of 1917, thus afford-
ing one of the most wildly beautiful automobile drives in the world. These
roads have had ample time to settle and it is now proposed to pave them, which
work should be completed in about three years.
In addition to the foregoing a system of trails has been outlined that
will appeal irresistibly to visitors who delight in wandering over the bluffs,
through the forests, and into uncanny spots where goblins dance by night and
shadows linger by day. Chief among these is one to be constructed to the
summit of Mount Scott, on a grade that can subsequently be widened for auto-
mobile use. When this is done one can ride in comfort to a point nearly 3,000
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS,
807
feet above the waters of the lake and nearly 5,000 above the plains of eastern
Oregon, over which the eye can wander, intoxicated with the glory of a view
from the Columbia River region to the mountains of California.
Map of Crater Lake National Park.
In addition to the roads and trails of the park a road has been recently
surveyed from Medford to the western entrance that will be constructed jointly
by the General Government and the State of Oregon. The maximum grade of
this road is 4 per cent, with 500-foot radius for curves. The cost is to be
808 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS.
$1,500,000, $700,000 of which is for grading and $800,000 for paving. The work
of construction will probably be completed in about five years.
An investigation has recently been completed by the State of Oregon as to
the feasibility of constructing a road from a point on the northern boundary of
the park to Lake Waldo, a distance of approximately 50 miles, along the crest
of the Cascade Mountains, and no serious obstacles were encountered.
WATER SYSTEM.
xso provision whatever has been made to supply the public with water on the
rim of the lake. This is of the first necessity and should be done as soon as
possible. The Crater Lake Co. has established a water sytem for its own use
and is constantly importuned for water by camping visitors, who do not under-
stand conditions and take it for granted that it is a public supply, so resent
any limitation. At times the supply is barely sufficient for hotel purposes,
and it is necessary to refuse these requests, in consequence of which friction
occurs and the Crater Lake Co. is abused without cause. The management has
been extremely obliging in the premises and has suffered many times because
of its desire to serve the public in this matter.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM.
Telephone service within the park is good. Excellent service has been main-
tained to Prospect, 30 miles distant, but beyond that point the service is un-
satisfactory. It is extremely difficult to communicate with Medr'ord from
Prospect, in consequence of which practically all the outside business has been
sent by way of Fort Klamath and Klamath Falls, over which line we have had
good service. For fire protection more lookout stations should be provided,
for which purpose a few additional miles of line should be constructed.
TRAN SPORTATION.
A line of automobile stages is maintained by the Crater Lake Co. from Med-
ford, on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railway, and from Kirk, on the
('rater Lake cut-off, 40 miles north of Klamath Falls, that has rendered emi-
nently satisfactory service. Tickets between Portland and California points
may be purchased at any Southern Pacific station and he made good via Crater
Lake by a small additional payment. Private automobiles and vehicles will
find good roads from eastern Oregon by way of the Pinnacles entrance, which
was recently opened to the public.
FISH AND GAME.
There are no fish in any of the waters of the park except the lake itself and
Annie Creek, below the falls. Crater Lake is abundantly supplied with a fine
quality of rainbow trout, and one year ago 15,000 black spotted fry were placed
in the lake that will soon be available. No fishing is permitted except with
hook and line, and a limit of five in one day is maintained. The fish are large,
and the flesh is firm. A few have been taken 28 inches long, weighing 6 or 7
pounds.
The park abounds in black and brown bear, black-tailed deer, cougar, lynx,
timber wolves, coyotes, pine marten, fisher, and several varieties of squirrels.
King-tail grouse, the common pheasant, Clark crow, and numerous varieties of
birds are common to the country at large.
FOREST FIRES.
There were a few forest fires in the park during the season, but they were
all controlled, so that the damage was merely nominal. On one occasion there
was a severe thunderstorm, immediately following which 14 forest fires were re-
ported, 4 of them in the park, all started by lightning.
DRIVING LOOSE STOCK THROUGH THE PARK.
Six permits were issued during the season for driving loose stock through the
park.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
809
VISITORS AND AUTOMOBILES.
The season of 1916 was remarkable for the fact that the opening was delayed
more than a month by very heavy and late snows, and at the close of July the
travel was only 50 per cent of the previous year. However, at the close of the
season the record was broken, as shown by the following statement of the
nrmber of visitors and automobiles:
Visitors in 1916 12,265
Visitors in 1915 11,371
Gain in 1916
891
Automobiles in 1916 2,649
Automobiles in 1915 2, 244
Gain in 1916.
405
This is deserving of special mention for the reason that in 1915 there were
two world's fairs on the Pacific coast that greatly stimulated travel, causing the
number of visitors that year to jump from 7,096 in 1914 to 11,371 in 1915, and
automobiles from 1,062 in 1914 to 2,244 in 1915, a gain in one year of 4,275
visitors and 1,182 automobiles. Under ordinary conditions it was not supposed
that 1916 would equal 1915, but, under the most adverse conditions, it has been
surpassed. The number of automobiles includes, in addition to those entering
on regularly purchased tickets, those entering on complimentary tickets fur-
nished to county, State, and Federal officials in the park on official business.
WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK.
T. W. Bkazell, Supervisor, Wind Cave, via Hot Springs, S. Dak.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The act of Congress approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat., 765), made reserva-
tion of a tract of land in South Dakota, comprising 10,522 acres, to be known as
the Wind Cave National Park. When this act was passed there were several
tracts of patented lands within the boundary, all of which have since been ac-
quired by the Government.
The park is almost square and is situated in a semimountainous region on the
southern siope of the Black Hills, in the southwestern corner of South Dakota,
about 36 miles from the southern boundary and 24 miles from the Wyoming line.
The altitude at headquarters is 4,030 feet and portions of the mountains wes*-
of the cave 4,700 feet.
The park is in charge of a supervisor, the only employee on regular salary.
During the summer months one or two park rangers are employed for guide and
general service.
THE CAVE.
The chief attraction is the cave, entrance to which is somewhat north of the
center of the park and about 11 miles north of Hot Springs, the most accessible
town of any importance.
The main road through the park, comprising 6 miles, constitutes a portion of
the Denver-Deadwood Highway, the Black Hills part of which is famed for
its beautiful and varied scenery. This road is rapidly gaining the favor of the
automobile traveling public, and a substantial increase of this class of traffic is
quite noticeable this season.
The Burlington and Chicago & Northwestern have regular service, with east
and west connections, to Hot Springs, and a majority of the visitors to the park
come from this town.
Hot Springs is the post office and shipping point.
The cave has been made accessible to the public by the working out of pas-
sageways to admit of easy travel ; it has also been necessary to build sev-
eral stairways, landings, railings, and bridges, within the cave. The lower
levels to which visitors are conducted are possibly 480 feet below the entrance,
and the aggregate length of all routes now open to the public is approximately
3 miles.
There is a spring and miniature lake in one place, and aside from this the
cave is without moisture, except from condensation of a heavily laden air and
seepage from surface here and there. In this way moisture gathers on the
ceilings of some caverns and drops to the floors, causing wet spots, though in
very few places.
The various formations within the cave are most wonderful exhibitions of
diversified beauty and the inimitable work of nature.
The extent and number of the various crevices, cross passages, and chambers
which make up the cave no one knows and no one can intelligently guess,
810 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
though we do know that the part open to the public is a very small fraction in
extent to that part which has been explored and not surveyed ; beyond this the
wildest guess is admissible.
For the year ended June 30, 1916, the total number of registered visitors
to the cave was 2,815. Of these, 1,701 came during the three summer months —
July and August, 1915, and June, 1916. During four weeks in July and
August, 1915, it was impossible to travel by automobile on a few miles of the
road to the north of the park, and the effect on the number of visitors to the
park is quite apparent.
Only those who go in the cave register, and it is estimated that approximately
three people visit or go through the park for each one making the cave trip.
For instance, 805 automobiles came to or through the park in July, 1916, and
the number of visitors going through the cave was 987. Nearly all cars passing
through the park stop for a little time, at least. From the above comparison
or apportionment, it is estimated that the total number of visitors to the park
for the fiscal year 1916 is approximately 9,000.
It is the custom for authorized guide (or guides) to conduct visitors through
the cave, and as a trip requires about three hours, but two trips each day
are made. The established time of entrance is at 9 a. m. and 2 p. m. As a
great many auto tourists do not know of the established time for cave trips,
they can not manage to get here in the right time, and often do not wait
for the trip, and can not be accommodated unless extra guides are available.
The widest publicity should be given as to time of entrance to the cave, which
would result in eliminating a great deal of disappointment, and a very sub-
stantial increase in the number of visitors to the interior of the cave.
Beginning June 1, 1916, the fee for entrance to the cave was reduced to
25 cents per capita. All entrance fees are remitted to the department, the
guides being on a salary basis.
Many camping parties pass through the park, some with team and wagon,
but vastly more by automobile; no camping parties have stopped longer than
one day in the park.
Of the 1,974 visitors to the cave for the months of June, July, and the first
15 days in August, this season, 52 per cent were from South Dakota ; Nebraska.
26 per cent; Iowa, 6 per cent; Minnesota, 4 per cent; Illinois, 3 per cent;
Wyoming, 2\ per cent; North Dakota, 1\ per cent; and most of the other States
were represented by from 1 to 15 visitors.
The main park road, about 6 miles in extent, is in very fair condition for
automobile travel, but calls for continuous attention to keep it so. The general
direction of the road is north and south, though it deviates therefrom on
account of buffalo fence and lay of land.
The road is of soil interspersed with gravel and rock, and requires consid-
erable work to maintain in good condition. Much work was done during the
past year on the park road. The entire way was shaped, smoothed, and cleared
of loose rock, grades reduced in many places, curves reduced or eliminated
where practicable and repeatedly dragged.
It is planned to some time have a permanent good road through the park,
and with that end in view, each parcel of road built or repaired is, as far as
possible, a direct contribution thereto. Until recently no provision for drainage
of road has been made, but the work of installing culverts where necessary,
and otherwise caring for drainage, is well started and will be pushed to com-
pletion as funds are available.
Diverging from the main park road at a point one-half mile south of head-
quarters, there is what is called the Martin Valley and Buffalo Gap Road.
This road is being used more now than heretofore, and promises to be quite
extensively used in the future. The park part of this road is in fair condition,
and with but little work by those interested a very good road from the park
to Buffalo Gap would result.
BRIDGES.
One log and plank bridge was installed near the north line of the park,
crossing the Wind Cave Creek, and 3 culverts (of rock) have been built.
Some rock has been hauled to sites for other culverts, 8 or 10 more of which
should be built.
^V To Cud*, 0
UNDERGROUND SURVEY OF
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 811
WATEB SUPPLY.
The source of water supply is a spring about a half mile west of and 150
feet higher than the park residence. An old pipe line serves to conduct the
water from the spring to the recently installed supply or storage tank. This
storage tank or reservoir has a capacity of 450 barrels, is built in the ground,
of rock and cement, and is situated at an elevation of 70 feet above the park
buildings.
The water is conducted from reservoir by gravity through galvanized pipe
to the various outlets in the yard and street, and a sanitary drinking fountain
at the public building. The water system is in good condition and has given no
trouble since installing, except that in warm weather the temperature of the
water at the fountain gets a little too warm to be in the highest class as drink-
ing water. This is due to the conductor pipe from spring to reservoir being not
sufficiently deep, the water passing through being affected by surface tempera-
ture. This should be remedied and the system extended to the barn.
The old wooden supply tank, now unused, should be repaired to afford
additional storage capacity.
The capacity of the spring has remarkably increased since being allowed to run
continuously, tests made at various times during the past 15 months indicating
a minimum flow of 50 barrels in 24 hours and an average of 76 barrels a day.
The water is excellently pure.
STREAMS.
There is a running stream which skirts the northern boundary, meandering
on and off the park. This stream is suitable for trout propagation and steps
have been taken to have it stocked.
More than 60 varieties of birds are found here at some time of the year, and
all, more particularly those classed as game birds, are noticeably tamer than
they are outside of the park. Many kinds of birds stay the year round, but
most of them are migratory.
The bobwhite, yellow-legged prairie chicken, and pin-tailed grouse are present
within the park, and are increasing.
The prairie chicken and grouse are of a migratory trend, and at times leave
the park ; many of these do not return. Though it seems impossible to identify
individual birds, it is thought that some prairie chickens stay here all the time.
There are not so many broods of grouse and prairie chickens this season as
last, but the broods are larger. None have been observed with less than 12
birds.
PREDATORY ANIMALS.
Coyotes and bobcats (lynx) are common and an occasional gray wolf is seen.
The combined efforts of forest service, game preserve, park management, and
settlers have tended to materially reduce the number of predatory animals in
this vicinity the past year.
SMALLER ANIMALS.
Weasel, mink, skunk, and porcupine are found here; the first two are rare,
the latter numerous. The weasel, mink, and coyote are a menace to bird life,
though the magpie, a most beautiful bird itself, is the most destructive of all
to bird life and should be exterminated.
NATIONAL GAME PRESERVE.
A national game preserve has been established in the Wind Cave National
Park under the provisions of " an act making appropriations for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913," approved August
10, 1912 (37 Stat, 293), as follows:
" For the establishment of a national game preserve, to be known as the Wind
Cave National Game Preserve, upon the land embraced within the boundaries
of the Wind Cave National Park, in the State of South Dakota, for a permanent
national range for a herd of buffalo to be presented to the United States by the
812 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
American Bison Society, and for such other native American game animals as
may be placed therein, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to acquire,
by purchase or condemnation, such adjacent lands as may be necessary for the
purpose of assuring an adequate, permanent water supply, to inclose the game
preserve with a good and substantial fence, and to erect thereon all necessary
sheds and buildings for the proper care and maintenance of the said animals,
$26,000 to be available until expended."
The establishment on this preserve of herds of bison, elk, and antelope has
resulted in an added interest, by the public in the park. It is particularly
adapted to this purpose and the animals are doing well. The inclosure is about
the western portion of the park and creates a pasture of nearly 4,000 acres.
WILD ANIMALS.
As a natural game preserve there is but one animal, the whitetail deer, that
has come under the protection of the park. These are present in small numbers
throughout the year, with more in the autumn season on account of the hunting
to the northward, which drives them to the park for refuge.
PERMITS FOR TRANSPORTATION BY AUTOMOBILE.
For the year, January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1916, nine permits for trans-
portation of passengers by automobile were issued.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Finishing of supervisor's residence upstairs, and installing bath.
Cement crossing in street, and curb at public building.
Shed and yard built at barn, for convenience of visitors who come horseback
or with team, and for use as catch pen when inspecting stock brands.
Building to easy grade and surfacing with gravel 1 mile of road.
New building over entrance to the cave, of rock, with cement floor.
The erection of a shelter for cars while parties are in the cave.
PLATT NATIONAL PARK.
It. A. Sneed, Supervisor, Sulphur, Okla.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
By the acts of Congress of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat., 64i), and April 21, 1904
(33 Stat., 220), 629.33 and 218.98 acres, respectively, at the town of Sulphur,
Okla. (then Indian Territory), were segregated as the Sulphur Springs Reser-
vation, which designation, by joint resolution approved June 29, 1906, was
changed to Piatt National Park.
The park, with a total area of 848.22 acres, extends in irregular form a
distance of approximately 3 miles from northeast to southwest along Traver-
tine Creek, including a portion of Rock Creek, into which the Travertine
empties, and it has a circuit of 9 miles.
There are within the part a number of known mineral and three nonmineral
springs. The principal groups of these springs are the. Bromide and Medicine
Springs, in the extreme western portion of the park; the Beach, Pavilion, and
Hillside Springs, in the north-central portion of the park; and the Bromide,
Black-Sulphur, and Wilson Springs, in the south-central part of the park,
sulphur springs predominate.
The Antelope and Buffalo Springs, nonmineral in character, are situated
at the extreme northeastern end of the park, with an elevation of 1,080 feet
above sea level at the Antelope Spring and 1,078 feet at the Buffalo. They
have an approximate discharge of 5,000,000 gallons daily into Travertine
Creek, and are the source of this beautiful creek. A number of other springs
in the bed of the creek add to the volume of water which glides down this
stream and forms its pretty waterfalls.
The Medicine Spring was discovered within the last few years, and while
it has been confined, it is still subject to overflows by Rock Creek, and the
matter of its proper improvement will very likely be taken up during the
present fiscal year.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 818
■ The summer months constitute the season for visitors to this park, although
the climate is such as to make it an admirable resort the year around. There
are very few days during the summer when a cool breeze is not stirring, and
the winter months are as a rule very mild, while, the spring and fall seasons
are the most delightful and beautiful of the entire year. During the present
summer of 1916 there have been more visitors here than for a number of
years past, and I estimate that during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916,
there were at least 30,000 visitors to the park.
There were registered in the park office during the fiscal year 547 persons
who came into the park and camped for three days or more.
As shown by the records of the watchman at the Bromide Spring, the
visitors there, during the year just ended numbered 100,337. This total is
made up from day to day of visitors and resident citizens who make frequent
trips to the springs, and does not represent as many individuals.
There were 154 orders issued during the year from this office, on physician's
prescriptions, for the shipment of the Bromide Spring and Medicine Spring-
waters in 5-gallon quantities to persons outside of the city. These shipments
were made to points in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Minnesota,
and Nebraska. A total of 7,829 gallons of Bromide Spring water was shipped
and 2,205 gallons of Medicine Spring water. During the year a total of
58,090 gallons of these waters (including the water shipped) were taken from
the springs. Out of this total 42,762 gallons were from Bromide Spring and
15,328 gallons from Medicine Spring. This record shows an increased demand
for these waters over the records of last year, and only five days of the
record for January, 1916, is included in these figures for the reason that the
Hood of January 21, 1916, washed the keeper's records down the stream, and
both of these springs were out of commission from that date until the morning
of January 26. During a part of the season for visitors no orders were
issued for the shipment of these waters for the reason that the supply was
not equal to the demand made upon it by visitors here.
FLOOD.
Between 12 o'clock (midnight) and 1 o'clock a. m. of January 21, 1916, the
greatest overflow of Travertine and Rock Creeks ever known to the oldest citi-
zen of this community completely devastated that part of the park which lies
along the banks of these streams. This necessarily greatly damaged the Trav-
ertine Road, which follows the meanders of the Travertine Creek, and the new
Bromide Road, which runs along the banks of Rock Creek. It also completely
destroyed the Bromide Bridge and damaged the Washington and Lincoln
Bridges. The high waters also destroyed 6,500 feet of fencing which had just
been completed and damaged about 2,000 feet of other fencing. At the Bromide
Spring, where the water rose about 9 feet higher than ever recorded, the Bro-
mide pavilion was practically destroyed, and the residence of the keeper was
torn from its foundation and washed down the stream, lodging between two
large oaks, which wrenched and tore the house until it was utterly unfit to
attempt further repairs.
Other minor damage occurred, and debris from the town was brought down
the streams and lodged in the tree tops and along the creek banks in quantities.
This consisted of old quilts, wearing apparel, broken trunks, matting, parts of
houses, old trees; and tons of hay hung from the tree tops like moss.
The damages done by this flood have been the cause of a great deal of incon-
venience in the administration of this park during the present season, especially
because of the fact that there are a greater number of visitors here this year
than at any previous season for the past eight years, and the absence of the
Bromide Bridge and the lack of conveniences at the spring during the con-
struction of the new pavilion have been great handicaps at this location.
Appropriation for repairs to storm damages. — The deficiency act of March 31,
1916, carried an appropriation of $10,000 for repairs to bridges, roads, buildings,
etc., in this park necessitated by damages resulting from storm of January 21,
1916.
EOADS.
Allotments were made from the regular annual appropriation of $1,099.97 for
repairs and maintenance of park roads, and with these allotments all the roads
in the park were kept in good repair, and a new road leading south to Wilson
814 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Spring from its intersection with Buckhorn Road was graded to a 5-inch crown
and graveled with the park native gravel. This road is 1,750 feet in length
and extends to the southwest boundary of the park. One large culvert near
the Wilson Spring was constructed.
The Bromide Lane has been graded and constant attention given to the
proper maintenance of the Buckhorn and Travertine Roads and to the new
road leading to the Bromide along the bank of Rock Creek. Repairs were also
made to the " Y " road which leads up from Travertine Creek into the town
of Sulphur, and the Sulphur-Bromide Lane has been repaired and graveled
and all of the creek fords repaired.
After the flood of January 21, 1916, it was necessary to completely rebuild
a part of the new road to Bromide Spring along Rock Creek and to make exten-
sive repairs to the remainder of this road. The same was true of the Traver-
tine Road, although the damages to this road were not so great. In all, 1,400
linear feet of road were rebuilt in the park and 6,800 feet repaired. The road
repaired consisted of parts of the new Bromide and the Travertine Roads, the
Buckhorn and Wilson Roads, and the Bromide and Sulphur-Bromide Lanes.
TRAILS.
The flood completely washed out a short trail leading from Lincoln Bridge to
the entrance to the park at the foot of Fourth Street west, and this trail was
completely rebuilt and regraveled. It also washed out a great part of the Cliff-
side Trail, which had to be regraveled for a distance of 900 feet and new bridges
put in across ravines. These small footbridges were made of lumber.
BRIDGES.
The northeast wing wall of the Washington Bridge was replaced. It was
built of rock and cement, 32 feet long by 8 feet high and 30 inches thick. The
northeast and northwest wings of the Lincoln Bridge were replaced and rip-
rapped, and the graveled floor to the bridge, which had been washed out at the
north end, was filled in with new gravel. These damages were the result of
the flood, and repairs were made from the deficiency appropriation.
Under date of June 26, 1916, formal contract was entered into between the
department and the Illinois Steel Bridge Co., of Jacksonville, 111., for the con-
struction of a steel-truss bridge, including concrete piers and abutments, super-
structure, flooring, electric-lighting fixtures, and all appurtenances, for the total
sum of $4,353. This bridge is to replace the wire suspension bridge at the
Bromide Springs, which was destroyed by the flood, and its dimensions, as indi-
cated by the plans, are to be 120 feet in length by 10 feet in width, outside
measurements.
Thirty-six new benches were built to replace benches which had been washed
down the stream in the flood of January 21, 1916, and these were placed at
various points. A few of the benches which were washed away were returned
to the park by farmers who reside down the stream below the park.
During the present summer one of the most popular amusements which the
visitors have indulged in has been swimming in Travertine Creek in several
deep pools below various falls.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The following recommendations for maintenance and improvement of this
park are submitted for the fiscal year which will end June 30, 1918 :
There are now about 7 miles of roads in the park, and these require con-
stant repairs to keep them in good shape. The trails are in the same class,
and it is frequently necessary to mend them and to repair small bridges and
culverts along these and the roads.
The Beach Springs (three in number), located just north of the Coney Island
Ford, are submerged with every flood stage of Rock Creek. The waters of
these springs are preferred by many visitors to the park, and they should be
improved and a pavilion erected over them. The proposed improvements at
these springs consist of a large inverted funnel-shaped inclosure, confining the
three springs so as to make a combined flow of the three springs from one out-
let, the funnel to be constructed of galvanized iron, over which a cement cover-
ing should be laid, the approximate measurement of the inclosure to be 600
feet. Surrounding this inclosure to the springs proper should be built a
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 815
square inclosure to prevent overflow of these springs by the creek. This second
inclosure should be about 6 feet high at the creek edge and should bed back
into the hill, the depth of the side walls gradually decreasing as the hill
rises, but the top of the wall remaining level with the wall along the creek
edge, the approximate measurement of this entire wall being 540 square feet.
On the bottom of the outer inclosure should be laid a cement floor, rising
with the hill in a succession of 4-foot steps with 6-inch risers, the approximate
surface feet of this floor measuring about 720 feet.
On the top of the outer inclosure to this group of springs, supported by
conglomerate columns, should be erected a pavilion, size 24 feet by 30 feet by 9
feet, with pagoda roof with a small dog house on the top, supporting a flag-
pole. The probable cost of labor on this entire improvement, including the
pavilion, would be about $410, with a total cost of $1,000.
The most popular swimming pool, " Sylvan Cove," at a location near the
Panther Falls, is a naturally deep hole, but there are large, sharp rocks in
the bottom which should be removed in order to make it an ideal place for
swimming, and if a cement dam could be built just below this pool and a
slight excavation made at the lower end where the water is shallow, it would
increase the size of the pool to about 20 by 300 feet by 2 to 6 feet deep. The
upper end of this pool is a natural ledge of travertine rock which forms a
beautiful waterfall, and just above this fall is a more shallow pool which could
be used by inexperienced swimmers and children.
This location is the most accessible on the creek to visitors who are lodging
in the city of Sulphur, or who are camped in the park camping grounds, by
reason of its nearness; and during the present summer there have been but
few hours during each day when this pool has not been filled with people to
its capacity. Further up the creek at Bear Falls and just above Cold Springs
are other pools which have been used extensively, but at both of these places
there are cold-water springs coming up in the bed of the creek, which makes
the water too cold except for experienced swimmers.
It is estimated that the cost of the entire work of building the dam below
" Sylvan Cove " at the downstream end of the pool, removing the sharp rocks,
and making the necessary excavations in the pool will not exceed $250 — the
dam to be 6 feet deep, 4 feet thick, by 20 feet in length. The probable cost of
the labor in building the dam and doing the other work necessary would be
about $120, while the cement and other material would likely cost as much
as $130.
Around the East and West Central Parks, and around the park at Bromide
Springs, there should be constructed a 2-rail iron fence of li-inch pipe with 2-
inch posts set in cement, with ornamental conglomerate rock gate posts
at the entrances — the whole cost not to exceed $1,500. This character of
fencing around these parks is desirable for the reason that these parks are
near the city of Sulphur and are much frequented by visitors to the park, and
the old method of fencing with wire fencing, especially for these portions of
this park, is not in keeping with what might be expected of a national park.
Without fences of some kind around these parks, it is impossible to keep
campers from stopping over night in them, or for a noon meal, and leaving
them littered up.
SULLYS HILL PABK.
Chakles M. Ziebach, Acting Supervisor, Fort Totten, N. Dak.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
This reservation, set aside by Executive proclamation dated June 2, 1904,
under the act approved April 27, 1904 (33 Stat, 319), contains about 780 acres.
It is located on the south shore of Devils Lake, N. Dak., having about 2
miles of shore line, with its western boundary 1 mile east of the Fort Totten
Indian School. Inasmuch as no appropriation has been made for the care
and protection of this reservation, Mr. Charles M. Ziebach, in charge of the
Indian industrial school (Fort Totten), has been continued as acting super-
visor, and required to exercise the necessary supervision and control over the
park until appropriation is made therefor by Congress.
There are two ways in which the. public may reach the park — by wagon
road around the south shore of Devils Lake and into the eastern or western
side of the park, or by launch across Devils Lake, to the north side of the park.
816 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
Thomas Rickner, Supervisor, Mancos, Colo.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The park was established by the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat., 616). It is
situated in the extreme southwestern portion of Colorado, in Montezuma County,
and embraces an area of 66.2 square miles, or 42,376 acres, but by the act of
Congress approved June 30, 1913, the boundaries of the park were so changed
as to include an aggregate area of 76.51 square miles, or 48,966.4 acres.
The park is under the direct control of the Secretary of the Interior, who
is empowered by law to prescribe rules and regulations for its government.
CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.
Mesa Verde is a high table-land dividing the Mancos and Montezuma Valleys.
This mesa is elevated above the valleys some 2,000 feet, and rises abruptly from
their floors, with precipitous sides, like the walls of a canyon. The northern
extremity of this great mesa terminates in Point Lookout, which juts out
between the two valleys, a landmark for miles in all directions. The surface
of this table-land is broken by innumerable canyons, which start from the very
edge of the mesa on the northern and western sides, and, growing deeper and
more rugged as they descend, finally open out into the Mancos Canyon. These
canyons have many great caverns in their side walls, with the overhanging rock
for roofs, and in these caverns are found the ruins of the cliff dwellings. The
principal ruins are found in Navajo, Cliff, Soda, Long, and Rock Canyons,
though there are hundreds of lesser ruins in all the canyons in the park.
Spruce Tree House is in Spruce Canyon, a branch of Navajo; Cliff Palace is in
Cliff Canyon ; Balcony House is in Soda ; Peabody House and Inaccessible are
in Navajo ; Long House is in Rock Canyon ; and a recently discovered ruin is
in Long. These ruined houses, or villages, are found in the recesses of the
canyon walls and, protected from the weather, are remarkably well preserved.
Some of them are small, with only a few rooms, while others are large and must
have accommodated a large population. The ruins found on the mesas, without
the protection of the overhanging cliffs, have not withstood the ravages of time
and are now but mounds of stone and earth.
Park Point, near the northern boundary of the park, is the highest point,
with an altitude of 8,574 feet.
At a point in Long Canyon, just below the ruin known as Spring House, has
recently been brought to notice a natural bridge, spanning the small gulch
that runs down from under Spring House. The bridge is some 90 feet in span,
and about 25 feet high to the bottom of the arch. To reach this natural bridge
one has to go over a rough country and do a good deal of climbing, but the
bridge is there and is proving to be of much interest to tourists.
CUSTODIANSHIP.
The custody of the park is delegated by the Secretary of the Interior to a
supervisor, whose office is maintained at Mancos,. Colo., the nearest railroad
point to the park. The supervisor is assisted by a limited number of rangers,
whose duty it is to act as guides through the ruins and to police the park.
The best of order has been maintained within the park, and the ruins have
been protected from vandalism ; in fact, no attempts have been made to evade
the rules and regulations.
STOCK.
It has been the custom for the department to lease the grazing lands to
owners of patented lands within the park, and at present there are three
leases or permits for the grazing of 1,335 head of cattle. The lessees are
required to assist in maintaining order and to guard against fires within the
park.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
All the roads in the park have been worked and kept in shape for automobile
travel. The road under Point Lookout has given rather more trouble than
usual owing to heavy rains. These wash down earth and stone and often
great bowlders that greatly damage the roadbed and require the use of giant
:_:_._._:.:..
rfl
1 iiUi
TBAVEUOriBB MAP
or mi
mi ~\ VSBDE \ATlo\u. PABK
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tjsws-
63066'— 1ST m6— vol 1. (Toboepaf* Mti.)
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 817
powder to remove them. The roads from Spruce Tree Camp to the various
ruins have been very much improved and now take place with the good roads
of the park.
WATER SUPPLY.
The water supply varies very little from year to year, as most of the
water in the park is derived from springs and wells. The spring at Spruce
Tree House holds out at all times and has thus far furnished all the water
required, though with building and the increased number of tourists the demand
has been much greater than usual.
TRAVEL.
From July 1, 1915, to July 1, 1916, the number of tourists registering at
Spruce Tree Camp was 1,170, almost double the number of those of the year
before. The opening of the road from Denver to this section has brought
many automobile parties from the East, and as the road, which now is new
and rough, becomes better a great many parties from eastern points will make
this trip. The scenery through which the road runs is the finest in the State,
and the ride through Mesa Verde Park is unequaled.
i
RUINS.
During the summer of 1915 Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, of Washington, uncovered a ruin on the mesa between two branches of
Cliff Canyon, 3 miles from Spruce Tree Camp, and heretofore known as
Fewkes Mound. He found a type of building new to this park and one show-
ing advanced ideas in building. The ruin is now one of the most interesting
to strangers in the park, and during the fiscal year 1917 Dr. Fewkes will
uncover another mound near Mummy Lake. Dr. Fewkes's report on his last
year's work, " Excavation and Repair of Sun Temple," may now be purchased
from th3 Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, for 15 cents.
game.
Game is increasing with every year, and there are many deer now making
their home in the park for the entire year. Mountain lions, too, are on the
increase, and several pairs are known to live within or near the park. These
animals should be killed off, for they keep the deer from increasing as they
would otherwise do.
AUTOMOBILES.
Automobiles are now the most employed, though the horse still makes the
trip, and some parties still go in on horseback, following the more romantic
trails instead of the road.
MINES.
George S. Todd operates the only mine in operation on Mesa Verde, but his
workings have been, for the entire year, on the land of the Southern Ute
Indians.
LANDS.
There are 720 acres of patented lands within the park, and these lands
should be acquired by the Government at as early a date as possible, especially
the four claims that lie on the mesa, in the heart of the park — the two Prater
claims, the Armstrong claim, and the Waters claim.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The department can not be too strongly urged to authorize the construction
of a new road ascending the mesa. The present road is cut out of a smooth
hill of shale with overhanging rocks, and every rain, even a shower, brings
down into the road dirt and rock, making it a constant expense to keep the
road in good condition, and, above all, is at all times dangerous. At times
great rocks come down into the road and carry away the roadbed or are left
to be removed by blasting. Thus far no traveler has been caught on the hill
in time of danger, but it is always possible. The proposed road would ascend
the mesa on the other side of Point Lookout, traversing a country on which is
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 52
818 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
a heavy growth of scrub oak, pinyon, and juniper, with no overhanging rocks
to endanger the traveler. The view is equally as fine as on the other side, and
the distance is no greater.
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK.
S. F. Ralston, Supervisor, Belton, Mont.
GENEEAL STATEMENT.
The Glacier National Park was established by the act of Congress approved
May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354), and is located in northwestern Montana. It
embraces over 1,400 square miles of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent terri-
tory, extending north from the main line of the Great Northern Railway to
the Canadian border. The eastern boundary is the Blackfeet Indian Reserva-
tion, and the western boundary is formed by the Flathead River. The park,,
which is irregular in shape, has an area of approximately 915,000 acres. Its
greatest length in a northwesterly-southeasterly direction is about 60 miles
with a maximum width approaching 40 miles.
Within its borders are attractions for the scientist, nature lover, and tourist
unsurpassed in any country in the world, tourists of world-wide experience
pronouncing it the Switzerland of America. The elevations in the park range
from 3,100 feet to over 10,400 feet. The central portion of the area on the
northwestern-southeastern axis is high and rugged and in sharp comparison
with the open plains of the east and the valley of the Flathead River on the
west. Within its confines are 60 active glaciers, these ice sheets being the
sources of beautiful cascades and roaring mountain streams flowing into in-
numerable clear placid lakes for which the park is famed, the most noted of
these being Lake McDonald, Lake St. Mary, Lake Ellen Wilson, Iceberg Lake,
Red Eagle Lake, Kintla Lake, Bowman Lake, Waterton Lake, Logging Lake,
Quartz Lake, Harrison Lake, and Two Medicine Lake.
Lake McDonald, the southern end of which is situated 2$ miles from Belton,
a station on the main line of the Great Northern Railway, is one of the most
beautiful lakes in America. It is about 3,150 feet above sea level, nearly 10
miles long, 2 miles wide, and surrounded by mountains covered with virgin
forests of western larch, cedar, white pine, Douglas fir, spruce, and hemlock.
Upper Lake St. Mary is on the eastern side of the mountains about 32 miles
northwest of Glacier Park station. It is about 10 miles long, with a maximum
width of 1 mile, and toward the upper end the mountains rise in rugged walls
not far from the water's edge. Its elevation is about 4,470 feet above sea
level. The principal glaciers in the park are Blackfoot, Grinnell, Harrison,
Pumpelly, Red Eagle, Sperry, Kintla, Agassiz, Chaney, Rainbow, and Carter.
In most of the lakes of the park there is excellent fishing at certain times of
the year, and at others many streams afford fine sport with hook and line.
Within the park boundaries there are many varieties of game which are
indigenous to this section of the country, such as bear, elk, moose, deer, big-
horn sheep, mountain goat, mountain lion, as well as the smaller furred animals
of the forest.
VISITORS.
From June 1, 1916, to October 1, 1916, there were 12,839 visitors registered
at the two main entrances to the park, Glacier Park, and Belton. It is esti-
mated conservatively that 1,000 people entered the park at points where there
are no stations and failed to register, making a total of 12,839 visitors.
Visitors by different entrances.
Belton, western entrance 5,941
Glacier Park entrance 6,898
ROADS.
There are now approximately 83 miles of road within the park boundaries
available for vehicle transportation, and approximately 50 miles outside the
boundaries but under park supervision, including the Blackfeet Road from
Glacier Park station to the park line, 26 miles ; the St. Mary-Babb Road, from
near park line at St. Marys through the Blackfeet Indian Reservation to the
park line near camp 5, 16 miles; the Cut Bank Road, which extends from the
main automobile highway, or Blackfeet Road, to the park line, 4 miles ; and
Two Medicine Road, from main automobile highway to park line, 4 miles.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 819
St. Mary-Babb Road. — During the year this road was repaired by removing
slides, installing 18 new culverts, and graveling 640 yards. The road has a
minimum width of 14 feet and a maximum of 20 feet.
Black feet Road. — This road was repaired during the season its entire dis-
tance. Thirty new culverts were installed for drainage purposes. The road
for a distance of 8 miles was widened to a minimum of 12 feet and a maximum
of 16 feet, and for a distance of 6 miles it was widened to a minimum of 10 feet
and a maximum of 16 feet. There has been placed upon the road 10,680 yards
of gravel.
Cut Bank Road. — This road was improved by cleaning out drain ditches,
installing two new culverts, and running grader over it to smooth it up.
Two Medicine Road. — Two new culverts were installed and the road was
dragged. Three hundred and twenty yards of gravel were used for filling in
soft spots in the road.
Two Medicine Road within park boundary. — Two miles of this road has been
rebuilt, cleared through timber to an average width of 35 feet, and graded to
an average width of 16 feet. Four miles of the old road was repaired by drag-
ging and filling in soft spots with gravel.
Many Glacier Highway. — This road was repaired by removing slides, instal-
ling 17 new culverts, and spreading 10,668 yards of gravel on the road.
Divide Creek Road. — Eleven new culverts were installed, 287 yards of gravel
were placed upon the road, drain ditches opened up, slides removed, and 2\
miles of the road recrowned.
Belton-Lake McDonald Road. — Distance, 3 miles. The road was repaired by
removing fallen timber and slides, filling in ruts, and dragging the road to keep
it in repair.
Fish Creek Road. — Distance, 1.9 miles. This road was cleared of fallen tim-
ber, rock and earth slides were removed, and the road was repaired.
Flathead River Road. — Distance, 48 miles. Fallen timber was removed from
this road from Lake McDonald to the Canadian line. Eight new culverts were
installed, and rocks and stumps removed from the road for a distance of 5 miles.
Fish Creek-McGee Meadow Road. — Length, 25,080 feet. The right of way of
the road was cleared through the timber to an average width of 35 feet, and
graded to an average of 14 feet.
Lake McDonald Road. — Timber was cut and refuse burned over the right of
way for a distance of 8,700 feet, and the stumps removed and burned for a dis-
tance of 2,700 feet ; after which work was suspended.
TRAILS.
All old trails were cleaned of fallen timber and kept in repair during the
summer months. The following new trails were built :
Grinnell Glacier Trail. — Two miles 1,870 feet completed. Cleared to an
average width of 10 feet ; graded to an average of 4 feet.
New Trail from Lake McDonald to Granite Park. — Approximately 7 miles of
this trail has been completed, cleared to an average width of 10 feet, and graded
to an average width of 3£ feet. Bridges across streams and corduroy over wet
ground were made 6 feet in width.
New Sperry Glacier Trail, — One and one-half miles completed. Graded to
an average width of 4 feet. One thousand two hundred feet of trail is through
rockwork, balance is sidehill graded over slide rock and shale.
Triple Divide Trail. — Between Triple Divide and Red Eagle Lake. Seven and
one-half miles cleared of timber to an average width of 10 feet, graded to an
average width of 3£ feet.
Appekunny Basin Trail. — This trail was cleared to an average width of 10
feet, and graded an average width of 3£ feet.
Snyder Lake Trail. — This was built from Crystal Ford to Snyder Lake, a
distance of 3£ miles. Right of way was cleared to an average width of 10
feet, and graded to an average width of 3£ feet.
Baring Basin Trail. — Four miles cleared of timber to an average width of 10
feet, graded to an average width of 3£ feet.
Little St. Marys Trail. — From Glacier Hotel to Little St. Marys Lake, a dis-
tance of 7 miles. Trail was cleared to an average width of 8 feet, graded to
an average width of 3 feet.
BRIDGES.
Two Medicine. — A new bridge was built over Two Medicine River to replace
old one which was washed out by high water. It is 95 feet long with a roadway
16 feet wide.
820 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Divide Creek Bridge. — A new bridge was built over Divide Creek to replace
the old one washed out by high water. It is 75 feet long with a roadway 16
feet wide.
Quartz Creek Bridge. — The old bridge across Quartz Creek was carried away
by high water in June and was replaced by a new bridge 78 feet long and 12
feet wide.
Bridges on Fish Creek-McGee Meadow Road. — There were seven bridges built
on the Fish Creek-McGee Meadow Road, all 16 feet wide and of the following
lengths : Bridge No. 1, 183 feet ; No. 2, 165 feet ; No. 3, 12 feet ; No. 4, 28 feet ;
No. 5, 50 feet ; No. 6, 68 feet ; No. 7, 20 feet.
FISH.
One hundred and forty-two cans of fish were distributed in the lakes and
streams of Glacier National Park during the past season. A large supply will
be received during the month of October.
GAME.
Owing to the extreme cold weather and the unusually heavy snowfall during
the past winter, there was some loss among the deer in the valley of the
Flathead. In other sections of the park deer and all other game wintered in
fairly good condition.
Deer. — There are both blacktail and whitetail deer in Glacier Park. The
latest conservative estimates place their numbers at 11,000.
Elk. — Elk are found over almost all sections of the park, but the largest
herds range around Park, Ole, Coal, and Nyack Creeks. A conservative esti-
mate places their number at 900.
Moose. — It is estimated that there are 100 moose in the park, most of which
are found in the valley of the Flathead River.
Sheep and goats. — Bighorn sheep and Rocky Mountain goats are found prin-
cipally in the higher altitudes along the main range and along the eastern
slope of the Rockies. The country over which they roam is extremely rough,
making it very difficult to estimate their numbers, but from the latest and most
reliable information available the estimate of the sheep in the park is placed
at 1,500 and of the goats 1,200.
Bear. — There are three varieties abounding in considerable numbers through-
out the park — the grizzly, the brown or cinnamon, and the common black bear.
In many instances they become troublesome by going into construction camps
and taking camp supplies.
Predatory animals. — There are a few wolves in the park, mostly found east
of the main range of the Rockies. Coyotes abound in large numbers through-
out the park. THiey are the principal menace to animal life in the park. During
the heavy snows of the past winter they killed a great many deer. Their num-
bers have been depleted to some extent by the regular park ranger force and
many have been killed by settlers in the park. The method of extermination
has been principally by the use of strychnine, although some are caught in
traps. There are a few mountain lions in the park, but their number is so
small that the damage done by them to the game is very slight.
Fur-bearing animals. — Large numbers of mink, lynx, weasel, and martin are
found throughout the wooded sections of the park. They are very destructive to
bird life. Large numbers of beaver are to be found in almost every stream in
the park.
Wild fowls and birds. — Grouse of the blue, ruffed, and pin-tailed varieties are
found in the park. There are a few ptarmigan along the main range. Many
ducks and geese nest around the lakes and along the streams. Many varieties
of small birds are found.
Game protection. — Park rangers have afforded as much protection to the
game as was possible over such a large area. There was one arrest during the
year for game poaching. The person was taken before the United States com-
missioner^ where he pleaded guilty, paid his fine, and was discharged.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
In this report I wish especially to call your attention to the importance of
good roads, and in order that they may be dependable, it is necessary, that they
be surfaced either with native gravel or crushed rock. The unusually wet
weather which has prevailed here the past two seasons has made this apparent.
The graveling which was done on the Many Glacier Highway during the fall
of 1915 and spring of 1916 put this road in first-class condition, and it was
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 821
absolutely dependable during the entire season. Portions of the St. Mary-Babb
and Divide Creek roads were graveled, which has greatly improved them. There
are still long stretches on these two roads which should be surfaced with
gravel in order to make them dependable in all kinds of weather. The road
from Glacier Park station to the park line, known as the Blackfeet Road, was
taken over by the department in June, since which time it has been under the
supervision of the park and has been greatly improved by graveling 4 miles
of the worst sections of the road, widening and draining it, but much yet remains
to be accomplished. A liberal appropriation should be allowed for its mainte-
nance and improvement.
In recommending the building of the road from the foot to head of Lake
McDonald, I again wish to call your attention to the fact that this road, when
built, will be the first link in a road connecting the east and west sides of the
park. It matters not which of the various passes the road goes over in crossing
the mountains from east to west, the only practicable route in approaching
any of the available passes from the west is by way of Lake McDonald.
The telephone system of the park deserves careful consideration. The system
which is conducted by the hotel company does not in any way connect with the
system owned by the Government on the west side of the park. It is very impor-
tant that a first-class telephone system be maintained throughout the park.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK.
C. R. Trowbridge, Acting Supervisor, Estes Park, Colo. ; succeeded by L. C. Way,
Chief Ranger in charge, September 19, 1916.
GENERAL STATEMENT.
The Rocky Mountain National Park was created by the act of January 25,
1915 (Public, 238, Sixty -third Congress). The park is located in northern
Colorado and embraces an area 25 miles in length in a northerly and southerly
direction, with a maximum width of 17 miles, covering in all 358£ square miles.
It is accessible for automobiles at four different points, and numerous trails
lead to the various places of interest within its boundaries, the most central
points of entrance being on the eastern slope from the village of Estes Park,
and on the western from the village of Grand Lake.
The village of Estes Park, distant approximately 1\ miles from the main
entrance to the national park, is 22 miles from Lyons, Colo., 33 miles from
Loveland, and 42 miles from Fort Collins, the three nearest railroad points,
and is connected by automobile stage lines making scheduled trips. There are
also automobile stage lines running direct from Denver, Boulder, and Greeley
to Estes Park. This region, under the present schedule of railroads and auto-
mobiles, is only four hours distant from Denver. From the village of Estes
Park many picturesque roads and trails extend toward the park boundaries,
most of them entering the national park.
During the winter of 1915-16 the administrative office was located in the
Federal Building in Denver, but is now located in the village of Estes Park. If
the bill for the proposed extension of the national park becomes a law and the
park boundaries are extended to closer proximity to the village of Estes Park,
an office and residence for the supervisor should be constructed by the depart-
ment within the boundaries of the park.
ROADS.
Fall River Road. — The Fall River Road, which is now under construction by
the State of Colorado, extends into the park a distance of approximately 7
miles, and work is now in progress under a contract made by the State highway
commission for the further construction of 2 miles, which the contractor
expects to complete in the fall of 1916.
According to a survey of this road completed in July, 1916, by surveyors of
the Geological Survey, there still remains to be constructed 16.13 miles to a
point where the proposed road will join the county road from Grand Lake, in
section 13, township 5 north, range 75 west, distant approximately 10 miles
from Grand Lake.
That part of the road now completed is in fairly good condition for a moun-
tain road when the small amount expended for maintenance is taken into
consideration. The 3 miles of road constructed in 1915 should be dragged and
surfaced in many places. During the spring thaws there were a number of
" washouts " which destroyed stone embankments and the roadbed at different
822 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
points. Under verbal instructions of May 20, 1916, from the Superintendent
of National Parks that this was considered a State road until completed and
that no park funds were to be expended for maintenance, authority was obtained
from the State highway commissioner to employ laborers at the expense of the
State to place this road in proper condition for the traffic of 1916.
In order to properly maintain this road for travel, two men and a team should
be employed during the months of June, July, and August, and I doubt that the
State authorities will take this necessary action.
That part of the road constructed in 1914, and known as the " Convict Road,"
is entirely too narrow, and in order to prevent accidents should be widened in
a great many places. During May and June, 1916, 26 corrugated iron culverts
were placed on this section of the road, and gutters opened to connect with
them, expense paid from the park appropriation.
Grand Lake County Road. — The roadway running north from Grand Lake
and which will eventually connect with the present Fall River Road, has not
been extended this year, no work having been done by Grand County on this
road since 1915.
Road to S prague's. — The road to Sprague's resort on Glacier Creek, entering
the park from the Young Men's Christian Association conference grounds, is
now in good condition, considerable work having been done in June, 1916, from
the park appropriation.
Bear Lake Road. — What is now known as the Bear Lake Road, commencing
at a point on the Sprague Road in section 1, township 4 north, range 73 west,
was reconstructed in July and August for a distance of 1.3 miles to a point in
section 12, township 4 north, range 73 west, at the junction of the Bierstadt
Lake Trail. This road crosses Glacier Creek, over which a bridge was con-
structed, and there has been considerable automobile traffic since it was com-
pleted in August. At a comparatively small outlay of money this road can be
extended to within one-half mile of Bear Lake, and eventually to Loch Vale.
This will provide rapid and easy transportation by a new and scenic route for a
great number of tourists who would not undergo the hardship of a horseback
trip.
Copeland Lake Road. — This road enters the park in section 22, township 3
north, range 73 west, a short distance west of Copeland Lake, following for a
distance of approximately 1£ miles the North St. Vrain Creek. A small amount
of work was done on this road this season, making it passable for automobiles.
This road should be extended whenever funds are available, and thereby open
up a part ©f the wildest section in the park, commonly known as " Wild
Basin."
Sand Beach Lake Road. — This road enters the park approximately a half
mile north of the Copeland Lake Road, and runs parallel to it for a distance of
approximately 3£ miles to Sand Beach Lake. The greater part of this road is
nothing more or less, at this time, than a trail, no work having been done on it
for several years. The property owrners in the locality of Aliens Park desire
that this road be opened up, and are anxious to contribute their share on that
part which lies outside the park boundary.
Mill Creek Road. — This road runs parallel to Mill Creek, and extends approxi-
mately a half mile into the park to the Mill Creek ranger station. The road
is in poor condition, and unless it is made passable for automobiles outside the
park, I do not believe it advisable to make any expenditures on that part which
is wTithin the boundaries. In entering the park over this road it is necessary
to pass over several tracts of private property. Most of the traffic at this point
consists of hauling firewood by the inhabitants of Estes Park.
Beaver Creek Road. — This road commences at the highest point of the " High
Drive " in Horseshoe Park, and enters the national park in section 19, township
5 north, range 74 west, and extends for a distance of approximately li miles,
some parts of which pass over private land. It is in' fair condition, but unsuit-
able for automobiles at the present time.
TRAILS.
The most interesting and scenic parts of this park can be reached by trail
only, the majority of which are in good condition. New trails have been con-
structed since the park was created. Commencing June 1, most of the existing
trails were cleaned of fallen timber and kept in repair during the summer.
Considerable work was done on Flat Top Trail, extending from Grand Lake
to Mill Creek ranger station, a distance of approximately 18 miles. Small
bridges and culverts were constructed where necessary and on the summit of
rl»l6-voi.I. (To Impact
SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 823
Flat Top Mountain, extending about 4 miles, a line of cairns was constructed,
numbering 163. These cairns average 5 feet in height, the tips of which are
painted white and black in order that they may be distinguished under all con-
ditions.
CATTLE GRAZING.
Under instructions of the department no permits are issued for cattle grazing
in the park, but straggling cattle have crossed the boundary on both the eastern
and western slopes and caused considerable damage to roads and trails.
Only one permit was issued during the year for the transporting of cattle
over park lands.
VISITORS.
There were more visitors in this region than ever before in one season, and
during the months of July and August the hotels were filled and for several
weeks tourists were turned away owing to the lack of accommodations. The
different hostelries are now arranging to enlarge, in order to handle the antici-
pated increased patronage next season. The threatened railroad strike in the
early part of September prevented a great many from visiting the park and
had a tendency to shorten the stay of those that were there; otherwise the
tourist business for September would have been as heavy as that of the previous
two months.
It is impossible to report the total number of persons entering the park, but a
conservative estimate would place the number of visitors in Estes Park and
vicinity on the eastern slope and Grand Lake on the western slope at 70,000.
Over two-thirds of this number entered the national park, or, in round numbers.
51,000.
TIMBER CUTTING.
No permits are issued for the cutting of timber, except " dead and down "
timber in different localities, which have been burned over in past years, and
on the right of way of the Fall River Road.
Timber for firewood is given free to residents of Estes Park and vicinity for
their own use with the understanding that they volunteer their services when
necessary to suppress forest fires. These permits are issued for timber located
in the " Pole Patch," near Mill Creek ranger station. Residents near Grand
Lake are allowed firewood under the same conditions, to be obtained in sec-
tion 18, township 3 north, range 75 west.
FOREST FIRES.
On October 31, 1915, a large fire occurred in section 14, township 5 north,
range 74 west, covering an area of approximately 325 acres, a part of which
was on private land. The fire originated in a pile of sawdust on the site of a
dismantled sawmill. With the assistance of volunteers from the village of
Estes Park and vicinity, the fire was suppressed after burning two days. Dur-
ing the summer of 1916, owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the park area was
exceedingly dry and the danger from fire was extreme, but fortunately none
occurred within the park. A number of fires occurred just outside the bound-
aries, but proper action was taken to prevent their spreading. During the past
year 11 fire-tool boxes, fully equipped, have been installed in different parts of
the park. There are at present 18 fire-tool stations — 13 on the eastern slope and
5 on the western slope.
EMPLOYEES.
There are at present employed one chief ranger and four other rangers.
Also one temporary clerk-stenographer, whose term of service expires October
15, 1916.
GAME.
There is no evidence of the slaughter of game during the past year in the
park, a strict vigilance having been kept during the winter months for hunters
and trappers. Mountain sheep are plentiful and no doubt increasing, and have
been seen more frequently by tourists than in former years. It is now possible
to approach them quite closely, and one instance is known where an automobile
came within 30 feet of a group which did not disturb them. One ranger re-
ports seeing 182 in one group near Specimen Mountain.
Firearms are not allowed in the park and a notice to this effect is posted at
all entrances.
APPENDIX A.
Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various
national parks, and expenditures made therefrom under supervision of the
department, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Hot Springs Reservation:
1907
20, 165. 00
28, 090. 00
34,475 00
36, 5 40. 00
36,060.00
182,518.00
35, 279. 16
19,938.41
21 115 56
1908
1909
19, 699. 27
28,401.97
56,375.33
1910
1911
f 2, 93.-.. 00
2,935.00
1912
/
3,267.96
\
M2,957.18
3 29, 438. 25
2 34,581.57
4 i 273 70
f
40,711.00
1913
j:
* 1,287.90
38,380.00
37,877 66
37,926.32
1914
6 36 658 62
1915
36,941.95
40,261.14
1916
1917
2,935.00
2,935.00
429,310,04
370,910.91
Yellowstone:
1907
7,500.00
8,000.00
« 8, 000. 00
^2,500.00
8,000.00
8, 500. 00
8, 500. 00
8, 500. 00
8, 500. 00
8, 500. 00
8,500.00
7,498.64
7,999.40
7, 997. 44
1,962.53
7,999.71
8,499.96
8,500.00
8,500.00
8,500.00
8,491.41
1.838.96
4, 699. 65
4, 790. 20
5,110.05
23,420.13
16,476.38
21,980.10
15, 439. 23
20, 307. 40
46, 628. 49
3, 647. 04
1908
4, 228. 37
3,661.47
3,359.80
7,998.47
8,103.41
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913:
6, 449. 97
13 843.24
1915
12 884.18
1916
26, 350. 96
1917
93,500.00
84,449.09
160,690.59
90, 526. 91
Sequoia:
1907
10,000.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15, 550. 00
/ 22, 300. 00
V 50, 000. 00
9,919.82
15,333.50
15,373.96
15,514.19
15,543.34
15,549.20
15,549.52
15,5-19.27
15,549.65
]...[
159.50
43. 15
46.57
121.78
255.65
305. 16
353. 85
4,094.21
1,975.03
1908
18.97
1909
1910 .•
1911
31.25
1912
48.25
1913
70.81
1914
83. 94
1915
3,498.23
1917
4, 740. 75
J
222,250,00
149, 432. 20
12,524.76
8,492.20
1907
5, 750. 00
30,000.00
30, 000. 00
30,000.00
M2,000.00
50,000.00
80,000.00
5,705.24
29, 50S. 58
29,909.86
29,983.82
'11,646.37
49,999.68
80,000.00
9,193.04
14,390.06
15,851.17
21,373.18
23. 855. 77
19,495.83
1,000.00
1908
7,131.37
1909
5,024.84
1910
34, 486. 09
1912
35,970.68
1913
16,431.16
J Proceeds from sale of Government lots (lot fund).
^Expenditure from lot fund.
» Includes $1,272.71 expended in miking survey and preparation of plans, etc., for sewer system, city of
Hot Springs.
* Contributed by city of Hot Springs on account sewer system; $14.20 returned to city.
'Includes 99 cents expended on account of survey sewer system.
• Administration and protection.
i Marking unmonumented portions of park boundaries.
8 For purchase of private holdings.
» Appropriation, without year, for examination of water supply for city of San Francisco.
824
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
825
APPENDIX A— Continued.
Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various
national parks, and expenditures made therefrom under supervision of the
department, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive — Continued.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Yosemite— Continued.
1914
$125,000.00
100, 000. 00
75,000.00
250,000.00
$124, 798. 49
99. 235. 22
74,992.54
$23, 406. 14
37. 019, 20
49,878.42
$9, 903. 58
40, 699. 30
52, 961. 53
1915
1916
1917
599,750.00
597,839.80
250,228.29
222,658.94
General Grant:
1907
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2, 000. 00
2,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1,988.75
1,914.76
1,999.93
1,999.90
1,999.89
1,998.60
1,999.20
2,000.00
2,000.00
19,99.36
1908. . .
63.75
1909 ..
1910
50.00
210.64
173.54
158. 68
429.64
560.89
1,795.50
1911
18.88
1912
99
1913
503 01
1914
1.59
1915
355 68
1916
481.46
1907
22,000.00
l 2, 500. 00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
5,400.00
20, 000. 00
23, 400. 00
51,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
19,900.39
3, 442. 64
1,361.01
Mount Rainier:
1907
2, 407. 91
2,965.59
2,961.61
3,000.00
2,998.90
5,399.99
19,989.70
23,347.05
50, 907. 79
29,999.77
205. 22
170. 00
1, 104. 79
9,053.79
7,748.48
5,370.36
7, 301. 62
9,040.10
12,893.29
19,317.99
1908
8 96
1909
27 65
2, 763. 86
5,342.47
9,363.33
6,791.80
6,039.42
5,513.46
15,026.08
1911 '.
1913
1915
1917
174,300.00
143,978.31
72,205.64
50,877.03
Crater Lake :
1907
3,000.00
7,315.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
7,540.00
8,040.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
2,989.75
7,314.65
2,999.21
2,999.97
2,999.77
2,998.75
2,978.41
7,483.61
7,884.59
7,835.25
10.00
(2)
1908
1909
15.00
11.00
30.00
323.00
784.18
793.00
1,359.50
2,402.04
1910
1912
1914
1916
56,895.00
48,483.96
5,727.72
1907
4,400.00
2, 500 00
2, 500. 00
2, 500. 00
2,500.00
2,500.00
375. 00
2, 500. 00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
4,398.08
2,433.54
2,335.37
2,500.00
2,413.60
2, 499. 86
132.50
2,500.00
2, 496. 97
2,463 51
200. 00
450. 00
523. 25
340. 00
675. 00
528. 26
246. 17
2,342.90
2,590.89
1909
220. 80
62.88
1911
562 26
278. 56
1913
1,197 39
1914
366. 72
1915
606. 16
1916
981.57
1917
27,275.00
24, 173. 43
7,896.47
4,276.34
1 No appropriation made for Mount Rainier prior to 1907 fiscal year.
2 Expenditure of revenues of Crater Lake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes therein not author-
ized by existing statutes enacted by Congress
826
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
APPENDIX A— Continued.
Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various
national parks, and expenditures made therefrom under supervision of the
department, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive — Continued.
Appropriations.
Revenues.
Name of the national park.
Appro-
priated.
Expended.
Received.
Ex-
pended.
Flatt:
1907
(0
178.00
7,021.00
272. 00
164.50
422. 75
165. 50
49.95
2 17,500.00
282. 81
241.76
301.11
7,082.25
10. 552. 26
15. 764. 27
11 734 74
1908. . .
1909
1910
1911
5,000.00
10,000.00
/ 8,000.00
\ 217. 500. 00
8,000.00
8,000.00
18,000.00
8,000
4,994.64
9, 999. 34
7, 999. 95
210,120.73
7,988.55
8,000.00
17, OCO. 49
779 06
1912...
219 84
1913
100.11
1914
2 10, 119.08
67 48
1915
178 87
1916 (deficiency, $10,000)
44.35
1917
82,500.00
66, 163. 70
26,599.38
56,624.29
Mesa Verde:
1907-8
7, 500. 00
7, 500. 00
7, 500. 00
2,000.00
20, 000. 00
7,500.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
10, 000. 00
10,000.00
10, 000. 00
7,455.82
7,348.33
7,443.09
947. 75
19, 808. 63
7,351.54
14,956.91
9, 880. 30
* 9, 786. 05
9,643.47
(3)
1909
1910
1910-11 (for examination of coal lands in park)
1911
100.00
898. 92
615.21
679.00
637. 42
946. 38
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
107, 000. 00
94,621.89
3,876.93
Glacier:
1911
15,000.00
69, 200. 00
75,000.00
100,000.00
75,000.00
75,000.00
110,000.00
14,998.59
69,117.94
74,568.24
99,999.49
74,994.27
74,963.78
326.88
1,490.94
4,677.14
4,010.71
4, 218. 51
10,011.76
1912
1913
428.84
1914
477.07
1915
9, 735. 44
1916
844. 58
519,200.00
418,642.31
24,735.94
11,485.93
Rockv Mountain:
1915
3,000.00
8.000.00
10,000.00
2,910.80
7,941.56
(6)
501.93
1917
21,000.00
10,852.36
501.93
Protection of Nat. Monument:
1917
3,500.00
Improvement of Mukuntuweap Nat. Monument, Utah:
1917.,
15,000.00
1 No appropriation for Piatt Park prior to 1911 fiscal year. Land prior to creation of park included in
Sulphur Springs Reservation.
* Construction sanitary sewer, like amount being contributed by the city of Sulphur, Okla.: $7,380 94
returned to city.
s Expenditure of revenues of Crater Lake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes therein not author-
ized by existing statutes enacted by Congress.
4 $420.30 on contract account construction ranger cabin included in this amount and not yet paid.
* Expenditure of revenues from Rocky Mountain Park not authorized by existing statutes for park
purposes therein.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
APPENDIX A— Continued.
Visitors to national pai'ks, 1909 to 1916.
827
Name of park.
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Hot Springs Reservation
Yellowstone National Park . .
(2)
32, 545
(2)
854
13, 182
798
5,968
4,171
3,216
25,000
190
165
120, 000
19,575
(2)
2. 407
13,619
1,178
8,000
0,000
3,387
1 25, 000
190
250
130,000
23,054
1450
3,114
12, 530
2,160
10, 306
14,500
3, 887
30, 000
1200
200
M,000
135,000
22,970
1450
2,923
10,884
2,240
8,946
5,235
3,199
' 31,000
1200
230
6,257
'135,000
24,929
1450
3,823
13, 735
2,756
13,501
6. 253
3,988
135,000
300
280
12, 138
1125,000
20, 250
1500
4,667
15, 145
3,735
15,038
7,096
3, 592
130,000
500
502
14, 168
1115,000
51,895
500
7,647
33,452
10.523
35, 163
11,371
2,817
120,000
1,000
663
14,265
131,000
118,740
35, 849
1,909
10, 780
33,390
15,300
23,989
12,265
9,000
1 30, 009
Sequoia National Park
Yosemite National Park
General Grant National Park.
Mount Rainier National Park.
Crater Lake National Park...
Wind Cave National Park
Piatt National Park
Sullys Hill National Park
Mesa Verde National Park . . .
11,500
1,385
12, 839
1 51, 000
Rocky Mountain National
Park
(2)
(2)
Lassen Peak
Total
86,089
198, 606
224,407
229, 534
252, 153
240, 193
335,299
358 006
Estimate.
2 No record kept.
Receipts collected from automobiles and motorcycles admitted into the national
parks during the period from Nov. 11, 1915, to Oct. 10, 1916.
Number of permits
issued.
Receipts.
Name of national park, and fee charged.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Au torn O;
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Total au-
tomobiles
and mo-
torcycles.
Yellowstone:
105 season permits at $10, 3,238 single trip at $7.50.
3,343
$25,335.00
42.87
$8.00
Deduction of transmission fees
729
4
Sequoia:
130 season permits at $3, 599 single trip at $2, 4
motorcycles at $2
25,292.13
1,588.00
5.75
$25, 292. 13
Deduction of transmission fees
3,913
Yosemite:
52 in Mariposa Grove at $1, 73 season permits at
$8, 3,788 single trip at $5
1, 582. 25
19,576.00
59.07
1,590.25
Deduction of transmission fees
1,714
39
19, 516. 93
929. 00
3.62
19,516.93
General Grant:
8 permits in 1915 at $1, 34 season permits at $2.50,
1,672 single trip at 50 cents, 39 motorcycles at
50 cents
19.50
Deduction of transmission fees
2,903
97
925. 38
12, 809. 00
38.81
944. 88
Mount Rainier:
1 single trip at $5, 1,984 single trip at $4, 790 season
permits at $6, 128 rent cars at $1, 97 motorcycles
at$l
97.00
Deduction of transmission fees
1,749
26
12, 770. 19
3,707.00
1.38
12, 867. 19
Crater Lake:
209 season permits at $3, 1,540 single trip at $2, 26
motorcycles at $1
26.00
Deduction of transmission fees
3,705 62
3,731.62
828
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
APPENDIX A— Continued.
Receipts collected from automobiles and motorcycles admitted into the national
parks during the period from Nov. 17, 1915, to Oct. 10, 1916 — Continued.
Number of permits
issued.
Receipts.
Name of national park and fee charged.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Automo-
biles.
Motor-
cycles.
Automo-
biles and
motor-
cycles.
Mesa Verde:
2 season permits at $2, 176 single trip at 50 cents,
178
2
$92.00
.80
$1.00
447
11
91.20
270.00
.47
$92.20
Glacier:
31 season permits at $2, 416 single trip at 50 cents,
5.50
269.53
275. 03
Total
14,976
179
64, 153. 23
157.00
64,310.23
APPENDIX B.
[Public — No. 235 — 64th Congress.]
[H. R. 15522.]
An act to establish a National Park Service, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created in the Depart-
ment of the Interior a service to be called the National Park Service, which
shall be under the charge of a director, who shall be appointed by the Secretary
and who shall receive a salary of $4,500 per annum. There shall also be ap-
pointed by the Secretary the following assistants and other employees at the
salaries designated: One assistant director, at $2,500 per annum; one chief
clerk, at $2,000 per annum ; one draftsman, at $1,800 per annum ; one messenger,
at $600 per annum; and, in addition thereto, such other employees as the
Secretary of the Interior shall deem necessary : Provided, That not more than
$8,100 annually shall be expended for salaries of experts, assistants, and em-
ployees within the District of Columbia not herein specifically enumerated
unless previously authorized by law. The service thus established shall promote
and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments,
and reservations hereinafter specified by such means and measures as conform
to the fundamental purpose of the said parks, monuments, and reservations,
which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects
and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such
manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment
of future generations.
Sec 2. That the director shall, under the direction of the Secretary of the
Interior, have the supervision, management, and control of the several national
parks and national monuments which are now under the jurisdiction of the
Department of the Interior, and of the Hot Springs Reservation in the State
of Arkansas, and of such other national parks and reservations of like character
as may be hereafter created by Congress: Provided, That in the supervision,
management, and control of national monuments contiguous to national forests
the Secretary of Agriculture may cooperate with said National Park Service to
such extent as may be requested by the Secretary of the Interior.
Sec 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish such rules
and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the use and manage-
ment of the parks, monuments, and reservations under the jurisdiction of the
National Park Service, and any violations of any of the rules and regulations
authorized by this Act shall be punished as provided for in section fifty of the
Act entitled "An Act to codify and amend the penal laws of the United States,"
approved March fourth, nineteen hundred and nine, as amended by section six
of the Act of June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten (Thirty-sixth United
States Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and fifty-seven). He may also,
upon terms and conditions to be fixed by him, sell or dispose of timber in those
cases where in his judgment the cutting of such timber is required in order
to control the attacks of insects or diseases or otherwise conserve the scenery
or the natural or historic objects in any such park, monument, or reservation.
He may also provide in his discretion for the destruction of such animals and
of such plant life as may be detrimental to the use of any of said parks, monu-
ments, or reservations. He may also grant privileges, leases, and permits for
the use of land for the accommodation of visitors in the various parks, monu-
ments, or other reservations herein provided for, but for periods not exceeding
twenty years; and no natural curiosities, wonders, or objects of interest shall
be leased, rented, or granted to anyone on such terms as to interfere with free
access to them by the public: Provided, however, That the Secretary of the
Interior may, under such rules and regulations and on such terms as he may
prescribe, grant the privilege to graze live stock within any national park.
829
830 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
monument, or reservation herein referred to when in his judgment such use is
not detrimental to the primary purpose for which such park, monument, or
reservation was created, except that this provision shall not apply to the
Yellowstone National Park.
Sec. 4. That nothing in this Act contained shall affect or modify the pro-
visions of the Act approved February fifteenth, nineteen hundred and one,
entitled "An Act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations,
and other public lands."
Approved, August 25, 1916.
APPENDIX C.
[Public — No 171 — 64th Congress.]
[H. R. 9525.]
An act to establish a national park in the Territory of Hawaii.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the tracts of land on the island of
Hawaii and on the island of Maui, in the Territory of Hawaii, hereinafter de-
scribed, shall be perpetually dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasure
ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States, to be
known as Hawaii National Park. Said tracts of land are described as follows:
First. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Kapapala
and Keauhou, in the district of Kau, and Kahaualea, Panaunui, and Apua, in the
district of Puna, on the island of Hawaii, containing approximately thirty-five
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five acres, bounded as follows : Beginning at a
point on the wrest edge of the Keamoku Aa Flow (lava flow of eighteen hundred
and twenty-three), from which point the true azimuth and distance to Govern-
ment survey trigonometrical station Ohaikea is one hundred and sixty-six de-
grees twenty minutes, six thousand three hundred and fifty feet, and running
by true azimuths: (First) Along the west edge of the Keamoku lava flow in a
northeasterly and northwesterly direction, the direct azimuth and distance
being one hundred and ninety-eight degrees ten minutes, fourteen thousand
seven hundred feet; (second) two hundred and fifty-six degrees, eleven thousand
four hundred feet, more or less, across the land of Kapapala and Keauhou to a
marked point on the Humuula trail; (third) three hundred and twenty-eight
degrees fifteen minutes, eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-five feet
across the land of Keauhou to the top of the fault north of the Kau road ;
(fourth) along the fault in a northeasterly direction, the direction azimuth and
distance being two hundred and fifty-one degrees and thirty minutes, four
thousand three hundred and thirty feet; (fifth) two hundred and forty-five
degrees, six thousand feet, to a point near the southwest boundary of the land
of Olaa; (sixth) three hundred and thirty-seven degrees ten minutes, eight
thousand six hundred and fifty feet, more or less, to the junction of the Hilo
and Keauhou roads; (seventh) three hundred and thirty-three degrees and
twenty minutes, three thousand three hundred feet, more or less, to the south-
west corner of the land of Keaau ; (eighth) three hundred and thirty-two de-
grees and ten minutes, seven thousand feet, along the land of Kahaualea ;
(ninth) two hundred and eighty-one degrees, thirty thousand three hundred and
seventy-five feet, more or less, across the land of Kahaualea, passing through
the north corner of the land of Panaunui, to the north corner of the land of
Laeapuki ; (tenth) thirty-one degrees thirty minutes, thirteen thousand two
hundred feet, more or less, along the land of Laeapuki and across the land of
Panaunui; (eleventh) eighty-nine degrees and ten minutes, thirty-two thousand
nine hundred feet, more or less, across the land of Panaunui, Apua, and
Keauhou to Palilele-o-Kalihipaa," the boundary point of the Keauhou-
Kapapala boundary; (twelfth) fifty-one degrees and thirty minutes, five thou-
sand and five hundred feet, across the land of Kapapala; (thirteenth) one hun-
dred and two degrees and fifty minutes, nineteen thousand one hundred and fifty
feet, across the land of Kapapala to a small cone about one thousand five
hundred feet southwest of Puu Koae trigonometrical station; (fourteenth) one
hundred and sixty-six degrees twenty minutes, twenty-one thousand feet, across
the land of Kapapala to the point of beginning.
Second. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Kapapala
and Kahuku, in the district of Kau, island of Hawaii ; Keauhou second, in the
district of North Kona ; and Kaohe, in the district of Hamakua, containing
seventeen thousand nine hundred and twenty acres, bounded as follows: Be-
ginning at Pohaku Hanalei of Humuula, a small cone on the brow of Mauna
831
832 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
Loa, and at the common boundary points of the lands of Humuula, Kapapala,
and Kaohe, from which the true azimuth and distance to Government survey
trigonometrical station Omaokoili is one hundred and ninety-five degrees twelve
minutes eighteen seconds, seventy-eight thousand two hundred and eighty-six
feet, and running by true azimuths: First, two hundred and ninety-eight de-
grees, five thousand two hundred and forty feet; second, twenty-eight degrees,
thirty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty feet ; third, one hundred and
eighteen degrees, twenty-one thousand one hundred and twenty feet; fourth,
two hundred and eight degrees, thirty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty
feet; fifth, two hundred and ninety-eight degrees, fifteen thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty feet, to the point of beginning.
Third. A strip of land of sufficient width for a road to connect the two tracts
of land on the island of Hawaii above described, the width and location of
which strip shall be determined by the Secretary of the Interior.
Fourth. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Honuaula
and Kula, in the district of Makawao, and Kipahulu, Kaupo, and Kahikinui,
in the district of Hana, on the island of Maui, containing approximately twenty-
one thousand one hundred and fifty acres, bounded as follows: Beginning at
a point called Kolekole, on the summit near the most western point of the rim
of the crater of Haleakala, and running by approximate azimuths and dis-
tances : First, hundred and ninety-three degrees forty-five minutes nineteen
thousand three hundred and fifty feet along the west slope of the crater of
Haleakala to a point called Puu-o-Ili ; second, two hundred and sixty-eight de-
grees twenty-three thousand feet up the western slope and across Koolau Gap
to the point where the southwest boundary of Koolau Forest Reserve crosses the
east rim of Koolau Gap; third, three hundred and six degrees thirty minutes
seventeen thousand one hundred and fifty feet along the southwest boundary ot
Koolau Forest Reserve to a point called Palalia, on the east rim of the crater
of Haleakala ; fourth, along the east rim of the crater of Haleakala, the direct
azimuth and distance being three hundred and fifty-four degrees fifteen min-
utes eighteen thousand three hundred feet to a point on the east rim of Kaupo
Gap, shown on Hawaiian Government survey maps at an elevation of four
thousand two hundred and eight feet ; fifth, eighty-eight degrees forty-five min-
utes three thousand three hundred feet across Kaupo Gap to a point called
Kaumikaohu, on the boundary line between the lands of Kipahulu and Kahi-
kinui; sixth, one hundred and two degrees and thirty minutes forty thousand
seven hundred and fifty feet along the south slope of the crater of Haleakala to
the point of beginning.
Sec. 2. That nothing herein contained shall affect any valid existing claim,
location, or entry under the land laws of the United States, whether for home-
stead, mineral, right of way, or any other purpose whatsoever, or shall affect
the rights of any such claimant, locator, or entryman to the full use and en-
joyment of his land. Whenever consistent with the primary purposes of the
park the act of February fifteenth, nineteen hundred and one, applicable to
the location of rights of way in certain national parks and the national forests
for irrigation and other purposes, shall be and remain applicable to the lands
included within the park. The Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion
and upon such conditions as he may deem wise, grant easements or rights of
way for steam, electric, or similar transportation upon or across the park.
Sec. 3. That no lands located within the park boundaries now held in private
or municipal ownership shall be affected by or subject to the provisions of
this Act.
Sec 4. That the said park shall be under the executive control of the Secre-
tary of the Interior whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and
publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the
care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the
preservation from injury of all timber, birds, mineral deposits, and natural
curiosities or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural
condition as nearly as possible. The Secretary may in his discretion grant
leases for terms not exceeding twenty years, at such annual rental as he may
determine, of parcels of land in said park of not more than twenty acres in all
to any one person, corporation, or company for the erection and maintenance of
buildings for the accommodation of visitors; but no such lease shall include
any of the objects of curiosity or interest in said park or exclude the public
from free and convenient approach thereto or convey, either expressly or by
implication, any exclusive privilege within the park except upon the premises
held thereunder and for the time granted therein; and every such lease shall
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 833
require the lessee to observe and obey each and every provision in any Act of
Congress and every rule, order, or regulation of the Secretary of the Interior
concerning the use, care, management, or governm< nt of the park, or any object
or property therein, under penalty of forfeiture of such lease. The Secretary
may in his discretion grant to persons or corporations now holding leases of
land in the park, upon the surrender thereof, new leases hereunder, upon the
terms and stipulations contained in their present leases, with such modifications,
restrictions, and reservations as he may prescribe. All of the proceeds of said
leases and other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with
the park shall be expended under the direction of the Secretary, in the manage-
ment and protection of the same and the construction of roads and paths
therein. The Secretary may also, in his discretion, permit the erection and
maintenance of buildings in said park for scientific purposes : Provided, That no
appropriation for the maintenance, supervision, and improvement of said park-
in excess of $10,000 annually shall be made unless the same shall have first
been expressly authorized by law: And provided further, That no appropriation
shall be made for the improvement or maintenance of said park until proper
conveyances shall be made to the United States of such perpetual easements
and rights of way over private lands within the exterior boundaries of said
park as the Secretary of the Interior shall find necessary to make said park
reasonably accessible in all its parts, and said Secretary shall when such ease-
ments and rights of way have been conveyed to the United States report the
same to Congress.
Approved, August 1, 1916.
62656°— int 1916— vol 1 53
APPENDIX D.
[Public — No. 184 — 64th Congress.]
[H. R. 348.]
An act to establish the Lassen Volcanic National Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in
the State of California, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That all those certain tracts, pieces,
or parcels of land lying and being situate in the State of California and within
the boundaries particularly described as follows, to wit: Beginning at the
northeast corner of section three, township thirty-one, range six east, Mount
Diablo meridian, California ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of said
section ; thence easterly to the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of
section eleven, said township; thence southerly to the southeast corner of the
southwest quarter of section fourteen, said township; thence easterly to the
northeast corner of the northwest quarter of section twenty-four, said town-
ship ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of sec-
tion twenty-five, said township; thence westerly to the southwest corner of
section twenty-six, said township; thence southerly to the southeast corner of
section thirty-four, said township; thence westerly along the sixth standard
parallel north, allowing for the proper offsets, to the northeast corner of section
three, township thirty north, range six east; thence southerly to the southeast
corner of section twenty-seven, said township; thence westerly to the south-
west corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty-eight, said township;
thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of said sec-
tion; thence westerly to the southwest corner of the northwest quarter of said
section; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said section; thence west-
erly t<» the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty, said
township; thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of
said section; thence westerly to tin4 range line between ranges live and six east ;
thence southerly along said range line to the southeast corner of township
thirty north, range live ea.st ; thence westerly along the township line between
townships twenty-nine and thirty north to the southwest corner of section
thirty-three, township thirty north, range five east; thence northerly to the
northwest corner of said section; thence westerly to the southwest corner of
the southeast quarter of section twenty-nine, said township; thence northerly
to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of said section; thence westerly
to the southwest corner of the northwest quarter of said section; thence north-
erly to the northwest corner of said section; thence westerly to the southwest
corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty, township thirty north, range
four east; thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of
section eight, said township; thence easterly to the northeast corner of the
southwest quarter of section nine, said township; thence northerly to the town-
ship line between townships thirty and thirty-one north; thence easterly along
the sixth standard parallel north, allowing for the proper offsets, to the south-
west corner of section thirty-three, township thirty-one north, range four east;
thence northerly to the northwest corner of section twenty-one, said township;
thence easterly to the range line between ranges four and five east ; thence
northerly along said range line to the northwest corner of fractional section
eighteen, township thirty-one north, range five east; thence easterly to the south-
west corner of section twelve, said township; thence northerly to the northwest
corner of section one, said township; thence easterly along the township line
between townships thirty-one and thirty-two north to the northeast corner of
section three, township thirty-one north, range six east, the place of beginning,
are hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, disposal, or
sale, under the laws of the United States, and said tracts are dedicated and set
apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of
834.
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 835
the people of the United States under the name and to be known and designated
as the Lassen Volcanic National Park; and all persons who shall locate or
settle upon or occupy the same, or any part thereof, except as hereinafter pro-
vided, shall be considered trespassers and be removed therefrom : Provided,
That nothing herein contained shall affect any valid existing claim, location, or
entry under the land laws of the United States or the rights of any such claim-
ant, locator, or entryman to the full use and enjoyment of his land : Provided
further, That rights of way for steam or electric railways, automobiles, or
wagon roads may be acquired within said Lassen Volcanic National Park under
filings or proceedings hereafter made or instituted under the laws applicable to
the acquisition of such rights over or upon the national forest lands of the
United States when the construction of such roads will not interfere with the
objects of the national park, and that the United States Reclamation Service
may enter upon and utilize for flowage or other purposes any area within said
park which may be necessary for the development and maintenance of a Gov-
ernment reclamation project ; that no lands located within the park boundaries
now held in private, municipal, or State ownership shall be affected by or sub-
ject to the provisions of this act: And provided further, That no lands within
the limits of said park hereby created belonging to or claimed by any railroad
or other corporation now having or claiming the right of indemnity selection by
virtue of any law or contract whatsoever shall be used as a basis for indemnity
selection in any State or Territory whatsoever for any loss sustained by reason
of the creation of said park.
Sec. 2. That said park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary
of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and
publish such rules and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of the United
States as he may deem necessary or proper for the care, protection, management,
and improvement of the same. Such regulations being primarily aimed at the
freest use of the said park for recreation purposes by the public and for the
preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, and
natural curiosities or wonders within said park and their retention in their
natural condition as far as practicable and for the preservation of the park in
a state of nature so far as is consistent with the purposes of this Act. He
shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within
said park and against their capture or destruction for purposes of merchandise
or profit, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall
be necessary to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this Act. Said
Secretary may, in his discretion, execute leases to parcels of ground not exceed-
ing ten acres in extent at any one place to any one person or persons or com-
pany for not to exceed twenty years when such ground is necessary for the erec-
tion of buildings for the accommodation of visitors and to parcels of ground
not exceeding one acre in extent and for not to exceed twenty years to persons
who have heretofore erected, or whom he may hereafter authorize to erect, sum-
mer homes or cottages. Such leases or privileges may be renewed or extended
at the expiration of the terms thereof. No exclusive privilege, however, shall
be granted within the park except upon the ground leased. The regulations
governing the park shall include provisions for the use of automobiles therein
and the reasonable grazing of stock.
Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior may also sell and permit the re-
moval of such matured or dead or down timber as he may deem necessary or
advisable for the protection or improvement of the park.
Sec 4. That the Secretary of the Interior may exact such charges as he
deems proper for leases and all other privileges granted hereunder.
Sec. 5. That no appropriation for the maintenance, supervision, or improve-
ment of said park in excess of $5,000 annually shall be made unless the same
shall have first been expressly authorized by law.
Approved, August 9, 1916.
836
SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS.
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